Natural Sciences 360 Legacy of Life Lecture 14 Dr. Stuart S. Sumida The Diversity of Extinct Flying...
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Transcript of Natural Sciences 360 Legacy of Life Lecture 14 Dr. Stuart S. Sumida The Diversity of Extinct Flying...
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Natural Sciences 360Legacy of LifeLecture 14 Dr. Stuart S. Sumida
The Diversity of Extinct Flying Reptiles:
Examples of Convergent Evolution
Starting Dinosaurs
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Remember, we’re studying AMNIOTES.
Defined by:
EMBRYOLOGICAL FEATURES: amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sac.
ANATOMICAL FEATURES: lack of an intertemporal bone.
ALSO, FUNCTIONAL FEATURES: •Costal breathing (inhaling using movement of the ribs).•Active exhalation using movement of ribs to push air out.
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ARCHOSAURIA
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ARCHOSAURS ARE DIAPSID REPTILES
ARCHOSAURIA INCLUDES:•Crocodylomorpha•Pterosauria•Dinosasuria
•Aves (Birds)
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Crocodylomorpha Pterosauria Eoraptor Herrerasauridae Saurischia Ornithischia
Archosauria
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Crocodylomorpha Pterosauria Eoraptor Herrerasauridae Saurischia Ornithischia
Archosauria
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PTEROSAURIA:
Flying Reptiles of the Mesozoic
They are the closest relatives of dinosaurs, but they are not actually dinosaurs.
They used elongate 4th finger to support a wing.
The wing DID NOT attach to the leg.
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Rhamphorhynchus sp.
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Reconstruction of the pterosaur Eudimorphodon in pronograde, bipedal walking.
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TERMS FOR POSTURE
Pronograde: backbone parallel to ground
Orthograde: backbone perpendicular to ground
BIPEDAL and QUADRUPEDAL are not postural terms.
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Pterydactylus
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Reconstruction of Pteranodon
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Reconstruction of Pteranodon
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Some pterodactyloids had wildly developed skulls.
This one, Pterodaustro (Upper Cretaceous of Argentina) had numerous teeth that probably probably functioned similar to whale baleen.
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Comparative wing structure in flying vertebrates
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Two hypotheses of wing reconstruction in Pteranodon.
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The largest of the Late Cretaceous pterosaurs were probably so large they were restricted to being gliders only.
Quetzalcoatlus northropi had a wingspan of approximately 11-13 meters.
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Humerus of Quetzalcoatlus northropi – over ½ meter long.
Humerus (young?) Q. northropi – about 0.25 meter long.
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Quetzalcoatlus northropi had a wingspan of approximately 11-13 meters.
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DINOSAURIA
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Crocodylomorpha Pterosauria Eoraptor Herrerasauridae Saurischia Ornithischia
Archosauria
Dinosauria
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Crocodylomorpha Pterosauria Eoraptor Herrerasauridae Saurischia Ornithischia
THE MOST PRIMITIVE DINOSAURS
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Eoraptor lunensis (“Dawn Raptor”)
•From the Upper Triassic of Argentina.
•Thought to be amongst the most primitive of dinosaurs.
•Its hip is like that of dinosaurs: it has a “perforate” acetabulum. (A hole in the hip socket.)
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Eoraptor lunensis (“Dawn Raptor”)
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Eoraptor
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CT Scan of Eoraptor skull.
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A perforate acetabulum
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Eoraptor Reconstruction
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Eoraptor
Reconstruction
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Crocodylomorpha Pterosauria Eoraptor Herrerasauridae Saurischia Ornithischia
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Herrerasauridae:
Upper Triassic of Argentina
2 – 4.5 meters long.
Long, low skull that is as long as the femur.
24 presacral vertebrae; and the vertebrae are relatively shorter than more primitive forms.
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Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
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Stereo-pair view of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis skull.
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Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
Skull, specimen drawing.
Long, low skull that is as long as the femur.
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Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
Skull reconstruction
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Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
Reconstruction
24 presacral vertebrae; and the vertebrae are relatively shorter than more primitive forms.
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Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
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Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
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Dinosaurian groups more derived than Herrerasaurs may be divided into two groups based on hip construction:
SAURISCHIAN ORNITHISCHIAN
(Note position of pubis.)