Natural Guidelines for Department Growing and Marketing ...Trends—Market Outlook for New Mexico 2...
23
Guidelines for Natural Resources Department Growing and Marketing Christmas Trees In New Mexico Prepared by Forestry and Resources Conservation Division, and Department of Horticulture (Mora Research Center), New Mexico State University
Transcript of Natural Guidelines for Department Growing and Marketing ...Trends—Market Outlook for New Mexico 2...
Guidelines forNatural ResourcesDepartment
Growing andMarketing ChristmasTrees In New MexicoPrepared by Forestry and ResourcesConservation Division, and Departmentof Horticulture (Mora Research Center),New Mexico State University
Tab
leof
Conte
nts
Intr
oduc
tion
1In
dust
ryT
rend
s—M
arke
tO
utlo
okfo
rN
ewM
exic
o2
Char
acte
rist
ics
ofG
ood
Chr
istm
asT
rees
3C
hris
tmas
Tre
eG
rades
5S
pec
ies
for
New
Mex
ico
6S
ite
Sel
ecti
on12
Est
abli
shin
ga
Pla
ntat
ion
13H
owM
uch
Lan
dto
Pla
nt13
Sit
eP
rep
arat
ion
13C
are
ofP
lant
ing
Sto
ck14
Bar
eroo
tS
tock
14C
onta
iner
ized
Sto
ck15
Pla
ntin
gth
eT
rees
15S
paci
ng20
Pla
ntat
ion
Man
agem
ent
21Ir
riga
tion
21W
eed
Con
trol
21M
ulch
ing
23F
erti
liza
tion
23O
ther
Pro
tect
ion
Pro
blem
s23
Nat
ural
Sta
ndC
onve
rsio
n26
Nat
ural
Sta
nds
ofP
inyo
nC
hris
tmas
Tre
es26
Pru
ning
Chr
istm
asT
rees
28S
hear
ing?
Sha
ping
?P
runi
ng?
28P
runi
ngO
bjec
tive
s28
Wha
tT
ree
Sh
ape
isB
est
28W
hen
toS
tart
Sha
ping
Tre
es29
Sea
sona
lD
ates
for
Sha
ping
Tre
es29
All
Pin
es29
Sp
ruce
san
dFi
rs29
Pru
ning
Too
ls31
How
toS
hap
ean
dS
hear
31P
ines
31S
carr
ing
31S
pru
ces
and
Firs
32S
tum
pC
ultu
re33
Pin
es33
Dou
glas
-fir
and
Tru
eFi
rs33
Ind
ust
ryT
rends—
Mar
ket
Ou
tlo
ok
for
New
Mex
ico
Char
acte
rist
ics
ofG
ood
Chri
stm
asT
rees
Lik
eot
her
thri
ving
indu
stri
es,
the
grow
ing
and
mar
keti
ngof
Chr
istm
astr
ees
isa
dyna
mic
pro
cess
.G
row
ers
mus
tbe
aler
tto
appar
ent
mar
ket
tren
ds
inor
der
that
they
may
mor
eef
fect
ivel
yco
ntro
lth
enu
mbe
rs,
kind
s,si
zes,
and
qual
ity
oftr
ees
that
heIs
grow
ing,
orth
em
ann
erIn
whi
chth
eyar
ebe
ing
mar
ket
ed.
Som
ech
anges
are
long
-ter
min
thei
rde
velo
pmen
tan
dhe
nce,
pred
icta
ble.
Oth
ers,
bein
gm
ore
spor
adic
,ar
edi
ffic
ult
tofo
llow
.
Chr
istm
astr
ees
are
aun
ique
com
mod
ity
bec
ause
mar
ket
valu
eis
bas
edm
ostl
yon
sen
tim
ent
arouse
dby
seas
onal
fest
ivit
ies.
Chr
istm
astr
ees
have
am
arke
tva
lue
asfa
mil
ies
and
busi
nes
ses
pre
par
efo
rth
eho
lida
yse
ason;
but
afte
rC
hris
tmas
,cu
ttr
ees
lose
thei
rva
lue.
An
earl
ier
stud
yha
ssh
own
that
here
InN
ewM
exic
o,qu
alit
yal
one
isth
em
ost
Impo
rtan
tfa
ctor
Inde
term
inin
gre
tail
pric
eea
rly
inth
eho
lida
yse
aso
n.
As
Chr
istm
asD
ayap
pro
aches
,si
zebec
om
esth
em
ore
impo
rtan
tfa
ctor
.
Pop
ular
spec
ies
thro
ugho
utth
est
ate
and
Tex
as(w
here
man
yN
ewM
exic
opro
duce
dtr
ees
are
sold
)in
clud
ew
hite
fir,
piny
onpi
ne,
Dou
glas
-fir
,S
cotc
hpi
ne,
blue
spru
cean
dE
ngle
man
nsp
ruce
.P
opul
arit
yof
spec
ies
vari
eson
are
gion
alba
sis.
Whi
tefir
has
been
abes
tse
ller
inth
eA
lbu
qu
erq
ue-
San
taFe
area
inre
cent
year
s,w
hile
Lub
bock
,T
exas
pref
ers
Dou
glas
-fir
.
Man
yN
ewM
exic
ogr
ower
sar
eno
wof
feri
ngliv
epo
tted
Chr
istm
astr
ees.
The
setr
ees
offe
rth
eun
ique
adva
ntag
eof
prov
idin
gen
joym
ent
duri
ngth
eho
liday
seas
onw
ithan
ever
gree
nbe
auty
for
dec
ades
toco
me.
Eve
nif
cust
omer
sha
veno
room
topl
ant
apo
tted
tree
,th
eyca
nbe
enco
urag
edto
dona
teth
eir
tree
toth
eir
loca
lch
urch
,pa
rkor
orga
niza
tion
s.
Qua
lity
has
bec
om
eon
eof
the
prim
ary
fact
ors
for
pric
ing
Chr
istm
astr
ees.
Acc
ordi
ngly
,th
esu
cces
sful
grow
erm
ust
gear
his
oper
atio
nto
war
dqu
alit
ypr
oduc
tion
.T
odo
this
,de
cisi
ons
inth
eov
er-a
llp
roce
ssm
ust
rest
onan
abil
ity
toev
alua
tetr
aits
that
affe
ctth
eg
rad
eof
aC
hris
tmas
tree
.C
hris
tmas
tree
grow
ers
mus
tkn
owth
eki
ndof
prod
uct
they
are
tryi
ngto
prod
uce.
AC
hris
tmas
tree
plan
tati
onca
nea
rnpr
ofit
sif
grow
thra
teis
adeq
uat
ean
dtr
ees
conf
orm
tosh
ape
and
dens
ity
stan
dar
ds
asfo
llow
s:(S
tudy
Fig
ure
1fo
rde
scri
ptiv
ete
rms)
Hei
ght
Wid
th
Lea
der
Into
rnod
alB
ud
Top
Who
rl
Ter
min
alB
udcl
ust
er
Dis
tanc
eB
etw
een
Who
rls
Goose
nec
k—
Lat
eral
Bra
nch
Bas
alW
horl
Stu
mp
cult
ure
Bas
alP
runi
ng
Bas
alS
car
Fig.
1C
hris
tmas
Tre
eT
erm
inol
ogy
23
Chri
stm
asT
ree
Gra
des
The
Agr
icul
tura
lM
arke
ting
Ser
vice
ofth
eU
.S.
Dep
artm
ent
ofA
gric
ultu
reha
ses
tab
lish
edth
ree
stan
dar
dgra
des
for
Chr
istm
astr
ees:
U.S
.P
rem
ium
,U
.S.
No.
1an
dU
.S.
No.
2.M
any
ofth
edes
irab
letr
aits
list
edab
ove
are
invo
lved
inth
em
inim
umre
quir
emen
tsfo
rth
eth
ree
gra
des
orm
arket
able
tree
sre
cogn
ized
unde
rth
ese
stan
dar
ds
(see
Tab
le1)
.T
rees
that
fail
tom
eet
even
min
imum
requir
emen
tsun
der
the
stan
dar
ds,
fall
unde
ra
four
thgr
ade,
call
ed“c
ulls
”.G
row
ers
can
appl
ygr
adin
gru
les
ascr
iter
iafo
rev
alua
ting
crop
qual
ity,
even
thou
ghtr
ees
may
not
bem
arke
ted
bygr
ade.
Tab
le1.
U.S
.S
tandar
ds
for
Ch
rist
mas
Tre
es
Req
uire
dS
tandar
ds
for
Gra
de
Gra
de
Den
sity
Tap
erB
alan
ceF
olia
geD
efor
mit
ies
U.S
.P
rem
ium
Med
ium
Nor
mal
4la
ces
tree
Fre
sh,
clea
n,M
inor
only
4O—
9O%
br
pine
sfr
omd
amag
ehe
alth
y&
40_700/,
oth
ersp
ecie
sw
ell
trim
med
U.S
.N
o.1
Med
ium
Nor
mal
3fa
ces
free
Fre
sh,
clea
n,M
inor
only
orfr
omd
amag
ehe
alth
y&
(Not
icea
ble
U.S
.C
hoic
ew
ail
trim
med
defo
rmat
ion
perm
itte
dif
tree
isot
herw
ise
U.S
.P
rom
.)
U.S
.N
o.2
Lig
htN
orm
al2
adja
cen
tF
resh
,fa
Irly
Min
oron
lyor
fiar
ing
orfa
ces
tree
clea
n,he
alth
y(n
oti
ceab
leU
.S.
Sta
ndar
dca
ndle
stic
kfr
omd
amag
e&
wel
ltr
imm
edde
form
itie
sper
mit
ted
iftr
eeis
othe
rwis
eU
.S.
No.
1)
TA
PER
(WID
TH
/HE
IGH
T)
Nor
mal
(Pin
es)
FN
orm
al(O
ther
s)
1.A
sing
lean
dst
raig
htm
ain
stem
,in
clud
ing
aw
ell
deve
lope
d,bu
tno
tex
cess
ivel
ylo
ngle
ader
.2.
Ad
ense
tom
oder
atel
yden
secr
own.
(“C
row
nde
nsit
y”re
fers
toth
eco
mpac
tnes
san
dam
ount
offo
liag
epr
esen
t).
3.A
sym
met
rica
lco
ne-
shap
edcr
own.
4.T
hecr
own
shou
ldbe
neit
her
too
broa
dno
rto
ona
rrow
inte
rms
ofhe
ight
.“T
aper
”is
ate
rmus
edto
des
crib
eth
ew
idth
ofa
tree
rela
tive
toit
she
ight
.A
tap
erbe
low
40p
erce
nt
iste
rmed
“can
dle
stic
k”
and
ata
per
abo
ve
90p
erce
nt
(70
per
cent
for
spec
ies
othe
rth
anth
epi
nes)
isdes
crib
edas
“fla
ring
.”A
taper
of40
to90
per
cen
tfo
rpi
nes
(40
to70
per
cent
for
all
othe
rsp
ecie
s)is
consi
der
edac
cepta
ble
.5.
The
tree
shou
ldha
vego
odov
eral
lba
lanc
e.T
oev
alua
te“b
alan
ce”,
the
crow
nis
con
sider
edin
term
sof
com
ple
tenes
sof
full
ness
onfo
urfa
ces
(quar
ters
orsi
des)
and
thre
ese
gm
ents
ofle
ngth
(bot
tom
,m
iddl
e,an
dto
p).
6.T
hebo
ttom
who
rlof
bra
nch
essh
ould
best
rong
bec
ause
this
prov
ides
the
opti
cal
foun
dati
onov
erw
hich
the
rest
ofth
ecr
own
isde
velo
ped.
7.T
hetr
eesh
ould
have
aha
ndle
suff
icie
ntin
leng
thfo
rm
ount
ing
the
tree
ina
hold
er(u
sual
ly1
inch
for
each
foot
oftr
eehe
ight
,pl
usa
smal
lal
low
ance
for
saw
ing
toob
tain
afr
esh
cut
pre
par
atory
tom
ount
ing
the
tree
inw
ater
).T
he“h
andl
e”is
that
part
ofth
em
ain
stem
belo
wth
ebo
ttom
who
rlof
the
bra
nch
es.
8.T
hetr
eesh
ould
befr
esh,
heal
thy,
and
clea
n.“F
resh
”n
eed
les
are
plia
ble
and
firm
lyat
tach
ed.
A“c
lean
”tr
eeis
prac
tica
lly
free
ofundes
irab
lefo
reig
nm
ater
ial.
9.T
hetr
eesh
ould
reta
inn
eed
les
thro
ugho
utth
eC
hris
tmas
seas
on
.10
.C
erta
inm
isce
llan
eous
and
per
hap
sm
inor
feat
ures
,su
chas
frag
rance
and
pre
sence
ofco
nes
,al
soen
han
ceth
etr
ee’s
attr
acti
ven
ess.
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Fig
.2.
Tre
esh
apes
acco
rdin
gto
U.S
.D
epar
tmen
tof
Agr
icul
ture
Sta
ndar
ds
ofT
aper
45
Specie
sfo
rN
ewM
exic
o
Cho
ice
ofsp
ecie
sto
plan
tw
illdep
end
onsi
teco
ndit
ions
,av
aila
bili
tyof
plan
ting
stoc
kan
dex
pec
ted
mar
kets
.In
gene
ral,
nati
vesp
ecie
sar
eth
em
ost
dep
endab
leC
hris
tmas
tree
prod
ucer
s.
Tab
le2
list
ssp
ecie
sth
atar
em
ost
succ
essf
ully
grow
nin
New
Mex
ico.
Am
ore
deta
iled
desc
ript
ion
ofth
esp
ecie
sad
apte
dto
New
Mex
ico
cond
itio
nsfo
llow
.G
row
thra
tes
will
vary
cons
ider
ably
with
site
,se
edso
urc
ean
dcu
ltur
e.
Dou
glas
-fir
(Pse
udots
uga
men
zeis
ii),
isa
nati
veev
ergr
een
tree
spec
ies
ofN
ewM
exic
o.It
usua
lly
does
extr
emel
yw
ell
onde
ep,
inte
rnal
lyw
ell-
drai
ned
soil
s.H
igh
qual
ity
Chr
istm
astr
ees
have
been
ob
tain
edin
6to
12se
asons.
Dou
glas
-fir
norm
ally
has
aden
secr
own
with
aco
nica
lsh
ape.
Itha
sm
od
erat
ere
sist
ance
todr
ough
tin
nati
veel
evat
ion
ran
ge
(6,5
00to
10,0
00fe
et),
but
requ
ires
supp
lem
enta
lw
ater
ing
whe
npl
ante
dat
low
erel
evat
ions
.R
esis
tance
toco
ldte
mper
ature
sis
mo
der
ate.
Dou
glas
-fir
mak
essl
owin
itial
grow
th.
See
dlin
gsm
ayre
mai
nlo
wan
dbu
nchy
for
anu
mbe
rof
year
s.S
ome
tree
sst
art
heig
htgr
owth
wel
lin
advan
ceof
othe
rs.
