Nature’s Renewable Energy Blueprint: Bio-Solar Hydrogen ...biosolar/Meetings/IGERT.pdf · For...
Transcript of Nature’s Renewable Energy Blueprint: Bio-Solar Hydrogen ...biosolar/Meetings/IGERT.pdf · For...
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Bio-Inspired Abiotic Catalysts
Nature’s Renewable Energy Blueprint: Bio-Solar Hydrogenvia Photosynthesis and Biomimics
2 H2O
O2+ 4e- + 4H+
Direct Bio-Solar H2 Production
H2O O2 + H2 (H+/e+)
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WAVE WIND PV BIOMASS SOLAR TOWER HYDROELECTRIC TIDAL POWER
•ALMOST ALL CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES GENERATE ELECTRICITY•GLOBAL ENERGY USE: 33% ELECTRICITY: 67% FUELS (eg OIL, COAL, GAS)
FUTURE TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT SOLAR H2 FROM H2O
RENEWABLE ENERGY ANNUAL ENERGY x GLOBAL ENERGYSOURCE SIZE (TW-YR) RESOURCE DEMAND @ 46 TW-YR
SOLAR 178,000 3869xGEOTHERMAL 92,063 2001xWIND 194 420xOCEAN THERMAL 10WAVE 2HYDROELECTRIC 1.6TIDAL 0.1TOTAL 270,271 5875x
13TW-YR
IEA source
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http://www.nrel.gov/st.html
BiologicalPhotoelectrochemical
Photovoltaic/Electrolysis
Direct Solar Methods
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Part II
BioSolarH2
Renewable Bio-solar H2 Production from Water via Robust Oxygenic Phototrophs
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PENNSTATE HAWAIIPRINCETON
Renewable Bio-solar Hydrogen Production from Robust Oxygenic PhototrophsBioSolarH2 Team
G. Charles Dismukes PU photosynthesis/engineeringEdward I. Stiefel PU enzymology/inorganicDonald A. Bryant PSU genetics/mol biology cyanosMatthew Posewitz CSM genetics/mol biology algaeEric Hegg UU enzymology/inorganicRobert Bidigare UH microbial physiology/ecology
June 2005 launch
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Objectives•Screening for the right organisms, photosystems & hydrogenases•Down-regulation of competing biochemical pathways•Random & specific mutagenesis for higher H2 production•Genetically combining host phototrophs with optimal hydrogenases
Renewable Bio-solar H2 Production from Robust Oxygenic Phototrophs
screeningfield
genomic sequence around hox genes in S. platensis7098 bp
HoxE HoxF HoxU HoxY HoxHORF?
diaphorase moiety Ni-Fe hydrogenase moiety
Bam HI (1484)Eco RI (4977)Cla I (2981) Cla I (7047)Nco I (1099)
Nco I (3375) Nco I (6934)H2Oxygenic PhotosynthesisH2O
O2
genome
mutants
genes
GMOs
Achievements June 2005•Identified novel H2 photoproducers•Developed high throughput screen for H2•Built ultra-sensitive H2 detection instruments•Engineered mutants in a green alga
PayoffClean H2 from non-fossil source
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H2ase-dependent Solar Biological Hydrogen from Water
Microalgae
Direct H2, 2 quanta/e-, 1 stage, no gas separation
H2O H2 + ½ O2
(NREL, ORNL, UCB) Indirect H2 via biomass, 4 quanta/e-, 2 temporally resolved stages
2 H2O + CO2 light O2 + [CH2O] + H2O PS
2 H2O + [CH2O] anaeorbic PSII light 2 H2 + CO2 + H2O Resp + low % PS
CyanobacteriaIndirect H2 via biomass, 2 quanta/e-, 2 temporally resolved stages
2 H2O + CO2light [CH2O] + O2 + H2O PS
[CH2O] + H2O anaeorbic + dark 2 H2 + CO2 Fermentation
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H2 efficiency* losses occur at max solar flux & from competing pathways for e-/H+
QY(H2) = Λi (1-ΛNPQ) (1-Ω2)Φ1Φ2 (1-ΧC)(1- ΧA)(1- ΧN)(1-XO)
light energy capture e- & H+ competing pathways
H2O PSII PQ PSI Fd H2ase H2
H+
* Kruse et al. (2005) Photochem. Photobiol. Science VOL.4,
Incident Sun light(100%)
PigmentsAbsorbed
LightStored Energy
RC H2 energy
(42% visible)(32% max)
(11% max)0
% Solarflux100
e- & H+
alternatepathways
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Solar Bio-H2 Goals: Economic viability4
• ~10% efficiency at ambient light levels (eg., antenna deletion mutants)• Requires strict temporal or sptial separation of H2 and O2• Achieve current cost estimates for large scale bioreactors
4. Independent predictions by NREL and Thiess Engineering
Solar Bio-H2 Current Status
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: two stage light + dark + S deprivation
Strain IncidentPhoton Conv. Eff. H2 rate ml (liter culture)-1 hr-1
• WT 1 ~ 0.1% 1.5 • LHC insertion mutant 2 0 (expected 3-4 x)• stm6 mutant 3 ~1.5% (5 -13 x)
1. NREL team 20042. UCB team, Melis et al.3. Univ. Bielfeld & Univ Queensland: Kruse & Hankamer, JBC (2005)
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BioSolarH2 Instrumentation Development
Fast repetition rate fluorimeterPSII Quantum Efficiency
Metabolomics & Proteomics
Triple Quadrupole-TOF mass spectrometer & electrospray ion
Dissolved H2 & O2LED + Clark cells
Colonies on agar plate
NREL WO3 H2 gas sensor
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Ultrasensitive cells for dissolved H2 & O2 with multi-wavelength light-emitting diode illuminator
Clark type Cells for dissolved O2 & H2
10-8 Molar H2 or O25 μL volumeSensitivity 50 femtomoles0.1 sec response time
Wavelength selective illumination via LEDs: blue, orange, red, infrared, white
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-BioSolarH2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
200
400
600
800
1000
hydr
ogen
& o
xyge
n co
ncen
tratio
n, re
l.u.
