Navneet Theme Final EDITED DOCX

8/10/2019 Navneet Theme Final EDITED DOCX

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FIELDWORK SEGMENT (PRM 201315)

Agriculture: Risks and Challenges

Based on a study inMandwal Village

GRAM PANCHAYAT: Budhiya

BLOCK: Kotda

DISTRICT: Udaipur

STATE: Rajasthan

Submitted by:Navneet Kumar Singh (34032)

Faculty Guide:

Prof. H.S.Shylendra

In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the FWS

Of the

Post Graduate Programme in Rural ManagementINSTITUTE OF RURAL MANAGEMENT,ANAND

2013


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to express my gratitude to IRMA for providing such a good platform by

including this Field work Segment in our curriculum. This kind of experience is invaluable.The field work gave me an opportunity to have an in depth view of the lives of the

villagers. My stay of 6 weeks in the village gave me a first-hand experience of the village

life, peoples aspirations and apprehensions. This was the most important part which

made the study comprehensive.

I would like to express my thanks to the host organization, Seva Mandir, for

providing us with comfortable arrangements.

I express my special gratitude to my theme paper guide, Prof. H.S.Shylendra for his

guidance through the course of this study and helping me with valuable input which made

this theme a success.

I would also like to put on record the efforts made by the host family and the

villagers in providing us relevant information which enabled me to complete this report.

They deserve special thanks for their hospitality and also for all their help throughout my

stay in the village.

Lastly, I thank almighty and my friends for their constant encouragement without which

this assignment would not be possible.

Navneet Kumar Singh

34032


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In India, agricultural risks are exacerbated by a variety of factors, ranging from climate

variability and change, frequent natural disasters, uncertainties in yields and prices, weak

rural infrastructure, imperfect markets and lack of financial services including limited span

and design of risk mitigation instruments such as credit and insurance.

Managing risks in agriculture is particularly challenging, as many risks are highly

correlated, resulting in whole communities being affected at the same time. Clearly, given

the widespread nature of resultant loss, financial recovery is particularly difficult and

challenging.

Subsistence farming and animal husbandry are major sources of livelihood in southern

Rajasthan areas. However, a drought prone and hilly climate, amongst other factors, means

that villagers are increasingly dependent on wage labour for their livelihoods too. One major

provider of wage labour in this region is the genetically modified BT cotton industry. A maincentre for the BT cotton industry is the state of Gujarat, but in the last 7-8 years BT cotton

cultivation has increased in southern Rajasthan.

Agriculture is the primary source of earning a livelihood in Mandwal. It has not been too long

since the adoption of modern days agricultural practices in the region. The knowledge they

had of agriculture was of decade old practices, which they are still following. The information

dissemination in the area took place when the migrated agricultural labourers working in the

farms in Gujarat returned to their places to carry on their own production.

BT cotton is a new big cultivation trend which has been first introduced in 2002 by amigrated labour named Mr. Sarvjee Hakla. He learned the cropping from Gujarat farm and

introduced in Mandwal. Looking at the lucrative returns this crop cultivation has steeply

picked up in past 6-7 years. BT cotton is the biggest cash crop now, not only in Mandwal but

in the whole region.

Almost 99 % families of Mandwal are directly /indirectly associated with agriculture. Sandy

Loam soil is predominant in the region, with undulating terrains and rocky surfaces

surmounting the problems faced by the farmers in the region.

The objectives of the study is to:

To identify the various risks faced by farmers in Mandwal.

To analyse these short term and long term risks.

To formulate any feasible mitigation steps.

The various risks faced by the farmers in the Mandwal is broadly being categorised under

categories such as:

Weather / climatic risks


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Crop failure

Market risk

Financial risk

Management/ operational risk

Apart from the innumerable risks, other challenges faced by farmers of Mandwal are further

categorised as:

Irrigation

Small land holding

Undulating topography

Lack of mechanization

Main occupation of village is agriculture but low production and low farm income has

resulted in migration of people.

We would get an unanimous vote betting that agriculture itself is a risky livelihood and that

too the rain fed condition prevailing in the Mandwal makes it even more risky. But still

accepting it as only option available with the farmers of Mandwal efforts are needed to

reduce the risks and challenges being continuously faced by the farmers.

Farmers and farming communities can employ risk management strategies that include crop

and labour (on and off farm) diversification, risk pooling arrangements among several

farmers by coming together and holding each other back, sharecropping, investing in semi

liquid assets such as livestock or buffer stocks, farmer self-help groups or such co-operative

formation, and loans from banks. One way producers have traditionally managed pricevariability is by entering into pre harvest agreements that set a specific price for future

delivery. These arrangements are known as forward contracts and allow producers to lock in

a certain price, thus reducing risk, but also foregoing the possibility of benefiting from

positive price deviations.

Also the one solution to many of their problems is formation of co-operative of BT cotton

growers in the region.

Though, the farmers in the village have the feeling of mutual co-operation among them, but

there is dire need to exploit it in better sense and leverage the power of unity for the greater

good of society (farmers).


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CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF GRAPHS/FIGURES.

LIST OF ANNEXURES

1. INTRODUCTION

2. OBJECTIVES

3. ASSUMPTIONS & LIMITATIONS

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1. Village Selection

4.2. Selection of Research Methods

4.3. Sources of Data

4.3.1. Primary Sources of Data

4.3.2. Secondary Sources of Data

5. MANDWAL: AN INTRODUCTION

5.1. Location

5.2. Statistics

5.3. Income & Expenditure

6. AGRICULTURE IN MANDWAL

6.1. Crop Calendar

7. RISKS FACED BY THE FARMERS

7.1. Weather / Climatic Risks7.2. Crop Failure

7.3. Market Risk

7.4. Financial Risk

7.5. Management/ Operational Risk

8. CHALLENGES FACED BY FARMERS OF MANDWAL


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8.1. Irrigation

8.2. Small Land Holding

8.3. Undulating Topography

8.4. Lack of Mechanization

9. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR BT COTTON

10. CONCLUSION


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Sr. No. Abbreviations Full Form

1 AAY Antodaya Anna Yojana

2 ADB Asian development bank

3 APL Above Poverty Line

4 ARMT Agricultural Risk Management Team

5 BPL Below Poverty Line

6 BT Bacillus thuringiensis

7 GVK Gramin Vikas Kosh

8 HH Households

9 JSY Janani Suraksha Yojana10 KCC Kisan call centre

11 KVK Krishi vigyan kendra

12 MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment GuaranteeAct

13 NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

14 NGO Non-Government Organisation

15 NRHM National Rural Health Mission

16 SHG Self Help Group


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Land Holding Specification (I.C.A.R)

LIST OF GRAPHS/FIGURES

Graph 1: Families split based on economic criteria

Graph 2: Income split of people of Mandwal

Graph 3: Expenditure split of people of Mandwal

Graph 4: Reasons for crop failure

Graph 5: Various market risks.

