PARTICIPATORY PATCH PLANNING PARTICIPATORY PATCH PLANNING IN WATERSHEDIN WATERSHED

Rashmi ranjan BarikTechnical Expert- NRMOrissa Watershed Development Mission

Typical PATCH

OF

A

MWS

Need………..Need………..For ensuring judicious resource utilization

without disturbing the ecological balance for sustaining livelihoods of local communities,

Soil and Water conservation or Land and water management is the means but viable production systems are the ends

Determine need for planning process

Identify needs or problems to be

addressed

Define goals and objectives

Collect information on which to

base decisions

Analyse information and identify options

Formulate plans and responsesImplement

Monitor and evaluate

Identify/mobilise stakeholders

Conduct stakeholder analysis

Create mechanisms for equitable

stakeholder participation

Share results with stakeholders

Negotiate among stakeholders

Participatory planning

Who is a stakeholder?Stakeholders have rights to a resource if they:

Stakeholders have responsibility for a resource if they:

Stakeholders have interest in a resource if they:

have a traditional link to it

undertake actions that change the nature of it

have a cultural attachment to it

depend on it for their livelihood

derive economic benefits or well-being from it

derive some enjoyment from it

own the land or access to it

are formally or informally managing it

are actively involved in its conservation

have been conferred rights via some legal mandate

have a statutory responsibility

have an intellectual association with it (e.g. through research)

Why stakeholder identification?

Primary aim – to document all those who have a stake

Stakeholder identification can become a mechanism to widen and identify others

Stakeholder identification can help to identify potential or actual conflicts

Exclusion can have unexpected and undesirable consequences

Participatory Patch Planning is a tool, designed to actively include the farmer household in the planning for the required treatments specific to their plot of land.

It is sensitive to the concerns and interests of the respective farmer household while designing the treatment of their land – the micro unit - which is both spatial as well as social.

Participatory Patch Planning

The twin objectives of the PPP

Promote Ownership and sustainability

Site specific / tailor made plans

NRM Planning

Erosion management

Water conservation

Soil fertility management

Vegetation management

Nutrient management

Salinity control

Gully control

Soil erosion control

In-situ water management

Run-off management

Water-table management

Tree production

Crop production

Pasture production

Pre-Pre-requisitesrequisitesAdequate community awareness and

mobilizationAvailability of cadastral map and

land recordsDemarcation of boundariesPrior intimation to the concerned

farmersAdequate availability of timeCapacity building of PIA/WMT/CLWFlexibility in project design

Advantages over Gross Advantages over Gross Planning:Planning:

Participatory and socially oriented

Local and indigenous knowledgeSite specificOwnership’ feeling as active participation

Easy for implementationWomen opinions consideredRealistic budget costs

PARTICIPATORY NRM PARTICIPATORY NRM PLANNINGPLANNING

STEPS-•Boundary line delineation & Drainage line Identification•Geographical Transect and Land use planning survey• Resource Mapping•Treatable area divided into small Unit ( Mapping unit/Patch))•Land Capability Classification survey ( Soil Texture, Soil Depth, Soil Slope and Soil Erosion)•Land Type- Up land ,Medium Land, Low land•Present and proposed Land use pattern and its area•Participatory Situational Analysis of NTFPs •Cropping pattern & CPR•Problems and Possible Measures

•Negotiation and Prioritization •Action Plan

Geographical transect and Geographical transect and land use survey.land use survey.

Representative from vulnerable section, Amin and refer ROR. Plot to plot survey considering the land capability survey. Identification of resources like hillock, water bodies, gullies, stone patch, plant species etc. Present land use status and position. Identification of problems. Possible solution measures offered by villagers. Technical solution and project support.

GeographicalTransect &

Land Use Survey

GeographicalTransect &

Land Use Survey

LCCLCCUse the land according to its capability Use the land according to its capability and treat the land according to its and treat the land according to its needsneeds..

Land Capability Classification refers to a systematic arrangement of different kinds of land according to those properties that determine the ability of the land to reproduce on a virtually permanent basis.