Onc
ehe
ight
grow
thha
sbe
gun,
the
rate
ofsu
bse
quen
tgr
owth
isgo
od.
One
impo
rtan
tas
pec
tof
Dou
glas
-fir
Chr
istm
astr
eepr
oduc
tion
isth
atad
diti
onal
tree
sca
nbe
grow
nfr
omst
um
ps
afte
rth
efi
rst
tree
sha
vebe
encu
t.C
rop
sgr
own
from
stum
psp
rou
tsca
nbe
har
ves
ted
ona
muc
hsh
ort
erro
tati
onw
itho
utsa
crif
icin
gqu
alit
y.
Whi
teFi
r(A
bies
conco
lor)
isa
nati
veev
ergr
een
spec
ies
ofN
ewM
exic
o.T
hetr
eeis
coni
cal
with
regu
lar
who
rls
ofst
out
bra
nch
es.
Itis
frag
rant
,ha
sex
cell
ent
Chr
istm
astr
eefo
rman
dco
lor
(blu
ish
gree
n).
Itgr
ows
slow
lyta
king
10to
15ye
ars
tore
ach
six
feet
.It
has
low
resi
stan
ceto
heat
,dr
ough
tan
dal
kali
nity
.It
isco
ld-r
esis
tan
t,bu
tfo
liag
em
aybe
dam
aged
byw
inte
rw
ind
and
earl
yfr
ost
inm
ount
ain
vall
eys.
Whi
tefi
rm
aint
ains
nee
dle
sth
roug
hout
the
Chr
istm
asse
ason
and
can
besh
ippe
dw
itho
utlo
ssof
qual
ity.
Colo
rado
Blu
eS
pru
ce(P
icea
pungen
s)is
anev
ergr
een
tree
with
ana
tura
lco
nica
lsh
ape.
Itha
sm
oder
ate
resi
stan
ceto
drou
ght
and
alka
lini
ty,
and
high
resi
stan
ceto
cold
.N
eedl
esar
eso
met
imes
extr
emel
ysh
arp
and
stif
fan
dso
me
may
fall
befo
reth
eho
lida
yse
ason
ends
.It
shou
ldbe
favo
red
asa
live
po
tted
tree
for
thes
ere
asons
and
bec
ause
cut
tree
sbec
om
ebr
ittl
edu
ring
ship
men
t.It
requ
ires
supp
lem
enta
lw
ater
ing
atlo
wel
evat
ions
.E
stim
ated
tim
eto
prod
uce
am
ark
etab
leC
hris
tmas
tree
is10
-15
year
s.
Po
nd
ero
saP
ine
(Pin
us
ponder
osa
)A
nati
veev
ergr
een
spec
ies
ofN
ew
Mex
ico.
You
ngp
on
der
osa
pine
has
apy
ram
idal
shap
ew
hich
chan
ges
toa
mor
eco
nica
lsh
ape
with
age,
but
does
not
resp
ond
wel
lto
shea
ring
.G
row
this
bes
ton
wel
ldr
aine
dso
ils.
Itis
mod
erat
ely
resi
stan
tto
drou
ght
and
cold
but
show
slo
wre
sist
ance
toal
kali
nity
.T
ipm
oth
may
pre
sen
ta
prob
lem
.E
stim
ated
tim
eto
pro
duce
am
arket
able
Chr
istm
astr
eeis
10-1
5ye
ars
wit
hout
irri
gati
on.
Sco
tch
Pin
e(P
inu
ssy
lves
tris
)O
neof
the
mos
tex
tens
ivel
ypl
ante
dE
urop
ean
tree
spec
ies.
With
enou
ghop
ensp
ace,
grow
sin
toa
shap
ely
tree
,an
dso
isve
rypo
pula
ran
dbr
ings
ago
odpr
ice
togr
ower
s.It
grow
sbes
tin
moder
ate
clim
ates
onw
ell
drai
ned
site
sw
here
soil
isd
eep
and
moi
st.
Itha
sm
od
erat
ere
sist
ance
todr
ough
tan
dal
kali
nity
,an
da
high
resi
stan
ceto
cold
.W
ithir
riga
tion
prov
ided
,S
cotc
hpi
new
illus
uall
yre
quir
e5
to7
grow
ing
seas
ons
afte
rpl
anti
ngto
reac
hC
hris
tmas
tree
size
.N
OT
E:
You
mus
tbe
care
ful
tose
lect
the
prop
erse
edor
igin
toav
oid
win
ter
yell
owin
gof
foli
age.
Fer
tili
zers
will
not
corr
ect
disc
olor
atio
n.Y
ou
,4
.
Fig.
3:W
hite
fir(A
bies
conc
olor
)C
hris
tmas
tree
read
yfo
rha
rves
t.
67
shou
lddep
end
onso
urc
esfr
omS
pain
,F
ranc
eor
Tur
key
toav
oid
prob
lem
s.A
rtif
icia
lfo
liag
esp
ray
may
beap
plie
dif
som
eof
the
fast
grow
ing
sele
ctio
ns
from
nort
hern
Eur
ope
are
cho
sen
.
Afg
han
ista
nP
ine
(Pin
us
eld
aric
a)M
ediu
msi
zed
ever
gre
enw
hich
was
rece
ntly
intr
oduc
edto
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
from
south
wes
tA
sia.
Itpro
duce
sev
enly
spac
edbr
anch
who
rls
each
year
resu
ltin
gin
ad
ense
con
ical
-shap
edtr
eew
hich
requ
ires
little
shea
ring
.A
fgha
nist
anpi
nede
velo
psan
exte
nsiv
em
ulti
ple
root
(tap
root
)sy
stem
atan
earl
yag
ew
hich
give
sit
the
abil
ity
tosu
rviv
ein
hot,
arid
clim
ates
.It
has
high
resi
stan
ceto
drou
ght
and
alka
lini
tyan
dm
oder
ate
resi
stan
ceto
cold
.N
osp
ecia
lfe
rtil
izat
ion
isre
quir
ed.
Itgr
ows
best
onw
ell
drai
ned
orga
nic
soil
s.C
hris
tmas
tree
sca
nbe
prod
uced
inth
ree
tofo
urye
ars,
two
year
sfr
omse
edli
ngin
som
eca
ses.
Afg
han
pine
isno
tus
uall
yha
rdy
abo
ve
5,00
0fe
etel
evat
ion,
unle
ss
pro
tect
edfr
omth
eco
ld.
Bec
ause
itgr
ows
vigo
rous
lyin
toth
efa
llm
onth
s,fo
liag
ete
nds
todr
yab
rupt
lyw
hen
cut
tree
sdo
not
rece
ive
wat
erfr
omth
eco
nsum
er.
Irri
gati
onm
aybe
wit
hdra
wn
tow
ard
the
end
ofth
epr
oduc
tion
cycl
eto
avoi
dla
tegr
owth
.A
gain
,T
RE
ES
MU
STB
EW
AT
ER
ED
INT
HE
HO
ME
TO
AV
OID
FIR
EH
AZ
AR
D!
Bec
ause
Afg
han
pine
grow
sw
ell
inso
uth
ern
New
Mex
ico,
itca
nbe
used
asa
po
tted
Chr
istm
astr
eean
dtr
ansp
lan
ted
,w
here
spec
ies
such
asbl
uesp
ruce
wou
ldnot
surv
ive.
Pot
ted
Afg
hani
stan
pine
Chr
istm
astr
ees,
can
rem
ain
indo
ors
aslo
ngas
thre
ew
eeks
,bu
ta
short
erti
me
isbe
tter
.K
eep
the
tree
ina
cool
room
,aw
ayfr
omho
tai
rve
nts,
wat
erto
keep
soil
moi
st(p
laci
ngic
ecu
bes
onth
eso
ilsu
rfac
em
inim
izes
drip
s).
Aft
erth
eho
lida
ys,
pla
ceth
etr
eeon
ash
aded
porc
hor
pati
oto
reac
lim
ate
itto
the
outd
oors
.T
hen
the
tree
can
bepl
ante
d.
Ari
zona
Cypre
ss(C
up
ress
us
ariz
onic
a)is
ana
tive
ofA
rizo
na.
Itha
sa
ten
den
cyto
deve
lop
colu
mna
r,ra
ther
than
coni
cal
form
,an
dis
consi
der
edfa
iras
aC
hris
tmas
tree
.A
rapi
dgr
ower
,it
reac
hes
six
feet
inth
ree
tosi
xye
ars.
Itw
illsu
rviv
ew
ell
inst
eril
eor
alka
line
soil
sw
ithm
od
erat
eto
heav
yw
ater
ing
duri
ngho
tpe
riod
s,th
roug
hth
efi
rst
two
year
saf
ter
plan
ting
.A
ltho
ugh
som
ewha
tre
sist
ant
todr
ough
ton
cees
tabli
shed
,A
rizo
nacy
pre
sssh
ould
beli
mit
edto
the
low
er1/
3of
New
Mex
ico
due
tola
ckof
cold
hard
ines
s.
Pin
yon
Pin
e(P
inu
sed
uli
s)P
inyo
ngr
ows
natu
rall
yin
open
stan
ds
onar
idsl
opes
.It
has
aco
nica
lsh
aped
crow
ndu
ring
juve
nile
year
sw
hich
bec
om
esro
und
astr
ees
mat
ure.
Pin
yon
will
succ
eed
onex
pose
d,
dry
slop
es,
but
has
little
resi
stan
ceto
fros
t.S
eedl
ings
and
new
grow
thex
hibi
ta
brig
htbl
uish
colo
r.P
inyo
nis
extr
emel
ysl
owgr
owin
g.G
row
thra
teis
som
ewha
tb
ette
rw
hen
irri
gate
d.
Fig
.4:
Afg
han
pine
sgr
owin
gon
irri
gate
dla
ndin
Sou
ther
nN
ewM
exic
opr
oduc
eex
cell
ent
Chr
istm
astr
ees
unde
rsh
ort
rota
tion
s(u
sual
lyle
ssth
an3
year
s).
89
Normallyonmoistsite,however,isdroughtresistantwhenestablished,seedlingsurvivaldifficult.
AlpineFirRequiresmoistsite.
Requiresfertilesoil&abundantmoisture;however,willwithstanddroughtandtemperatureextremeswhenestablished.
PonderosePineGrowsondrysites,wiltoccuronsterilesite,droughtresistance.
Intolerant
Table2.SpeciesforNewMexico
4,000ft.—10,000ft.Short,deepgreen,Good,primegoodholdingdemandforcapacity,boughs.
7,500ft.—9,500ft.Mediumblue-greenGoodtwisted&bushy.Excellentholdingcapacity.
3,500ft.—9,500ft.Shortsilver-greenGoodorblue-green,fairholdingcapacityifkeptmoist,stiff&sharppointed.
5,000ft.—8,000ft.Long.blue-green,Fairgoodholdingcapacity.
GoodOrnamental
Introduced,maygrowonmostsites.Doesbestindeep,moistsoil,useEuropeanstrain.
Intolerant,however,seedlingssomewhattolerant.
4,000ft.—8,000ft.Long,blue-greenGoodMountainousstiff,goodareasinholdingcapacity.southwestern&southeasternpartofstate
Anexcellentornamental,highvaluefordeformed
trees.
AfghanistanPineBestonwellIntolerant
drainedorganicsoils,highresistancetodrought.
ArizonaCypressNormallymoistIntolerant
site,droughtresistantonceestablished.
Upto5,000ft.Long,blue-green,FaIr
dark-green,goodholdingcapacity.
1,000ft.—5,500ft.Scalelikeblue-
green.
RockyMountainBestonmoist,Junipersandyorgravelly
soils,withstandsdrought.
Intolerant5,000tt.—9,000ft.Veryshort,dark-Fair
green,somewithsilvercast,goodholdIngcapacity.
GoodOrnamental
C
Douglas-firIntolerant
SpeciesMoistureShadeToleranceElevationNeedleMarketOrnamentalBatted
RequirementCharacteristicsAcceptabilityStockPossibilities
WhiteFirRequiresmoist,well-drainedsite.
Tolerant
Tolerant
Tolerant ColoradoBlueSpruce
5,500tt.—10,000ft.Long,silver-blueExcellentorsilver-green,excellentholdingcapacity.
Occasionallyusedasanornamental.
ExcellentOrnamental
Intolerant ScotchPine
PinyonPine
GoodOrnamental
Growsindry.shallowsoils.
5,000ft.—8,500ft.Mediumgreen,Good
goodhotdlngcapacity.
GoodOrnamental
FairGoodOrnamental
plan
ted
the
follo
win
gsp
ring
.M
ake
sure
that
all
com
peti
ngve
geta
tion
isre
mov
ed,
espe
cial
lype
renn
ial
gra
sses
.2.
Dis
king
and
harr
owin
gju
stbe
fore
plan
ting
.3.
shap
ing
the
site
for
irri
gati
ondi
tche
s.4.
Loc
atin
gac
cess
lane
s(a
bout
ever
y20
0’an
dal
ong
the
cont
our.
Occ
asio
nal
disk
ing
mak
esth
emu
sab
leas
fire
brea
ks).
5.C
onst
ruct
ing
fenc
ing
toex
clud
eli
vest
ock.
6.H
avin
gir
riga
tion
wat
erim
med
iate
lyav
aila
ble
for
firs
tir
riga
tion
righ
taf
ter
tree
seed
ling
sar
epl
ante
d.7.
Rea
dyin
ga
heel
ing-
inbe
d(s
eedl
ing
in-g
roun
dst
ora
ge
area
for
bar
eroot
seed
ling
s)if
all
site
pre
par
atio
nw
illno
tbe
com
plet
edbe
fore
the
dat
ese
edli
ngs
are
toar
rive
.
Car
eof
Pla
nti
ng
Sto
ck
The
qual
ity
ofth
epl
anti
ngst
ock
and
the
care
give
nto
itha
vem
uch
todo
with
asu
cces
sful
Chr
istm
astr
eeve
ntur
e.D
irec
tly
invo
lved
are
the
per
centa
ge
oftr
ees
that
will
surv
ive
and
the
vigo
rof
tho
seth
atdo
live.
Bar
eroot
Sto
ckT
hem
ost
impo
rtan
tco
nsi
der
atio
nin
hand
ling
nurs
ery
stoc
k,is
toke
epse
edli
ngs
cool
and
root
sm
oist
atal
lti
mes
.T
hetr
ees
mus
tbe
kept
moi
stun
tilfi
eld
plan
ted!
DO
NO
TLE
TT
HE
MD
RY
.W
hen
seed
ling
sar
ere
ceiv
edfr
omth
enu
rser
y,bu
ndle
ssh
ould
beo
pen
edan
dth
etr
ees
plan
ted.
Ifse
edli
ngs
can
no
tbe
plan
ted
imm
edia
tely
,th
eysh
ould
bere
frig
erat
edor
sto
red
ina
cool
area
.S
tock
may
best
ore
din
refr
iger
atio
nw
ithth
ebu
ndle
sun
open
ed.
Tem
per
atu
resh
ould
not
beab
ove
38deg
rees
Fno
rbe
low
33deg
rees
F.H
umid
ity
shou
ldbe
abov
e90
per
cent.
