Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler

NazismNazism

► Nazism, commonly known as National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler; and the policies adopted by the government of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, a period also known as the Third Reich. The official name of the party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) — “National Socialist German Workers’ Party”. The Nazis were one of several historical groups that used the term National Socialism to describe themselves, and in the 1920s they became the largest such group. Nazism is generally considered by scholars to be a form of fascism, and while it incorporated elements from both political wings, it formed most of its temporary alliances on the political right. Among the key elements of Nazism were anti-parliamentarism, ethnic nationalism, racism, collectivism, eugenics, antisemitism, opposition to economic liberalism and political liberalism, anti-communism, and totalitarianism.

► Nazism was not a monolithic movement, but rather a (mainly German) combination of various ideologies and groups, sparked by anger at the Treaty of Versailles and what was considered to have been a Jewish/Communist conspiracy (known in the vernacular as the Dolchstoßlegende or “Stab-in-the-Back Legend”) to humiliate Germany at the end of the First World War.

German Occupied EuropeGerman Occupied Europe

The Nazi Party’s Rise to Power: The Nazi Party’s Rise to Power: 1928-19331928-1933

► In 1928 Hitler’s Nazi In 1928 Hitler’s Nazi Party were a small, Party were a small, insignificant party. insignificant party. They enjoyed little They enjoyed little success in elections success in elections and were viewed as and were viewed as little more than thugs little more than thugs by the political elite. By by the political elite. By 1933 however Hitler 1933 however Hitler was the chancellor of was the chancellor of Germany. The Nazi’s Germany. The Nazi’s had risen from had risen from obscurity to power, obscurity to power, total power. total power.

FactorsFactors

► Stresemann’s deathStresemann’s death► The Wall Street The Wall Street

CrashCrash► Economic instabilityEconomic instability► Failure of the Failure of the

Weimar Government Weimar Government to cope with to cope with problemsproblems

► Weakness of the Weakness of the constitutionconstitution

► Effective use of Effective use of PropagandaPropaganda

► Force used against Force used against opponentsopponents

► Wide ranging Wide ranging populist policies populist policies

► Visible strength at a Visible strength at a time of weaknesstime of weakness

Hitler Was A Powerful Hitler Was A Powerful SpeakerSpeaker

The Wall Street CrashThe Wall Street Crash

► The Wall Street Crash of 1929 The Wall Street Crash of 1929 (October 1929), also known as (October 1929), also known as the Great Crash, and the Stock the Great Crash, and the Stock Market Crash of 1929, was the Market Crash of 1929, was the most devastating stock market most devastating stock market crash in the history of the crash in the history of the United States, taking into United States, taking into consideration the full extent consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout. The and duration of its fallout. The crash signaled the beginning crash signaled the beginning of the 12-year Great of the 12-year Great Depression that affected all Depression that affected all Western industrialized Western industrialized countries and did not end in countries and did not end in the United States until 1947.the United States until 1947.

Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash.

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

► The Great Depression was a severe worldwide The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century.depression of the 20th century.

► The depression originated in the U.S., starting with the The depression originated in the U.S., starting with the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929 and became worldwide news with the stock 1929 and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). From there, it quickly spread to almost every Tuesday). From there, it quickly spread to almost every country in the world.country in the world.This inturn led to economic This inturn led to economic instability in Germanyinstability in Germany

Failure of Wiemar RepublicFailure of Wiemar Republic► Germany's Weimar Republic was Germany's Weimar Republic was

hit hard by the depression, as hit hard by the depression, as American loans to help rebuild the American loans to help rebuild the German economy now stopped. German economy now stopped. Unemployment soared, especially Unemployment soared, especially in larger cities, and the political in larger cities, and the political system veered toward system veered toward extremism.The unemployment extremism.The unemployment rate reached nearly 30% in 1932, rate reached nearly 30% in 1932, bolstering support for the anti-bolstering support for the anti-capitalist Nazi and Communist capitalist Nazi and Communist parties, which both rose in the parties, which both rose in the years following the crash to years following the crash to altogether possess a Reichstag altogether possess a Reichstag majority following the general majority following the general election in July 1932election in July 1932..Repayment of Repayment of the war reparations due by the war reparations due by Germany were suspended in 1932 Germany were suspended in 1932 following the Lausanne Conference following the Lausanne Conference of 1932. By that time, Germany of 1932. By that time, Germany had repaid one eighth of the had repaid one eighth of the reparations. reparations.

Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power in January 1933, establishing a totalitarian single-party state within months and initiating the path towards World War II, the most devastating conflict in world history.

Treaty of Versailles and Treaty of Versailles and impositions on Germanyimpositions on Germany

► The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace was one of the peace treaties at the end of treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the World War I. It ended the state of war between state of war between Germany and the Allied Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the five years after the assassination of assassination of Archduke Franz Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the Central Powers on the German side of World German side of World War I were dealt with in War I were dealt with in separate treatiesseparate treaties..

Continued....Continued....

► Legal Restrictions-Legal Restrictions-► Article 227 charges former German Article 227 charges former German

Emperor, Wilhelm II with supreme offense Emperor, Wilhelm II with supreme offense against international morality. He is to be against international morality. He is to be tried as a war criminal.tried as a war criminal.

► Articles 228–230 tried many other Germans Articles 228–230 tried many other Germans as war criminals.as war criminals.

► Article 231 (the "War Guilt Clause") lays sole Article 231 (the "War Guilt Clause") lays sole responsibility for the war on Germany and responsibility for the war on Germany and her allies, which is to be accountable for all her allies, which is to be accountable for all damage to civilian populations of the Alliesdamage to civilian populations of the Allies

Continued....Continued....

► Occupation of the RhinelandOccupation of the Rhineland--As a guarantee of compliance by As a guarantee of compliance by Germany, Part XIV of the Treaty provided that the Rhineland would Germany, Part XIV of the Treaty provided that the Rhineland would be occupied by Allied troops for a period of 15 yearsbe occupied by Allied troops for a period of 15 years..

► Military restrictionsMilitary restrictions--► German naval forces will be limited to 15,000 men, six battleships , German naval forces will be limited to 15,000 men, six battleships ,

six cruisers , 12 destroyers and six cruisers , 12 destroyers and 12 12 torpedo boats . No submarines torpedo boats . No submarines are to be includedare to be included

► The import and export of weapons is prohibited.The import and export of weapons is prohibited.► Poison gas, armed aircraft, tanks and armoured cars are prohibited.Poison gas, armed aircraft, tanks and armoured cars are prohibited.► Blockades on ships are prohibited.Blockades on ships are prohibited.► Restrictions on the manufacture of machine guns and rifles .Restrictions on the manufacture of machine guns and rifles .

Rise to powerRise to power

Wall Street Wall Street CrashCrash

End of US AidEnd of US Aid Economic Economic CollapseCollapse

Rising Rising UnemploymentUnemployment

High inflationHigh inflation Pressure on Pressure on governmentgovernment

Disillusionment Disillusionment with with governmentgovernment

Interest in Interest in extreme ideasextreme ideas

Opportunity for Opportunity for Nazi’sNazi’s

Apparent Apparent weakness of weakness of WeimarWeimar

Show of strength Show of strength by Hitlerby Hitler

Rise in votes for Rise in votes for Nazi’sNazi’s

Rise of HitlerRise of Hitler

FactorsFactors► Inability of Weimar to cope with economic Inability of Weimar to cope with economic

crisis crisis ► Hitler’s manipulation of situation Hitler’s manipulation of situation ► Public desire for order and strengthPublic desire for order and strength► Politicians naivety in dealing with HitlerPoliticians naivety in dealing with Hitler► Fear of communismFear of communismLead toLead to► Rise of National SocialismRise of National Socialism► Instability of Weimar governmentInstability of Weimar government

But the Nazi’s never had a But the Nazi’s never had a majority!majority!

►The Nazi Party never had an absolute The Nazi Party never had an absolute majority in the Weimar governmentmajority in the Weimar government

►They did become the largest single They did become the largest single party though party though

►Proportional representation allows non Proportional representation allows non majority parliaments in the form of majority parliaments in the form of coalitionscoalitions

Why was Hitler made Why was Hitler made Chancellor?Chancellor?

► Public demanded improvementsPublic demanded improvements► Nazi Party were largest party in ReichstagNazi Party were largest party in Reichstag► Hindendburg and von Papen thought Hitler Hindendburg and von Papen thought Hitler

could be controlledcould be controlled► Hitler was a national figure after the 1932 Hitler was a national figure after the 1932

Presidential campaign (he came second to Presidential campaign (he came second to Hindendburg but had a large proportion of Hindendburg but had a large proportion of the vote)the vote)

How were the Nazi’s able to achieve How were the Nazi’s able to achieve this so quickly?this so quickly?