Graph 6: Reason for not availing Banking Facility

Graph 7: Farmers availing Irrigation Facility

Graph 8: Landholding of farmers in Mandwal

Graph 9: Major threat to farmers of Mandwal responses.

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure 1: Questionnaire


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1. INTRODUCTION

In India, agricultural risks are exacerbated by a variety of factors, ranging from climate

variability and change, frequent natural disasters, uncertainties in yields and prices, weak ruralinfrastructure, imperfect markets and lack of financial services including limited span and

design of risk mitigation instruments such as credit and insurance. These factors not only

endanger the farmers livelihood and incomes but also undermine the viability of the

agriculture sector and its potential to become a part of the solution to the problem of endemic

poverty of the farmers and the agricultural labour.

The poor penetration and development of various risk management tools in the country also

represent the huge opportunities for the emerging agricultural insurance and commodity

markets to pull the producer from out of the poverty trap by insulating him from income shocks

and by ensuring that a fair share of the price goes to the producer. Making a strong case formoving risk management solutions towards a sustainable actuarial regime as also harnessing

the technological advances in various dimensions.

Managing risks in agriculture is particularly challenging, as many risks are highly

correlated, resulting in whole communities being affected at the same time. Clearly, given the

widespread nature of resultant loss, financial recovery is particularly difficult and challenging.

Subsistence farming and animal husbandry are major sources of livelihood in southern

Rajasthan areas. However, a drought prone and hilly climate, amongst other factors, means that

villagers are increasingly dependent on wage labour for their livelihoods too. One major

provider of wage labour in this region is the genetically modified BT cotton industry. A main

centre for the BT cotton industry is the state of Gujarat, but in the last 7-8 years BT cotton

cultivation has increased in southern Rajasthan.

Agriculture is the primary source of earning a livelihood in Mandwal. It has not been too long

since the adoption of modern days agricultural practices in the region. The knowledge they

had of agriculture was of decade old practices, which they are still following. The

information dissemination in the area took place when the migrated agricultural labourers

working in the farms in Gujarat returned to their places to carry on their own production.

BT cotton is a new big cultivation trend which has been first introduced in 2002 by amigrated labour named Mr. Sarvjee Hakla. He learned the cropping from Gujarat farm and

introduced in Mandwal. Looking at the lucrative returns this crop cultivation has steeply

picked up in past 6-7 years. BT cotton is the biggest cash crop now, not only in Mandwal but

in the whole region.

Almost 99 % families of Mandwal are directly /indirectly associated with agriculture. Sandy

Loam soil is predominant in the region, with undulating terrains and rocky surfaces

surmounting the problems faced by the farmers in the region.


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Risks faced by farmers are numerous and varied, and are specific to the country, climate, and

local agricultural production systems. Farmers face constraints that do not enable them to either

improve or increase their production and revenues.

In many cases, extreme poverty makes people very risk averse, often avoiding activities that

entail risk but that could also bring larger income gains. This inability to manage risk andaccumulate and retain wealth is sometimes referred to as the the poverty trap.

India was once at the apex of international achievement in agricultural innovation. Drawing on

a wide variety of international grain types, pioneers of high yielding hybrid seeds, notably M.S.

Swaminathan, were able to achieve in the 1960s and 1970s a real green revolution inIndia,

boosting agricultural productivity impressively and making the country fully self-sufficient in

its main food requirements for the first time in modern history. Scientific innovation was

supported by energetic policy at the Union and State levels to achieve one of the worlds most

striking agricultural successes of the 20th century. But then, as so often with success, a

purposeful policy dissolved into politicking and piecemeal implementation.

Unsupported by rigorous policy, excess use of fertilizers, unsustainable use of water resources

encouraged by free or subsidised electricity for farm pumps led to soil degradation and

depletion of sub-surface aquifers. This occurred at a time when an expanding population, the

first hints of the consequences of climate change and a sudden spike in agricultural commodity

prices in 2007-2008 linked to lower international grain stocks and a sharp rise in commodity

prices, notably oil, provided an unwelcome reminder to Indians that all was not well with the

agricultural policy. What ensued was impulse buying on international markets at the same time

as export of some items was prohibited (hurting mainly other developing countries, the

industrialised world having cornered all the food it needed). One salutary measure offered by

Delhi was the lowering of tariffs on some necessary international food imports but by

November 2008, the government was again raising tariffs on some products (soya) in order to

protect domestic producers.1

1 Source: Planning Commission report and Agriculture and Rural development discussion paper (World

Development conference)


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2.

OBJECTIVES

To identify the various risks faced by farmers in Mandwal.

To analyse these short term and long term risks.

To look into challenges associated with the farming in Mandwal.

Also to reflect on role of various state and non-state factors affecting the agriculture

directly or indirectly in the region, and how they can contribute towards ameliorating

the situation.

And also on specific note a special emphasis was laid upon the BT cotton, since it is in trend

and the chief source of livelihood options for majority of farmers of Mandwal.

Selecting the sample households based on the farmers involved in the commercial

production of BT cotton in Mandwal.

Surveying the selected samples to gauge their cropping patterns and their interest

towards it.

Also analysing their proclivity towards continuing the BT cotton crop in the future.

Understanding the economies involved in commercial production of BT cotton and

the upper-hand it has over other crops in terms of yielding profit to the farmers.

3. ASSUMPTIONS & LIMITATIONS

The instruments, methods and analysis employed in this study are aimed to uphold the highest

possible level of neutrality and integrity. However, there are qualifications and limits to this

aim.

Data collection was carried out from a diverse range of backgrounds. Thus the

collection techniques were not standardised across all responses and could be biased

because of individual respondents.

