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Navigating Vermont’s NewCore Performance Guide

Jonathan Kleinman, Efficiency Vermont

Mark Frankel, New Buildings Institute

Better Buildings by Design Conference

Burlington, VT

February 13, 2008

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Session Overview

Core Performance – What is it? Who developed it?

Core Performance Overview

Vermont’s Core Performance Development

Core Performance – Finalizing the Prescriptive Approach

Working with Efficiency Vermont

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Easy Cost Effective Path to EfficiencyEasy Cost Effective Path to Efficiency

•• AB Core Performance provides a AB Core Performance provides a guided pathguided path to achieving energy to achieving energy performance that is 20performance that is 20--30% above the performance called for in 30% above the performance called for in Vermont Energy Code and ASHRAE 90.1Vermont Energy Code and ASHRAE 90.1--20042004

―― CostCost--effective effective –– paybacks less than 5 years paybacks less than 5 years –– even without incentiveseven without incentives

―― Paybacks under 2 years possible with utility incentives.Paybacks under 2 years possible with utility incentives.

―― A detailed, stepA detailed, step--byby--step process step process

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Energy Efficiency Made Easy!!!!Energy Efficiency Made Easy!!!!

•• Familiar processFamiliar process

―― Values and criteria parallel standard building code requirements for HVAC, Values and criteria parallel standard building code requirements for HVAC,

Lighting EnvelopeLighting Envelope

•• A&E’s can design for efficiency without becoming energy consultantsA&E’s can design for efficiency without becoming energy consultants

•• Owners can get efficiency without hiring energy consultantOwners can get efficiency without hiring energy consultant

•• Demonstrated cost effectivenessDemonstrated cost effectiveness

•• No modeling required!No modeling required!

•• Provides information about products and strategies to meet performance Provides information about products and strategies to meet performance targetstargets

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How was the System Developed?How was the System Developed?

oo Led by New Buildings Institute Led by New Buildings Institute

oo Volunteer effort by A&E practitioners across USVolunteer effort by A&E practitioners across US

oo Proven through prototype DOEProven through prototype DOE--2 simulations and real projects2 simulations and real projects

oo Version 2 Core (July 2007) builds on success of Benchmark Version 2 Core (July 2007) builds on success of Benchmark

(2005)(2005)

oo NBI and VEIC built VermontNBI and VEIC built Vermont--specific analysis to verify savingsspecific analysis to verify savings

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Building Characteristics

Project Size By Number of

Projects

By Total Floor

Space

25,000 sf or Less 89% 37%

50,000 sf or Less 95% 50%

Source: CBECS-2004

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3 Core Performance prototypes

Office

• Two-story building, 20,000 square feet

• Five HVAC configurations

• PVAV-gas and electric, PSZ-gas and electric, PHP

School

• Elementary school

• 50,000 square feet

• Four HVAC configurations

• WLHP-gas boiler and cooling tower, PVAB-gas boiler, PSZ-gas and electric

Retail

• One-story building, 12,000 square feet

• Sales and storage areas

• Three HVAC configurations

• PHP, PSZ-gas and electric

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Energy Modeling

All analysis uses eQUEST to run DOE-2

Batch analysis protocol runs multiple permutations on each prototype and subsystem

New software developed to rank measures for energy performance impact

Baseline for ASHRAE 90.1-2001 and 2004 for each prototype

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Permutations

Climate data from 15 cities (TMY) to represent 7 ASHRAE climate zones and permutations

Three prototypes with multiple system variants each (total of 11 variants)

16 EEM’s, run repeatedly until ranked (136 combinations)

Two baselines

Total = Approximately 25,000+ DOE-2 runs!