1.1. The economic situation The economic situation was very badwas very bad

2.2. Hitler was a great public Hitler was a great public speakerspeaker

3.3. The SA and SS disrupted The SA and SS disrupted he work of political he work of political opponentsopponents

4.4. The Nazi’s were funded by The Nazi’s were funded by industrialists such as industrialists such as Alfred HugenbergAlfred Hugenberg

5.5. The other political parties The other political parties wouldn’t work togetherwouldn’t work together

6.6. Chancellor’s in the period Chancellor’s in the period 1928-33 weren’t widely 1928-33 weren’t widely supported within the supported within the ReichstagReichstag

7.7. Goebbel’s propaganda was Goebbel’s propaganda was effectiveeffective

8.8. People were fed up of People were fed up of ineffective coalition ineffective coalition governments and the governments and the current situationcurrent situation

9.9. The Nazi’s targeted certain The Nazi’s targeted certain groups of the electorategroups of the electorate

10.10. People didn’t want a People didn’t want a return to the return to the hyperinflation of 1923-24hyperinflation of 1923-24

How did Hitler consolidate How did Hitler consolidate power?power?

► The Reichstag FireThe Reichstag Fire► Creates a climate that Hitler can Creates a climate that Hitler can

manipulate for his on endsmanipulate for his on ends

► The Enabling ActThe Enabling Act► Hitler uses Article 48 to create a Hitler uses Article 48 to create a

State of Emergency. The act State of Emergency. The act effectively ends democracy in effectively ends democracy in Germany.Germany.

► The Night of the The Night of the Long KnivesLong Knives

► Opposition from within the party is Opposition from within the party is removed: violently. The SA is removed: violently. The SA is ‘purged’.‘purged’.

► Hitler used his position, and the Hitler used his position, and the frailties and subsequent death frailties and subsequent death of Hindendburg, to engineer a of Hindendburg, to engineer a Nazi take over of government. Nazi take over of government. He makes use of Article 48 to He makes use of Article 48 to legitimise the end of legitimise the end of democracy before radically democracy before radically altering the structure of altering the structure of government. Soon opposition is government. Soon opposition is banned and Germany has a banned and Germany has a one party state. Pressure one party state. Pressure groups, such as Trade unions, groups, such as Trade unions, are also banned. This Nazi are also banned. This Nazi ‘Revolution’ is secured as a ‘Revolution’ is secured as a result of the removal of all result of the removal of all possible threats to nazi rule: possible threats to nazi rule: the SA, the army and political the SA, the army and political parties are all ‘dealt with’ by parties are all ‘dealt with’ by the end of 1934.the end of 1934.

LebensraumLebensraum► LebensraumLebensraum (German for "habitat" or literally "living (German for "habitat" or literally "living

space") was one of the major political ideas of Adolf space") was one of the major political ideas of Adolf Hitler, and an important component of Nazi ideology. It Hitler, and an important component of Nazi ideology. It served as the motivation for the expansionist policies of served as the motivation for the expansionist policies of Nazi Germany, aiming to provide extra space for the Nazi Germany, aiming to provide extra space for the growth of the German population, for a Greater growth of the German population, for a Greater Germany. In Hitler's book Mein Kampf, he detailed his Germany. In Hitler's book Mein Kampf, he detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum belief that the German people needed Lebensraum ("living space", i.e. land and raw materials), and that it ("living space", i.e. land and raw materials), and that it should be found in the East. It was the stated policy of should be found in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis to kill, deport, or enslave the Polish, Russian the Nazis to kill, deport, or enslave the Polish, Russian and other Slavic populations, whom they considered and other Slavic populations, whom they considered inferior, and to repopulate the land with Germanic inferior, and to repopulate the land with Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class.by a German upper class.