Time and resources prevented data being collected from all villagers and across all agegroups, thus in many cases statistics are taken as an estimates.

Issue of trust was too evident in initial days of survey and the reluctance followed after.

Language barrier posed as one of the hurdles in communication and a transparent

response was not what we get, in the presence of interpreter.

Busy schedule of farmers it was the peak cropping season and BT cotton fields

exclusively demands too much of farmers time for emasculation and artificial

pollination, that it was difficult for us to have a lengthy conversations.

Considering the social norms, interactions with the women were limited .More

qualitative insights into the lives of women could have been possible had this not been

the case.

High illiteracy and lack of general awareness, at the end of the day has left us with

many unanswered questions.


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4. METHODOLOGY

4.1. Village Selection

We were allocated Mandwal village by our host organisation Seva Mandir, as a part of VFS

segment stay and survey, for the partial fulfilment of course.

Village: Mandwal

Gram panchayat: Budhiya

Block: Kotda

District: Udaipur

State: Rajasthan

4.2. Selection of Research Methods

The study carried out was a combination of exploratory and descriptive study and the data

collected was both in qualitative and quantitative in nature. We collected data from the

village on resources, demography, religion, caste, social structure and dynamics, family size,

agro-climatic resources, infrastructure facilities, occupation, health, education and its quality,

migration, customs, rituals, livelihood systems and various organizational interventions in the

village.

The methodology adopted by us for our study consisted of collecting data from the

primary as well from the secondary sources, analysing the data and drawing our conclusions

from the analysis.

4.3. Sources of Data

4.3.1. Primary Sources of Data

1.Interviews with Prominent People: Unstructured interviews were conducted with

the Sarpanch (representative of Mandwal village), teachers of Government primary

school, Village Health Worker (also called ANM) and other important people of the

village.

2. PRA exercises: we conducted PRA to get a first-hand collective information aboutthe village.

3. Sample survey: The sample survey was conducted using the questionnaire. It

provided micro data on 40 HHs of the village on variables like occupations,

agricultural practices, sanitation, electricity, family details etc.

4. Other methods: Apart from this, our primary sources of data were also gathered

by field observations, informal discussions with the villagers, focus group

discussions, case studies and active listening.


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4.3.2. Secondary Sources of Data:

1. Tehsil office records: Data on population, households, BPL, etc. was

obtained from tehsil records.

2. School records: Data on enrolment, teacher qualifications, drop outs etc. was

obtained from the school records.

3. Janani Suraksha Kendra (ANM) records: Data on levels of immunization and

family planning was provided by the Village Health Worker.

4. Seva Mandir records:NRM, Watershed Management, MGNREGA, Data

regarding the SHGs, types of HH, students enrolled under Shivir, loans taken by

villagers from money lenders was obtained.

The process of data collection was initiated with secondary data collection from all the

major institutions in the village. Further, some unstructured interviews were conducted

first with village heads and prominent persons of village and later with people in each

hamlet (falan). Further data available in the Tehsil office at Kotda, Government primary

school, and ANM record were collected. With all the macro level data collected, a

sampling plan was chosen and the micro level data was collected using the questionnaire

designed. A survey was administered with a sample of 40 HHs.

5. MANDWAL: AN INTRODUCTION

It would be unjustified to talk about the various risks and challenges faced by the farmers of

Mandwal, without getting an insight of the village. It is important to understand the location,

contours, topography, market, connectivity, weather condition, etc., to have a proper hold of

the problems faced by the farmers living there.

5.1. Location:The village lies at the border of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Though it comes under the

Udaipur district of Rajasthan, it is the last village of Rajasthan. The village boundary is

surrounded by Budhiya in West, mountains in East, Kelwa kua (Gujarat) in North and

Vasela in South.

The village comes under Budhiya Gram Panchayat named after the village Budhiya

which is at a distance of 4 Km West of Mandwal.

The village is about 145 km from Udaipur city and 28 km from Kotda, the block office for

the village. It is 10 Km away from Udaipur Ahmedabad highway and is connected by pukka

road.


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The nearby market are: Khedbrahma (Gujarat) 24 km

Kotda (Rajasthan) 28 km

5.2. Statistics:

Total Area of village: 867 Hectare Revenue Land: 313 Hectare

Forest: 190 Hectare

Pasture Land: 364 Hectare

Total Population is around 3000. Literacy Rate is about 23% (Male, as all surveyed female

were illiterate, though 40% enrolment was there in schools, of girl child)

State BPL

14%

Antyodaya

8%

APL 42%

BPL

36%

Graph 1: Families split based on economic criteria

Total Families are 665(tribal belt exclusively)

APL Families280

BPL Families241 State BPL Families92

Antyodaya Families52

It is quite evident from the data posted above that majority of village familiesfall among

various economically backward status group and requires fillip from government or NGOs

for barely survival. And those above poverty line are also not much above but lies very close

to boundary with an exception of 2 well off family.

5.3. Income & Expenditure:Through rigorous questionnaire and unstructured interview I tried to look into the income and

expenditure of the households, in order to fathom the various priorities of the farmers. It gave


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me a very good understanding of the mind-set of the farmers, and help me to look into the

things with the very eyes of the farmers. There poor management of money and wasteful

expenditure upon trivial items is one the reason for their backwardness or the pitiful state in

which they are.

Majority of the farmers of Mandwal falls into the category of marginal farmer with an

average land holding of 1 bigha (roughly 0.26 hectare) which is far below the national

average of 1.33 hectare, and also a handful of farmers ( 6 in number) lying into the strata of

small farmers.

Small Business

4%

Jobs

3%

Migrated labour

22%

Agriculture71%

Graph 2: Income split of people of Mandwal

The majority of village incomes comes directly/indirectly from agricultural activities solely.

The farmers sell their produce in Khedbrahma (Gujarat), whatever they grows. The secondsegment earns their livelihood entirely or for few months in a calendar year by working into

farms of large farmers in Gujarat. Although the migration had seen a declining trend in recent

years because of opening of new dimensions of opportunity in the village and surrounding

areas. Few peoples engage in other activities, viz., one grocery store, 23 small kirana store, 1

jeep, and unauthorized liquor shops. And 12 families income comes from government job of

their family heads, working as permanent teacher, in Rajasthan police service and as siksha

mitra.