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Measures Evaluated

Measures From ABv1.1:• Lighting Power Reduction• Vertical Fenestration Performance• Opaque Wall and Roof Performance• Cool Roof• High Efficiency Package Air Conditioner• High Efficiency Furnace• High Efficiency Package Heat Pump• Variable Speed Drive Fans• VSD Pumping

New or Revised Measures:• Occupancy Sensors• Daylighting Controls•Warmest Zone Reset• High Efficiency Boiler• Heat Recovery• Indirect Evaporative Cooling• Demand Control Ventilation• Night Ventilation• South Overhang• Plug Load Reduction (EPD)

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11

Representative cities

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Core Performance results

Core Performance Modeling Results

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Climate Zones 1-8

Savings over 90.1-2004

Office

School

Retail

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Core Performance Guide OverviewCore Performance Guide Overview

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Outline of GuideOutline of Guide

oo Introduction Introduction

oo Program development and SummaryProgram development and Summary

oo Prescriptive Measure SectionsPrescriptive Measure Sections

oo Design Process StrategiesDesign Process Strategies

oo Core Performance RequirementsCore Performance Requirements

oo Enhanced Performance StrategiesEnhanced Performance Strategies

oo ModelingModeling

oo AppendicesAppendices

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ApplicabilityApplicability

Core Performance Page 16Core Performance Page 16

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Quick Start GuideQuick Start Guide

Brief Explanation

of All Criteria

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Relationship to LEEDRelationship to LEED

Created by NBI, coordinated with USGBCCreated by NBI, coordinated with USGBC

Adopted by USGBC for LEED NC PointsAdopted by USGBC for LEED NC Points

Latest LEED NC energy requirements:Latest LEED NC energy requirements:

•• Mandatory RequirementMandatory Requirement: Now 14% above ASHRAE 90.1: Now 14% above ASHRAE 90.1--20042004

Prescriptive alternative for 2Prescriptive alternative for 2--5 points in LEED Energy and Atmosphere credit 15 points in LEED Energy and Atmosphere credit 1

Energy Modeling not RequiredEnergy Modeling not Required

LEED is strictly an OPTIONAL LEED is strictly an OPTIONAL

companion for Advanced Buildingscompanion for Advanced Buildings

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AppendicesAppendices

oo More detail on Acceptance RequirementsMore detail on Acceptance Requirements

oo The Climate Zone Map on which many requirements are basedThe Climate Zone Map on which many requirements are based

oo And And –– very important very important –– an explanation of the acronyms and an explanation of the acronyms and technical terms used throughout the texttechnical terms used throughout the text

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Dual Use of the Term “Core”Dual Use of the Term “Core”

The “The “CoreCore Performance Guide” contains Performance Guide” contains criteria for 3 levels of approach:criteria for 3 levels of approach:

1.1. Core Criteria (2.1 to 2.13)Core Criteria (2.1 to 2.13)

2.2. Enhanced CriteriaEnhanced Criteria

3.3. Modeled CriteriaModeled Criteria

“Core“Core Approach” equates with the basic Core Performance section Approach” equates with the basic Core Performance section excludingexcluding

the Enhanced and Modeled sectionsthe Enhanced and Modeled sections

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Core Performance CriteriaCore Performance Criteria

2.1 Energy Code Compliance2.1 Energy Code Compliance

2.2 Air Barrier Performance2.2 Air Barrier Performance

2.3 Minimum IAQ Performance2.3 Minimum IAQ Performance

2.4 Below Grade Exterior Insulation2.4 Below Grade Exterior Insulation

2.5 Opaque Envelope Performance2.5 Opaque Envelope Performance

2.6 Fenestration Performance2.6 Fenestration Performance

2.7 Lighting Controls2.7 Lighting Controls

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Core Performance CriteriaCore Performance Criteria

2.8 Lighting Power Density2.8 Lighting Power Density2.9 Mechanical Equipment 2.9 Mechanical Equipment

Efficiency RequirementsEfficiency Requirements2.10 Dedicated Mechanical 2.10 Dedicated Mechanical

SystemsSystems2.11 Demand Control Ventilation2.11 Demand Control Ventilation2.12 Domestic Hot Water System 2.12 Domestic Hot Water System

EfficiencyEfficiency2.13 Fundamental Economizer 2.13 Fundamental Economizer

PerformancePerformance

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2.1 Energy Code Compliance2.1 Energy Code Compliance

Meet or exceed Vermont Energy Code or ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1Meet or exceed Vermont Energy Code or ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1--2004 or 2004 or the the