Eac
hbu
ndle
oftr
ees
shou
ldbe
wat
ered
once
aw
eek.
Thi
sm
aybe
done
byst
andi
ngth
ebu
ndle
son
end
and
pour
ing
wat
erin
toth
ece
nte
rof
each
one.
Allo
wex
cess
wat
erto
drai
nof
fbe
fore
layi
ngth
ebu
ndle
hori
zont
ally
.D
ON
OT
store
seed
ling
san
ylo
nger
than
nec
essa
ry.
Und
erth
eb
est
refr
iger
atio
nco
ndit
ions
,th
ree
wee
ksto
am
onth
shou
ldbe
max
imum
.
Ano
ther
met
hod
ofte
mpo
rary
stora
ge
for
seed
ling
sis
“hee
ling
-in.
”T
his
is
Ste
ps
for
heel
ing-
Inyo
urtr
ees.
(1)
Dig
V-s
hape
dtr
ench
Ina
moi
st,
shad
ypl
ace.
(2)
Spre
adfr
ees
out
even
lyIn
tren
ch,
3or
4tr
ees
thIc
k.(3
)Fi
llin
loos
eso
ilan
dw
ater
wel
l.(4
)C
ompl
ete
filli
ngtr
ench
with
soil
and
pre
ssIt
dow
nfi
rmly
.
Fig
.5
Hee
)ing
In
done
bydi
ggin
ga
V-s
hape
dtr
ench
dee
pen
ough
tore
ceiv
eth
efu
llle
ngth
ofth
ero
ots.
Spre
adth
etr
ees
out
alon
gth
etr
ench
and
cove
rth
ero
ots
with
moi
stso
il,th
enw
ater
.
Conta
iner
ized
Sto
ckT
wo
ofth
em
ajor
cau
ses
ofpl
anta
tion
fail
ures
inth
eS
outh
wes
tar
epo
orph
ysic
alco
ndit
ion
ofse
edli
ngs,
stem
min
gfr
omim
prop
erlif
ting
and
refr
iger
atio
n.
Con
tain
eriz
edse
edli
ngs
min
imiz
eth
eim
pact
ofth
ese
fact
ors
onpl
anta
tion
surv
ival
.T
heco
nta
iner
met
hod
perm
its
seed
ling
sto
begi
nan
dm
aint
ain
rapi
dro
otgr
owth
ina
near
-nat
ural
cond
itio
n.S
eedl
ings
are
able
tom
ake
bet
ter
use
ofso
ilm
oist
ure
and
shoc
kfr
omtr
ansp
lan
tis
redu
ced.
Co
nta
iner
sal
sopro
tect
seed
ling
sfr
omm
isha
ndli
ng.
Sur
viva
lm
aybe
cons
ider
ably
bet
ter
for
cont
aine
rst
ock
than
bar
ero
ot
seed
ling
son
adv
erse
site
s.
Ifth
ese
edli
ngs
cannot
bepl
ante
dim
med
iate
ly,
sto
rein
ash
aded
area
and
keep
moi
st.
Wat
erab
ou
tev
ery
two
days
.N
EV
ER
use
the
“hee
ling
-in”
met
hod
orst
ore
them
ina
refr
iger
ator
.
New
Mex
ico
Sta
teF
ores
try’
sT
ree
See
dlin
gP
rogr
amha
sav
aila
ble
vari
ous
spec
ies
ofco
ntai
neri
zed
seed
ling
s.C
onta
iner
ized
stoc
kav
aila
ble
(spec
ies
avai
labi
lity
subje
ctto
chan
ge):
Dou
glas
-fir
,w
hite
fir,
Col
orad
obl
uesp
ruce
,p
on
der
osa
pine
,S
cotc
hpi
ne,
Afg
hani
stan
pine
,an
dA
rizo
nacy
pres
s.(S
eeA
ppen
dix
2fo
rin
form
atio
non
whe
reto
obta
inpl
anti
ngst
ock
and
assi
stan
ce).
Whe
nto
Pla
nt
Mos
tN
ewM
exic
otr
eepl
anti
ngis
done
inth
esp
ring
.(M
id-M
arch
toM
id-M
ay).
The
mai
nco
nsid
erat
ion
isto
plan
tju
staf
ter
the
last
fros
tan
dju
stas
soon
asth
eto
p18
”of
soil
has
thaw
edou
t.Fa
llpl
anti
ngm
aybe
consi
der
edon
lyw
hen
ther
eis
nodan
ger
offr
ost
heav
ing
atth
esi
tean
dw
hen
dee
pw
inte
rsn
owco
ver
isas
sure
d.
See
dlin
gsu
rviv
alis
incr
ease
dw
hen
the
tree
sar
epl
ante
dpr
ior
toS
prin
ggr
owth
.
Use
ofco
ntai
neri
zed
stoc
kw
illen
able
the
grow
erto
wai
tfo
rN
ewM
exic
o’s
sum
mer
rain
s.C
onta
iner
seed
ling
ssh
ould
bepl
ante
dpr
ior
toM
id-J
uly
inth
eno
rthe
rnha
lfof
the
Sta
teto
allo
wsu
ffic
ient
root
deve
lopm
ent
befo
rew
inte
r.Fa
llpl
anti
ngs
asla
teas
Oct
ober
have
been
succ
essf
ulin
the
low
eron
e-th
ird
ofN
ewM
exic
o.
Pla
nti
ng
the
Tre
es
1.T
hepe
riod
ofex
posu
rebe
twee
nre
mov
ing
plan
ting
stoc
kfr
omth
ebu
ndle
s,tr
ansp
lan
tbe
ds,
orw
here
they
are
heel
ed-i
n;an
dpl
acem
ent
inth
eho
lesh
ould
beas
shor
tas
poss
ible
.T
ake
only
enou
ghtr
ees
soth
atth
eyca
nbe
kept
moi
st.
Car
ryth
ero
ots
ina
box,
buck
et,
ortr
ay.
Thi
sw
illm
ake
itpo
ssib
leto
cove
rth
ero
ots
with
wet
pea
tm
oss,
saw
dust
,sl
oppy
mud
,or
moi
stbu
rlap
.T
ake
out
one
seed
ling
ata
tim
efo
rpl
anti
ng.
Dry
roots
may
mea
ndea
dtr
ees.
1415
2.C
onta
iner
ized
seed
ling
sm
aybe
wat
ered
prio
rto
extr
acti
onto
faci
lita
tese
par
atio
nof
root
plug
and
cont
aine
r.T
hepl
anti
ngho
lesh
ould
bedu
gsl
ight
lydee
per
than
the
leng
thof
the
plug
.D
rysu
rfac
eso
ilsh
ould
bere
mov
edbe
fore
the
hole
ispre
par
ed.
Sat
isfa
ctor
ypl
anti
ngto
ols
incl
ude
pow
eror
hand
auge
r,sh
ovel
,m
atto
ck,
orpl
anti
ngho
e.3.
Pla
cese
edli
ngin
hole
atth
ed
epth
itgr
ewin
the
nurs
ery.
Thi
sde
pth
isin
dica
ted
onth
est
emby
the
grou
ndlin
e,w
hich
isus
uall
yab
out
one-
half
toon
ein
chbe
low
the
firs
tne
edle
s.It
isb
ette
rto
plan
ta
little
too
dee
pth
anto
osh
allo
w,
but
neve
rdee
pen
ough
tobu
ryan
yfo
liag
e.4.
Let
the
roo
tsha
ngna
tura
lly
wit
hout
turn
ing
ortw
isti
ng.
5.H
old
the
tree
inth
ispo
siti
onw
ithon
eha
nd;
then
fill
inw
ithso
il(a
bout
ath
ird
ata
tim
e),
and
tam
pfi
rmly
with
the
othe
rha
ndun
tilth
eho
leis
fille
d.Fi
rmta
mpi
ngis
nec
essa
ryto
avoi
dai
rpock
ets.
6.U
seon
lym
oist
min
eral
soil
tofil
lth
eho
le.
Do
not
mix
soil
with
snow
,gra
ss,
stic
ks,
rock
s,et
c.T
hero
ots
mus
tbe
indi
rect
conta
ctw
ithth
eso
il.
1.Sw
Ing
hoe
toge
tfu
llpen
etra
tion.
2.Li
ftha
ndle
and
pull
tow
iden
hole
.
3P
lace
aeed
ling
whi
leus
ing
4.U
seho
eto
pack
soil
atbo
ttom
ofho
le.
Fig.
8Pl
antin
gw
itha
Hoe
(Bar
eroo
tse
edli
ngs)
V
Fig
.6:
New
Mex
ico
Sta
teF
ores
try’
sT
ree
See
dlin
gP
rogr
amha
sav
aila
ble
vari
ous
spec
ies
ofco
nta
iner
ized
seed
lings.
The
conta
iner
met
hod
perm
its
seed
lings
tobe
gin
and
mai
ntai
nra
pid
root
grow
thin
ane
arna
tura
lco
ndit
ion.
Conta
iner
sal
sopro
tect
seed
lings
from
mis
hand
ling
.
...-..
Fig.
7:C
onta
iner
ized
seed
lings
may
bew
ater
edpr
ior
toex
trac
tion
tofa
cili
tate
sepa
ratio
nof
root
plug
and
cont
aine
r.
5.U
seho
eto
pack
soil
atto
pof
hole
.
with
feet
.
1617
7.A
fter
the
hole
isfi
lled,
tam
pag
ain
with
your
heel
orha
ndle
ofth
epl
anti
ngto
ol.
Tam
pfi
rmly
.8.
Cov
erth
egr
ound
arou
ndth
etr
eew
itha
thin
laye
rof
loos
eso
ilas
am
ulch
,or
mul
chw
ithot
her
mat
eria
l.9.
Wat
eraf
ter
plan
ting
toai
din
pack
ing
the
soil
arou
ndro
ots
and
toas
sure
ampl
ew
ater
for
ast
art.
One
man
pow
erau
ger
sha
vebe
com
epo
pula
rin
rece
ntye
ars,
and
asi
mpl
eun
itca
nke
epth
ree
orfo
urm
enbu
sypl
anti
ng.
Aug
erpl
anti
ngw
orks
bes
tin
loam
yso
ils
and
can
bedi
ffic
ult
onsi
tes
with
heav
ycl
ay,
rock
s,or
mas
sive
root
s.H
eavy
litt
eror
vege
tati
onon
the
soil
surf
ace
mus
tbe
scal
ped
away
ahea
dof
the
aug
eror
the
soil
from
the
plan
ting
hole
islo
stin
this
surf
ace
debr
is.
Mac
hine
plan
ting
ispr
acti
cal
only
whe
nso
ilco
ndit
ions
are
favo
rabl
eto
adeq
uat
em
achi
nepa
ckin
gof
the
grou
ndar
ound
the
seed
ling
root
syst
em.
Hea
vyso
ils
whi
char
ew
etor
stic
kyat
plan
ting
tim
esh
ould
bepl
ante
dby
one
ofth
ese
vera
lha
ndm
ethods
dis
cuss
ed.
Soi
lsh
ould
be
moi
stw
hen
seed
lings
are
pla
nte
d.
The
size
ofpl
anti
ng,
cond
itio
nof
the
site
,an
dth
eav
aila
bili
tyof
apl
ante
rar
em
ain
consi
der
atio
ns
inde
term
inin
gw
heth
eror
not
tous
ea
plan
ting
mac
hine
.M
achi
nepl
anti
ngs
usua
lly
give
bet
ter
surv
ival
than
hand
met
hods
onsi
tes
that
are
favo
rabl
efo
rm
achi
neop
erat
ion.
Han
dpl
anti
ngm
aybe
mor
eec
onom
ical
than
mac
hine
plan
ting
,if
the
plan
ting
oper
atio
nin
volv
esle
ssth
ana
few
thousa
nd
tree
s.O
nla
rge
plan
ting
jobs
,a
mac
hine
usua
lly
will
cut
plan
ting
cost
sco
nsid
erab
ly.
Han
dpl
anti
ngge
nera
lly
aver
ages
betw
een
300
to60
0tr
ees
per
man
day
onw
ell
pre
par
edsi
tes.
Pla
ntin
gm
achi
nes
ordi
nari
lyra
nge
from
600
to1,
000
tree
spe
rho
ur.
(Con
tact
your
nea
rest
Div
isio
nof
For
estr
yof
fice
for
mor
ein
form
atio
nan
das
sist
ance
asto
how
topl
ant
your
tree
s).
1E
4
A
Fig.
10:
Mac
hine
plan
ting
ofA
fgha
npi
neon
irri
gate
dla
ndin
south
ern
New
Mex
ico.
Con
vent
iona
lfa
rmm
achi
nery
wit
hfa
rm-c
onst
ruct
edpl
ante
rca
nre
duce
plan
ting
tim
e.
-
Fig
.9:
Mac
hine
auger
sca
nsp
eed
the
wor
kan
dca
nbe
op
erat
edby
one
man
.
1819
Spac
ing
Pla
nta
tio
nM
anag
emen
t
Pro
per
spac
ing
isan
impo
rtan
tit
emin
plan
tati
onm
anag
emen
t.S
eedl
ings
are
smal
lan
dth
ete
nd
ency
isto
plan
tth
emth
icke
rth
anth
eyne
edto
be.
Tw
oco
mm
onsp
acin
gm
eth
od
sus
edar
e5
X5
and
6X
6fe
et.
The
5’X
5’sp
acin
gal
low
sro
omfo
rde
velo
pmen
tof
asi
xto
eigh
tfo
ottr
ee;
the
6’X
6’sp
acin
ga
little
tall
er.
Acl
oser
4’X
4’sp
acin
gca
nbe
used
if
smal
ler
tree
s(t
able
tops
)ar
eh
arv
este
dbe
fore
reac
hing
the
usua
lsi
xto
eigh
tfo
otsi
ze,
orif
espe
cial
lyna
rrow
(les
sth
an50
per
cent
tape
r)tr
ees
are
tobe
pro
duce
d.
The
num
ber
oftr
ees
per
acre
usin
gth
ese
spac
ings
is:
4’X
4’2,
722
5’X
5’1,
742
6’X
6’1,
210
Tre
esp
acin
gpat
tern
sm
aybe
eith
er:
The
spac
ing
exam
ple
onth
eri
ght
allo
ws
for
mor
eev
encr
own
deve
lopm
ent
with
slig
htly
clos
erbe
twee
nro
wsp
acin
g.
Moi
stur
eav
aila
bili
ty,
cult
ivat
ion
mac
hine
ryan
dm
arket
sw
illd
eter
min
e
opti
mum
spac
ing.
The
sefa
cto
rssh
ould
begi
ven
con
sid
erat
ion
inth
e
plan
ning
stag
es.
Dur
ing
the
firs
ttw
oye
ars
afte
rpl
anti
ngth
egr
ower
’sm
ain
conc
ern
shou
ldbe
toke
epth
etr
ees
aliv
ean
dhe
alth
y.Su
rviv
alan
dso
ilm
oist
ure
go‘h
and
Inha
nd”.
