Natural resource -PENINSULAR PLATEAU

NATURAL RESOURCESP E N I N S U L A R P L AT E A U

J H A R K H A N D

E F F E C T S O F M I N I N G O N E N V I R O N M E N T I N T H E S TAT E O F J H A R K H A N D , I N D I A

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI

GROUP MEMBERS:• HAMZAH MERAJ• NAZIA KHAN• AIMAN NASEEM

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

PLATEAU



•A plateau is a flat-topped table land.

•Plateaus occur in every continent and take up a third of the Earths land.

•They are one of the four major landforms, along with mountains, plains, and hills.

•Plateaus, like mountains may be young or old. The Deccan plateau in India is one of the oldestplateaus.

•Plateaus are very useful because they are rich in mineral deposits. As a result, many of the miningareas in the world are located in the plateau areas.

PLATEAU


JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHIJAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI

PHYSIOGRAPHICDIVISIONS OF INDIA



PENINSULAR PLATEAU


PENINSULAR PLATEAU

FEATURES OF THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU

1. It covers a total area of about 16 lakh sqkm (India as a whole is 32 lakh sq km)

2. The average height of the plateau is 600-900 m above sea level.

3. Most of the peninsular rivers flow west to east indicating it’s general slope.

4. The Peninsular Plateau is a one of the oldest landforms of earth

5. Peninsular Plateau is an aggregation of several smaller plateaus, hill ranges interspersed with river basins and valleys.



Plateaus in the Peninsular Plateau

• 2.1 Marwar Plateau

• 2.2 Central Highland

• 2.3 Bundelkhand Upland

• 2.4 Malwa Plateau

• 2.5 Baghelkhand

• 2.6 Chotanagpur Plateau

• 2.7 Meghalaya Plateau

Deccan Plateau

• 3.1 Maharashtra Plateau

• 3.2 Karnataka Plateau

• 3.3 Telangana plateau

• 3.4 Chhattisgarh Plain

PENINSULAR PLATEAU


MARWAR PLATEAU

It is the plateau of eastern Rajasthan.

The average elevation is 250-500 m above sea level

•It is made up of sandstone, shales and limestonesof the Vindhayan period.

CENTRAL HIGHLAND

•It is to the east of the Marwar or Mewar Upland.

•It is a rolling plateau with rounded hills composed ofsandstone. Thick forests grow here.


BAGHELKHAND

•Situated in Madhya Pradesh

•Made of limestones and sandstones on the westand granite in the east.

•The region is uneven with general elevation varyingfrom 150 m to 1,200 m.

MALWA PLATEAU

•The Malwa Plateau roughly forms a triangle basedon the Vindhyan Hills, bounded by the Aravali Rangein the west and Madhya Bharat Pathar to the northand Bundelkhand to the east.

•This plateau has two systems of drainage; onetowards the Arabian sea, and the other towards theBay of Bengal

•It is composed of extensive lava flow and is coveredwith black soils.


BUNDELKHAND UPLAND

•It is the old dissected (divided by anumber of deep valleys) upland of the‘Bundelkhand gneiss’ comprisingof granite and gneiss.

•Spreads over five districts of UttarPradesh and four districts of MadhyaPradesh.

•Average elevation of 300-600 m abovesea level

•The area is marked by a chain of hillocks(small hill) made of granite andsandstone.


THE CHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU

The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state.

The total area is approximately 65,000 square kilometres.

Its height ranges from 1100 m – 300 m.

Important rivers – Damodar, Son, Bokaro, Subarnarekha, Kanchi, Gaya, Koel, Karo, Raru, Lilajan, Sankh etc.

Chota Nagpur plateau is a store house of minerals like mica, bauxite,copper, limestone, iron ore, and coal.

Important Cities -- Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro, Ramgarh, Karanpura Jamshedpur, Asansol, Durhapur, Bardhaman, Ranchi etc


Jharkhand "The Land of Forests"



GEOGRAPHY OF JHARKHAND

The major part of Jharkhand state is situated in Chota Nagpur Plateau, and iscovered with dense forests.