IECC 2006 (whichever is more stringent)IECC 2006 (whichever is more stringent)

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2.2 Air Barrier Performance2.2 Air Barrier Performance

•• Reduce uncontrolled air movement through the building envelope to:Reduce uncontrolled air movement through the building envelope to:

–– Control humidity and temperatureControl humidity and temperature

–– Reduce energy losses Reduce energy losses

•• Requirements: Requirements:

•• Similar to CodeSimilar to Code

HVAC

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2.3 Minimum IAQ Requirements2.3 Minimum IAQ Requirements

Follow ASHRAE 62Follow ASHRAE 62--20012001

•• IAQ Construction Management PlanIAQ Construction Management Plan

•• PrePre--occupancy Flush Out Planoccupancy Flush Out Plan

•• Ongoing IAQ Operations Management PlanOngoing IAQ Operations Management Plan

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2.42.4 Below Grade Exterior InsulationBelow Grade Exterior Insulation

Establishes minimum insulation REstablishes minimum insulation R--valuevalue

Similar to Vermont CodeSimilar to Vermont Code

Targeting Energy and IAQ performanceTargeting Energy and IAQ performance

•• Buildings designed specifically for youth or elderlyBuildings designed specifically for youth or elderly

•• Buildings with periods greater than 7 days when mechanical systems Buildings with periods greater than 7 days when mechanical systems

are shut downare shut down

•• Buildings that don’t have a mechanical cooling systemsBuildings that don’t have a mechanical cooling systems

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2.5 Opaque Envelope Performance2.5 Opaque Envelope Performance

•• Meet specific insulation Meet specific insulation

criteria for each building criteria for each building

envelope assemblyenvelope assembly

•• Requirements align with Requirements align with

Vermont CodeVermont Code

•• Insulation requirements Insulation requirements

vary by climate. (All vary by climate. (All

guidelines exceed guidelines exceed

ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1--2004 2004

criteria)criteria)

HVAC

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2.6 Fenestration Performance Criteria2.6 Fenestration Performance Criteria

Simulation Necessary if Glazing Exceeds 40% of Wall AreaSimulation Necessary if Glazing Exceeds 40% of Wall Area

All guidelines exceed Vermont and ASHRAE 90.1All guidelines exceed Vermont and ASHRAE 90.1--2004 criteria2004 criteria

Metal Framed

U-Value 0.45

(Assembly)

SHGC 0.30

Daylighting

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2.7 Lighting Controls2.7 Lighting Controls

All areas of the building must incorporate the following three switching All areas of the building must incorporate the following three switching and control strategies:and control strategies:

1.1. BiBi--Level SwitchingLevel Switching

2.2. Separate Switching at Daylit AreasSeparate Switching at Daylit Areas

3.3. Automatic on/off Controls for unoccupied conditionsAutomatic on/off Controls for unoccupied conditions

Skylit areasSkylit areas

1.1. Must have automatic daylight controlMust have automatic daylight control

Daylit areas are Daylit areas are encouragedencouraged to incorporate daylight controls, but at a to incorporate daylight controls, but at a minimum these areas minimum these areas must bemust be provided with separate switching to provided with separate switching to facilitatefacilitate future future incorporation of daylight control systemsincorporation of daylight control systems

HVAC

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2.8 Lighting Power Density2.8 Lighting Power Density

Projects may not exceed the lighting power density limits indicated in Table Projects may not exceed the lighting power density limits indicated in Table 2.8.12.8.1

LPD = Lighting Power Density (connected/ installed lighting watts / square LPD = Lighting Power Density (connected/ installed lighting watts / square foot)foot)

•• Calculation includes combined energy use of lamp and ballast systems.Calculation includes combined energy use of lamp and ballast systems.