Purpose of land capability classification (L.C.C.)

The land capability map makes available in a simple and practical language the technical data contained in a soil survey map for application to the land use.

It indicate the hazards of soil erosion and difficulties to be encountered in using the land.

It indicates the most intensive profitable and safe use for any piece of land.

It enables the farmer to make the best use of research and experience in agriculture since the scientific and technical data are interpreted for each piece of land.

Land Capability Land Capability GroupsGroups

There are two broad groups, namely:

Land Suitable for cultivation, which includes class I to IV lands, and

Land not suitable for cultivation but very well suited to forestry ,grass land and wildlife. This includes class V to VIII lands.

COLOUR NOTATION IN COLOUR NOTATION IN MAPMAP

CAPABILITY CLASS COLOURI Light GreenII YellowIII RedIV BlueV Dark GreenVI OrangeVII BrownVIII Purple

Factor determining the Land Capability

All the factors and characteristics of soil and land which influence the risk of erosion and limit its use are assessed and considered to determine the capability of land.

Major factors which limit the land use are:-(a) Inherent soil characteristics (b) external land factorsi - Texture of top soil i - Slope of landii - Effective soil depth ii – Extent of erosioniii - Others such as permeability, iii – Water logging ,

soil fertility, soil reaction etc. Salinity and alkalinity

(c) Besides a & b , Environmental factors like., climate, rainfall, temperature can also be considered.

For our field purpose Texture, Depth, Slope & Erosion status will be the main determinants in deciding class of soil.

Methods…Get familiar with the base mapQuick reconnaissance of the area &

ascertain ridge lineStarting from one end of watershed from a

permanent featureTake observations on texture, depth, slope,

erosion and other features at 3-4 locationsFollow rating chart to determine LCC & sub

class in the field it selfConfirm boundary of mapping unit Min. mappable area depend upon scale of

map

Observation Recording Table

Area No.

Soil Texture

Effective soil depth

Slope class

Erosion class

Any other observation

Mapping Unit

LCC Sub class

Determination of Soil texture by Feel MethodTextural class

Feel of fingers

Ball formation Stickiness Ribbon formation

Sand (s) Very gritty Does not form ball

Does not stain fingers

NIL

Loamy sand (ls)

-do- Forms very easily broken ball

stains fingers

NIL

Sandy loam(sl)

Moderately gritty

Forms fairly firm ball but is easily broken

Definitely stains fingers

Nil

Loam(l) Neither very gritty nor very smooth

Forms firm ball Definitely stains fingers

Nil

Silt Loam(sil)

Smooth or slick, buttery feel

Forms firm ball Definitely stains

Slight tendency to form ribbon with flaky surface

Clay loam(Cl)

Slightly gritty feel

Moderately hard ball when dry

Definitely stains fingers

Ribbons out on squeezing but ribbon breaks

Silty Clay Loam(Scl)

Very smooth Moderately hard ball when dry

Definitely stains fingers

Shows some flaking on ribbon surface similar to silt loam

Clay(c) Very smooth forms hard ball which when dry cannot be crushed by fingers

Definitely stains fingers

Squeezes out at right moisture into long(1”-2”0 ribbons

Soil texture by

Feel Method

Soil propertiesSoil texture Particle sizeSand(s) 0.05 to 2.00 mm

Silt(si) 0.05 to 0.02 mm

Loam(l) 0.02 to 0.002mm

Clay(c) Less than 0.002mm

Soil type Code % Sand % Silt % Clay Land capability class

Sand s 80 - 100 0 - 20 0 - 20 IV

Sandy loam sl 50 - 80 0- 50 0- 20 I

Loam l 30 - 50 30 - 50 0 - 20 I

Silty Loam sil 0 - 50 50 - 100 0 - 20 I

Sandy Clay Loam

scl 50 - 80 0 - 30 20- 30 I

Clay Loam cl 20 - 50 20 - 50 20 - 30 I

Silty Clay Loam

sicl 0 - 30 50 - 80 20 - 30 I

Sandy Clay sc 50 - 70 0 - 20 30 - 50 II

Clay c 0 - 50 0 - 50 30 - 100 II, III

Silty Clay sic 0- 20 50 - 70 30 - 50 II

Details of soil Texture:

Influence of soil texture on LCC

Soil texture influences the water holding capacity, permeability, drainage etc.

