Natural Enemies Horticultural Allies. Natural Enemies Organisms that – –kill –decrease the...
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Transcript of Natural Enemies Horticultural Allies. Natural Enemies Organisms that – –kill –decrease the...
![Page 1: Natural Enemies Horticultural Allies. Natural Enemies Organisms that – –kill –decrease the reproductive potential –or otherwise reduce the numbers –of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649cd65503460f9499d151/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Natural Enemies
Horticultural Allies
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Natural Enemies
• Organisms that – – kill– decrease the reproductive potential– or otherwise reduce the numbers – of another organism
• Can limit pest damage
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Natural Enemies
• Reduce pest populations through– predation – parasitism– herbivory – competition– antibiosis
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Predation
• Predators – – attack, kill and feed on several or many
other individuals
• Specialized predators – – feed on a single species or a few closely
related species
• Generalized predators – – feed on a variety of similar organisms
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Predators
• Coleoptera – beetles• Hemiptera – true bugs• Diptera – flies• Neuroptera – lacewings • Hymenoptera – wasps• Arachnida – spiders• Vertebrates – birds, reptiles, coyotes,
etc.
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Predators
• Predatory mites – family Phytoseiidae– controls pest mites and other insects
• Mites, collembola, flatworms, protozoa and some nematodes control pest nematodes
• Giant amoebae, various soilborne animals are pathogens to fungi and bacteria
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Predators
• Birds, bats and fish prey on various insects and other pests
• Raptors, cats and coyotes prey on various pest birds, rodents and other vertebrates
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Parasitism
• Parasites – – feed in or on a larger host– prolonged and specialized relationships
with hosts– typically parasitize only one host individual
in their lifetime
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Parasites
• Disease producing bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and some nematodes
• May attack invertebrates (insects and nematodes), weeds, pathogens and vertebrates
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Parasites
• May weaken hosts without killing it
• Those that significantly weaken or kill the host are important natural enemies in biological control
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Parasites
• Pathogens – – parasitic microorganisms – impair normal activities of host tissue or
cells– includes: bacteria, fungi, protozoa and
viruses
• Important controls of insects, nematodes, mites, weeds, and other pathogens
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Parasites
• Parasitoid – – insect that parasitizes and kills other
invertebrates – parasitic in immature stage– kills hosts as they enter maturity– adults are free-living– adults about same size as hosts
• Can include – Hymenoptera and Diptera
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Parasite vs. Parasitoid
• Parasites derives food from host organisms without killing the host
• Parasitoids end up killing the host before the parasite matures
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Internal vs. External Parasites
• Endoparasite – internal– develops inside of the host
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Internal vs. External Parasites
• Ectoparasite – external – develops while attached to the outside of
the host
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Herbivory
• Herbivores – – animals that feed on plants– important natural enemies of weeds– specialized herbivores selectively feed on
one or several closely related weed species– some limit production by feeding on
flowers or seed
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Competition
• Competition – – two or more organisms strive for the same
limited resources – i.e. food, water, shelter or light
• Can limit some weeds• Limited use as a biological control
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Antibiosis
• Antibiosis – – substances secreted by organisms
inhibiting vital activities of other organisms
• May be useful in controlling some plant pathogens
• Few current applications
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Common Natural Enemies
• Nematode-trapping fungi
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Common Natural Enemies
• Predatory nematodes• Not particularly useful
in disturbed soils
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Common Natural Enemies
• Decollate snails control . . . – European brown garden snails– citrus thrips – feeds on pupae in soil– can feed on seedlings
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Common Natural Enemies
• Predatory mites– occurs in several families– tend to pear-shaped, longer-legged and
shinier than pest mites– more active than plant-feeding mites– feeds on plant-feeding mites, insect eggs,
immatures – crawler stages of scale, thrips and whitefly nymphs
– translucent, bright white, red, yellow, green
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Common Natural Enemies
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Common Natural Enemies
• Parasitoid wasps control . . . – various Homopterans including: aphids,
whitefly, scale, psyllids, mealybugs, and a host of other pests . . .
– as well as various Lepidopterans
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Common Natural Enemies
• Lacewings (Order Neuroptera)– larvae are predaceous– not adults from all species are– feeds on aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs,
caterpillars, mites, psyllids, insect eggs, and other insects
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Common Natural Enemies
• Green Lacewing (Chrysopidae)
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Common Natural Enemies
• Brown Lacewing (Hemerobiidae)
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Common Natural Enemies
• Lady Beetles (Coccinellidae)– over 500 species in America– most are predaceous as larvae and adults– many are prey-specific including various
insects and mites
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Common Natural Enemies
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Common Natural Enemies
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Common Natural Enemies
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Common Natural Enemies
• Assassin bugs (Reduviidae) – over 160 species in North America– all are predaceous– some attack mammals– Feeds on a range of insect pests
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Common Natural Enemies
• Damsel bugs (Nabidae)– predaceous on mites, aphids, caterpillars,
leafhoppers, etc.– resembles small Reduviidae – long front appendages
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Common Natural Enemies
• Syrphid flies (Syrphidae)– AKA hover flies, flower flies– larvae are predaceous – adults often resemble honey bees– feeds on aphids and other soft-bodied
insects
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Common Natural Enemies
• Mantids (Mantidae)– praying mantids
or praying mantises
– predaceous – elongated thorax– long, grasping
forelegs – opportunistic and
cannibalistic