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Education

10%

Social

15%

Addiction &

Health

20%

Agriculture

20%

Household

35%

Graph 3: Expenditure split of people of Mandwal

Because of large family size (average 5) major portion of income goes into household

consumption and other needs. The people in Mandwal spent equally on agricultural needs as

well as on the avaricious consumption of liquor and health issues. While a very little is spent

on education because upto 8th standard education is free and post that farmers send their

children out for studies (to Udaipur, Abu Road, Kotda). And also a great sum of financial

strength is drained in various social activities, such as marriage, death rituals, festivals, etc.

6. AGRICULTURE IN MANDWAL

Agriculture is the primary source of earning a livelihood in Mandwal. And Maize being the

major staple crop cultivated in the village which is most suited for the agro climatic condition

like soil and comparatively low irrigation water. All the households own some land where

they grow maize but for most of them, the harvested crop is used only for consumption since

most of the farmers are either marginal or small farmers. Few of the farmers also cultivate

wheat, red gram, mustard, Jowar etc. depending upon the land and water resource

availability.

BT cotton is a new big cultivation trend which has been first introduced in 2002 by a

migrated labour named Mr. Sarvjee Hakla. Sowing of BT cotton is done in the month of

August/ September. Though the crop cycle (till the plucking of last ball from the tree) of BT

cotton is of 4-5 months but selling and receipt of money takes another 3-4 months.The various crops grown in the area are broadly categorised into two basic strata based upon

the reason/use of the crops, i.e., for self-consumption or for revenue generation by selling the

produce into local as well as distant markets.

Commercial crop production: Cotton (BT & Traditional), Castor, maize, Red gram, Mustard.

Subsistence crop production: Vegetables, Wheat, Urad daal.


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6.1. Crop Calendar:

The calendar itself shows the problem of irrigation water or the severity of water shortage faced

by the farmers. They took crops only after the monsoon and migrate to Gujarat with families

in summer to work as agricultural labourers in their farms. A few exceptions are there who

holds the irrigation facility and are barely being able to take crops in summers too.

7. RISKS FACED BY THE FARMERS

Risks faced by farmers are numerous and varied, and are specific to the country, climate, and

local agricultural production systems. Examples of such constraints are limited access to

finance, dislocation from markets, poor access to inputs, lack of advisory services and

information, and poor infrastructure (for example, irrigation or rural roads).

Having first become aware of a risk and then having assessed it, the next issue is how

the party (or parties) at risk can seek to manage that risk. It should first be noted that risk

management should be planned on an ex-ante basis (that is, before realization of an event).

By work of the Agricultural Risk Management Team (ARMT) at the World Bank, three clear

approaches to risk management are considered:

o Mitigation is the lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related

disasters. Risk mitigation options are numerous and varied (for example, crop and

livestock diversification, income diversification, soil drainage, mulching, use of

resistant seeds, avoidance of risky practices, and crop calendars).

o Transfer refers to the transfer of the potential financial consequences of particular risks

from one party to another. While insurance is the best-known form of risk transfer, in

developing countries the use of informal risk transfer within families and communities

is extremely important.


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o Coping refers to improving the resilience to withstand and manage events, through ex-

ante preparation and making use of informal and formal mechanisms in order to sustain

production and livelihoods following an event.

Although we have noted that coping is an ex-post activity, it is possible to plan and to prepare

for coping activities on an ex-ante basis. This is often fiscally beneficial, as the ability toquickly respond to events often reduces losses.

A fourth approach is that of risk avoidance or risk prevention. However, this is rarely possible

in agricultural production, especially in developing countries where there are very few

alternative sources of nonfarm employment.

The risks faced by farmers are lucidly explained under each category as followed:

7.1. Weather / Climatic Risks:The word in itself portrays a very large blanket meaning, so we are going to break it and take

each component individually.

Drought: The area falls under acute rainfall deficit shade, and frequent seasonal drought

is the thing that comes as flashes in the mind of people living in the region, when they

were asked anything related to summers. Due to the undulating topography, hills and

slopes, the sight of plain land is restricted to a very small farm land. The conditions are

so worse in summers that a person from households may have to travel kilometres upon

the rocky undulating terrain to fetch drinking water.

This made impossible to take up any crops in the summer as there would be no water

for irrigation. And also the water holding capacity of soil present in the region is not

good, so farmer cannot produce just by relying upon residual soil moisture. The annual

rainfall of the region is 350-475 mm, although a good rainfall is seen this year.

High temperature: high temperature coupled with acute water shortage in the region

made the living condition very hostile in the area, not just for animals and humans but

for plants also.

The peak temperature in summer reaches upto 49 degree celsius which greatly increases

evapotranspiration in the plants and causes desiccation of plant tissues. The greeneryafter monsoon seems quite paradoxical, if one visits the area in summers.

Strong winds: Short-duration extreme weather events can cause devastating direct

damage to crops in the fields. Assessment of these damages can be undertaken

immediately by physical inspection. On the other hand, while the final outcome of

cumulative events can be devastatingly obvious, much of the damage already occurred

earlier during a stage of crop development. During our stay we had one such destructive

event in the region, a night of very strong winds with heavy rainfall took place, and the

aftermath was quite sore to the eyes. Destruction of crops and homes are seeneverywhere in the village. Approximately 30 % of crops has been destroyed in a night


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and gone were the hopes and hard work of the farmers. The main cultivation in the area

was that of BT cotton seed production, and after this event almost 40-50 % cotton bolls

were destroyed. A terrified look was omnipresent over the faces of the farmers. And

they were already buckling up for yet another distressful year ahead.

Heavy rainfall: Rainfall being a boon also causes widespread damage if being showered

in excess. Heavy rainfall causes visibly damage to cotton production, ranging from

cotton boll destruction and hindering artificial pollination by washing away of mature

pollen grains to crop logging.

Bindoo Bhama Paragi, 37 years, Mandwal

Agriculture is the major occupation of Bindoos family. He owns 1 bigha of land and does

tenant farming on another bigha of land in village itself. He does the subsistence farming andgrows maize, tur daal, and sometimes cultivate cotton for revenue generation.

In 2009, because of heavy rainfall coupled with strong winds, he lost 90 % of his crops. He was

under huge debt and lost the mere hope of survival. He has to feed a family of 6 members and

with destroyed crops he has nowhere to look to.

