Nature nurture
Transcript of Nature nurture
http://www.acneeinstein.com/does-smoking-cause-acne/ http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/29/what-the-yuck-im-seeing-brown-specks/ http://sports-zine.com/bungee-jumping-thrilling-and-safe/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2539857/Obese-people-not-always-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_hair unhealthy.html http://12kaky.com/2011/11/26/scholarships-for-tall-people/ http://12kaky.com/2011/11/26/scholarships-for-tall-people/ http://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/may/26/alcohol-hospital-admissions-record-high
Image sources http://www.icare4autism.org/news/2012/08/autism-spectrum-disorder-nature-v-nurture/
Nature Nurture
Image sources http://www.icare4autism.org/news/2012/08/autism-spectrum-disorder-nature-v-nurture/
Nature Nurture
Chromosomes DNA Genes
Nature: Genetic Influences on Behavior
non human
Image sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel http://queenofallthingsgood.blogspot.gr/2012/07/its-time-to-move-when.html http://media.salon.com/2012/11/shutterstock_57341071-458x307.jpg
Selective breeding Mendel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_CnR0Ak604 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaH0Ws8RtSc
Nature: Genetic Influences on Behavior
human
Natural experiments to separate genetic and environmental influences on behavior and mental processes
Image sources http://www.icare4autism.org/news/2012/08/autism-spectrum-disorder-nature-v-nurture/
- studies of twins:
- monozygotic
- dizygotic
- studies of adopted children
Degree of similarity in IQ scores among various types of twins and siblings
Estimates of the extent to which certain personality traits
appear to be determined by heredity
• Extroversion: 61 %
• Conformity: 60 %
• Worry: 55 %
• Creativity: 55 %
• Paranoia: 55 %
• Optimism: 54 %
• Cautiousness: 51 %
• Aggressiveness: 48 %
• Ambitiousness: 46 %
• Intimacy: 33 %
Minnesota Center for Twin and Adoption Research US News & World Report, April 13, 1987
Nature: molecular genetic mechanisms of inheritance
Image sources http://www.pressenza.com/2013/06/us-supreme-court-genes-cannot-be-patented/
Nucleotides 4 chemical compounds located on double helix of DNA Adenine, thymine, guanine, cystine
Inheritance operates through genetic materials, called genes, found in nuclei.
= strands of DNA
segments of DNA on chromosomes that contain info needed to influence some aspect of the body
Takes form of double helix
Human chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs
Nature: molecular genetic mechanisms of inheritance
Image sources http://writescience.wordpress.com/tag/mendelian-inheritance/ http://perfumesingapore.net/product/chromosomal-love-hugo-boss-xx-edt-women-and-hugo-boss-xy-edt-men/ http://www.washington.edu/news/2012/11/08/extra-chromosome-21-removed-from-down-syndrome-cell-line/
dominant gene
Reveals trait when present
recessive gene
Chromosome abnormality
Down syndrome
Achoo Syndrome: This dominant trait is also called the photo sneeze reflex. If,
when suddenly exposed to light, you sneeze (usually two or three times) you have
the genes for achoo syndrome.
Free Earlobe: The dominant trait is for lobes to hang free, a bit of lobe hanging
down prior to the point where the bottom of the ear attaches to the head. With
the recessive phenotype, the lobes are attached directly to the head.
Hand Clasping: Clasp your hands together (without thinking about it!). Most
people place their left thumb on top of their right and this happens to be the
dominant phenotype. Now, for fun, try clasping your hands so that the opposite
thumb is on top. Feels strange and unnatural, doesn't it?
Tongue Rolling: If you have the ability to roll the sides of your tongue upwards to
form a closed tube, you have the dominant phenotype for this motor skill. Those
who are not dominant for this trait cannot roll their tongue, no matter how hard
they may try.
Image sources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue_rolling http://www.quirkology.com/USA/Experiment_AnalyseYourself.shtml http://askabiologist.asu.edu/mendelian-traits-humans http://whatisgenetic.com/tag/beeturia/
Nature: molecular genetic mechanisms of inheritance
Genes …
influence how neurons function
determine size and function of every area in the brain
influence structure and function of endocrine glands
influence behavior and psychological lives
Image sources http://www.icare4autism.org/news/2012/08/autism-spectrum-disorder-nature-v-nurture/
Nature Nurture
Physical environment Psychological / social environment
Nurture: Physical environments
• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Alcohol during pregnancy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=od13ZcQizWQ
Image sources http://www.healthymummy.com/pregnancy/alcohol-in-pregancy/ http://www.demotix.com/news/2433098/water-pollution-bangladesh#media-2432921
Nurture: Social environments
Image sources http://www.middlebury.edu/giving/priorities/parents/parentsletter http://psychcentral.com/lib/2012/siblings-dont-have-to-be-rivals http://maozblog.com/israel/living-in-israel-blog-why-you-need-to-make-new-friends/ http://www.innovationinpractice.com/.a/6a00e54ef4f376883401156f749d3b970c-popup
Nurture: culture, ethnicity
Culture: patterns of behavior,
beliefs and values shared by a
group of people
Ethnic identity: sense of belonging
to a particular ethnic group
(=group of people who are descendants of
a common group of ancestors)
Image sources http://www.unesco.org/new/en/hanoi/culture/ http://www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/wellness/specialpops.cfm
Nurture: culture & parenting
Image sources http://joannagoddard.blogspot.gr/2013/07/10-surprising-things-about-parenting-in.html http://www.ivillage.com/how-raise-assertive-child/6-a-143469
Well behaved
Collectivist cultures
Shyness, inhibition
Individualistic cultures
Assertiveness
Image sources
http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Physics-Vol-3-Biology-Vol-1/Heredity-Real-life-applications.html http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/healthandlifestyle/parenting-the-social-environment-and-its-effects-on-child-development/321
http://favim.com/image/106857/
+ Nature Nurture
Also: interplay of nature and nurture: genes & environments working together to influence psychological characteristics
Interplay of Nature and Nurture
Gene – environment correlation
Gene – environment correlation: certain genes and certain environments
occur together more often than would be expected by chance. People who
have a gene that influences a Ψ characteristic also tend to have experiences
that influence the same trait.