Jharkhand forms part of the Chhotanagpur plateau province of theDeccan Peninsula and is very rich in natural resources. Nearly 50 % of thecountry’s minerals are located in the state — iron and coal being importantamong the main. About 30 % of its geographical area is covered with forests.


Most of the workforce is engaged in agriculture, mining, quarrying, wage labour and

other livelihood based on forest produce.

As the repository of 40 per cent of the nation’s minerals, the State hosts some of the biggest

names in the domestic and global corporate turf from ArcelorMittal, Tata Steel, Jindal Steel &

Power, Jindal South West to the Ruias of Essar.

In the name of national interest the Jharkhand area is witnessing a gigantic industrialization

and development process for the exploitation of its natural and human resources.


FOREST COVER IN JHARKHAND

Jharkhand is land of natural resourcesand because of its extensive forest, it isreferred as the ''Land of forests''.

About 29.61% of geographical area of Jharkhand is covered with forests. Today, the forest area extends to 23,605.47 sq. km.

Reserved Forest (RF): 4,387.20 sq. km.Protected Forest (PF): 19,184.78 sq.km.Unclassed Forest (UF): 33.49 sq. km.Total: 23,605.47 sq. km.

(Courtesy: Dept. of Forests and Environment, govt. of Jharkhand)


Forest cover map of Jharkhand


(Abandon)

The Jharkhand Flora Mostly Consists Of DryAnd Moist Deciduous Forests.

Among The Important Trees That Form AnImportant Part Of The Fauna At Jharkhand

Are Sal, Jackfruit, Jamun, Kendu,Gambhar, Shisham, Mahua, Katha, Lac,Pesar, Mango, Aasan, Baheda AndBamboo.

JHARKHAND FLORA

FAUNA OF JHARKHAND

Wolf

Elephant

Sambhar

Wild boar

Python

Squirrel

Blue bull

Jackal

Malabar giant

Tiger

Deer

Langur

Rhesus

Python

Wild cat, etc.

Among the major animals that form an

integral part of Jharkhand fauna are:


The mineral resources of the

state are as follows:

• Coal and Coal Bed Methane,

• Iron Ores, both Hematite &

Magnetite

• Poly-metallic base metal

ores like those of copper,

lead zinc, silver & gold as

well as separate deposits of

gold.

• Bauxite

• Limestone of various types

• Mica & associated precious

& semi precious Minerals &

gems,

• Graphite




• Soap stone (type of

metamorphic rock)

• Uranium & other Radio-

active Minerals

• Kyanite

• China Clay

• Dimensional, Decorative and

Ornamental stones.


Kyanite

Ornamental stonesChina Clay


TYPES OF SOILS IN JHARKHAND

Red soil: Damodar Valley, Rajmahal area

Micacious soil (contains mica particles):Koderma, Jhumeri tilaiya, Barkagaon andareas around Mandar hill.

Black soil: Rajmahal area

Sandy soil: Hazaribagh and Dhanbad

Laterite soil: Western part of Ranchi,Palamu and some parts of Singhbhumand Santhal Parganas


Black soil



S.N.NAME OF RIVER BASIN/ SUB-RIVER

BASIN

1 Subernarekha River Basin

2 Kharkai River Sub- Basin

3 South Koel River Basin

4 Barakar River Sub-Basin

5 Damodar River Basin

6 Sankh River Basin

7 North Koel River basin

8 Punpun River Basin

9Sone(Stem)- Kanhar and Kao-Gangi

River Composite Basin

10 Mayurakshi River Basin

11 Ajay River Basin

12 Ganga Stem Basin

13 Gumani and Koa- Bhena basin

14 Belsai Chandan Chir River basin

15 Harohar River Basin

16Small Streams Draining Independentally

outside State

NAME OF RIVER BASIN/ SUB-RIVER BASIN


EFFECTS OF MINING ON

ENVIRONMENT IN THE STATE

OF JHARKHAND, INDIA

THE GREAT MINING MESS

The Fire Within - Coal Mining of Jharkhand


EFFECTS OF MINING ON ENVIRONMENT IN THE STATE OF JHARKHAND, INDIA

• Mining is a very profitablebusiness and it also createsemployment opportunities.