The Nazis And The JewsThe Nazis And The Jews

► The nazis hated the The nazis hated the jews because of the jews because of the following main following main reasons.They were-reasons.They were-

► Christ KilllersChrist Killlers► Defeat of Germany Defeat of Germany

in World War IIin World War II► Inferior raceInferior race► Great depression of Great depression of

19291929

hated

The Nazi Symbol

The Jewish Symbol

1.Christ Killers1.Christ Killers► Right from the so-called Right from the so-called

crucifixion of Jesus .Jews crucifixion of Jesus .Jews were blamed by the Gospel were blamed by the Gospel for this incident. According to for this incident. According to analysts, right after this analysts, right after this incident throughout, Europe incident throughout, Europe prosecution of Jews started, prosecution of Jews started, Extreme instances of Jewish Extreme instances of Jewish persecution include the First persecution include the First Crusade of 1096, the Crusade of 1096, the expulsion from England in expulsion from England in 1290, the Spanish 1290, the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, the from Spain in 1492, the expulsion from Portugal in expulsion from Portugal in 1497 and Holocaust was the 1497 and Holocaust was the climax of this centuries old climax of this centuries old hatred, which was created by hatred, which was created by Christian church.Christian church.

2.Defeat of Germany in World 2.Defeat of Germany in World War IIWar II

► After the signing of Treaty of After the signing of Treaty of Versailles at the end of WW1, Versailles at the end of WW1, state of war between Germany state of war between Germany and its allied forces was formally and its allied forces was formally ended, as far as Germans are ended, as far as Germans are concerned, they totally rejected concerned, they totally rejected this treaty as it was considered this treaty as it was considered bad for the Germany.bad for the Germany.

► After the World War 1, majority After the World War 1, majority of Germans were of the view of Germans were of the view that, they came close to winning that, they came close to winning the war with the Spring the war with the Spring Offensive earlier in 1918, but Offensive earlier in 1918, but they failed because of strikes in they failed because of strikes in the arms industry at a critical the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive, moment of the offensive, leaving soldiers with an leaving soldiers with an inadequate supply of materiel inadequate supply of materiel and this strike was blamed on and this strike was blamed on the Jews.the Jews.

3.Inferior race3.Inferior race

► According to historians, According to historians, it is widely believed that it is widely believed that Hitler deemed Germans Hitler deemed Germans as to be a superior race as to be a superior race as compared to other as compared to other races i.e. races i.e. Aryans,Jews,Gypsies etc Aryans,Jews,Gypsies etc and he thought that this and he thought that this was one of important was one of important reasons of Holocaust reasons of Holocaust and prosecution of and prosecution of other races.other races.

4.Great depression of 19294.Great depression of 1929► Great Depression of 1929, Great Depression of 1929,

started just after the stock started just after the stock market crash on October 29, market crash on October 29, 1929 on black Tuesday, 1929 on black Tuesday, Germany was worst hit by this Germany was worst hit by this economic downturn, almost economic downturn, almost every city was affected and 6 every city was affected and 6 million people got million people got unemployed.unemployed.

► During and after the slump, During and after the slump, Jews were doing great Jews were doing great financially, that made the role financially, that made the role of Jews suspicious in the eyes of Jews suspicious in the eyes of Germans and negative of Germans and negative propaganda by Hitler provided propaganda by Hitler provided the impetus to this notion and the impetus to this notion and they started thinking that, Jews they started thinking that, Jews are responsible for this are responsible for this Downturn and they are getting Downturn and they are getting full benefit from the recession.full benefit from the recession.

Concentration CampsConcentration Camps► Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (in German Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (in German

Konzentrationslager, or KZ) throughout the territories it controlled. Konzentrationslager, or KZ) throughout the territories it controlled. The first Nazi concentration camps set up in Germany were greatly The first Nazi concentration camps set up in Germany were greatly expanded after the Reichstag fire of 1933, and were intended to expanded after the Reichstag fire of 1933, and were intended to hold political prisoners and opponents of the regime. The term was hold political prisoners and opponents of the regime. The term was borrowed from the British concentration camps of the Second Anglo-borrowed from the British concentration camps of the Second Anglo-Boer War.Boer War.

► The number of camps quadrupled between 1939 and 1942 to The number of camps quadrupled between 1939 and 1942 to 300+, as slave-laborers from across Europe, Jews, political 300+, as slave-laborers from across Europe, Jews, political prisoners, criminals,gypsies, the mentally ill and others were prisoners, criminals,gypsies, the mentally ill and others were incarcerated, generally without judicial process. Holocaust incarcerated, generally without judicial process. Holocaust scholars draw a distinction between concentration camps and scholars draw a distinction between concentration camps and extermination camps, which were established by the Nazis extermination camps, which were established by the Nazis for the industrial-scale mass murder of the predominantly for the industrial-scale mass murder of the predominantly Jewish ghetto and concentration camp populationsJewish ghetto and concentration camp populations

.