• Passive correlation: the person does not have to do anything
to cause genes and environment to correlate.
• Active correlation: genes and environments become
correlated through the actions of the individual, e.g. antisocial
behavior
Image sources http://alexlesterspersonalblog.blogspot.gr/2012/06/possibly-armchair.html http://housing.appstate.edu/index.php?module=pagesmith&uop=view_page&id=163
Interplay of Nature and Nurture
Gene – environment interaction
• Genes influence how experiences work and experiences influence how
genes work. The expression of genes can depend on the environment
– Two people with different genes often respond differently to the same
environment (e.g. maltreated children turn out to be antisocial depending on a gene version.
This gene version is activated if the children are maltreated)
– Gene expression can be variable, depending on the environment
Image sources http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/gene-env/ http://coloradolinkproject.com/assessment-and-intervention/signs-and-symptoms/child-maltreatment/
genes experiences
Sex, gender and human diversity
Image sources http://www.deviantart.com/morelikethis/376250012?view_mode=2
Sex, gender and human diversity
Image sources http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/1564550 http://shop.mattel.com/category/index.jsp?categoryId=4213484 http://www.swc-cfc.gc.ca/gba-acs/course-cours/eng/mod01/mod01_04_01.php
• Sex: distinction between males and females based on biological characteristics
• Gender: psychological experience of being male or female
• Gender identity: one’s view of oneself as male or female
• Gender role: all behaviors that are typically masculine or feminine in our
culture
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hktffOK28c http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zbt2hnHE_80 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NZMJBMUHU8, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dG0N13GK8Z4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VqsbvG40Ww http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUyfD1F7k1I
masculinity
fem
inin
ity
Gender differences
Image sources http://blog.lib.umn.edu/meyer769/section16&17/author/clanc051/2011/12/
Language
Verbal memory
Perceptual speed
Fine motor skills
Higher grades in math
Science
Social studies
Spatial reasoning
Mechanical reasoning
cogn
itiv
e
abili
ty
Emo
tio
n
soci
al b
ehav
ior
Nurturing, Friendly
Helpful, Open
Cooperative, Trusting
Anxious
Depressed
Low self esteem
Competitive
Dominant
Assertive
Aggression
Risky behavior
Mat
ing
Prefer older mate
With high earning potential
Of good character
Threatened by emotional infidelity
Restrict sex to potential long term partners
Prefer younger mate
Physically attractive
With good housekeeping skills
Threatened by sexual infidelity
Comfortable with the idea of casual sex for themselves
Sexually jealous and controlling
Origins of gender differences
• biological differences that have evolved over thousands of years
• social learning experiences associated with gender roles
• structural differences in the brain
Image sources http://alfin2100.blogspot.gr/2006/03/peeping- toms-of-neuroscience-no-more.html
Sex differences in the brain
Image sources http://blog.lib.umn.edu/meyer769/section16&17/author/clanc051/2011/12/ http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/04/02/a-new-push-to-explore-the-brain/
Larger cerebral cortex
Larger right hemisphere than left spatial
abilities
Larger amygdala aggression
Larger corpus callosum greater integration
of 2 hemispheres, higher language skills
Larger hippocampus everyday memory,
inhibition
the cause of gender differences in cognition and emotion
OR
the result of gender differences in behavior and experience
Sex differences in the brain could be
Evolutionary theory
• Are you more likely to fear snakes or potatoes? Why?
• Evolutionary theory of gender differences: Gender differences
became coded in our genes in the distant past because ancestral women
and men faced different pressures
Image sources http://www.changeinwinnipeg.com/phobia-parties.php http://wildlife-photographs.blogspot.gr/2013/04/Black-Cobra-Snake.html http://home.howstuffworks.com/potatoes.htm
Evolutionary theory of gender differences
• pressures created by child care: women were more successful in raising children
when they formed groups, to scare off predators cooperative, social women
were more likely to be accepted in groups their children were more likely to
survive and pass their genes
• Can you think of any “pressures” created by hunting? Who had to go hunting?
Why? What skills were important in hunting so they would survive?
• Any critique of evolutionary theory?