It forced him to migrate along with his family to work as an agricultural labourer in large farms

of Patelsin Gujarat. He lived in abysmal condition in Gujarat for 2 years earned enough and

later returned to village to continue his life. He says now that he had passed the godstest, he

would certainly be rewarded with good life in future, a hope his family also shares.

7.2. Crop Failure:

The incident of crop failure is too often seen in the area, which is predominantly attributed to

climate vagaries, pest and disease attack and market factors. Due to poor knowledge ofmanaging pest and diseases, farmers are complacent and does very little to manage disease and

pest in their fields. Although because of advent of contract farming in the area, majorly by

agents affiliated to some seed production company in Gujarat, they have come to know about

managing their pest and diseases in the cotton field. But the knowledge so far has been

restricted to the management of pest and diseases in cotton field only, while other fields are

left to their own fate.


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PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENT

Pest & Disease Poor Management Lack of Technical Know-how Weather Vagaries

12%

45%18%

25%

Graph 4: Reasons for crop failure

The farmers think that weather risks are predominant factor in their crop failures and that too

exclusively blamed irrigation water. 25 % of respondent also agree upon that they have no clue

what to do in case of crop failure or how to mitigate any risk for that reason. They were

completely devoid of any official technical knowledge and had never heard of Kisan Call

Centre or gone to any Agriculture research station/ university to learn the updated agricultural

practices to be followed. 12% of respondent think that pest and disease are menace to their

fields, and rest are so much pre-occupied with other thoughts that they dont blame it to be the

cause of their crop failure. While 18% knew the fact that the age old practices of farm

management is not going to help them anymore and needed any assistance in this regard.

7.3. Market Risk:

Farmers are very much vulnerable to market risk in Mandwal. They had to travel atleast 28km

with their produce to reach the nearest market and they dont have the luxury to return back

without selling their produce. So in case of low market price (which they were unaware of until

they visit the market) they have to sell their produce at throwaway prices to the

wholesaler/retailer. Also because of high price fluctuations they are often under rewarded for

the labour they had put into the crop production.

Also the risk of dealing with unregistered agents (without any paperwork) is very high. The

farmers in the area are exclusively under the grip of agents of BT cotton of some unknown seed

production company in Gujarat. The agents provide all the inputs required for taking up the

cultivation of BT cotton (commercial seed production) and strictly monitor the crop growth

phases, as it is essential for seed production. And the farmers are bound to sell their produce

to this agents and the very reason of being illiterate they were often cheated by these agents.

There was this incident in 2011, in which some unknown agents ran away, taking away the

payment of 18 farmers from Mandwal village and the same number from the neighbouring

villages too.


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Gra h 5: Various market risks.

As the financial cushion with farmers are too low and hence their life proclivity is towards the

timely payment, and in such circumstances they are forced to enter the vicious cycle of poverty.

Also the produce of farmers often get rejected on quality standards at the company, as the seed

production is very precise job, putting their life on line again and again. Last year payment of

30 farmers are forgone as their product don't pass the quality test at the procurement centre inkhedbrahma.

And also the whole cycle from sowing of crop to getting their payment from company on

passing of quality standard takes 1 year.

In the survey done the farmers fear most from the company rejecting their produce on quality

standards. And the rest result follows as such:

Respondents Fear to Market Risk

20%

5%

55%

20%

Quality Standard Failure Agents Price fluctuations Late payment

7.4. Financial Risk:

There is no registered / authorized money lenders in the area. Farmers are often challenged

because of financial constraints, and couldnt do many of the activities that required anyfinancial input. Many a times it comes over the matter of survival in case of any financial shock.

The only financial help they get is from relatives or local money lenders. And they have to pay

very heavily if loan is taken from any money lenders, they charge very high (as high as 120%

per annum) interest rate. In such cases it is difficult for loaned farmer to repay the principal

amount only, not to talk about the interest amount to be payed. Villagers still prefer taking

loans from money lenders as they find bank paper work very cumbersome and bank staffs not

very supportive. In addition villagers get payment flexibility based on social relation, in case

of any problem in repayment on time.


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45

90

8

95

75

The farmers in the area on an average dont have any savings, reason being they dont earn

Much and they heavily spend on alcohol consumption.

The nearby banking facility is an ICICI bank in Mamer, which is 6km away from the village

and the villagers dont go there because the staffs are not very supportive in the branch.

Moreover villagers have very less faith in banking systems.

For bigger needs such as buying a tractor, constructing a house and education, they prefer banks

and other institutions. Village doesnt have a bank; other nearby branches were of Punjab

national bank and State bank of India and Marwad Sahkari Bank at Kotda. People can also

borrow money at a nominal rate of interest from Gram Vikas Kosh which is a kind of Informal

Financial Institution facilitated by Seva Mandir, NGO working for upliftment of tribal people,

provides short term loan from its Gram Vikas Kosh (GVK) but they also face huge challenges

in loan recovery.

The graph below give details as to why villagers dont avail banking facility. From mortgageoptions (no collateral against loan) to illiteracy, confusion, etc.

R E A S O N F O R N O T AVA I L I N G B A N K I N G FA C I L I T Y

Response Percentage

D I S T A N T B R A N C H U N S U P P O R T I V E

S T A F F

L E N G T H Y P A P E R

W O R K

C O N F U S I N G

P R O C E S S

N O M O R T G A G E

O P T I O N

Graph 6: Reason for not availing Banking Facility


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Sunna Vana Gamar , 52 years, Mandwal

Sunna was old enough to carry out the agriculture production himself, but unwillingly he has to

do farming, to feed his family of 2. He lives with his wife in a ransacked home in umra falan of

Mandwal.

Going by the tradition 4 sons of Sunna lives separately with their families and thus sunna has to

look after himself and his wife.

In 2006 his wife fall ill and he left no stone unturned in saving his wife. He visited almost every

government run hospital in the area around, but with no comforting results. Then the only option

available with Sunna was to knock the doors of expensive private doctors, and as expected he

was falling short of adequate funds. Thus he took loan from a local money-lender(name not

disclosed) who gave 10,000 cash and instantaneously deducted 1000 of it, as an interest of first

month, and finally sunna was left with 9000 rupees with an interest of 10% per month ( ~ 120 %

per annum).