Textural class Symbol Land Capability Class

Sand s IV

Loamy sand ls III

Sand loam sl I

Loam l I

Clay loam cl I

Sany clay loam scl I

Silt si I

Silty loam sil I

Silty clay sic II

Silty clay loam sicl I

Sany clay sc II

clay c II, III

Soil erosion phases (e)Symbol

Erosion phase Characteristics Land capability class

e1 No erosion or slight (sheet) erosion

0-25% top soil or original plough layer within A horizon removed

I & II

e2 Moderate (sheet and rill) 25-75% top soil removed III

e3 Severe erosion (small & medium gullies)

75-100% top soil and up to 25% sub soil removed

IV

e4 Very severe erosion (shallow gullies)

Gullied land/ 25-75% sub soil removed

VI & VII

e5 Very very severe erosion Very severely Gullied land or sand clues

VII & VIII

Soil depth Classes (d)

Symbol Name Depth range

Land capability class

D5 Very deep > 90 cm I

D4 Deep 45-90 II

D3 Moderately deep 22.5-45 III

D2 Shallow 7.5-22.5 IVD1 Very shallow 0-7.5 VI & VIII

Slope ClassesSlope class

Slope Description Land capability

class

A 0 -1 % Nearly level I

B 1- 3 % Very gently sloping II

C 3 – 5 % Gently sloping III

D 5 -10 % Moderately sloping III

E 10 -15 % Strongly sloping IV

F 15 - 25 %

Moderately steep IV

G 25 - 33 %

Steep VI

H 33 - 50 %

Very steep VII

I > 50 % Very very steep VII

Influence of Climate on L.C.C.

Climate Characteristics Influence on capability class

Humid climate with well distributed rainfall

I

Humid climate with occasional dry spell

II

Sub-humid: crop yields frequently reduced by droughts

II to III

Semi-arid III to IV

Arid IV

Land Capability Classification Rating Table

III Sc, sic, c, is

22.5-45

3-5(C) 5-10(C)

3-5(C)

5-10(D)

5-10(D) 10-15(E)

3-5(C)5-10(D)

Up to ¼ to ¾ top soil lost; rill erosion (e2)

Between 6-60m for 0-3% slope

Slow (1.25-5) Rapid (125-250)

4-8 Sub-humid , crop yield frequently reduced by semi-arid

IV C, s

7.5-22(d2)

10-15(E)

5-10(D)

10-15(E)

15-25(F)

15-25(F)25-33(F)

10-15(E) 15-25(F)

¾

top soil and up to ¼ sub soil lost ; small gullies(e3)

- Very slow (>1.25) Very rapid (>250)

8-16

Semi arid and arid

V Some characteristics as class 1 and except for one or more limitation of wetness or stoniness or rockiness or adverse climatic conditions. It has no hazard of erosion like class 1 land.

Gullied land (e4) or sand dunes.

Marginal land (6m wide strip near gully head

- >16

-

VI   7.5 or less (d1)

15-25(F)

10-15(E)

25-33(G)

33-50(H)

25-33(G) 33-50(G)

Gullied land (e4) or sand dunes

Gully sides and beds

- - -

VII 7.5 or less (d1)

25-33(G)

15-25(F)

33-50 (H)

50-100 (I)

50-100(I)

Bad lands Gully sides and beds

- - -

VIII Rock >33 >25 >50 >100 >100(J) - - - - -

RELATION OF LAND CAPABILITY WITH SAFE LAND USELand

capability class

Wild life recreation Forestry Limited

GrazingIntensive Grazing

Limited Cultivation

Moderate Cultivatio

n

Intensive Cultivation

Very Intensive

Cultivation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I(Green)

Very good lands, nearly level, soil deep, well drained, easily workable, medium to fine textured, good water holding capacity, well supplied with plant nutrients and very low erosion hazard.