HVAC

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2.8 Light Power Density2.8 Light Power Density

LPD values are LPD values are

given for both given for both

whole building and whole building and

spacespace--byby--space space

analysis analysis

Prescriptive LPD ValuesPrescriptive LPD Values

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2.9 Mechanical Equipment Efficiency2.9 Mechanical Equipment Efficiency

Mechanical equipment must meet the performance Criteria described in Mechanical equipment must meet the performance Criteria described in Tables Tables 2.9.1 2.9.1 –– 2.9.62.9.6

HVAC

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2.9 Efficiency Tables2.9 Efficiency Tables

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2.10 Dedicated Mechanical Systems2.10 Dedicated Mechanical Systems

Isolate load driven systems (process Isolate load driven systems (process

loads) from comfort HVAC systemsloads) from comfort HVAC systems

In a recent case, this strategy first cost was $9,000, In a recent case, this strategy first cost was $9,000, and annual savings was $15,000. and annual savings was $15,000.

HVAC

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2.11 Demand Controlled 2.11 Demand Controlled

Ventilation (DCV)Ventilation (DCV)

Manage outdoor airflow rate based on occupancy (except in Manage outdoor airflow rate based on occupancy (except in Economizer mode)Economizer mode)

Install real time ventilation controls in single zone systems to reduce OA Install real time ventilation controls in single zone systems to reduce OA when CO2 sensors in the space indicate FA is adequate for the when CO2 sensors in the space indicate FA is adequate for the current occupancy (Maintain a range of 800 to 950 ppm)current occupancy (Maintain a range of 800 to 950 ppm)

Follow recommendations of ASHRAE 62Follow recommendations of ASHRAE 62

Exceptions allowed for in appropriate situations / conditionsExceptions allowed for in appropriate situations / conditions

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Install demand water heaters (tankless) for Install demand water heaters (tankless) for small or isolated loadssmall or isolated loads

Install high efficiency, sealed combustion or Install high efficiency, sealed combustion or condensing hot water heaters for larger condensing hot water heaters for larger systemssystems

2.12 Domestic Hot Water System Efficiency2.12 Domestic Hot Water System Efficiency

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2.13 Fundamental 2.13 Fundamental

Economizer PerformanceEconomizer Performance

Economizer or Air Side “Free Cooling”Economizer or Air Side “Free Cooling”

Key RequirementsKey Requirements

•• Robust, fully functional equipmentRobust, fully functional equipment

•• Fully modulating damper motorFully modulating damper motor

•• Use direct modulating actuator with gear driven interconnectsUse direct modulating actuator with gear driven interconnects

•• Coordinated, differential and proportional control using analog sensor upstream Coordinated, differential and proportional control using analog sensor upstream

of cooling coilof cooling coil

•• DualDual--enthalpy controlenthalpy control

•• Provide relief air capabilityProvide relief air capability

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Design Process StrategiesDesign Process Strategies

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Design Process OptimizationDesign Process Optimization

1.1 Identify Design Intent1.1 Identify Design Intent

1.2 Communicating Design Intent1.2 Communicating Design Intent

How to get the whole development team on board with the energy How to get the whole development team on board with the energy goals for the project.goals for the project.

How to carry these goals through the project to completionHow to carry these goals through the project to completion

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Building OptimizationBuilding Optimization

1.31.3 Building ConfigurationBuilding Configuration

1.4 Mechanical System Design1.4 Mechanical System Design

““Right Sizing” is CriticalRight Sizing” is Critical

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Quality AssuranceQuality Assurance

1.5 1.5 Construction Certification Construction Certification (Acceptance Testing)(Acceptance Testing)

1.61.6 Operator Training and Operator Training and DocumentationDocumentation

1.71.7 Performance Data Performance Data ReviewReview

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Enhanced Performance

Strategies

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Why Enhanced Performance?

Not “universally applicable” like Core

Comparable value in proper project

Extra Savings beyond Core’s demonstrated values

Also “First Picks” for Modeling Approach

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Enhanced Performance Strategies

3.1 Cool Roofs

3.2 Daylighting and Controls

3.3 Additional Lighting Power Reductions

3.4 Plug Load / Appliance Efficiency

3.5 Supply Air Temperature Reset (VAV)

3.6 Indirect Evaporative Cooling

3.7 Heat Recovery

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Enhanced Performance Strategies

3.8 Night Venting

3.9 Premium Economizer Performance

3.10 Variable Speed Control

3.11 Demand Responsive Building

3.12 On-site Supply of Renewable Energy

3.13 Additional Commissioning Strategies

3.14 Fault Detection Diagnostics

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3.2 Daylighting in Core Performance

Integrate daylight controls at all side- and top-lit daylight areas

Integrate skylights in occupied upper floor areas (up to 3-5% of floor area)

Implement solar control

Test and calibrate controls

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3.3 Additional Lighting Power Reductions

Reduce connected lighting loads to achieve the lighting targets of the Energy Policy Act of 2005.