Any
pra
ctic
eor
pro
ced
ure
that
will
mai
ntai
ngo
odso
ilm
oist
ure
shou
ldbe
foll
owed
.
Irri
gati
on
Pla
ntat
ion
irri
gati
onis
nec
essa
ryin
New
Mex
ico.
Am
ount
and
freq
uenc
yw
illva
ryac
cord
ing
tosi
tean
dso
ilty
pe,
but
even
athi
ghel
evat
ions
som
eir
riga
tion
duri
ngth
efi
rst
year
isn
eces
sary
for
sati
sfac
tory
surv
ival
and
esta
bli
shm
ent.
Inho
tter
,dr
ier
area
s,ir
riga
tion
shou
ldbe
plan
ned
for
one
totw
ow
eek
inte
rval
sdu
ring
the
sum
mer
,or
until
rain
rest
ore
sso
ilm
oist
ure.
See
dlin
gssh
ould
beir
riga
ted
ofte
nen
ough
toke
epso
ilm
oist
and
plan
tsin
acti
vegr
owth
.It
ises
peci
ally
impo
rtan
tto
have
wat
erav
aila
ble
whe
nsu
ccul
ent
new
grow
thap
pea
rsan
ddu
ring
bud
deve
lopm
ent.
New
grow
thw
illdr
oop
and
die
back
ifw
ater
isw
ithh
eld,
resu
ltin
gin
poor
lyfo
rmed
tree
s.S
uppl
emen
tal
wat
erca
nbe
appl
ied
thro
ugh
spri
nkle
rs,
tric
kle
emit
ters
orby
floo
ding
.T
hem
etho
dof
choi
cew
illdep
end
onw
ater
sour
ce,
cost
ofla
bor
and
equi
pmen
tan
dto
pogr
aphy
.
Wee
dC
ontr
ol
Ase
rio
us
hand
icap
tosu
rviv
alan
dgo
odde
velo
pmen
tof
ayo
ung
plan
tati
onis
com
peti
tion
for
soil
moi
stur
ean
dlig
htby
oth
erve
geta
tion
.W
eed
cont
rol
isbe
nefi
cial
and
esse
ntia
lin
that
it(a
)re
du
ces
com
peti
tion
,(b
)le
ssen
sdan
ger
ofro
den
td
amag
ean
d(C
)re
du
ces
fire
haza
rd.
Wee
dco
ntro
lw
ithin
3to
4fe
etof
seed
ling
sis
nec
essa
ryun
tiltr
ees
have
grow
nw
ell
abov
eth
ein
flue
nce
ofg
rass
orw
eeds
that
may
beco
me
esta
bli
shed
.C
ontr
olis
reco
mm
ended
for
atle
ast
the
firs
ttw
oye
ars
follo
win
gpl
anti
ng.
Kee
pyo
urpl
anti
ngfr
eeof
wee
ds
and
gra
sses
bySH
AL
LO
Wcu
ltiv
atio
nor
with
herb
icid
es.
Cul
tiva
tion
can
bedo
new
ithon
eof
seve
ral
type
sof
mec
hani
cal
cult
ivat
ors
suit
able
toso
ilty
pean
dfa
rmm
achi
nery
avai
labl
e.Y
oum
ust
bal
ance
wee
dco
ntro
lm
easu
res
with
prop
erco
ncer
nfo
rso
iler
osio
nth
atm
ight
aris
efr
omcu
ltiv
atio
n.C
onsu
ltyo
urlo
cal
Soil
Con
serv
atio
nS
ervi
ceto
avoi
dir
repar
able
dam
age
toyo
urla
nd.
Inth
eS
outh
wes
t,m
uch
atte
nti
on
isus
uall
ygi
ven
tope
renn
ial
gra
sses
bec
ause
they
grow
prim
aril
ydu
ring
the
spri
ngdr
ype
riod
ofM
ayan
dJu
ne,
and
are
cap
able
ofus
ing
mos
tof
the
avai
labl
eso
ilm
oist
ure
atth
eex
pen
seof
new
lypl
ante
dse
edli
ngs.
On
aban
do
ned
crop
land
s,se
edli
ngs
mus
tco
nte
nd
with
alfa
lfa
with
high
wat
erre
quir
emen
tsan
dth
eab
ilit
yto
stro
ngly
com
pet
efo
rm
oist
ure
inth
eup
per
6in
ches
ofso
il.
Mos
tgr
ower
sto
day
use
vari
ous
chem
ical
sfo
rw
eed
cont
rol.
Her
bici
des
xxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxx
OR
xxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxxx
xx
xx
x
2021
can
beef
fect
ive
inre
duci
ngw
eed
grow
thw
ithin
the
tree
row
.S
ome
herb
icid
esca
nbe
appl
ied
atlo
wra
tes
per
acre
over
the
top
sof
new
lypl
ante
dse
edli
ngs
with
very
good
resu
lts.
Co
nta
ctyo
urn
eare
stD
istr
ict
Fore
ster
orC
ount
yE
xten
sion
Age
ntfo
rth
ebe
stch
emic
alto
use
and
the
met
hod
and
rate
ofap
plic
atio
nfo
ryo
urar
ea.
Ifyo
udo
dec
ide
tous
ean
herb
icid
e,be
sure
tore
adal
ldi
rect
ions
and
labe
lsve
ryca
refu
lly.
RE
ME
MB
ER
:H
erbi
cide
sca
ndam
age
orki
lltr
ees
ifap
plie
dw
itho
utpr
oper
care
.
Fig.
11:
Aw
hite
firpl
anta
tion
esta
blis
hed
insh
allo
wfu
rrow
sfo
llow
ing
soil
pre
par
ati
ons.
Smal
lgr
ain
win
d-br
eak
coll
ects
win
ter
snow
and
pro
tect
sse
edli
ngs
from
sun
and
win
ddu
ring
the
firs
tye
aror
two.
22
Mulc
hin
g
Inar
eas
pro
tect
edfr
omst
rong
win
d,a
light
mul
chof
leav
es,
leaf
mol
d,w
ood
chip
s,or
othe
rsi
mil
arm
ater
ial
arou
ndse
edli
ngs
may
cons
erve
soil
moi
stur
e.M
ulch
ing
also
red
uce
sso
ilte
mp
erat
ure
and
dis
cou
rag
esw
eed
gro
wth
.
Fer
tili
zati
on
Fer
tili
zati
onis
used
toim
prov
eco
lor,
lust
er,
and
dens
ity
ofnee
dle
san
dto
incr
ease
grow
thra
tean
dvi
gor
ofle
ader
san
dbra
nch
es.
Slow
grow
ing
tree
sw
ithlig
ht,
off-
colo
rne
edle
san
dw
eak
bra
nch
esar
em
ost
likel
yto
bene
fit.
Fer
tili
zer
must
be
use
dw
ithca
utio
n!Im
prop
erly
appl
ied,
fert
iliz
ers
inju
rese
edli
ngro
ots,
cause
need
lebr
owni
ng,
and
tree
sm
aygr
owto
ofa
st.
Inad
diti
on,
stim
ulat
ion
ofco
mpe
ting
vege
tati
onm
ayca
use
seri
ous
man
agem
ent
prob
lem
s.L
arge
scal
eap
plic
atio
nssh
ould
not
bem
ade
until
suff
icie
ntsm
all
tria
lsha
vepr
oven
the
effe
ctiv
enes
sof
the
appl
icat
ion
unde
rlo
cal
cond
itio
ns.
Fer
tili
zati
onof
tree
sat
plan
ting
tim
em
aybu
rnro
ots
and
isno
tre
com
men
ded
.O
nce
tree
sar
ees
tabli
shed
,fe
rtil
izer
can
beap
plie
din
ban
ds
alon
gsid
etr
ees,
orsc
atte
red
even
lyun
der
the
drip
line
ofth
etr
ee.
Fer
tili
zer
shou
ldne
ver
bepl
aced
indi
rect
con
tact
with
the
root
syst
em.
The
rate
ofap
plic
atio
nva
ries
cons
ider
ably
,de
pend
ing
onso
ilde
fici
ency
.H
ow
ever
,o
ne-
thir
dto
one-
half
cup
offe
rtil
izer
isus
uall
yad
equat
efo
rne
wly
esta
bli
shed
tree
s.F
erti
lize
rsh
ould
bead
ded
inea
rly
spri
ng,
befo
retr
ees
brea
kdo
rman
cy.
Gen
eral
ly,
the
mos
tco
mm
onde
fici
ency
isla
ckof
nitr
ogen
,es
peci
ally
inab
and
on
edfi
elds
.B
est
resu
lts
from
nitr
ogen
fert
iliz
erar
eobta
ined
bysc
atte
rin
git
even
lyun
der
the
drip
line
inea
rly
spri
ng,
whe
nbuds
firs
tbe
gin
tosw
ell.
Nit
roge
nin
crea
ses
gree
nco
lor,
need
lebu
lk,
and
bran
chst
iffn
ess
duri
ngth
efo
llow
ing
sum
mer
and
fall.
Itst
imul
ates
heig
ht-g
row
thon
lysl
ight
lydu
ring
the
firs
tgr
owin
gse
aso
naf
ter
its
appl
icat
ion,
but
freq
uent
lyd
ou
ble
sdu
ring
the
seco
nd
grow
ing
seas
on
.T
here
fore
,ni
trog
ensh
ould
norm
ally
beap
plie
don
lyto
those
tres
sth
atw
illbe
cut
the
sam
eye
ar,
exce
pt
onsi
tes
whe
regr
owth
isex
trem
ely
slow
orw
here
shea
ring
isco
nte
mp
late
d.
Nit
roge
nsh
ould
beap
plie
don
lyw
here
good
wee
dco
ntro
lca
nbe
mai
ntai
ned.
Use
offe
rtil
izer
sw
illst
imul
ate
the
grow
thof
gra
ssan
dw
eeds
and
anef
fect
ive
herb
icid
epr
ogra
msh
ould
beco
ord
inat
edw
ithnu
trie
ntap
plic
atio
ns.
Oth
erP
rote
ctio
nP
roble
ms
Tre
esof
seed
ling
size
are
sub
ject
tova
riou
sfo
rms
ofw
eath
eran
dan
imal
dam
age.
23
1.Fi
repr
otec
tion
ises
sent
ial.
Fire
can
sudd
enly
and
com
plet
ely
des
tro
ya
Chr
istm
astr
eepl
anta
tion
.T
heli
keli
hood
offi
reis
ap
aram
ou
nt
consi
der
atio
nin
sele
ctin
ga
plan
tati
onsi
te.
Afi
rebr
eak
arou
ndth
epl
anta
tion
shou
ldbe
clea
red
ofal
lve
geta
tion
and
kept
clea
n.A
nybr
ush
orot
her
mat
eria
lfr
omth
eor
igin
alsi
tep
rep
arat
ion
shou
ldbe
dis
po
sed
ofpr
ior
topl
anti
ng.
Wee
dco
ntro
lw
ithin
the
plan
tati
onw
illal
sore
du
cefi
reha
zard
.
2.T
heft
and
tres
pas
sar
ebe
stg
uar
ded
agai
nst
bylo
cati
ngth
epl
anta
tion
whe
reit
can
bew
atch
edor
patr
olle
d.T
heft
can
bea
real
prob
lem
atha
rves
tti
me.
(See
App
endi
x3
for
stat
ela
ws
that
help
pro
tect
the
land
owne
r).
3.D
eer
may
cause
consi
der
able
dam
age
toyo
ung
seed
ling
s.W
here
dee
rar
enu
mer
ous,
tree
sm
aybe
brow
sed
soba
dly
that
they
bec
om
eu
nac
cepta
ble
assa
leab
leC
hris
tmas
tree
s.A
lso,
afte
rtr
ees
reac
hhe
ight
sof
3fe
etor
mor
e,th
eym
aybe
dam
aged
bydee
ran
tler
s.D
eer
repe
llan
tsar
eno
tal
way
sre
liab
le.
The
effe
ctiv
enes
sof
any
repe
llan
tw
illbe
det
erm
ined
part
lyby
the
care
used
init
sap
plic
atio
n,it
sw
eath
erin
gab
ilit
y,th
ese
veri
tyof
the
seas
on,
and
gene
ral
food
avai
labi
lity
(The
New
Mex
ico
Gam
ean
dFi
shD
epar
tmen
tca
nas
sist
with
prob
lem
sth
atm
ayar
ise
from
deer
).D
eer
proo
ffe
nce
sca
nbe
buil
tan
d,in
the
long
run,
prov
ide
the
best
prot
ecti
on.
4.R
abbi
tan
dro
dent
dam
age
can
ruin
ayo
ung
plan
tati
onan
dco
ntro
lm
aypr
ove
diff
icul
t.R
emov
alof
cove
r,ti
ght
fen
ces
arou
ndth
epl
anta
tion
and
indi
vidu
altr
eesc
reen
sm
ayof
fer
solu
tion
sde
pend
ing
onse
veri
tyof
the
prob
lem
and
farm
econ
omic
s.In
form
atio
nab
ou
tpo
ison
and
repe
llan
tsca
nbe
obta
ined
from
the
New
Mex
ico
Gam
ean
dFi
shD
epar
tmen
t.
5.S
eedl
ing
dis
ease
inN
ewM
exic
ois
not
cause
for
conc
ern
inpl
anta
tion
s.H
owev
er,
you
shou
ldbe
onth
elo
ok-o
utfo
rin
sect
sth
atm
ayca
use
seri
ous
dam
age.
The
sein
clud
eti
pan
dsh
oo
tm
oths
,pi
nene
edle
scal
e,Ip
sen
gra
ver
beet
les,
Dou
glas
-fir
tuss
ock
mot
h,an
dsp
ruce
budw
orm
.G
reat
est
dam
age
can
occu
rfr
ompi
neti
pm
oths
,sp
ider
mit
esan
dsp
ruce
gall
aphi
ds.
Pin
eT
ipM
oth
The
sein
sect
spr
imar
ily
atta
ckve
ryyo
ung
po
nd
ero
safr
om6
inch
esto
6fe
et.
Alt
houg
hm
orta
lity
isra
re,
heav
ily
infe
sted
tree
sm
aybe
seve
rely
stunte
dor
defo
rmed
.G
ener
ally
,p
on
der
osa
pine
grow
out
ofth
esu
scep
tible
stat
ew
ithin
afe
wye
ars
but
the
bran
chti
psof
piny
onar
esu
scep
tible
toat
tack
for
man
yye
ars.
The
adul
tin
sect
deve
lops
inM
ayan
dJu
ne,
and
dam
age
isev
iden
tin
earl
ysu
mm
er.
Tip
s,tw
igs,
late
rals
,an
dte
rmin
als
turn
ast
raw
colo
r,an
dn
eed
les
fall
off
inla
tefa
ll.
Inth
efo
rest
envi
ronm
ent,
chem
ical
cont
rol
mea
sure
sar
era
rely
nec
essa
ryex
cept
inyo
ung
plan
tati
ons.
Hea
vily
atta
cked
tree
plan
tati
ons
may
requ
ire
anin
sect
icid
efo
rco
ntro
l.
