Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg...
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![Page 1: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the
World
Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the
World
August 2003Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia
![Page 2: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lytton John Musselman
Old Dominion University
Lytton John Musselman
Old Dominion University
![Page 3: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Features of the family
Phylogeny of the family
Taxonomy
Floral biology
Diaspore
Features of the family
Phylogeny of the family
Taxonomy
Floral biology
Diaspore
![Page 4: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Introducing the Hydnoraceae
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Features of the Hydnoraceae
• No leaves or scales (unique among angiosperms)
• Subterranean holoparasites of semi-arid regions
• Relatively host specific
• Monocolpate pollen
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Habit of Hydnoraceae
Succulent herbsAchlorophyllousObligate parasites
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Systematic position of the Hydnoraceae has long
been debated due to extrememorphologial reduction.
![Page 8: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Molecular data place Hydnoraceae with Aristolochiaceae
“Palaeoherbs”
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Taxonomy
![Page 10: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Only two genera comprisethe Hydnoraceae:
Hydnora and Prosopanche.
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Hydnora-African
• H. johannis (=H. abyssinica)-widespread across Africa.
• H. africana-Restricted to southern Africa.
• H. triceps-found only in a small area along the Orange River in South Africa/Namibia.
![Page 12: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• H. esculenta-Madagascar, a poorly known species.
• H. sinandevu-Kenya and Tanzania, described in 2002.
Hydnora-African
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Prosopanche-New World
• P. americana -widespread on species of Prosopis (Fabaceae).
• P. bonacinae-Diversity of hosts.
![Page 14: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Prosopanche-New World
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Hydnora-Old World
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Predicted distribution ofGondwanaland paleoherbs
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Prosopanche
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Prosopanche americana, Cordoba Province, Argentina
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Hydnoraceae flowers are chamber flowers
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A chamber is present abovethe stigma.
Chamber
Prosopanche americana
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What is the function ofthe chamber?
Chamber
Prosopanche americana
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For the insect--It provides a place for theinsect visitor to spend thenight. Mating often takes
place. Chamber
Prosopanche americana
![Page 23: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
For the plant--It provides a “holding room”
while the flower changessex.
Chamber
Prosopanche americana
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Androecium
Gland
Stigma
Flower structure of Prosopancheamericana
Prosopanche americana
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Prosopanche americana
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Prosopanche americana
Pistillate phaseDay one
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Prosopanche americana
Staminate phaseDay two
![Page 28: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Prosopanche flowers aredichogamous, that is, have
distinctly staminate (male) andpistillate (female) phases.
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Prosopanche americana
Pollinated by a nitulid (Neopocadius nitiduloides)
Oxycorynus spp. (weevils) lay eggs in flowers but are not pollinators
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Life history of Prosopanche americana
Male phase
Female phase
Fruit
Host: Prosopis alba
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Hydnora
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Hydnora johannisAcacia spp. (Fabaceae)Beetles
Hydnora africanaEuphorbia spp.Beetles Hydnora
esculenta??????Hydnora triceps
Euphorbia dregeana???
Floral Syndromes and Hosts
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OsmophoresHydnora africana-osmophores are elongate
Hydnora abyssinca-osmophores are tips of perianth
Hydnora triceps-osmophores arein folds of perianth
Oldest flowers on left
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Is the osmophore in H. johannisunique?
Mature flower
Immature flower
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Recent research on Hydnora triceps
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Namaqualand
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Namaqualand
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Center of diamond dredging,
Port Nolloth
diamond smuggling….andHydnora diversity.
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Succulent Karoo
• This biome is characterized by low but reliable rainfall (20-290 mm year), chiefly in the winter. It has the highest species richness for any semiarid vegetation and a high rate of endemism, exceeding 50% (Milton et al., 1997). The dominant plants in the sandy soil of these low hills are shrubby species of Euphorbia.
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Rainy season, September 2001
Succulent Karoo near Port Nolloth, South Africa
![Page 42: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Euphorbia dregeana,host of H. triceps
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Dry Season, December 2002Dry Season, December 2002
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Distribution of Hydnora africana is related to that of its common host, Euphorbia gregariaAssumption: true for other species as well.
![Page 45: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
History of Discovery
• Hydnora triceps first described by Drège in 1833 from material collected near Okiep in Namaqualand. Only ten specimens extant, all from the Okiep region.
• Last seen in 1888.
![Page 46: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
History of Discovery
• Johann Visser rediscovered H. triceps in 1988. Died shortly thereafter
• Eight populations located 1999-2001 in South Africa, near Port Nolloth.
• Discovered in Namibia in September 2001.
![Page 47: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Namibia
South Africa
Previously known collections of H. triceps at red arrow
Rosh Pinnah--First Namibian collection
Orange River
Is the distribution of the parasite dependent uponthe host?
Hydnora triceps found only on E. dregeana
![Page 48: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The sole evidence of Hydnora triceps
![Page 49: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
??
![Page 50: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Hydnora triceps flowers underground!!
![Page 52: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Hydnora triceps is the only known dicot with underground flowers!
![Page 53: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Hypogeous floweringknown in only two genera
Rhizanthella gardneri Rogers, endemic to
Southwest Australia.
Hydnora triceps.
![Page 54: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Hydnora triceps is dichogamous, that is, flowers are functionally pistillate the first day and functionally staminate
the second.
![Page 55: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Stages in Development
Arrows indicate anthesis. Flowers to right are pistillate.
![Page 56: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Stages in Development
Opening to chamber is openon day one
Day one
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Stages in Development
Opening to chamber closes on day two
Opening to chamber is openon day one
Day two
Day one
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Fruits previously unknown.
![Page 59: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Fruits ofHydnoratriceps
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Fruits hollowed out by unknown animal.
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Hypogeous
floweringand fruiting known
only in H. triceps
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Day one
Hydnora africana
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Day oneDay two
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Day one-PistillateDay two-Staminate
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Day one
Day twoDay two plus
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Closedantheral
ring.
Floral visitors can be trappedin flowers when ring closes.
![Page 67: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Hydnora africana is dichogamous, that is, flowers are functionally pistillate the
first day and functionally staminate the second.
![Page 68: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Fruit of Hydnora africana
![Page 69: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Antheral ring does not closein H. johannis
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Is H. johannis dichogamous?
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Continuing research
--Determine pollinators and dispersers
--Study population structure
--Determine relationship among species
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Meanwhile, back at home. . .
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Can similar pollination syndromes befound in the Aristolochiaceae?
Aristolochia macrophylla
Hexastylis virginica
![Page 74: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Aristolochia clematis
Note fused androecium
![Page 75: Natural History of the Strangest Plants in the World August 2003 Hydnora africana, Karasburg District, Namibia.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfae1a28abf838c9c96f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
With Thanks to. . .
Piet Vorster, Department of BotanyStellenbosch University, Stellenbosch
Outstanding Hydnora hunter,Libby Musselman
Erika Maass, Department of Biology,University of Namibia,
Windhoek