Connected Watts/ SF roughly 40% below ASHRAE 90.1-2001 (Code for Mass. and RI)

Roughly another 20% below Core Criteria 2.8

HVAC

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3.3 Enhanced Performance LPD Values

HVAC

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3.5 Plug Loads/Appliance Efficiency

All appliances and equipment must meet Energy Star

requirements

Include control of plug loads in controls design as possible

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3.11 Demand Responsive Buildings

Reduce Peak Power Demand

• Identify and control at least a 10% interruptible load in the building

• Provide an interface to the utility capable of responding to real-time signals

How to Pursue?

• Third-party “aggregators” now providing turnkey service

• Aggregators provide fixed annual payments plus payment-per-“event” called by ISO-NE

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3.13 Additional Commissioning

Use of a credentialed third party commissioning (Cx) agent

Cx Agent verifies construction drawings will satisfy Advanced Building Core Criteria and any Enhanced Criteria elected

Cx Agent writes a report documenting results of Cx.

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Development of Vermont Core Performance

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Questions to Answer

How does the Core Performance program apply to typical Vermont construction?

How does the Core Performance program compare relative to the Vermont energy code?

Can Efficiency Vermont develop “rule of thumb” savings and cost estimates to streamline the program?

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Evaluation Process

Modeling and cost estimating

Check cost-effectiveness of each component

Modify Vermont Core Performance package, if necessary

Propose savings and cost rules of thumb

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Modeling

First rule

• All Core Performancemeasures must improve upon code

Building construction

• Metal frame wall and roof

• Metal frame windows

Building types

• Office, school retail

Building sizes

• For office, test from 20,000 to 70,000 ft2

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Modeling, cont.

Four office mechanical systems

• Package VAV with water coils

• Single zone DX with hot water baseboard

• Single zone DX with furnace

• Water loop heat pump

One school mechanical system

• Unit ventilators and package units

One retail mechanical system

• Single zone DX with furnace

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Estimating Costs

Compare baseline (Vermont Code) systems versus Core Performance

Primary, secondary sources

“Typical” incremental costs

• Good averages across all projects; inappropriate for any single project

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Check Cost-Effectiveness

Most components of package provide greater benefits than costs

Electric savings from

• Improved glazing

• Cooling equipment

• Lighting power density

• Lighting controls

Some components do not pass

• Wall and roof insulation

• Demand-controlled ventilation

for VAV

Adjust Core Performance package

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Modeling Results (Proposed)

Electric Savings per ft2 (Office)

0.000

0.500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

Building Area (ft2)

PVAV-HW

SZRH

PSZ-Furn

WLHP

School: 0.6 kWh/ft2; Retail: 2.1 kWh/ft2

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Modeling Results (Proposed)

Natural Gas Savings per ft2 (Office)

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035

0.040

0.045

0.050

20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

Building Area (ft2)

PVAV-HW

SZRH

PSZ-Furn

WLHP

School: 0.09 therm/ft2; Retail: 0.24 therm/ft2

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Energy Use Reductions

Office School Retail

Electricity 12% 10% 11%

Fossil 29% 27% 46%

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Incremental Cost Results (Proposed)

Cost per ft2 (Office)

$-

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

Building Area (ft2)

PVAV-HW

SZRH

PSZ-Furn

WLHP

School: $2.10/ft2; Retail: $2.20/ft2

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Cooling/Heating Capacity Reduction

Office School Retail

Cooling 5% - 13% 10% 16%

Heating12% Avg.,

(Wide range)14% 33%

Sizing benefits not factored into cost estimates

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Enhanced Measures, Enhanced Savings (Preliminary)

Daylighting Controls - Electric Savings per ft2 (Office)