World War IIWorld War II► World War II, or the Second World World War II, or the Second World

War, was a global conflict that was War, was a global conflict that was underway by 1939 and ended in underway by 1939 and ended in 1945. It involved most of the 1945. It involved most of the world's nations—including all of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, with widespread war in history, with more than 100 million military more than 100 million military personnel mobilised. In a state of personnel mobilised. In a state of "total war", the major participants "total war", the major participants placed their entire economic, placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. civilian and military resources. Marked by significant events Marked by significant events involving the mass death of involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it is the weapons in warfare, it is the deadliest conflict in human history, deadliest conflict in human history, resulting in 50 million to over 70 resulting in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities.million fatalities.

ReasonsReasons► The rearmament of Germany was a The rearmament of Germany was a

cause for war because it broke the cause for war because it broke the Treaty of Versailles (28th June, Treaty of Versailles (28th June, 1919)1919)

► The remilitarization of the The remilitarization of the Rhineland (7th march, 1936) was a Rhineland (7th march, 1936) was a cause of war because it broke the cause of war because it broke the Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles ..

► Chamberlain’s appeasement policy Chamberlain’s appeasement policy (after may 1937 – March 1939) was (after may 1937 – March 1939) was a cause of war because it broke the a cause of war because it broke the Treaty of VersaillesThe Anschluss of Treaty of VersaillesThe Anschluss of Germany with Austria (13th march, Germany with Austria (13th march, 1938) was a cause of war because 1938) was a cause of war because it broke the Treaty of Versailles and it broke the Treaty of Versailles and Treaty of St. Germain (10th Treaty of St. Germain (10th September, 1919)September, 1919)

► The Nazi annexation of the The Nazi annexation of the Sudetenland after the Munich Sudetenland after the Munich conference (29th September 1938) conference (29th September 1938) was a cause of war, because it was a cause of war, because it broke the Treaty of St. Germain.broke the Treaty of St. Germain.

•The Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, cause war because it defied the Munich agreement and ended Britain’s appeasement policy.•The Nazi invasion of Poland (1st September 1939) caused war because Britain had guaranteed Poland’s borders

Impact of the warImpact of the war► Estimates for the total Estimates for the total

casualties of the war vary, casualties of the war vary, because many deaths went because many deaths went unrecorded. Most suggest that unrecorded. Most suggest that some 60 million people died in some 60 million people died in the war, including about 20 the war, including about 20 million soldiers and 40 million million soldiers and 40 million civilianscivilians.. Many civilians died Many civilians died because of disease, starvation, because of disease, starvation, massacres, bombing and massacres, bombing and deliberate genocide. The Soviet deliberate genocide. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million Union lost around 27 million people during the war,including people during the war,including 8.7 million military and 19 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. One of million civilian deaths. One of every four Soviet citizens was every four Soviet citizens was killed or wounded in that war. killed or wounded in that war. Germany sustained 5.3 million Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany.final battles in Germany.

The Axis PowersThe Axis Powers

ALLIED

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Death of HitlerDeath of Hitler

► Adolf Hitler committed suicide by gunshot on Adolf Hitler committed suicide by gunshot on Monday, 30 April 1945 in his Führerbunker in Monday, 30 April 1945 in his Führerbunker in Berlin. His wife Eva, committed suicide with Berlin. His wife Eva, committed suicide with him by ingesting cyanide.That afternoon, in him by ingesting cyanide.That afternoon, in accordance with Hitler's prior instructions, accordance with Hitler's prior instructions, their remains were carried up the stairs their remains were carried up the stairs through the bunker's emergency exit, doused through the bunker's emergency exit, doused in petrol and set alight in the Reich in petrol and set alight in the Reich Chancellery garden outside the bunker. The Chancellery garden outside the bunker. The Soviet archives record that their burnt Soviet archives record that their burnt remains were recovered and interred in remains were recovered and interred in successive locations until 1970 when they successive locations until 1970 when they were again exhumed, cremated and the ashes were again exhumed, cremated and the ashes scattered.scattered.

Front page of the U.S. Armed Forces newspaper, Stars and Stripes, 2 May 1945.

THANK

YOU

►Made By-AshayMade By-Ashay►Class-9th AClass-9th A►Subject-Social Studies(History)Subject-Social Studies(History)