II(Yellow)

Good land, gently sloping, moderately eroded, little less than the ideal soil depth, unfavourable soil structure, land requires careful management practise.

III(Red)

Moderately good land, moderately sloping, highly susceptible to erosion, very slow permeability, shallow soil depth and low water holding capacity, land requires special conservation practices.

IV(Blue)

Land is steep, severally susceptible to erosion, shallow soil depth subject to frequent over flow wetness with continuous hazards and water logging.

V(Deep Green)

Same as Class I land but have one or more hazards which limits its use i.e. flood, stoniness and drainage.

VI(Orange)

Land too steep, very dry, shallow, severe erosion hazards, excessive wetness or over flow than can not be corrected for use of crops.

VII(Brown)

Very steep, eroded stony, droughty, shallow, dry or swampy.

D A N G E R

VIII(Purple)

Marshes, deserts, deep gullied area, high mountainous rough stony, barren land.

Land use and (Possible) Area TreatmentsSl. No. Land Use Possible Treatments (Vegetative & Mechanical)

1 Afforestation (AF)

Reforestation (RF)

Grass land with Trees (GT)

(With small gully Treatments)

VI, VII, VIII

1. Continuous Contour Trenching (C.C.T.)

2. Water absorption Trench (WAT)

3. Contour stone Bund (CSB)

4. Refilling of contour Trenching (RCT)

5. Gully plug (GP)

6. Loose Boulder Structure (LBS)

7. Earthen Gully Plug (EGP)

8. Diversion drain

9. Gabion Structure (wire mess)

10. Seed sowing (Grass)

11. Grass beds

12. Plantation (Plants)

13. PIT Excavation

14. Seed sowing(tree species)

2 Agro Horticulture

III, IV

1. New Farm/ Contour/ Graded/ Repair of Bund

2. Stone outlet

3. Plantation

4. Pit excavation

3 Crop Cultivation

I, II, III, IV

1. Farm/ Contour/ Graded/ Repair of Bunding

2. Stone outlet

3. Earthen Gully Plug

4. Water ways

5. Farm Ponds/ Bodi

4 Horticulture (Dryland/ Rainfed)

IV, VI

1. CCT/ SCT+ RCT

2. Pit excavation

3. Plants

4. FB/ CB/ GB with stone outlet

5. Small earthen plug

Limitations and Improvements

India does not have own systems of LCCLand slopes not classified ( continuous or

terraced)Size & % of coarse texture not consideredSome of soil properties parameters are

not well defined( Salinity, alkalinity etc.)Productivity affected by local

environment ( wild animal, insect, proximity of forest, transportation etc)

Suitability of land for local crops

Soil and Land Capability Suitability Surveys

Land use , land capability & suitability surveys are fundamental for rationalizing land use in a watershed

Soil Survey( Identification of major soil type & their boundaries, recognition of problem of soil, soil depth, limiting factor i.e Stoniness, water logging, occasional flooding, severe erosion etc.)

Slope AnalysisLCC & Land suitability classification

Diagram of Mapping Procedures for Land Capability and Land Use Maps

PRESENT LAND USE

SLOPE CATEGORY

SOILS

LAND CAPABILITY LAND CAPABILITY

LAND USE ADJUSTMENT

New scheme of Land Capability ClassificationA Treatment-oriented scheme especially for hilly watersheds

Slope

1. Gently sloping

<7*

2. Moderately sloping 7*-15*

3. Strongly sloping 15*-

20*

4. Very Stron

gly sloping 20*-

25*

5. Steep 25*-30*

6. Very Steep>3

0*Soil depth

Deep (D) >36*(>90cm)

C1 C2 C3 C4 FT F

MODERATELY Deep (MD) 20-36* (50-90cm)

C1 C2 C3

C4 FT

FP F

Shallow (S) 8-20* (20-50 cm)

C1

C2 C3

P FF

P P

Very Shallow (VS)<8* (<20cm)

C1

P P P F FP

Symbols for most intensive tillage or uses:

C1. Cultivable land1, up to 7* slope, requiring no or few intensive conservation measures, e.g. contour cultivation, strip cropping, vegetative barriers, rock barriers and in large farms, broadbase terraces.