0.400

0.450

0.500

0.550

0.600

0.650

0.700

0.750

0.800

0.850

20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

Building Area (ft2)

Electric Savings (kWh/ft2)

PVAV-HW

SZRH

PSZ-Furn

WLHP

Enhanced LPD - Electric Savings per ft2 (Office)

0.400

0.450

0.500

0.550

0.600

0.650

0.700

0.750

0.800

20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

Building Area (ft2)

Electric Savings (kWh/ft2)

PVAV-HW

SZRH

PSZ-Furn

WLHP

At lower costs than the Core Package (i.e., less than $2 per ft2)

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Sample Cashflow (Based on Modeling)

Note: cost estimates relative to savings are likely conservative

Project CashflowProject Name: Cust omer Name

Project Number: 3 2,00 0 ft 2 Office Building wit h Proposed Cost s, Result s

Project Economics: Investment Analysis:

Inflat ion Rate: 3.61% Internal Rate of Return: n/ a

Real Discount Rate: 6 .8% Simple Payback (years): 6 .7

Elect ricity Escalat ion Rate: 0% Net Present Value: $51,424

Annual Energy Savings:

1st Yr Elect r ic Savings: $7,323

Loan Term (months): 84 kWh: 52,680

Interest Rate: 6% kW Reduct ion: 0

Net Average Monthly Payment : $470 1st Yr Fossil Fuel Savings: $2,050

Year

Annual

Payments

(Principal &

Int erest )

Annual

Elect ric

Savings

Annual

Fuel

Savings/

(Cost s)

Net Annual

Cashflow

Net Cumulat ive

Cashf low

0 $21,459 $21,459

1 ($12,562) $7,323 $2,050 ($3,189) $18,270

2 ($12,562) $7,587 $2,124 ($2,851) $15,419

3 ($12,562) $7,861 $2,201 ($2,501) $12,918

4 ($12,562) $8,145 $2,280 ($2,137) $10,781

5 ($12,562) $8,439 $2,362 ($1,761) $9,020

6 ($12,562) $8,743 $2,448 ($1,371) $7,649

7 ($12,562) $9,059 $2,536 ($967) $6,682

8 $0 $9,386 $2,628 $12,013 $18,695

9 $0 $9,725 $2,722 $12,447 $31,142

10 $0 $10,076 $2,821 $12,896 $44,039

11 $0 $10,439 $2,923 $13,362 $57,401

12 $0 $10,816 $3,028 $13,844 $71,245

13 $0 $11,207 $3,137 $14,344 $85,589

14 $0 $11,611 $3,251 $14,862 $100,451

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How Will Efficiency Vermont Work with Design Teams?

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Efficiency Vermont Tracks

Prescriptive Track

Buildings <10,000 square feet

Measures listed on prescriptive forms (AC/motors/lighting)

Core Performance Track

Retail, School or Office Buildings >10,000 square feet

Meet Core Performance Credits

Additional incentives available for Enhanced measures

Custom Track

Buildings >10,000 square feet that don’t meet Core Performance criteria

Projects < 10,000 sq ft that have measures not listed on the prescriptive forms.

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Efficiency Vermont Incentives

Design Strategies (Section 1)

• $0.10 per ft2 to meet Sections 1.1 through 1.6

• $2,500 per project for meeting Section 1.7

Core Performance Package (Section 2): $0.50 per ft2

Enhanced Measures (Section 3):

• LPD - $1 per W per ft2 improvement from the Core package

• Daylighting – custom

• Other measures - custom

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Working through Core Performance with Efficiency VermontPlan Ahead

Based upon your review of the Credits, prepare your own strategy for meeting the intent of each credit, particularly in Section 1.

For “qualitative” credits, identify those elements of the “scope of work” with which you have issues, and how to address them (as you would for any RFP)

Meet with Efficiency Vermont Staff

Have an open discussion about the issues associated with compliance

Enter into a collaborative process to focus on the objective – high-performance design with high-efficiency equipment and a process to ensure proper operation

Keep Open Lines of Communication

Consider Efficiency Vermont staff as allies

Identify what you need

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Questions?