Spru
ceG
all
Aph
idT
here
are
seve
ral
kind
sof
spru
cega
llap
hids
whi
chfo
rmco
ne-
shap
edga
lls
onth
ete
rmin
altw
igs
ofva
riou
ssp
ruce
spec
ies.
The
mos
tco
mm
onin
New
Mex
ico
isC
oole
ysp
ruce
gall
aphi
d.It
isof
ten
trou
ble
som
ein
Chr
istm
astr
eepl
anta
tion
s,w
here
the
youn
gtr
ees
may
beae
sthe
tica
lly
dam
aged
byla
rge
num
ber
sof
unsi
ghtl
ybr
own
gall
s.T
hese
inse
cts
atta
cktw
odi
ffer
ent
host
tree
s:sp
ruce
and
Dou
glas
-fir
.O
nsm
all
spru
ceC
hris
tmas
tree
s,ga
lls
may
bepr
uned
off
and
dis
po
sed
ofbe
fore
the
rele
ase
ofth
eny
mph
sw
hich
beco
me
win
ged
and
mig
rate
toD
ougl
as-f
ir.
Itm
ayal
sohe
lpto
plan
tsp
ruce
orD
ougl
as-f
irex
clus
ivel
y,in
stea
dof
plan
ting
both
tree
spec
ies
toget
her
.
Spid
erM
ites
Spi
der
mit
esca
nbe
gree
n,ye
llow
,ora
nge
orre
d,of
ten
with
blac
kor
dark
pigm
ente
dp
atte
rns.
The
spru
cesp
ider
mit
eca
ndam
age
man
yof
the
coni
fers
that
may
begr
own
inN
ewM
exic
oas
Chr
istm
astr
ees.
Spec
ies
ofsp
ruce
,fir
,ju
nipe
rs,
pine
san
dD
ougl
as-f
irar
eam
ong
the
prin
cipa
lh
ost
sof
the
spru
cesp
ider
mit
e.S
pide
rm
ites
feed
bysu
ckin
gpl
ant
juic
esfr
omth
ele
aves
with
thei
rne
edle
-lik
em
outh
part
s,th
usca
usin
gsp
otti
ng,
fadi
ng,
yell
owin
g,si
lver
ing,
brow
ning
,an
dp
rem
atu
refa
llof
leav
es.
Hea
vyin
fest
atio
nsm
aybe
det
ecte
dby
the
consp
icuous
web
bing
.
Spr
ayin
gof
the
tree
sm
aybe
nece
ssar
y,bu
tth
eri
ght
spra
ym
ust
beus
edbec
ause
som
ech
emic
als
agg
rav
ate
mit
ein
fest
atio
ns.
Conta
ctyo
urn
eare
stD
istr
ict
Fore
ster
orth
eF
ores
try
Div
isio
nin
San
taFe
ifyo
usu
spec
tin
sect
dam
age.
6.R
oot
rots
ofte
nre
sult
from
over
-irr
igat
ion
and
can
beco
ntro
lled
som
ewha
tby
cutt
ing
dow
non
freq
uenc
yof
irri
gati
on.
2425
Nat
ura
lS
tan
dC
onver
sion
Nat
ural
stan
dco
nver
sion
shou
ldbe
con
sid
ered
ifyo
uow
nfo
rest
land
with
stan
ds
ofsm
all
tree
sof
spec
ies
inde
man
dfo
rC
hris
tmas
tree
s.Y
oum
ust
det
erm
ine
ifth
etr
ees
exhi
bit
des
irab
legr
owth
char
acte
rist
ics.
Thi
sca
nbe
done
byob
serv
ing
the
vert
ical
dis
tance
betw
een
bran
chw
horl
s.T
hest
and
mus
tal
sobe
acce
ssib
lefo
rtr
eere
mov
alin
Oct
ober
and
Nov
embe
r.
Goo
dpl
anni
ngis
the
key
toco
nver
ting
ana
tura
lst
and
ofsm
all
tree
sto
prof
itab
leC
hris
tmas
tree
prod
ucti
on.
Thr
eest
eps
are
requ
ired
:
1.H
ardw
ood
cont
rol:
Rem
ove
com
peti
ngha
rdw
ood
tree
san
dbr
ush.
2.S
pac
eth
inni
ng:
Rem
ove
exce
sstr
ees
soth
atth
ebes
ttr
ees
may
deve
lop
into
qual
ity
Chr
istm
astr
ees.
Per
iodi
cth
inni
ngca
nel
imin
ate:
*C
row
ding
whi
chcr
eate
sco
mpe
titi
onfo
rnu
trie
nts
and
spac
ean
dsl
ows
grow
th.
*U
nwan
ted
tree
sw
hich
fail
tode
velo
pin
tom
ark
etab
lest
ock.
*T
rees
too
larg
efo
rC
hris
tmas
tree
san
dno
tn
eeded
for
seed
tree
s.*
Unw
ante
dsp
ecie
s.
3.B
asal
prun
ing;
rem
ove
unw
ante
dlo
wer
bra
nch
esbe
twee
nbo
ttom
who
rlof
the
sale
able
tree
and
the
grou
nd.
One
orm
ore
who
rls
may
bele
ftne
arth
egr
ound
ifco
mpl
eted
basa
lpr
unin
gw
ould
rem
ove
asm
uch
as1/
3of
the
tota
ltr
eecr
own,
orif
stum
pcu
ltur
eis
tobe
prac
tice
d.
The
fina
lst
epto
conv
erti
ngth
ena
tura
lst
and
toa
prod
ucti
vear
eais
deve
lopm
ent
ofan
all-
wea
ther
acce
ssro
adto
the
Chr
istm
astr
eear
ea.
seve
ral
bra
nch
esat
the
bas
eof
the
tree
for
stum
pcu
ltur
esu
bse
quen
tto
harv
est.
Afe
wye
ars
afte
rth
etr
eeha
sbe
encu
t,li
mbs
begi
nto
turn
upan
dw
ithth
eex
cept
ion
ofon
em
ain
stem
,ar
epr
uned
.
Pru
ning
and
shea
ring
ofpi
nyon
tree
sin
natu
ral
stan
ds
will
crea
tea
mor
eat
trac
tiv
eC
hris
tmas
tree
,co
mpe
titi
vew
ithar
tifi
cial
and
plan
tati
ongr
own
tree
s.(S
eeF
igur
e2
for
acce
pta
ble
tree
shap
es).
Nat
ural
Sta
nd
sof
Pin
yon
Ch
rist
mas
Tre
es
Pin
yon
tree
sca
nbe
har
ves
ted
and
cult
ured
into
sale
able
Chr
istm
astr
ees.
The
yca
nal
sobe
cut
ona
rota
tion
basi
sif
desi
red.
Cul
tura
lte
chniq
ues
incl
ude
thin
ning
,pr
unin
g,an
dsh
eari
ng,
stum
pcu
ltur
e,an
dw
eed
cont
rol.
Ifth
em
anag
emen
tgo
alis
com
plet
eco
nver
sion
,th
enth
ese
tech
niq
ues
wou
ldbe
appl
ied
totr
ees
surv
ivin
gca
blin
gor
chai
ning
.R
egen
erat
ion
plan
ting
may
benee
ded
tosu
stai
ntr
eepr
oduc
tion
onso
me
site
s.
Thi
nnin
gin
volv
esre
mov
alof
tree
sin
den
sest
and
sso
that
tho
sere
mai
ning
will
rece
ive
suff
icie
ntsu
nlig
htfo
rli
mbs
tode
velo
pun
ifor
mal
lyon
all
side
s.D
urin
gth
inni
ng,
‘han
dle
s”ca
nbe
mad
eon
mai
nst
ems
oftr
ees
byre
mov
ing
bra
nch
esfo
ra
foot
orso
belo
ww
hat
will
bec
om
eth
eba
sal
who
rlof
the
tree
.T
hese
are
cut
belo
wa
full
who
rlof
bra
nch
es,
leav
ing
—-
aa
•1
Fig.
12:
Juve
nile
piny
onpi
nesh
owin
gex
cell
ent
tap
eran
dfo
liag
ede
nsit
y.N
atur
ally
grow
nsp
ecim
ens
are
afa
vori
teof
man
yN
ewM
exic
ofa
mil
ies.
2627
Pru
nin
gC
hri
stm
as
Tre
es
Whe
nto
Sta
rtS
hap
ing
Tre
es
Pru
ning
som
etim
esre
ferr
edto
assh
eari
ngor
shap
ing,
isa
reli
able
met
hod
ofad
ding
qual
ity
toC
hris
tmas
tree
s.P
rope
rly
con
du
cted
,pr
unin
gw
illra
ise
the
sale
valu
eof
plan
tati
ontr
ees
and
will
red
uce
the
num
ber
ofnon
-sal
eable
cull
s,th
usin
crea
sing
grow
erin
com
ean
dpr
ofit
.
Shea
rin
g?
Shap
ing
?P
runin
g?
She
arin
g,sh
apin
gan
dpr
unin
gar
eal
lte
rms
used
byC
hris
tmas
tree
grow
ers
whe
nre
ferr
ing
toth
ear
tof
aw
ell-
form
ed,
com
pact
,sh
apel
ytr
ee.
The
term
‘shap
ing”
isth
em
ost
prec
ise,
and
itis
done
bybo
thsh
eari
ngan
dpr
unin
g.
“Pru
ning
”in
volv
esth
est
udie
dan
dse
lect
ive
rem
oval
orcu
ttin
gba
ckof
indi
vidu
albra
nch
es.
Onl
ylo
ngle
ader
sar
epru
ned
back
toa
suit
able
leng
th.
Ext
rast
ems
orle
ader
sar
ep
run
edaw
ay,
exce
ptio
nall
yst
rong
side
bra
nch
esar
ep
runed
back
toa
node
,an
dth
ebas
esof
tree
sar
ecl
eane
dby
the
prun
ing
away
ofan
ysu
perf
luou
sor
dea
dbra
nch
es.
“She
arin
g”is
the
clip
ping
ofbo
thte
rmin
alan
dla
tera
lsh
oo
ts.
She
arin
gis
usua
lly
conf
ined
toth
ere
mov
alof
par
tsof
the
shoots
ofth
ecu
rren
tor
mos
tre
cent
grow
ing
seas
on.
She
arin
gtr
ims
tree
sw
itho
utco
nsi
der
atio
nof
indi
vidu
albra
nch
es.
Inei
ther
case
,sh
eari
ngor
prun
ing
the
tree
isbe
ing
“shap
ed.”
Pru
nin
gO
bje
ctiv
es
1.A
llow
only
one
mai
nst
eman
d,th
eref
ore,
only
one
lead
er.
2.A
ssur
ea
suff
icie
ntly
com
pac
tcr
own.
3.D
evel
opsy
mm
etry
and
bal
ance
inth
ecr
own.
4.E
stab
lish
and
impr
ove
the
bas
eof
the
tree
.
Wha
tT
ree
Sh
ape
isB
est?
The
idea
lsh
ape
for
Chr
istm
astr
ees
shou
ldre
sem
ble
aco
ne,
wid
eat
the
bas
ean
dta
peri
ngun
ifor
mly
toth
eti
p.T
heid
eal
tree
wou
ldbe
about
two-
thir
dsas
wid
eas
itis
high
,or
ata
per
of66
%p
erce
nt.
Thi
sm
eans
atr
eeth
atis
six
feet
high
wou
ldbe
4fe
etw
ide
atth
eba
se.
Acc
epta
ble
taper
insp
ruce
san
dfi
rsis
from
am
inim
umof
40per
cent
tom
axim
umof
70pe
rcen
t.In
the
pine
s,w
hich
ofte
nha
vea
gre
ater
taper
,ac
cepta
ble
stan
dar
ds
will
rang
efr
oma
min
imum
of40
per
cen
tto
am
axim
umof
90pe
rcen
t.(S
eeF
igur
e2)
.
The
tim
eto
begi
nsh
apin
gw
illdep
end
ongr
owth
oftr
ees.
Usu
ally
ther
eis
ape
riod
ofsl
owgr
owth
whi
leth
etr
eeis
beco
min
ges
tab
lish
edaf
ter
whi
chgr
owth
incr
ease
sra
pidl
yex
ceed
ing
one
foot
per
year
.It
rapi
dgr
owth
isno
tch
eck
ed,
the
tree
will
have
asp
indl
yor
“leg
gy”
top.
Pru
ning
shou
ldbe
star
ted
asso
onas
the
lead
erde
velo
psa
leng
thou
tof
prop
orti
onto
the
late
rals
.U
sual
lyth
isoc
curs
whe
nth
etr
eeis
2to
3fe
etta
ll.T
his
will
beth
eth
ird
tofo
urth
year
afte
rpl
anti
ngfo
rm
ost
pine
s,th
ird
tofi
fth
year
for
spru
cean
dfi
rs,
and
may
beaf
ter
the
1st
year
for
such
rapi
dgr
ower
sas
Afg
hani
stan
Pin
e.
Pru
ning
tech
niq
ues
vary
acco
rdin
gto
the
spec
ies
invo
lved
and
tool
sus
ed.
Sea
sonal
Dat
esfo
rS
hap
ing
Tre
es
All
Pin
esT
hesh
apin
gof
pine
tree
sis
done
inth
ela
tesp
ring
toea
rly
sum
mer
whe
nth
ene
wgr
owth
(“ca
ndle
s”or
exte
nded
buds
)ar
est
illso
ftan
dsu
ccul
ent,
afte
rth
eyha
vepr
acti
call
yco
mpl
eted
thei
rel
onga
tion
and
befo
reth
ene
wgr
owth
har
den
sto
woo
dym
ater
ial.
Cli
ppin
gof
lead
ers
mus
tbe
done
atth
isti
me
toal
low
suff
icie
ntti
me
for
buds
tofo
rm.
Ifcl
ippi
ngis
done
afte
rth
ew
ood
has
har
den
ed,
the
lead
erw
illdi
eba
ckto
the
bran
chw
horl
,re
sult
ing
inde
form
ity.
Lat
eral
bra
nch
esar
esh
eare
dat
this
tim
e,an
dcl
ippi
ngco
nfin
edto
curr
ent
grow
th.
Thi
sne
wgr
owth
can
becl
ippe
dba
ckto
any
leng
thde
pend
ing
onth
eam
ount
nee
ded
for
good
tape
r.If
anex
tra
long
late
ral
bran
chn
eed
scl
ippi
ngba
ckto
old
woo
d,th
ecu
tsh
ould
bem
ade
near
asi
debr
anch
soas
not
tole
ave
ast
ub
ofd
ead
woo
d.
Asi
mpl
eru
leto
follo
wfo
rpi
nes
isto
shea
rw
hen
nee
dle
sar
e1/
2to
3/4
the
leng
thof
last
year
’sne
edle
s.T
hele
ader
shou
ldbe
cut
toon
efo
otle
ngth
san
dth
eto
pw
horl
to6
to8
inch
es.
Lat
eral
bra
nch
essh
ould
becu
tto
mai
ntai
na
cone
-lik
esy
mm
etri
cal
form
.