incubation time, hours
Oxygen
Hydrogen
on
off
Cells from Petri dish resuspended in TAP liquid medium.Anaerobic pre-incubation time 12 minPulse illumination via white LED at 130 μE m-2 s-1
Pulseslight/dark10s/90s
Photo-H2 and –O2 in WT Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC124
G. Ananyev
Conclusions•Major Photo-H2•Minimal dark-H2•Co-production of H2 and O2•H2 yield is O2 limited
200 pulses
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0 5 10 15 20
0
100
200
300
time, min
1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80
light pulseduration, s
Light pulses produce two kinetic phases of photo-H2 in C. reinhardtii WT
0 20 40 60 80
0
100
200
300
light pulse duration, s
hydr
ogen
evo
lutio
n (p
eak) Light H2
Light + Dark H2
0
50000
100000
integrated hydrogen evolution (area)
Photo-H2post light H2
Peak Photo-H2
Total AreaPhoto-H2 +Post light H2
PSI
e- acceptorpool
secondarye- acceptor
pool
?
H2H2-ase
?
slow
hν
Conclusion: •Two pools of photo-electron acceptors in PSI capable of light-induced H2 production
•Integrated H2 yield is linear with pulse duration competing pathways for e-/H+ consumption are either fixed or not present
on
off
NADP+?
Fd ?
G. Ananyev
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-BioSolarH2
H2O PSII PQ PSI
Alternative e-
donore- acceptor
pool H2H2-ase
hνhν
0 10 20 30 40
0
50
100
0.2 hr
670 nmPSI + PSII0.2 hr
4 hr
730 nmPSI only
0.2 hr
H2
conc
entr
atio
n, re
l.u.
time, min
light on, 10 s pulses
670 nmPSI + PSII
4 hr
Anaerobic -O2pre-incubation
-Δhyd E/F Conclusions: • Photo-H2 & dark-H2 requires H2ase
genes hyd E/F• Maximum photo-H2 production
requires illumination of both PSI and PSII
• The major source of reductantrequired for photo-H2 comes from water via PSII turnover
• The minor PSI only pathway presumably involves PQ/other donor
G. Ananyev & M. Posewitz
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124
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Arthrospira (spirulina) maxima
Habitat: volcanic soda lakesAlkalophile, pH = 9.5-11
0.2-1.2 M carbonateNo N2 fixation systemFastest PSII turnover3-5x larger PQ pool vs algae
genes hox-EFUYH encodeNAD-dependent bidirectional H2ase No hup genes reported (uptake H2ase)
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-BioSolarH2
NAD+
NADH
HoxF HoxU4Fe
4Fe
2Fe
FMN-a?
HoxY
HoxH
NiFeFMN-b
4FeH2
HoxE2Fe?
Reversible NAD-dependent NiFe-hydrogenase (cyanobacteria) e.g. Synechocystis sp. 6803, Synechococcus sp. 6301, Arthrospiramaxima HoxEFUYH
(possible dimer)K3Fe(CN)6
NADPH??HoxE described in Schmitz et al, 2002
(n)H+
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•≥50 ns pulses 0.5 W; 660 nm laser•≥20 µs duration pulse train at full light saturation•Programmable pulse flexibility•Fast sampling, 20 mHZ detection•Chlorophyll Fo, Fv, Fm, •cross section of PSII•QA
- oxidation kinetics
Princeton: Fast Repetition Rate Laser Fluorometer
10 msDark or
other light
≥ 20 μs
STF – single turnover laser flash train660 nm Variables to be measured:
•Fv/Fm = PSII quantum efficiency H2O PQ•PQ pool size
Ananyev & Dismukes, Photosyn Res. (2005)
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PSII Variable Fluorescence at 100Hz flash repetition rate; Arthrospira p. whole cells
0 500 1000 1500 20000.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
Fv/F
m
flash number
B
Pe
Kautsky curve demonstrates transition from single turnover eventsin PSII to multiple electrontransfer in whole electrontransfer chain
Arthrospira sp. have a larger PQ pool capacity3-5X vs. green algae!