• It benefits everyone including thegovernment and that is why themining industry is widelysupported.

The Fire Within - Coal Mining of Jharkhand

Jaduguda uranium mine, Jharkhand:Exposed local people to radioactivehazards.

Jharia coal mines, Jharkhand:Underground fire leading to landsubsidence and forced displacement ofpeople.



OPEN CAST MINING (extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal

from an open pit) is supposed to have the maximum impacts on the ecology. In this

system land is required not only for mining area but also for dumping of overburden

rock mass.

The impacts of mining are mentioned below.

1. Removal of vegetation (flora) has created pressure on fauna to leave the area required for mining

and other purposes. (deforestation)

2. Dust in atmosphere contributed to various activities may retard the growth of some of the plant

species in surrounding areas.

3. Noise and vibrations due to blasting, operation of the machines and transportation have

driven away small animals including wild animals and birds from nearby forests.

4. Topography and scenario has changed due to digging of open pits and dumping of

overburden weathered rock mass in the form of large heaps.

5. Ground water contamination

The Fire Within - Coal Mining of JharkhandJAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI

Excessive underground mining, especially of coal, is causing subsidence of land in

many areas as a result of which such lands have been rendered unsafe forhabitation, agriculture and grazing.

In 1980’s the coal mining industry became identified as

a major cause of damage to the environment, with

more than 80 sq. kms. of land being destroyed everyyear.


FORMATION OF SINKHOLES / LAND SUBSIDENCE

Land subsidence is a gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth's surface owing tosubsurface movement of earth materials.


THE GREAT MINING MESSJAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI


IMPACT ON FOREST


IMPACT ON FOREST:

• Because of the high demand it has

taken its tall on the state- rampant

mining for decades has turned large

tracts of forests into wastelands.

• Eliminating of existing vegetation

and alteration of soil profile due

to mining operations, including

shifting of overburden and reject

dumps, have caused severe soil

erosion and ground water level

has gone down and degraded

the productive capacity of

the lands in the area.



SARANDA, once so dense that even the sun’s rays

couldn’t penetrate it, has Asia’s largest Sal forests

and is an important elephant habitat.

Today, uncontrolled mining for iron ore, both

legal and illegal, is destroying not just the

forest, but also the wildlife, apart from the

livelihoods of the local tribal communities.

The forest cover in the DAMODAR

valley coalfield, once 65 per cent,

stands at only 0.05 per cent today.

According to the Forest Survey of India’s State

of Forest Report, during an assessment published in

1997, Jharkhand had 2.6 million ha of forest.

In 1999, it had 2.2 million ha, a loss of 0.4

million ha of forest cover.

During the 80’s, coal

companies acquired thousands

of hectares of forests in

Jharkhand for mining operation

in DAMODAR VALLEY.



EXPLOITATION OF VAST POTENTIAL OF FORESTS DUE TO THE FOLLOWING CAUSES

1. Commercial Demand

2. Raw Materials for Industrial Use

3. Development Projects

4. Growing Food Demand

5. Fuel Requirement

6. Rapid explosion of human and livestock population


IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY


Mining activities has badly affected the biodiversity in the state, like soilcover, animals, birds, plant species etc.

Unsustainable mining of natural resources have been a key factor for

degradation of biodiversity.


METHODS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES


METHODS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

1. Instead of deforestation, representation shouldkeep in mind. We should take help from the Govt,for plantation programmes. Everybody shouldtake part in plantation and care the plants.

2. People should at once stop the over utilizationof natural resources instead they must beproperly used.

3. We should make habit for waste disposal,compose and to restore biodiversity.

4. Mixed cropping, crop rotation, and proper useof fertilizer, insecticide and pesticides should betaught to farmers. Encourage the use of manures,biofertilizers and organic fertilizers.

5. We should protect wildlife. Though hunting isnot allowed even then the persons are doing so.For this educated young should teach the lessonof wildlife act.