Spru
ces
and
Fir
sU
nlik
eth
epi
nes,
whi
char
eal
way
spr
uned
duri
ngpe
riod
sof
acti
vegr
owth
,th
isgr
oup
oftr
ees
isus
uall
ypr
uned
duri
ngdo
rman
cy,
that
is,
duri
ngla
tesu
mm
er,
fall,
win
ter
and
earl
ysp
ring
.L
ight
prun
ing
can
even
bedo
nedu
ring
the
grow
ing
seas
on
,ho
wev
er,
the
do
rman
tse
ason
isre
com
men
ded
for
seve
ral
reas
ons.
*w
ork
can
besc
hedu
led
duri
ngth
eof
fse
ason
for
othe
rac
tivi
ties
.*
wea
ther
isof
ten
mor
edes
irab
lefo
rw
ork.
*in
do
rman
tsh
apin
gth
ere
mai
ning
buds
rece
ive
addi
tion
alnu
trie
nts
duri
ngth
efo
llow
ing
grow
ing
seas
on
and
usua
lly
give
add
edvi
gor
toth
etr
ee.
*la
stye
ar’s
shap
ing
wou
nds
are
usua
lly
cove
red
bycu
rren
tye
ar’s
grow
th.
2829
Tab
le3.
Appro
xim
ate
Tim
eS
ched
ule
for
Shea
ring
the
Pin
es(S
lig
ht
Var
iati
ons
May
Occ
ur
Due
toS
ite
Qua
lity
)*
Dat
esA
geH
eigh
tof
Tre
esP
ract
ice
toA
pply
Jun
e1
1st
year
4to
10in
.N
one
to2n
dyea
r10
to20
in.
Non
eA
ug.
103r
dye
ar20
to30
in.
Fir
stah
eari
ng,
rem
ove
mul
tipl
est
ems
and
defo
rmit
ies.
Cut
back
term
inal
and
late
rals
.R
emov
ebo
ttom
who
rlof
bra
nch
esto
pro
duce
hand
le.
Jun
e1
4th
year
3to
4ft
.S
eco
nd
shea
rin
g,
sele
ctto
mai
nte
rmin
al,
cut
back
,A
ug.
10th
ensh
ear
late
rals
.
Jun
e1
5th
year
4to
6ft
.T
hird
and
four
thsh
eari
ng
—to
and
need
little
Wor
k.P
ayA
ug.
106t
hye
arsp
ecia
lat
ten
tio
nto
term
inal
lead
er.
Cut
tole
ngth
then
clip
any
extr
alo
nggr
owth
from
late
rals
.
Jun
e1
7th
year
5to
7ft.
Allo
wto
grow
Out
.L
ittle
toor
tono
shea
rin
g,
exce
pt
Aug
.10
8th
year
extr
alo
ngte
rmin
als.
Nov
.15
7th
year
5to
7ft
.H
arve
stto
orD
ec.
208t
hye
ar
*O
nth
eve
rygo
odsi
tes,
tree
sW
illgr
owra
pidl
yan
dne
edsh
eari
ng
inth
eir
thir
dye
aran
dw
illbe
read
yfo
rhar
ves
tat
the
end
ofth
esi
xth
grow
ing
seas
on.
On
po
ore
rsi
tes
the
grow
thm
aybe
muc
hsl
ower
;th
etr
ees
will
not
nee
dsh
eari
ng
until
the
four
thse
ason,
and
will
req
uir
e7
to8
yea
rsto
reac
hh
arv
esta
ble
size
.
Tab
le4.
Ap
pro
xim
ate
Tim
eS
ched
ule
for
Sh
apin
gS
pru
ces
and
Fir
s*
Dat
esA
geH
eigh
tof
Tre
esP
ract
ice
toA
pply
1st
to5
to20
In.
Non
e
Oct
.1
4th
to20
to30
In.
Fir
stsh
eari
ng
,re
mov
eto
mul
tipl
est
ems
and
defo
rmit
ies.
Apr
.1
5th
year
Cut
back
lead
eran
dsh
ear
late
rals
.R
emov
ebo
ttom
who
rlof
bra
nch
esto
pro
duce
hand
le.
Oct
.1
6th
to30
to40
In.
Sec
on
dsh
eari
ng
,cl
ipto
mai
nte
rmin
alan
dsh
ear
Apr
.1
7th
year
late
rals
.C
utou
tab
no
rmal
late
ral
grow
th.
Oct
.1
8th
to4
to6
ft.
Sam
eas
abov
e.to
10th
yea
rA
pr.
111
thto
5to
7ft.
Allo
wto
grow
out
and
12th
year
har
ves
t.
Pru
nin
gT
oo
ls
Man
ydi
ffer
ent
tool
sar
eus
edfo
rpr
unin
gan
dsh
eari
ng.
Per
sona
lpr
efer
ence
,d
eter
min
edin
part
byon
e’s
trai
ning
,is
afa
ctor
.S
mal
lpr
unin
gsh
ears
ofth
ean
vil
type
are
ago
odch
oice
.A
vail
able
inse
vera
lsi
zes,
they
are
light
and
less
fati
guin
gth
anm
ost
cutt
ing
inst
rum
ents
.H
edge
shea
rsca
nbe
used
effe
ctiv
ely
ifyo
uca
nav
oid
the
tend
ency
topr
une
ina
stai
r-st
epfa
shio
nup
the
tree
.A
sick
lean
dm
achet
eca
nbe
used
todo
afa
stjo
b.T
rim
min
gkn
ives
are
used
exte
nsiv
ely
inth
eP
acif
icN
orth
wes
t.G
row
ers
that
use
kniv
esar
ein
mos
tca
ses
the
ones
that
pro
duce
tree
sof
supe
rior
qual
ity.
Saf
ety
pre
cauti
ons
mus
tbe
take
nw
hen
usin
gkn
ives
,an
dle
gg
uar
ds
requ
ired
.
Pow
erdr
iven
hed
ge
pru
ner
sar
ein
wid
eus
e,bu
tth
eyar
em
uch
mor
eex
pens
ive
tooper
ate.
Gas
olin
ean
del
ectr
icpo
wer
edm
odel
sar
eav
aila
ble.
Rot
ary
type
sar
eth
em
ost
popu
lar
ofth
epo
wer
driv
ento
ols.
Pru
ning
tool
ssh
ould
bem
aint
aine
din
ash
arp
cond
itio
nan
dan
ym
ovin
gpar
tsw
ell
oile
d.R
esin
accu
mul
atio
nssh
ould
bepe
riod
ical
lysc
rap
edfr
omth
eto
ol’s
surf
ace
orre
mov
edw
ithsu
chso
lven
tsas
turp
enti
ne
orm
iner
alsp
irit
s.
How
toS
hape
and
Shear
Pin
es
Beg
inpr
unin
gby
cutt
ing
the
lead
erto
des
ired
leng
th(1
2to
14in
ches
isus
uall
ybe
st);
then
clip
the
late
rals
ofth
ete
rmin
alw
horl
soth
atth
eyar
esh
ort
erth
anth
ete
rmin
al.
The
lead
eris
cut
at45
0an
gles
,w
ithth
esl
ope
ofth
ecu
tfa
cing
wes
t,pr
omot
ing
fast
erhe
alin
g.A
nan
gle
cut
isn
eed
edto
form
ast
rong
apic
albu
dat
the
top
end
ofth
ecu
t.N
ext
pro
ceed
arou
ndth
etr
eean
dcl
ipal
lla
tera
lsso
asto
shap
eth
etr
eein
toa
cone
.W
hile
shea
ring
the
late
ral
bra
nch
es,
itis
bes
tto
hold
the
shea
rsor
knif
eat
anan
gle
soas
tocu
tth
eb
ran
ches
inlin
ew
ithth
eco
ntou
rof
the
cone
rath
erth
anas
flat
step
s.W
hen
usin
gth
ekn
ife,
use
aco
ntin
uous
dow
nwar
dst
roke
.P
rune
off
the
bott
omw
horl
ofb
ran
ches
topr
oduc
ea
hand
leat
the
bas
eof
the
mai
nst
em.
On
the
seco
nd
and
thir
dsh
eari
ngs,
pro
ceed
inth
esa
me
man
ner
asfo
rth
ein
itial
shea
ring
but
take
mor
eca
reto
sele
ctan
din
sure
am
ain
term
inal
lead
er.
Rem
embe
rto
hold
the
low
erla
tera
lsin
soth
etr
eew
illha
vepr
oper
tap
er.
She
arin
gsh
ould
not
bedo
nedu
ring
the
last
seas
on
befo
reth
etr
eeis
har
ves
ted
exce
pt
tore
mov
eob
viou
sde
form
itie
s.
Sca
rrin
g
1.B
asal
:Sk
inof
fst
rip
ofba
rk4”
to21
”lo
ngto
gene
rall
ysl
owth
egr
owth
.S
car
shou
ldbe
abo
ut
10”
belo
wbo
ttom
who
rlto
avoi
dda
mag
ing
the
“han
dle”
.2.
Lea
der:
Sli
cea
thin
stri
pfr
ombas
eof
lead
er.
Thi
sw
illsl
owle
ader
grow
thon
eye
arw
itho
utaf
fect
ing
the
late
ral
bran
chgr
owth
belo
wth
esc
ar.
3rd
year
‘On
the
very
good
site
s,tr
ees
will
grow
rapi
dly
and
need
shea
rin
gIn
thei
rth
ird
year
and
will
bere
ady
for
har
ves
tat
the
end
ofth
ese
ven
thor
eigh
thgr
owin
gse
ason.
On
po
ore
rsi
tes,
the
grow
thm
aybe
muc
hsl
ower
;th
etr
ees
will
not
need
shea
rin
gun
tilth
efo
urth
seas
on,
and
will
requ
ire
12to
13y
ears
tore
ach
har
ves
table
size
.
3031
Fig
.13
Exa
mpl
eof
Pru
ning
aP
ine
Sp
ruce
san
dF
irs
Beg
insh
apin
gby
firs
tcu
ttin
gba
ckth
ete
rmin
alle
ader
topr
oper
leng
th(8
to12
inch
es).
Mak
eth
ecu
tat
anan
gle
%to
1/2
inch
abov
ea
good
live
sing
lebu
dw
hich
will
grow
and
deve
lop
into
ate
rmin
alsh
oot.
WA
RN
ING
:If
this
cut
ism
ade
just
abov
etw
oor
mor
ebu
dsin
acl
uste
r,yo
um
ayen
coura
ge
the
deve
lopm
ent
ofm
ulti
ple
lead
ers.
Aft
erth
em
ain
term
inal
iscu
tto
prop
erle
ngth
,p
roce
edto
shea
rth
ela
tera
lb
ran
ches
and
shap
eth
emin
toa
cone-
shap
edtr
eew
itho
utre
gard
toin
divi
dual
bra
nch
es.
Ifth
ere
are
som
eth
atar
eex
tra
long
,cu
tth
emba
ckto
form
.D
orm
ant
bu
ds
will
then
deve
lop
and
the
new
grow
thfr
omth
ese
buds
will
cove
rup
the
shea
ring
wou
nds.
Rem
ove
the
bott
omw
horl
ofb
ran
ches
topro
du
cea
hand
leat
the
bas
eof
the
stem
.
Sec
ond,
thir
dan
dfo
urth
shea
rin
gs
onth
ese
tree
sw
illbe
muc
hth
esa
me
asth
efi
rst
but
with
spec
ial
emphas
isup
onm
aint
aini
nga
sing
lete
rmin
alle
ader
and
sati
sfac
tory
taper
.
Stu
mp
Cult
ure
Ifa
tree
iscu
tab
ove
abr
anch
who
rl,
itw
illof
ten
turn
upw
ard
and
pro
duce
anoth
ertr
eeor
tree
s.A
ltho
ugh
less
com
mon
,a
new
lead
erca
nal
sobe
prod
uced
byad
vent
itio
usbu
dsw
hich
deve
lop
belo
wth
ecu
t.
Whe
nth
esu
perf
luou
sb
ran
ches
are
rem
oved
and
the
bes
tis
give
nro
utin
epr
unin
gtr
eatm
ent,
ago
odtr
eem
ayre
sult
.E
xces
sb
ran
ches
are
rem
oved
topr
even
tcr
owdi
ngan
din
terf
eren
cew
ithth
efa
vore
dbr
anch
.
Pin
esP
ines
may
pro
duce
ane
wtr
eefr
oman
up-t
urne
dlim
bbu
tth
ese
are
gene
rall
yle
ssst
raig
htan
dus
uall
yth
ecr
owns
are
not
asco
mp
act
asth
eor
igin
altr
ee.
Bec
ause
this
pra
ctic
eof
ten
pro
du
ces
infe
rior
tree
s,st
ump
cult
ure
cann
ot
bere
com
men
ded
asa
gene
ral
prac
tice
inpi
nest
ands.
Dou
glas
-fir
and
Tru
eF
irs
Stu
mp
cult
ure
has
the
gre
ates
tva
lue
inbo
thw
ildst
ands
and
pla
nta
tions
ofth
etr
uefi
rsan
dD
ougl
as-f
ir.
Bra
nche
sle
fton
the
stum
ptu
rnup
ina
very
stra
ight
and
erec
tm
anne
ran
dpr
oper
lycu
ltur
edca
np
roduce
Chr
istm
astr
ees
ona
fast
erro
tati
onth
antr
ees
grow
nfr
omse
ed.
I IC
ut
3”—
5
Fig.
14P
runi
nga
Dou
glas
-fir
.B
uds
usua
lly
form
alon
gen
tire
leng
thof
curr
ent
grow
thas
wel
las
atth
een
d.
32
33
Har
ves
tin
gan
dM
ark
etin
glo
adin
gan
dun
load
ing
and
ifst
ood
upri
ght
toth
awou
t.H
owev
er,
prol
onge
dst
ora
ge
will
cau
sene
edle
loss
.
Har
ves
ting
Cu
ttin
gA
ltho
ugh
loca
lm
ark
ets
will
support
cutt
ing
into
Dec
embe
r,ha
rves
tfo
rw
hole
sale
mar
ket
sis
usua
lly
done
inla
teO
ctob
eran
dth
roug
hout
Nov
embe
r.T
rees
atre
mot
elo
cati
ons
and
high
erel
evat
ions
shou
ldbe
cut
firs
t,le
avin
gm
ore
acce
ssib
letr
ees
for
late
rre
mov
alin
case
ofba
dw
eath
er.
Cut
ting
shou
ldoc
cur
ascl
ose
toth
esh
ippi
ngd
ate
aspo
ssib
leto
mai
ntai
nfr
esh
nes
s.S
tore
dor
stoc
kpi
led
tree
ssh
ould
beke
ptin
am
oist
,sh
ady
and
cool
plac
e.
Aha
rves
tcu
tin
any
part
icul
arar
eam
aysp
read
over
2or
3ye
ars,
rem
ovin
gea
chye
ar’s
prim
etr
ees.
The
area
shou
ldbe
cut
clea
rth
efi
nal
year
and
repla
nte
d,
natu
rall
yre
seed
edor
stum
pcu
ltur
ed.
