Natural Sciences II Lecture #1 June 23, 2009 Josephine S. Bautista-Guerrero, MD PhD Biology (c)
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Transcript of Natural Sciences II Lecture #1 June 23, 2009 Josephine S. Bautista-Guerrero, MD PhD Biology (c)
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Natural Sciences II
Lecture #1
June 23, 2009
Josephine S. Bautista-Guerrero, MDPhD Biology (c)
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What is a “Fact” and What is a “Theory”?
Excerpt from: Scott, Eugenie C. 1996. Dealing with Antievolutionism. In Learning from the Fossil Record.
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A Fact
• Is a confirmed observation• Implies TRUTH• May change• Is accepted and can be used as a given to
build more complex understanding
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Examples of FACTS
• Every tetrapod has– A humerus– A radius and ulna– Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
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Examples of FACTS
• Homo sapiens was thought to have 48 chromosomes
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A Theory
• Is a logical construct of facts and hypotheses that attempt to explain a natural phenomenon
• Is an EXPLANATION• (Theory formation) Is the goal of science
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What is Natural Science?
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Natural Science
• Pertains to nature• Earth and Life Sciences
– vs. Physical sciences– vs. Social sciences– vs. Formal sciences (a priori)
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Natural Science
• Naturalistic approach to studying the universe
“The doctrine that nature is all there is....
... Is based on naturalism”.
- Johnson, Reason in the Balance
“Science is the search for the best naturalistic theories...”
... where a naturalistic theory abjures supernatural causes.
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Scientism
“Science is the arbiter of all knowable truth, that there is nothing to be known
beyond what science delivers.”
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Religion vs. Science
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• Science is not committed to the nonexistence of God.
• Science is committed to naturalistic explanations.
• Science does not count any explanation that appeals to God or to supernatural phenomena as a scientific explanation.
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Origins of Life
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Theories on the Origin of the Universe and Life Itself
1. Creationism2. Interplanetary or Cosmozoic theory3. The Big Bang Theory4. Spontaneous Generation5. Biogenesis
*Intelligent Design*The Anthropic Principle
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Creationism
Life, humanity and all beings on earth were created by a supernatural being
Opposes evolution because of the belief that beings are “perfect” in their form and were created as such
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Creation Science
Holds that the Genesis is infallibly true
Directly contradicts the Big Bang Theory and the Theory of Evolution
Creationism is a scientific theory and should be taught in the science curriculum as a competitor to the theory of evolution.
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The Cosmozoic Theory: Meteors containing life?
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Are we rejects from another planet?
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Intelligent Design
Paley
“God’s Design could be seen in life...”
John Wheeler"A life-giving factor lies at the centre of
the whole machinery and design of the world."
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The Anthropic Principle
Proposed by astrophysicist and cosmologist Brandon Carter from Cambridge University in 1973
Presented at a conference held in Poland to celebrate the 500th birthday of the father of modern astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus
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The Anthropic Principle
"... the Anthropic Principle says that the seemingly arbitrary and unrelated constants in physics have one strange thing in common--these are precisely the values you need if you want to have a universe capable of producing life."
Patrick Glynn
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The Anthropic Principle
Gravity Electromagnetism Nuclear force Mass of atomic particles Properties of water Carbon
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Significant Events in the Formation of Life
1. Big Bang Theory2. Condensation of Swirling gases into a solid
mass
3. Formation of simple molecules – H2O, O2, N2, CH4, NH3
4. Formation of Biomolecules – carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins, nucleotides
5. Formation of Coacervates6. Formation of the first heterotroph prokaryote7. Formation of the first autotrophic prokaryote8. Formation of the eukaryotic cell9. Formation of the multicellular organisms
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Work by Miller and Oparin
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The Coacervate Theory
• Colloidal suspension of macromolecules
• May have properties that enabled them to form protocells
• Due simply to physical and chemical phenomena; not selective
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Characteristics of Coacervates
1. Identity – each one has a unique mixture of biomolecules; properties of clay
2. A water film acts as a barrier like a cell membrane
3. Grows in size4. When large enough, it breaks down into small
globules with the same traits as that of the “parent”
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Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis
1. Aristotle2. Jean Baptiste Von
Helmont3. Anton von
Leeuwenhoek4. John Needham
1. Francesco Redi
2. Lazarro Spallanzani
3. Louis Pasteur
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Aristotle for Spontaneous Generation
• Observed the similarity of inanimate environmental structures with semblance to certain living things (geese from trees, lambs from melons)
• This theory is based on philosophical concepts and limited scientific facts and instrumentation
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Von Helmont for Spontaneous Generation
• Wheat kernels + dirty shirt + 21 days = mice
• Appearance of maggots in meat• Appearance of beetles and wasp in cow dung• Appearance of mice from caked mud
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Francesco Redi for Biogenesis
• No maggots grew on container with full covering
• Set-up covered with cheese cloth still developed maggots on meat
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Leeuwenhoek for Spontaneous Generation
• Invented the microscope and observed small moving forms he called animalcules.
• Observed in dirty canal water and teeth scrapings
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John Needham for Spontaneous Generation
• Boiled meat broth transferred container incubate cloudy broth
• Conclusion: Broth gave rise to animalcules
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Spallanzani for Biogenesis
• Repeated the experiment of John Needham with two difference: (a) container was covered and (b) the broth not transferred
• No growth was observed• Argument from scientist supporting spontaneous
generation: The cover prevented the essence of life from the air to cause life to form in the container
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Louis Pasteur for Biogenesis
• Used a swan neck flask• The broth was boiled and allowed to cool• No growth• Water trapped in the neck prevent microbes from
contaminating the broth
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Manifestation of Life
1. Cellular Organization2. Metabolism3. Reproduction4. Growth5. Responsiveness or Irritability6. Development or Evolution
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Levels of Organization• Biosphere• Ecosystem• Community• Population• Multi-cellular and
single cell organisms
¨ Systems¨ Organs¨ Tissue¨ Cells¨ Organelle¨ Molecules¨ Atoms¨ Subatomic particles