6. We must develop energy savingmethods to avoid wastage of energy.We should remember "energy savedis energy produced."

7. Use drip irrigation and sprinklingirrigation to improve irrigationefficiency and reduce evaporation.

8. Utilize renewable energy sources asmuch as possible. Encourage use ofsolar cooker, pump etc.

9. We should recycle the waste andwaste water for agriculture purposes.

10. Install rain water harvestingsystem in houses, colonies.

11. Try to educate local people for theprotection and judicious use ofnatural resources.


Following steps may be adopted toconserve mineral resources:

1. Making finished products to lastlonger

2. Use of less precious substitutes.

3. Renovation, recycling and reuse ofmetals.

4. Applying effective techniques torecover materials from minerals.

5. Search of new earth’s treasures.

6. Protection of existing mineraldeposits.

CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES


CASES: POLLUTION


DAMODAR POLLUTION

In fact, the Damodar, the ‘sorrowof Bengal’ has now a become acause of sorrow for the entirenation. It is probably one of the

most polluted rivers in the

country today, thanks to miningoperations and industries thathave sprouted on its mineral-rich banks.

The Damodar river basin is arepository of approximately 46%of the Indian coal reserves.


“River of Sorrow” “River of Agony”

SUBARNAREKHA RIVER : FUTURE IS BLEAK

The only streaks visible in the river are

those of domestic, industrial or -incredibly - radioactive pollution.

Quarrying of construction material,such as granite, basalt, quartzite,dolerite, sandstone, limestone,dolomite, gravel, and even sand, hascreated vast stretches of wasteland in theriver basin.

Subarnarekha also has to bear

radioactive waste that enters theriver through seepage from tailing pondsof the Uranium Corporation of India atJadugoda

It is quite like a sewagecanal shrunken and filledwith filth and rubbish,emanating obnoxiousodours.


GOVERNMENT ACTION

Government action has been all but absent in the

basin.

Although the National River Conservation

Plan (NRCP) intends to clean domestic waste

generated from Jamshedpur, Ranchi and Ghatsila,

industrial pollution and runoff from mines is

supposed to be tackled by respective State Pollution

Control Boards.


JHARKHAND MOVEMENT


JHARKHAND MOVEMENT

Coal mining in this region had started in the year 1856 itself. In the year 1907, the

Tata Iron and Steel Factory was established in Jamshedpur.

The Jharkhand region has much economic importance as it contributes to 75 per

cent of the revenue of Bihar. The government began acquiring the lands of the tribals, which left the tribals with very less compensation.


The government also felt that as the soils of the regions are poor, industrialization of such area

would also help in providing employment for the local people. However, there was large influx of outsiders due to the industrial development and the local people began to feel inferior that they were not being employed in sufficient numbers.

In 1971, the nationalization of mines resulted in violence, 50,000 miners of Jharkhand were fired and replaced by outsiders.

The government acquired lands for building dams and reservoirs. According to some

observers, very little of the water and electricity produced were supplied to the region.


REFERENCE

Ambient SPM concentration around rock crushing industries of Daltonganj, Gumla towns, Jharkhand

and associated health effects. 2003, by D. Mishra, D. K. Bhattacharya and V. C. Barla. InEnvironmental

Management in Mines, edited by B. K. Shrivastva, R. Kumar and A. Jamal.

Priyadarshi, N.: Arsenic in Damodar poisoning West Bengal. Indian Express, July 12, 1998.

Priyadarshi, N. 2004. Distribution of arsenic in Permian Coals of North Karanpura coalfield, Jharkhand.

Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 63, 533-536.

Areeparampil, M.SJ. (!995). Displacement due to mining in Jharkhand, in Mining Environment, B.D.

Bhagat and D.N. Thakur (Eds.), Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Singh, J. (1985), Upper Damodar Valley: A study in Settlement Geography, Inter-India Publication, New

Delhi.

Citizens report- Rich lands and poor people (2008), Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.


…………JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI

Natural resource -PENINSULAR PLATEAU

Education

Transcript of Natural resource -PENINSULAR PLATEAU