Sco
tch
pine
will
requ
ire
earl
ycu
ttin
gto
prev
ent
foli
age
yell
owin
gor
brow
ning
.
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
nR
ough
ly1,
200
pile
dw
hite
firor
1,50
0D
ougl
as-f
irtr
ees
may
belo
aded
ona
stan
dar
dse
mi-
trai
ler.
Pin
esan
dbl
uesp
ruce
will
fill
ast
andar
dse
mi-
truc
kw
ithon
ly50
0-70
0tr
ees
due
toth
eir
stif
fer
bra
nch
es.
Rou
ghly
,15
0—20
0tr
ees
can
belo
aded
ona
1-to
n-fl
at-b
edtr
uck.
Car
eful
load
ing
ises
sen
tial
,as
man
yof
the
tree
sm
ayfr
eeze
and
beco
me
extr
emel
ybr
ittl
e.D
amag
eto
tree
sca
nbe
red
uce
dif
the
truc
kis
lined
with
boug
hsto
cush
ion
the
tree
s.
Tre
eB
undl
ing
Som
ep
rod
uce
rsbu
ndle
tree
sju
stpr
ior
tosh
ippi
ngby
:
1.L
ayin
gse
vera
ltr
ees
acro
sssa
whors
esan
dw
rapp
ing
with
twin
e.2.
Sto
vepi
ping
:sh
ove
tree
,bu
ttfi
rst,
thro
ugh
ala
rge
dia
met
erpi
pe,
wra
ppin
gw
ithtw
ine
asit
com
esou
tth
eot
her
end.
Tie
with
stan
dar
dun
trea
ted
bind
er’s
twin
e.A
vera
gepr
oduc
tion
:15
0-20
0bu
ndle
spe
rm
anpe
r8
hour
day. S
tan
dar
dT
ree
Bu
nd
les
(Bal
es)
6—8
4’—
6’5—
66’
—7’
47’
—8’
38’
—lO
’2
10’
and
over
1
Man
yp
rod
uce
rsw
illpi
leth
eir
tree
sra
ther
than
bund
ling
them
.Pi
ling
tren
ds
tofl
atte
nth
etr
ees
and
ofte
nal
low
sa
gre
ater
num
ber
tobe
load
edon
atr
uck.
Tre
esre
cove
rw
ell
from
pilin
gif
hand
led
care
full
ydu
ring
Mar
keti
ng
Mar
keti
ngis
the
mos
tpo
orly
under
stood
and
mis
-man
aged
phas
eof
the
enti
reC
hris
tmas
tree
busi
ness
,an
dm
ust
bea
succ
essf
ulop
erat
ion
toac
hiev
ere
asonab
lepr
ofit
.A
fter
six
orm
ore
year
sof
plan
ting
,fi
ghti
ngw
eeds
,in
sect
s,dis
ease
,ro
dent
s,de
er,
drou
ght,
floo
dsan
dha
ilan
dsh
eari
ngin
90d
egre
epl
ushe
at,
the
Chr
istm
astr
eeo
per
ato
rd
eser
ves
afa
irre
turn
onhi
sin
vest
men
t.H
em
ust
prot
ect
his
inte
rest
sw
ithca
refu
lfi
nanc
ial
plan
ning
.
Mos
tgr
ower
sw
itha
smal
lnu
mbe
rof
tree
sto
mar
ket
shou
ldpr
obab
lytr
yto
mer
chan
dis
eas
man
ytr
ees
atre
tail
aspo
ssib
lefo
rth
eyca
nre
ceiv
ea
mar
kup
for
cutt
ing
and
tran
spor
ting
the
tree
san
dw
illre
ceiv
eto
pdo
llar
for
thei
rpr
oduc
t.A
llre
tail
sale
ssh
ould
beca
sh,
henc
eno
loss
orba
dcr
edit
.
Med
ium
size
grow
ers
may
wis
hto
who
lesa
lea
port
ion
ofth
eir
crop
and
reta
ilas
man
yas
tim
epe
rmit
s.T
hela
rges
tgr
ower
sm
ayfi
ndth
atth
eir
volu
me
issu
chth
atth
eyw
illo
per
ate
only
onth
ew
hole
sale
leve
l.
Who
lesa
ling
Tre
esIn
who
lesa
ling
tree
sfr
omth
epl
anta
tion
,th
ere
are
two
maj
orou
tlet
s.O
neis
tod
eale
rsor
othe
rw
hole
sale
rs,
the
othe
ris
dire
ctly
toth
ere
tail
er.
Inad
diti
on,
som
esa
les
may
bem
ade
tom
unic
ipal
itie
sfo
rst
reet
deco
rati
on.
Gen
eral
ly,
itis
mor
epr
ofit
able
tose
lldi
rect
lyto
the
reta
iler
.
Met
hod
ofS
elli
ngT
rees
The
rear
ea
num
ber
ofdi
ffer
ent
met
hods
avai
labl
eto
the
grow
erfo
rth
esa
leof
Chr
istm
astr
ees
whe
ther
you
mar
ket
tree
sco
oper
ativ
ely
oras
anin
divi
dual
.
1.W
hole
sali
ngA
.O
nth
est
ump
1.E
ntir
ebl
ock,
all
har
ves
table
tree
s2.
Tag
ged
tree
sB
.C
utT
rees
1.D
ecke
dat
the
plan
tati
on2.
Del
iver
edto
rail
sidi
ngs
3.L
oade
don
truc
ksor
rail
cars
4.D
eliv
ered
dire
ctly
tore
tail
lots
2.R
etai
ling
A.
On
the
stum
p(b
uyer
sele
ctio
nan
dcu
ttin
g)B.
Cut
tree
s1.
At
the
farm
sto
reta
iltr
ade
2.A
tre
tail
lots
owne
dor
rent
edby
grow
ers
3.C
onsi
gnm
ent
A.
Cut
tree
sde
live
red
tore
tail
eron
cons
ignm
ent,
paym
ent
tobe
rece
ived
only
for
tree
sso
ld—
no
tre
com
men
ded
.
Tre
eH
eigh
t2’
and
less
Num
ber
sin
Bun
dle
10—
12
3435
Inm
akin
gw
hole
sale
sale
s,co
nta
cts
shou
ldbe
mad
eea
rly
inth
ese
ason
(Jul
yor
Aug
ust)
.A
sale
sco
ntr
act
shou
ldbe
exec
ute
dan
dth
egr
ower
shou
ldin
sist
onpa
rtia
lpa
ymen
tat
this
tim
ew
ithth
ere
mai
nder
paid
atti
me
ofde
live
ry.
Suc
ha
contr
act
shou
ldco
ntai
nth
efo
llow
ing
info
rmat
ion:
1.Q
uant
ity
oftr
ees
sold
bysp
ecie
s,si
zean
dgr
ade.
2.L
egal
land
desc
ript
ion
defi
ning
the
cutt
ing
area
bo
un
dar
ies,
and
desc
ript
ion
ofth
etr
ees
tobe
cut.
3.P
rice
per
tree
orpe
rli
near
foot
and
cond
itio
nsof
paym
ent.
4.D
ate
tost
art
cutt
ing
and
term
inat
ion
dat
eof
the
agre
emen
t.5.
Iden
tify
resp
onsi
ble
pers
onfo
rha
rves
t,tr
ansp
ort
atio
nof
tree
sto
plac
eof
deli
very
and
paym
ent
tow
ard
sale
.6.
Han
dle
leng
th.
7.P
lace
and
dat
eof
deli
very
.8.
Whe
nti
tle
totr
ees
pas
ses
from
grow
erto
buye
r.9.
Any
spec
ial
req
uir
emen
tsor
cond
itio
ns(s
lash
disp
osal
,st
ump
treat
men
t,pr
otec
tion
ofun
cut
tree
s,ri
ght
tous
ero
ads,
repa
irof
dam
aged
impr
ovem
ents
,bo
ndto
guar
ante
eco
ntr
act
perf
orm
ance
).
Ifm
ore
grow
ers
wou
ldha
veav
aila
ble
prin
ted
contr
acts
sim
ilar
toth
eon
eil
lust
rate
d(F
igur
e15
)an
din
sist
onth
eir
use,
far
few
ergr
ower
sw
ould
bele
ftho
ldin
gth
eba
gaf
ter
thei
rtr
ees
wer
ego
ne.
Met
hod
and
Tim
eof
Pay
men
tC
hris
tmas
tree
sar
ea
peri
shab
lepr
oduc
tan
dth
eir
valu
ed
rops
prec
ipit
ousl
yon
Dec
embe
r25
thea
chye
ar.
Sel
lers
shou
ldin
sist
onbe
ing
paid
for
thei
rtr
ees
prio
rto
this
dat
eby
all
exce
pt
tho
sed
eale
rsw
hoha
vew
ell
esta
bli
shed
cred
it.
Ret
aili
ngof
Tre
esH
ighe
stpe
rtr
eepr
ofit
sca
nbe
real
ized
whe
nth
egr
ower
sell
sdi
rect
lyto
the
cust
omer
,bu
tre
tail
ing
isve
ryde
man
ding
inti
me
and
sale
sim
agin
atio
n.R
etai
lgr
ower
sm
ust
beaw
are
ofth
ene
edan
dopport
unit
ies
for
effe
ctiv
ead
vert
isin
g.S
ucc
ess
will
hing
eon
impr
oved
serv
ices
:bet
ter
tree
s,go
oddi
spla
yof
mer
chan
dise
,co
nven
ient
and
adeq
uat
epa
rkin
g,an
da
prom
ptan
dco
urt
eous
sale
spr
oced
ure.
Gro
wer
-ret
aile
rsof
ten
elec
tto
oper
ate
wel
l-lo
cate
dsa
les
lots
inor
near
citi
es.
Ano
ther
prof
itab
lem
etho
dis
“choose
and
cut”
sell
ing.
Cu
sto
mer
sse
lect
,cu
t,an
dca
rry
tree
sfr
omth
epl
anta
tion
.B
uyer
sar
eof
ten
will
ing
todr
ive
long
dis
tance
sfo
rth
ispr
ivil
edge
and
ofte
npa
yhi
gher
pric
es.
for
and
inth
eco
nsi
der
atio
nof
$
_________
and
oth
ergo
odan
dva
luab
leco
nsi
der
ati
ons,
rece
ipt
ofw
hich
ishe
reby
ack
no
wle
dg
edan
dgi
veco
nse
nt
and
perm
issi
onto
ente
rup
onth
ep
rem
ises
tore
mov
ean
dtr
ansp
ort
the
foll
owin
g:
Thi
ssh
ipm
ent
shal
lno
tbe
deli
vere
dw
itho
utpay
men
tof
frei
ght
and
oth
erch
arges
of:
$______________
doll
ars
or,
Ihav
ein
my
poss
essi
on
wri
tten
evid
ence
ofth
ela
wfu
lac
quis
itio
nof
abo
ve
arti
cle.
Wit
ness
(sig
natu
re)
Wit
ness
(sig
natu
re)
FIG
.15
Mem
ora
nd
um
ofS
ale
and
Sh
ipm
ent
Leg
alsi
gn
atu
reof
OW
NE
R
Ad
dre
ss
Ad
dre
ss
DA
TE
Rec
eive
dsu
bje
ctto
term
san
dco
nd
itio
ns
con
tain
edhe
rein
.
FR
OM
:
_____________________
of
_____________________
,N
ewM
exic
o,
owne
rof
the
pre
mis
eson
whi
chth
efo
llow
ing
des
crib
edC
hri
stm
astr
ees,
ever
gre
enbo
ughs
,or
oth
erp
lan
ts(w
itho
utro
ots
atta
ched
)w
ere
grow
ndo
here
bygr
ant,
sell
and
conv
eyto
CO
NS
IGN
EE
DE
STIN
AT
ION
NU
MB
ER
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
OR
AR
TIC
LE
S
Leg
aldes
crip
tion
ofla
ndw
here
grow
n:
signat
ure
ofC
ON
SIG
NO
R
Ice
rtif
yth
atth
eab
ov
edes
crib
edar
ticl
esw
ere
rece
ived
ingo
odco
nd
iti
onan
dIn
the
quan
tity
spec
ifie
d.
Tow
nshi
pR
ange
Sec
tion
Por
tion
ofS
ecti
onC
ount
y
sig
nat
ure
ofT
RU
CK
ER
3637
Ap
pen
dix
1A
ppen
dix
2C
ost
san
dre
turn
sper
acre
for
Chri
stm
asT
ree
Pro
duct
ion
Addit
ional
So
urc
esof
Info
rmat
ion
The
follo
win
gis
alis
tof
item
sto
con
sid
erto
det
erm
ine
ifgr
owin
gC
onta
iner
ized
stoc
kfo
rC
hris
tmas
tree
sca
nbe
obta
ined
from
the
Ene
rgy,
Chr
istm
astr
ees
will
bea
prof
itab
leen
terp
rise
.M
iner
als
and
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
esD
epar
tmen
t,F
ores
try
and
Res
ou
rces
Con
serv
atio
nD
ivis
ion.
Con
tact
your
near
est
Dis
tric
tF
ores
ter
orth
eD
ivis
ions
Co
sts
ofG
row
ing
Tre
esS
anta
FeO
ffic
efo
rin
form
atio
nab
out
the
seed
ling
prog
ram
and
for
assi
stan
ce.
Sit
epre
par
atio
n,
labo
rSA
NTA
FEO
FFIC
ES
OC
OR
RO
DIS
TR
ICT
Sit
epre
par
atio
n,
equi
pmen
tP.
O.
Box
1948
Dis
tric
tF
ores
ter
Pu
rch
ase
ofse
edli
ngs
San
taFe
,N
M87
504-
1948
P.O
.B
ox94
6
Pla
ntin
g,la
bor
827-
5830
Soc
orro
,N
M87
801
Dis
king
,la
bor
835-
5728
Dis
king
,eq
uipm
ent
CH
AM
AD
IST
RIC
TLA
SV
EGA
SD
IST
RIC
TH
erbi
cide
appl
icat
ion,
labo
rD
istr
ict
For
este
rD
istr
ict
For
este
rRt
.1
Box
100
RO
.B
ox44
1H
erbi
cide
cost
Mow
ing,
labo
rC
ham
a,N
M87
520
Las
Veg
as,
NM
8770
1M
owin
g,eq
uipm
ent
588-
7831
425-
7472
She
arin
g,la
bor
She
arin
g,eq
uip
men
tC
API
TAN
DIS
TR
ICT
Fer
tili
zer,
labo
rC
IMA
RR
ON
DIS
TR
ICT
Dis
tric
tF
ores
ter
Fer
tili
zer,
cost
Dis
tric
tF
ores
ter
P.O
.B
ox22
7P
rote
ctio
n,co
stP.
O.