PSII-WOC PQ pool PSI
NADP+Rubisco
[CO2]
dark preincubation period
60 μs
single turnover flash cluster
10 msdark
20 sec
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0 10 20 30 40 50
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
Fv/F
m
STF number
5 6 7 8 9 10
X5
Experiment
Fitting
1 10 100 10002
3
4
5
6
7
8
Q
ualit
y fa
ctor
, 1/(α
+β)
dark time between STF, ms
B
Chlorella
Spirulina
Turnover Frequency of PSII is highest by 5x for Arthrospira maxima
Kok parameters:photochemical misses (α) & double hit/misses (β)
PSII quantum efficiency ~54%
* Ananyev & Dismukes, Photosyn Res. (2005)
Kok α & β
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
100
200
300
400
hydr
ogen
con
cent
ratio
n, re
l.u.
time, hours
3
4
5
6
7
8
•Ni2+ addition to standard cyanobacteria growth media (Zarrouk) is essential for H2ase↑•3-4 days lag to fermentative H2 , yields transient reductant pool ( 2 or 3 peaks)•Second lag phase 1-2 days later, oscillations in H2•Culture survives for 10-11 days in batch culturing no additives•Microscopy shows that most active dark-H2 producing cells have no gas vacuoles
0 10 20 30 40 50
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Fv/F
m
STF number
3
4
5 7
8
( ) g
Induction of dark H2 ↑(Left) & PSII quantum efficiency (Right) during photoautotrophic growth at 1.7 μM Ni2+ of A. maxima
Days of photoautotrophic growth prior to anaerobisis PQ pool
oxidized
reduced
Transient reductant pool
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PSI + PSII Illumination by 640 nm red light produces additional H2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
hydr
ogen
, mV
time, hours
0 - 12 h
12 - 24 h
Conclusions
•Dark (fermentative) and a light-induced pathways to H2 are present
These pathways share a common intermediate that is precursor to H2
Pulseslight/dark1s/99s
dark
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PSI Illumination by IR 735 nm stops fermentative H2↑ & stores H2 precursor
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
200
400
600
800
hydr
ogen
, mV
time, hours
735 nm
0 - 12 h
12 - 24 h
delay 32 min
Fermentative H2 restoredin dark after IR light stoppedat 2x higher rate
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
100
200
300
400
hydr
ogen
, mV
time, hours
735 nm
1 s light/ 99 s dark 5 s light/95 s dark
cycle of dark H2
On Off
Dark H2
Light H2
H2 recovers
Dark H2 reductant is stored under IR illumination
2 x greater yield
IR Light suppresses dark H2
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0 20 40 60 800
100
200
300
400
hy
drog
en, m
V
time, min
640 nm
735 nm
PSI illuminationSuppresses fermentative H2Slow photo-H2
PSI+PSII illuminationAdds to fermentative H2Fast photo-H2
A. maxima
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Model for Dark and Light H2production by Arthrospira m.
PSIIH2O
O2
PQH2
PQPSI
FdFNR
NADP+
NAD-dependentNiFe-H2ase
glycogen
glucose
pyruvate
NAD+
NDHComplex I
H2
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Sustained H2 production rates via hydrogenase : representative reports of cyanobacteria using water as electron donor
Synechocystis sp 6803 mutant M55 -ΔNDHase
Arthrospiraplatensis
Arthrospiramaxima
Our current results at pH 10. 5 & 23°C[nitrate in media]
In Dark
In light
Est. rate of H2photoproductionin green algae C. reinhardtii under S deprivation(2005) NREL, UQ/UB
Dark & Removal of nitrate from media
G. Ananyev & D. Carrieri
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-BioSolarH2
Factors that increase H2 production by A. maxima
•Increasing temperature from 23 to 35 oC;•Conditions for Glycogen accumulation
(high light, high [CO2]);•Micronutrients: Ni2+ (20x H2) & Fe3+(4x H2)•Low pH (10.5 6) for H2 evolution (2-3x)
G. Ananyev & D. Carrieri
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-BioSolarH2
Conclusions
•New tools for measuring H2, O2 and redox status provide reliable quantitative data on concentrations and fluxes
•greatly simplify and clarify the fundamental mechanisms of H2 production in microalgae and cyanobacteria
•Cyanobacteria & microalgae have different pathways to H2
•Ideal temporal separation of H2 and O2 production in cyanobacteria solves gas separation problem
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-BioSolarH2
Eric Hegg, UUTyler Brown, UG06
Nick Benette, GS1Robert Bidigare, UHKelsey McNeely,GS1
Damian Carrieri,GS2Donald A. Bryant, PSUDr. Tuan Nguyen
Dr. Derrick KollingMatthew Posewitz, CSMDr. Gennady Ananyev
Edward Stiefel, co-ICo-InvestigatorsPrinceton