Unfortunately he couldnt save his wife despite of all effort, and was left with heavy heart and a

loan which was burgeoning every month.

At last he lost all hope of returning the money because of low income generation. Then after a

paanchmeeting his son and relatives were told to pay the principal amount with the interest.

7.5. Management/ Operational Risk:

Poor management decisionslacking awareness and concerned knowledge regarding any

such agricultural practices, farm management, resource mobilisation, financial

management, etc.

The forecast and planning errorslack of information reg. mass media, KVK, KCC. Since

there is no electricity in the village they were completely devoid of any such information

which could be useful for them in timing their agricultural operations or getting first hand

market information. Various government run programs like krishi darshan, are also quitehelpful for farmers, which is otherwise not aired in the area.

Also the use of outdated seeds( except BT cotton seeds) by farmers in Mandwal ( they save

a part of their yield to be used as input for next season)same seed over and over again,

reduces the productivity and seed vigour and subsequently fetch lower prices in the

market.

The flexibility or lack of preparation to change product, process, and markets affect

them directly as they dont have enough room for any contingencies.

Also inefficiency or inability to adapt to changes in cash and labour flows poses severeseasonal demand threat. Farmers never heard or avail any insurance scheme hitherto.


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8. CHALLENGES FACED BY FARMERS OF MANDWAL

There are serious concerns on the performance of agriculture sector in the country. The post-

reform growth was led by services. Commodity sector growth (agriculture & industry) has not

been higher in the post reform period as compared to that of 1980s. Particular worry is

agriculture sector which showed lower than 2% per annum in the decade of mid-1990s to mid-

2000s. There are also concerns on food security and livelihoods.

It may be noted that Indian agriculture is the home of small and marginal farmers

(80%). Therefore, the future of sustainable agriculture growth and food security in India

depends on the performance of small and marginal farmers.

The challenges faced by farmers in Mandwal are no less than that being faced by rest of the

pan India.

8.1. Irrigation:

We all know that Indian agriculture is dependent on monsoon, which is uncertain, unreliable

and erratic. This problem provides the need for proper irrigation system.

Especially in Mandwal which get frequent dry spells in summer making the irrigation

impossible for the farmers in the area. The problem of irrigation remains as such throughout

the year in majority of farm lands in Mandwal, while few enjoys the irrigation facility by bore

wells and that too in post-monsoon period.

There are 7 seasonal bore wells for irrigation of such a vast area, which barely meets the needof the Mandwal. Only about 30-35% of farmers in Mandwal enjoys the luxury of irrigating

their fields and that too comes at a high cost.

And all the bore wells are dugged very close to the main road dividing the village, thus making

the irrigation impossible for the farmers residing in the inner parts of the villages. The reason

of such negligence is primarily attributed to the government officials who comes to dug new

bore wells, they were generally in too much hurry to get the job done and never took the effort

to dig according to the need of the farmers.

Majority of farmers in Mandwal grow crop based on moisture left over in the soil or dependingupon the monsoons. Especially the farmers living and having fields on higher topography never

dreamt of irrigating their fields. Though lift irrigation is present in few village (rajpura) 10-12

km far away and its presence in Mandwal is a dream they all share. As of now it is difficult

and economically unviable option without any external agency efforts.

Also digging of new bore wells is too costly because of rocks present underneath and low

water table. The region being rocky and mountainous had being boulders underneath and

require too much of dynamite to break them off, which turns out to be too costly. Government

had also put their deaf ears upon the problems of farmers in Mandwal.


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Because of irrigation problem they hardly take up 2 crops for cultivation. They dont keep

cattles as feeding them is very much difficult in summers as there is no fodder left and also

shortage of water pose problem to their drinking requirements.

Had been provided with irrigation water the farmers in the area can took up 3 crops in an year

and also the productivity will shoot up. They can switch to some better yielding (in terms ofrevenue) crops, which is otherwise not possible. This will have a direct impact on their standard

of living of farmers.

Performed a benefit cost analysis on 2 farmers owning an irrigated farm and non-irrigated farm

from the same region having similar land pieces of equal area, growing cotton traditional

variety. And was surprised to found a 15 % increment in the benefit of the one who was

growing cotton on an irrigated land.

Farmers availing Irrigation Facility

35%

65%

No Irrigation Facility Irrigation Facility

Graph 7: Farmers availing Irrigation Facility

8.2. Small Land Holdings:

The abundance of net sown area in India is divided into economically non-viable small and

scattered land holdings. Our traditional inheritance laws are wholly responsible for the

division of agricultural area into small fragment. The land belongs to father is equally

distributed among his sons, and this process goes on like this. The distribution of land is not a

consolidate one, but its nature is fragmented. Different holdings will have different features

like its fertility, composition, texture and many other factors which determine the production

of crop in that particular area.

The land holding / family goes down steeply in Mandwal because of large family size, on an

average a family size in Mandwal is of 6, composed of 4 off-springs. And as they grow up theland which the father had gets equally divided among them.


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This is pushing farmers towards subsistence farming because as the generation goes by, the

farm land left with a farmers is too small to cultivate something for the commercial purposes.

So he has to do farming for the subsistence of himself and his family.

Which results in very low family income, thereby deteriorating their standard of living.

Based on the result of the respondents regarding their farm size, we found that the maximum

farmers in the Mandwal lies into marginal farmer category (86.67%). While the medium

farmers are 3.33%, with no large farmers. And also small farmers constitute a narrow range,

i.e., 15%.

Farmers Type Land HoldingsMarginal Up to 1 hectare

Small 1-2 Hectare

Medium 2-5 Hectare

Large More than 5 Hectares

Table 1: Land Holding Specification (I.C.A.R)

Farm holdings

3%14%

83%

Marginal Farmers

Small farmers

Medium Farmers

Source: Patwari, Panchayat samiti, Kotda.

Graph 8: Landholding of farmers in Mandwal


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8.3. Undulating Topography:

The area is marked with hills, steep slopes and stretched undulating land masses thus making

the cultivation difficult on such terrain.

The farm lands at higher altitude remains aloof from the reach of irrigation water. As there is

no irrigation facility or watershed management programme going on in the area. There is one

anicut being developed by Seva Mandir under MGNREGA scheme for the water conservation.