Box
5C
apit
an,
NM
8831
6U
TEPa
rt,
NM
8774
935
4-22
31G
ener
alov
erhe
ad37
6-22
04B
ERN
ALI
LLO
DIS
TR
ICT
Tot
alca
shco
sts
P.O
.B
ox45
8In
tere
ston
cost
s,cu
mul
ativ
eB
erna
lillo
,N
M87
004
867-
2334
Tot
algr
owin
gco
sts
Har
vest
ing
cost
sM
ora
Res
earc
hC
ente
r,lo
cate
dne
arM
ora
isan
agri
cult
ure
expe
rim
ent
stat
ion,
whe
rem
any
fiel
dte
sts
onC
hris
tmas
tree
prod
ucti
onca
nbe
Lab
orob
serv
ed.
Vis
itth
efa
cili
tyat
your
conv
enie
nce
tose
em
any
ofth
esp
ecie
sE
quip
men
tan
dm
eth
od
sdes
crib
edin
the
text
.T
rans
port
atio
n
Tot
alha
rves
ting
cost
s
Inco
me
Gro
ssIn
com
efr
omtr
eesa
les
Net
Inco
me
afte
rha
rves
tco
st
Net
Inco
me
I
38
App
endi
x3
New
Mex
ico
Sta
teL
aws
Stat
est
atut
esha
vebe
ende
velo
ped
topr
otec
tth
ein
tere
stof
the
fore
st
land
owne
ran
dth
efo
rest
reso
urce
.
68-2
-22.
Cutt
ing
and
Rem
ovin
gW
oody
Mat
eria
lW
itho
utW
ritt
enC
onse
nt.
No
pers
onsh
all
cut,
rem
ove,
tran
spor
tor
sell
any
woo
dym
ater
ial
wit
hout
wri
tten
Con
sent
of
the
ow
ner
or
pro
of
of
ow
ner
ship
,w
het
her
the
land
is
publ
icly
orpr
ivat
ely
owne
d.T
hew
ritt
enco
nsen
tsh
all
cont
ain
ale
gal
desc
ript
ion
ofth
ela
ndw
here
the
woo
dym
ater
ial
isre
mov
ed,
the
nam
ean
d
addr
ess
ofth
ele
gal
owne
r,th
evo
lum
eo
fm
ater
ial
tobe
rem
oved
,an
dth
e
date
of
exec
utio
nan
dth
eex
pira
tion
date
of
the
cons
ent.
Inad
diti
on,
any
pers
onpu
rcha
sing
woo
dym
ater
ial
from
anot
her
for
the
purp
ose
of
resa
lem
ust
poss
ess
ava
lid
bill
of
sale
,th
eam
ount
ofm
ater
ial
purc
hase
dan
dth
ena
me,
addr
ess
and
sign
atur
eof
the
sell
er.
The
wri
tten
cons
ent,
bill
ofsa
leor
true
copy
shal
lhe
carr
ied
onev
ery
pers
onin
char
geof
cutt
ing,
rem
ovin
g,
tran
spor
ting
orse
llin
gw
oody
mat
eria
lan
dsh
all
heex
hibi
ted
toan
yof
fice
r
ofth
ela
w,
fore
stry
agen
t,fo
rest
rang
er,
fore
stpa
trol
man
orco
nser
vati
on
offi
cer
athi
sre
ques
tat
any
tim
e.T
his
prov
isio
nsh
all
not
appl
yto
cam
pers
,pi
cnic
kers
,hu
nter
san
dfi
sher
man
who
gath
erw
oody
mat
eria
lsfo
r
use
inim
med
iate
vici
nity
of
thei
rca
mps
ite
orpr
ivat
ela
ndow
ners
rem
ovin
g
woo
dym
ater
ial
from
thei
row
nla
ndfo
rth
eir
pers
onal
use.
68-2
-22.
1C
hri
stm
asT
ree
Tag
Fee
--A
ppli
cabi
lity
--C
ost-
-Dep
osit
Into
Fort
Pro
tect
ion
Rev
olvi
ngF
und.
A.
Eac
htr
eecu
tor
rem
oved
from
publ
icor
priv
ate
land
inN
ewM
exic
oan
d
bein
gtr
ansp
orte
dfo
rth
epu
rpos
eof
sale
oran
yot
her
tree
bein
gof
fere
dfo
r
sale
for
the
purp
ose
of
Chr
istm
asde
cora
tion
shal
lbe
ara
nont
rans
fera
ble
tag
purc
hase
dfr
omth
eF
ores
try
Div
isio
nof
the
Ene
rgy.
Min
eral
san
dN
atur
al
Res
ourc
esD
epar
tmen
t.T
heta
gsh
all
beat
tach
edto
the
tree
befo
reth
etr
ee
istr
ansp
orte
dby
any
mea
nsw
ithi
nth
est
ate
and
shal
lno
tbe
rem
oved
exce
pt
byth
eul
tim
ate
cons
umer
orus
er.
Dis
tric
t1
-
B.
The
For
estr
yD
ivis
ion
shal
lch
arge
afe
efo
rea
chta
gso
ld,
the
fee
to
:Cir
narr
onhe
esta
blis
hed
byre
gula
tion
,bu
tno
tto
exce
edfi
fty
cent
s($
50)
per
tag.
Dis
tric
t4
—L
asV
egas
Dis
tric
t5
—Ca
itan
Dis
tric
t6
-B
ena1
i11o
C.
Chr
istm
astr
eeta
gssh
all
beva
lid
for
only
the
cale
ndar
year
inw
hich
they
are
issu
ed.
D.
Thi
sse
ctio
nsh
all
not
appl
yto
any
live
ball
edor
burl
appe
d,po
tted
orco
ntai
neri
zed
tree
sold
orof
fere
dfo
rsa
leby
anu
rser
yre
gula
ted
byth
e
New
Mex
ico
Dep
artm
ent
ofA
gric
ultu
reun
der
the
prov
isio
nsor
the
Pla
nt
Pro
tect
ion
Act
,C
hapt
er76
,A
rtic
le5,
Sec
tion
s11
thro
ugh
18N
MS
A19
78.
E.
Not
hing
inth
isla
wre
quir
esa
pers
onto
purc
hase
aD
ivis
ion
Chr
istm
as
tree
tag
whe
nth
etr
eeis
cut
and
rem
oved
unde
rth
epe
rmit
from
the
land
of
40
anot
her
for
pers
onal
use.
41
Lit
erat
ure
Cit
edF.
All
rece
ipts
from
the
sale
of
Chr
istm
astr
eeta
gssh
all
bepl
aced
into
the
For
est
Lan
dP
rote
ctio
nR
evol
ving
Fun
d.
G.
Vio
lati
ons
of
this
sect
ion
cons
titu
tea
mis
dem
eano
ras
prov
ided
for
inS
ecti
on68
-2-1
7N
MS
A19
78.
68-2
-23.
Def
init
ion
s.
As
used
inS
ecti
on68
-2-2
2N
MS
A19
78:
A.
“woo
dym
ater
ial
incl
udes
any
live
orde
adev
ergr
een,
coni
fero
usor
deci
duou
str
ee,
bran
ch,
boug
h,bu
sh,
sapl
ing
orsh
rub
inits
natu
ral
cond
itio
n,tr
imm
edor
untr
imm
ed,
and
wit
hor
wit
hout
root
s;B
.“o
wne
r”m
eans
any
publ
icag
ency
,st
ate
orfe
dera
l,pe
rson
,pa
rtne
rshi
p,fi
rm,
corp
orat
ion
orre
cogn
ized
agen
tsth
ereo
fow
ning
orha
ving
lega
lco
ntro
lto
the
surf
ace
righ
tsof
the
land
upon
whi
chth
ew
oody
mat
eria
lis
loca
ted
and
havi
ngle
gal
auth
orit
yto
issu
epe
rmit
sor
ente
rin
toag
reem
ents
for
the
disp
osal
ther
eof;
C.
“com
mer
cial
fore
st”
mea
nsfo
rest
land
whi
chis
prod
ucin
gor
capa
ble
ofpr
oduc
ing
crop
sof
indu
stri
alw
ood.
Thi
sin
clud
esar
eas
suit
able
for
man
agem
ent
togr
owcr
ops
ofin
dust
rial
woo
dof
asi
tequ
alit
yca
pabl
eo
fpr
oduc
ing
inex
cess
oftw
enty
cubi
cfe
etpe
rac
reof
annu
algr
owth
;an
dD
.“p
reve
ntio
n’in
volv
esth
em
anpo
wer
,eq
uipm
ent
and
trai
ning
and
the
publ
icpr
ogra
ms
desi
gned
tore
duce
the
pote
ntia
lof
acci
dent
alor
mal
icio
usfi
rest
arts
.
68-2
-26.
En
forc
emen
t--F
ore
stC
onse
rv,i
tioi
iA
ct.
Any
offi
cer
ofth
ela
w,
fore
stry
agen
t,fo
rest
rang
er,
fore
stpa
trol
man
orco
nser
vati
onof
fice
ren
forc
ing
the
prov
isio
nsof
the
For
est
Con
serv
atio
nA
ct(6
8-2-
1th
roug
h68
-2-2
8N
MS
A19
78)
may
:
A.
stop
any
vehi
cle
orm
eans
of
conv
eyan
ceco
ntai
ning
woo
dym
ater
ial
for
the
purp
ose
ofm
akin
gan
insp
ecti
onan
din
vest
igat
ion;
B.
insp
ect
woo
dym
ater
ial
inan
yve
hicl
eor
othe
rm
eans
ofco
nvey
ance
incl
udin
gco
mm
onca
rrie
r;an
dC
.se
ize
and
hold
any
prop
erty
used
invio
lati
on
ofth
isse
ctio
nan
dup
onde
term
inat
ion
byth
eap
prop
riat
eco
urt
that
ase
ctio
nof
the
For
est
Con
serv
atio
nA
ctha
sbe
envi
olat
ed,
keep
ordi
spos
eof
the
prop
erty
upon
orde
ro
fth
edi
stri
ctco
urt.
All
mon
eyco
llec
ted,
ifan
y,sh
all
hede
posi
ted
into
the
For
est
Lan
dP
rote
ctio
nR
evol
ving
Fun
d,
68-2
-27.
Usi
ngF
alse
Info
rmat
ion
To
Com
ply
Wit
hT
heF
ores
tC
onse
rvat
ion
Act
.
Itis
unla
wfu
lfo
ran
ype
rson
tous
efa
lse
info
rmat
ion
ordo
cum
enta
tion
toob
tain
any
perm
it,
lice
nse
orot
her
bene
fit
tind
erth
eF
ores
tC
onse
rvat
ion
Act
(68-
2-1
thro
ugh
68-2
-28
NM
SA
1978
).A
nype
rson
who
isfo
und
guil
tyo
fvi
olat
ing
the
prov
isio
nsof
this
sect
ion
shal
lbe
sent
ence
dac
cord
ing
toS
ecti
on68
-2-1
7N
MS
A19
78.
42
Bla
ndor
d,R
ober
t.P
lant
atio
nC
hris
tmas
Tre
esfo
rS
outh
ern
Cal
ifor
nia.
Rev
ised
,19
72.
Bur
ns,
Pau
lY
.an
dS
hih-
Cha
ngH
u.“C
ost
san
dR
etur
nsfo
rC
hris
tmas
Tre
eP
rodu
ctio
n.”
(mim
eogr
aphe
d)
But
ler,
Jose
ph
R.
and
Jam
esR.
Gra
y.19
68.
Mar
keti
ngof
New
Mex
ico
Chr
istm
asT
rees
.R
esea
rch
Rep
ort
144,
Agr
icul
tura
lE
xper
imen
tS
tati
on,
New
Mex
ico
Sta
teU
nive
rsit
y.
Col
orad
oF
ore
stP
rod
uct
sM
arke
ting
Bul
letin
.O
ctob
er,
1977
,V
ol.
11,
No.
4,C
olor
ado
For
est
Ser
vice
,C
olor
ado
Sta
teU
nive
rsit
y.
Dou
glas
s,B
erna
rdS.
1967
.“C
ultu
ral
Pra
ctic
esfo
rG
row
ing
Chr
istm
asT
rees
inth
eP
acif
icN
orth
wes
t,”
Man
agin
gY
our
Woo
dlan
d,N
o.5,
Pac
ific
Nor
thw
est
Reg
ion,
Sta
tean
dP
riva
teF
ores
try,
Por
tlan
d,O
rego
n.
Fis
her,
Jam
esT.
and
Jose
M.
Mon
tano
.19
77.
“Man
agem
ent
ofP
inyo
nfo
rO
rnam
enta
ls,
Chr
istm
asT
rees
and
Nut
Pro
duct
ion.
”P.
35—
40.
InE
colo
gy,
Use
s,an
dM
anag
emen
tof
Pin
yon-
Juni
per
Woo
dlan
ds:
Pro
ceed
ing
sof
the
wor
ksho
p.(A
lbuq
uerq
ue,
New
Mex
ico,
Mar
ch24
—25
,19
77)
USD
AF
ores
tS
ervi
ceG
ener
alT
echn
ical
Rep
ort,
Rm
-39,
49p.
Roc
kyM
ount
ain
For
est
and
Ran
geE
xper
imen
tS
tati
on,
For
tC
olli
ns,
Col
orad
o.
Fis
her,
Jam
esT.
and
Jose
M.
Mon
tano
.19
77.
“Est
abli
shm
ent
ofC
onif
erP
lant
atio
nsin
Nor
ther
nN
ewM
exic
o.”
Gre
atP
lans
Agr
icul
tura
lC
ounc
ilP
ubli
cati
on,
No.
85,
pp.
167—
189.
Mon
tano
,Jo
seM
.,Ja
mes
T.F
ishe
ran
dF
red
B.W
idm
oyer
.19
80.
“Cut
Chr
istm
asT
ree
Pro
per
ties
ofA
fgha
nist
anP
ine
asC
om
par
edto
Tra
diti
onal
Sp
ecie
s,”
Chr
istm
asT
rees
,8(
1):
8—10
.
Moy
ers,
W.H
.,“R
ando
mN
otes
abo
ut
Chr
istm
asT
ree
Pro
duct
ion.
”C
olor
ado
Sta
teU
nive
rsit
y.
Pol
k,R
.B
rook
s.19
64.
Chr
istm
asT
rees
,a
Mis
sour
iC
rop,
B82
0,A
gric
ultu
ral
Exp
erim
ent
Sta
tion
,U
nive
rsit
yof
Mis
sour
i,C
olum
bia,
Mis
sour
i.
Pol
k,R
.B
rook
san
dJo
hn
Slu
sher
.“G
row
ing
and
Mar
keti
ngC
hris
tmas
Tre
es,”
Sci
ence
and
Tec
hnol
ogy
Gui
de,
Uni
vers
ity
ofM
isso
uri,
Col
umbi
aE
xten
sion
Div
isio
n.
Slo
an,
Rog
erP.
and
oth
ers.
The
Cul
ture
ofC
hris
tmas
Tre
es:
Fer
tili
zing
.F
ores
tF
act
Sh
eet
No.
4.
Wid
moy
er,
Fre
dB
.an
dJa
mes
T.F
ishe
r.19
79.
Pro
duct
ion
ofA
fgha
nist
anC
hris
tmas
Tre
es,”
Chr
istm
asT
rees
,7(
2):
4—7.
43