C2. Cultivable land 2, on slopes between 7* and 15* with moderately deep soils needing more intensive conservation, e.g bench terracing, terracing for the convenience of four-wheel tractor farming. The conservation treatments can be done by medium sized machines such as Bulldozer D5 or D6.

C3. Cultivable land 3, 15* to 20*, needing bench terracing on deep soil and hillside ditching, individual basin on less deep soils. Mechanization is limited to small tractor or walking tractor because of the steepness of the slope. Terracing can be done by a smaller tractor with 2.5 m (8 ft) wide blade.

C4 Cultivable land 4,20* to 25*, all the necessary treatments are likely to be done by manual labour. Cultivation is to be practised using a walking tractor and hand labour.

P. Pasture, improved and managed. Where the slope is approaching 25* and when the land is too wet, zero grazing should be practised. Rotational grazing is recommended for all kinds of slopes.

FT. For food trees or fruit trees. On slopes of 25* to 30* orchard terracing is the main treatment supplemented with contour planting, diversion ditching and mulching. Because of the steepness of the slopes interspace should be kept under permanent grass cover.

F. Forest land, slopes over 30* or 25* to 30*, where the soil is too shallow for any of the above-mentioned conservation structures.

Legends for present land usesLegends

Land uses

Legends

Physical/ Natural features

Legends

Conservation

UC Upland crop (pulses, millets,)

R Rock Out Crop

bO Un bunded land

LVP Late Variety Paddy

V/S Village Site

b1 Weakly bunded land

MVP Medium variety Paddy

Tank (WB) b2 Moderately bunded land

FO Fallow land Nala b3 Well bunded land

T Bushy Forest

Road    

C1R One Crop Rainfed

  -    

C2I Two crop Irrigated

  -    

T

Legends for Land uses, Physical/ natural features and Conservation measures for proposed land use map

CPR CPR ANALYSISANALYSIS

CPR TypeArea

in Ha.

Present Use Problem

Village Forest      

Pasture Land    

Cultivable Wasteland Govt.

   

Situation Analysis for NRM based Planning and proposed treatment Mapping Unit

Land details (type/ownership)

Area(ac.)

HH no

WB category

Land Capability Classification

Present Land use/ situation

Source of water

Yield (qtl./ac.)@

Soil texture

Slope

Erosion

Depth of top soil

Colour/ soil type

Land Use

Area

Current problems

Scope of interventions

Solutions offered by Villagers/ land owner

Technical solutions by team

Commonly agreed solutions

Likely direct beneficiaries

Users contribution

Project contribution

Other sources

Land type – Aat/ Mal/ Berna / Bahal Soil texture – Local/ colloquial termSlope – Nearly level, gently sloping,

moderate sloping, strongly sloping, moderate steep, steep, very steep,

very, very steepErosion – Not apparent/ slight,

Moderate, Severe, Very severe, very very severe

Depth of top soil – Very shallow, shallow, moderately shallow, deep and very deep;

List of NRM works to be done in different PlotsName of the Village

Itemof Work

Area (in Ha.) /

No.

Plot No. Latitude Longitu

de

 

 

LCC & Treatment

Map

Index mapWatershed DrainageSlopeSoil & Land Capability Land Use/Land coveredMap showing existing conservation

measures Proposed Action PlanAny other Map

Maps in DPR Maps in DPR Scale- 1:8000 or Scale- 1:8000 or

1000010000

Difficulties Difficulties Encountered…….Encountered…….Farmers initially agree and then

backtrack during implementation-sufficient time

Refusal to accept treatments proposed-Involve WC member

Women may be overlooked Treatments suggested by the owners

may not meet the accurate technical requirements- Negotiation

Thank Thank YouYou