Water percolates in the ground and helps in recharging ground water and thereby raising water

table, it is also used as potable water for domesticated animals in the area. But none of the

water from any source is used for irrigation of fields. While one well is located close to ladoo

ram pargis house, Seva Mandir volunteer, which is on lesser altitude, otherwise all other are

present on flat ground.

The sloped area also poses problem of water runoffs and subsequently taking away the fertile

soil along with the current, thus causing the fertile soil erosion.

Also the altitude and steep slopes makes the transportation difficult, thus stopping the quick

maneuvering, use of any such mechanized farm equipment, ferrying of inputs and outputs

from the field, etc.

8.4. Lack of Mechanization:

In spite of the advancement in agriculture, most of the farmers are using the conventional toolsfor ploughing, sowing, irrigating, thinning and harvesting. Marginal and small farmers are

using much of the human labour, which results in the wastage of human labour and in low

yields per capita labour force.

In the name of mechanization, one tractor was present in the village, farmers still follow

traditionally old practices of cultivation. It was recently, 3 years back, that the farmers started

to follow line sowing method else were following the age old, broadcasting of seeds in their

fields. Approximately 7 years ago with the intervention of Seva Mandir, they incepted the

concept of bund formation, to prevent run off and keep soil fertility intact.


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95

20

85

48

5

MAJOR THREATS AS PERCEIVED BY FARMERS

% of respondents

I R R I G A T I O N A G E N T S C R O P F A I L U R E S M A L L L A N D

H O L D I N G S

P O O R G R A D E

P R O D U C E

Graph 9: Major threat to farmers of Mandwal responses.

The graph being represented as being perceived by farmers regarding threat/challenges to theiroccupation.


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9. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR BT COTTON

Considered cultivation area - 1 Bigha

* Ignoring the opportunity cost of using family labour.

Output

Seed (120 Kg @ 450 Rs/Kg) 54000

Fibre (40 Kg @ 45 Rs/Kg) 1800

Total Output 55800

Input

Cost of seed 900

Cost of Fertilizers 500

Cost of Pesticide 1500

Irrigation Expense 1000

Total Input 3900

Profit BT Cotton 51900

Profit in case of regular cotton 18000

Economic profit of BT cotton over regular Cotton * 19800

*Labour cost in BT cotton is approximately Rs.20000


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10. CONCLUSION

During our stay in village we came across through life and activities of people, their custom,

culture and tradition. Village life is completely different from urban life. People are

homogenous in nature. They exhibit primary relationship. The migration rate is very high in

the village. Mostly migrate to enhance their capital base which is not so for poor people.

People have high degree of community feeling among themselves and so any caste

discrimination is hardly reported although several caste were there in the otherwise exclusive

tribal village, if occurs, it is solved on communal consensus basis. People are aware of their

voting rights and candidates for political institutions are selected based on their work and

activeness and not based on caste.

Main occupation of village is agriculture but low production and low farm income has

resulted in migration of people.

We would get an unanimous vote betting that agriculture itself is a risky livelihood and that

too the rain fed condition prevailing in the Mandwal makes it even more risky. But still

accepting it as only option available with the farmers of Mandwal efforts are needed to reduce

the risks and challenges being continuously faced by the farmers.

Although being aware of a risk is clearly important, before one can consider managing it, one

must actually assess the risk being considered. Risks (and their impacts) are assessed by

quantifying three main variables: hazard, vulnerability, and exposure.

Having first become aware of a risk and then having assessed it, the next issue is how

the party (or parties) at risk can seek to manage that risk. It should first be noted that riskmanagement should be planned on an ex-ante basis (that is, before realization of an event).

Weather strongly impacts the livelihoods of the farmers and often bring their life on stakes,

farm households and their communities are motivated to develop and improve strategies to

cope with and manage weather risks. Farmers and farming communities can employ risk

management strategies that include crop and labour (on and off farm) diversification, risk

pooling arrangements among several farmers by coming together and holding each other back,

sharecropping, investing in semi liquid assets such as livestock or buffer stocks, farmer self-

help groups or such co-operative formation, and loans from banks. Government could make

investments to help farm households to manage weather risks. Governments can provide state-sponsored lending and insurance services; infrastructure, including roads, electricity, and

water; educational services.

One way producers have traditionally managed price variability is by entering into pre harvest

agreements that set a specific price for future delivery. These arrangements are known as

forward contracts and allow producers to lock in a certain price, thus reducing risk, but also

foregoing the possibility of benefiting from positive price deviations. In specific markets, and

for specific products, these kinds of arrangements have evolved into futures contracts, traded

on regulated exchanges on the basis of specific trading rules and for specific standardized

products. This reduces some of the risks associated with forward contracting (for example,default). A further evolution in hedging opportunities for farmers has been the development of

price options that represent a price guarantee that allows producers to benefit from a floor price


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but also from the possibility of taking advantage of positive price changes. With price options,

agents pay a premium to purchase or supply seeds, fertilizers and continuous monitoring, as

was done by agents of BT cotton in the Mandwal village, a contract that gives them the right

(but not the obligation) to sell futures contracts at a specified price.

Also the risks of farmers arising due to agent running away with their money or procurementcentre rejecting their produce out rightly can be tackled with unity, i.e., formation of co-

operative of BT cotton growers in the region.

This will give the farmers a bargaining chip and voice to negotiate the price in the market.

The problem of irrigation water in the region can only be solved if government ventures in or

by loan from big names such as ADB, NABARD, etc. Also the solution lies in forming a co-

operative again, as this will reduce the initial cost of installing the bore wells by splitting it into

its members. Or the problem can be addressed by taking a part of the loan from the financial

institution or by GVK (managed by Seva Mandir) and venturing the rest of the cost by poolingmoney among themselves.

Also the majority of problem arises because of the lack of unawareness among farmers which

could be eradicated, though not easily, by educating them or encouraging them to participate

in the various programs being run by agricultural institutes or KVK or by introducing them to

the KCC (kisan call centre) facility, to get the knowledge/information easily by calling 1800-

180-1551(free of cost).

Though, the farmers in the village have the feeling of mutual co-operation among them, but

there is dire need to exploit it in better sense and leverage the power of unity for the greater

good of society and ultimately contributing towards the prosperity of India.


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ANNEXURE 1: QUESTIONNAIRE

Research Question: To understand the risks and challenges of agriculture of a given crop/

typical agricultural practices/ in the Mandwal village of Udaipur district.

Objective: To determine the viability of agriculture of a crop given the current risks and

challenges

Outcome to be discussed: Pattern/Relationships arrived at after analysing the data collected

and can they answer the viability aspect

Survey Questionnaire

1. Personal Details

Name of Family Head

Religion/Caste

No. of Adults in Family

No of Children in Family

2. Family Details

Family

member

Gender Age Education Occupation

(agriculture,non-farm, other)

Monthly

Income

Other

3.

Agriculture Related Details

S.No. Crops Area Under

Crops in lastseason(acre)

Production

(Quintal/acre)

Total

Income

From

last

crop

season

Net

Profit/loss

1. Cotton (BT)

2. Red Gram

3. Cotton

4. Wheat

5. Castor


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6. Maize

7. Urad

8. Mustard

9. Vegetables

1) What is your average income from farming?

2) How much income you consume and how much you reinvest?

3) Is the income from livestock produce enough to run the house?

Backward linkage

4. Inputs for cropsFUNDINGa) Self -Funded onlyb) Creditc) Agents

If credit, please provide following details:

Expense on Inputs :

Cash Kind

Land-

Tax

Lease

Repayment Period

Loan

Amount

Used for

(agri, non-agri)

Repayment

Amount

Interest

Rate

Monthly Post-

Harvest

Annual As per

conveni

ence

Bank

Money

Lender

GVK

Friends/

Relative

Mortgag

e (if,any)

Others

Total


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Preparation

Irrigation

From Canal

From Borewell

From Tanks

From Well

From Tanker

Seeds

Farm Machinery

Pestcide

Insecticide

Fertilizer

Livestock

Transportation

Storage

Packing

Processing

Marketing

Land

- Owned- Leased/Rented- Landless- Work on others land.

If land owner / tenanta) land size b) cropped area c) How much is left fallow d) How much expense on land preparation?e) How many labour days hired to prepare the land?f) Crop rotation yes/noif yes, since when? If no, why?g) Multi cropping .yes/no if yes, since when? Ifno, why?h) quality of soil good/bad/averagei) Has soil quality degraded over past few years?j) Has soil quality improved over past few years?

If rented/leased out, how much is the income in form of :


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Cash-

CropOther-

5. Irrigation -

1) How do you get water for your farm and how much it costs?

a)

Rain fed b) bore wells2) Costs involved in using water from below water sources -

Expense paid from pocket

Bore well

3) Sufficient water available for last kharif crop?4) Sufficient water available for last rabi crop?5) Aware of watershed project?

6) Have there been excess rain fall over past 3 years?7) Has there been a drought here in recent past?

8) Have you been compensated for crop damaged due to rains/drought? How?

k)

SeedsSeed

Name

Traditional/Hy

brid

Source(market,coo

p,govt,saved from

last crop, others)

Price per

unit

Performa

nce this

year

Performa

nce last

year

Do you

Seeds available on time?

Seeds available in sufficient quantity?

How has seed quality varied over past few years?

Pesticides, Insecticides, Fertilisers

Chemical/Biological Who told

to use this?

Source(market,coop

,govt,saved from last

crop, others)

Crop

For

which

used

Effectiveness

(high, medium,

low, negative)

Price/La

nd Size


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Pesticide

Name

FertiliserName

Insectici

de Name

4) Are there any pest attacks on your crops?

5) Which crops are most vulnerable?

6) How do you control the pests?

7) To what extentdo the pests damage the crop?

l) Livestock in Agriculture

Cattle Numb

er

Daily

Milk

Yield

Milk

consumed in

house

Inco

me

from

Milk

Income

from

any

other

product

Monthly

Expense

on health

Monthly

expense on

food

Cow

Buffalo

Goat

Total

Labour


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a. What are the works you do yourself on farm?

i. For which work do you employ labour?b. What is the per day labour wage?c. What is the MGNREGA wage?d. How much labour wage was paid over last 2 years?e. Are the labourers local or migrant?

f.

Are the labourers involved in MGNREGA work also?g. Is the labour availability a problem?h. What was the labour availability situation earlier?

Post-Harvest

Harvest/Storage/Wastage/Value Addition

- Do you know the right time to harvest the crop?

- Has crop quality deteriorated due to early/delayed harvesting?

- How many people harvest your crop?

-

Do you use harvesting instruments? If no why?- How have harvesting practices changed since your previous generation/past few years?

- Is there lot of waste product during harvesting?- If yes, can that be reduced?

- If no, does it have sale/reuse value?

- Does it cost you to dispose of the waste? If yes, how much?

- Are there any post-harvest losses? If yes, how does it affect the sale price?How much of crop produce you consume/store and how much you sell in market?

- If value addition possible at farm, what stops you from doing that?

-Lack of marketing -expensive machinerylack of knowledge

Marketing

- Do you need to market your product? Or its directly procured and paid for in the market?

- Is there a mandi nearby?

- Do the middle men pay you the right price?

- Do you get competitive research data for other products?- Is marketing done alone, through agency, or independently?- Do you think you receive a fair price on your products?

- Which are the markets you sell your products to

- - mandi - crop payment

- Does the government ensure minimum support price for your crops?

-

Is MSP sufficient for you in case need arises for it?- In case of a bumper crop, how much is the price variation in market?

- For how much does he sell the crop in the market?

i) What made you choose this profession?

- Passed on to me from my fathers generation

- No other skills , so forced to do this

- Found this to be profitable

- A family elder advised me to do this

-

A social worker advised meii) Do you like the work you do?

If yes, Why

If No, Why


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iii) Since when are you involved in this profession?

iv) What are the trouble free/problems for you this year-

-Drought

- Excess rain-pest attack

-irregular monsoon

-unavailability of agro inputs

-lack of irrigation facilities

-lack of power supply

-lack of agro instruments

- Less price in market

- Others

v) Which is the most critical problem?

vi)

Do others also face the same problem?vii) Please tell something more about the problem.

viii) What you think will solve the problem?

ix) Have you tried to contact the KVK?

x) Are there any health problems common in this area?

xi) Health Problems

Family

Member

Health Problem

When/Frequency

Expenses Insurance Treatment

by

Other

xii) Does a health problem in family, cause financial crisis?

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