Chapter 10 Oxidation Numbers. Oxidation Number The oxidation number is the charge on a single atom.
NATO's Science for Peace and Security Programme · D -“Synthetica” Detoxifier Process 4. high...
Transcript of NATO's Science for Peace and Security Programme · D -“Synthetica” Detoxifier Process 4. high...
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NATO
Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme
Workshop on CBRN Defence – 22-24 October 2013 – Brussels
Emerging Security Challenges Division
NATO
Brussels. Belgium, 22 october 2013
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UoB (University of Bucharest,
Romania)
EUR (Chemical Center for Defense
NBC and Ecology, CCDNBCE of
Romanian Defense Ministry)
UO (University of Ottawa, Canada)
TUV (Technical University of Valencia, Spain)
NIS (Centre of Excellence Univeristy of Turin,
Italy)
Project Description - SfP 981476
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General overview
• State of the art in destruction of toxic compounds:
- incineration Baseline Technology
- mineralization 1. supercritical water oxidation (SCWO)
2. low temperature, low pressure oxidation processes
A -Chemical Oxidation - considerable waste stream of sulfate and sulfuric acid.
B -Electrochemical Oxidation – high electricity consumption and polymerization of
intermediates to insoluble materials
C -Biological Oxidation – not enough active to be extended in a practical system.
D -Processes Mediated by UV Light - the best application of this technology
appeared to be for the final treatment of dilute solutions after bulk destruction and
oxidation have been accomplished by other means
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General overview
3. high temperature, low pressure pyrolysis processes
A -Molten Metal Processes - the metal furnace does not eliminate the need for a combustion process; the product gases would be oxidized in a separate unit.
B -Plasma arc torches - This feature is suited to the decontamination of metal parts.
C –Gasification - attack on refractory linings by acidic reaction products, such as HF,
might be a problem.
D -“Synthetica” Detoxifier Process
4. high temperature, low pressure oxidation processes
A -catalyzed fluidized bed oxidation - bed, an afterburner would be needed
B -molten sodium carbonate - gaseous effluents would need to be filtered
C -catalytic oxidation - very dilute gas streams for final cleanup
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General overview
- detoxification
1. low temperature liquid phase detoxification (caustic hydrolysis)
2. wet air oxidation (WAO)
- other technologies
1. penetrating ionizing radiation
2. hydrogenation
3. the Adams process
4. underground nuclear detonations
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Synthesis of new photocatalysts for remediation and recovery of
land and materials exposed to chemical weapons exhibiting a high
activity and efficiency for a large plethora of compounds
Overall objective
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1. Design of a series of photocatalysts in which a photoactive guest is
incorporated/protected within the pores of zeolites having or not co-
operating acid or basic sites.
Specific objectives
MN
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
O+
Metalo-phthalocyanines
2,4,6-Triphenylpyrylium
Electron-donor Electron-acceptor
The photoactive guests include organic dyes, metallic complexes and clusters of inorganic semiconductors.
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Specific objectives
MN
N N
N
N
N
N
N
CN
CN
M@NaY
250oC4
O+ O O O O
O+
OH
O
H2O
pH=7absorption 200oC
Synthesis pathways
Metalophthalocyanines reclusion
2,4,6-Triphenylpyrylium reclusion
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2. Design of new microporous silicotitanate with narrowed band gap with
the scope to increase the adsorption capacity and photocatalytic
efficiency.).
Specific objectives
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3. Photochemical studies and photocatalytic degradation tests with the
series of new solid photocatalysts. Determination of the nature and
lifetimes of excited states and intermediates involved in the photocatalysis
by time-resolved submillisecond techniques.
Specific objectives
4. Identification of the detailed mechanism of model compounds
degradation
5. Assessment of the surface modification due to adsorption of stable
products (sulfate, phosphate species, oxidation products)
6. Evaluation of catalytic performance in relation to surface speciation and
protocols in order to avoid catalyst deactivation due to surface deposition
of stable products
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• New technologies to produce high functionalized materials.
• Protocols for preparation of mixtures with photocatalytic activity
• Rapid cleaning and decontamination of surfaces from chemical
weapons with total recovery of the exposed surfaces.
Outcomes
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Results
Target molecules
Yperite
(sulfur mustard)
Soman
(GD)
VX
Derived from pesticides
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Results
Experimental protocols
UV Vis
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Results
Experimental protocols
UV Vis
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Results
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Results
CB
VB 400 600 800 1000
0
10
20
30
F(R
)
Wavelength, nm
Interactions between guest molecule and support (not only physical reclusion.
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Results
D2O
46 µs
100 200 300 400 5000-0,01
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0
-0,01
-0,02
-0,03
-0,04
-0,05
-0,06
1200 1250 1300 1350Lungime de unda, nm
Timp, μs
Inte
nsit
ate
aem
isie
i. V
DFP
470±30 µs
7 µs
100 200 300 400 5000
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,01
0,1
Timp, μs
Inte
nsit
ate
aem
isie
i, V
0 100 200 300 400
Generation of Singlet Oxygen
(very reactive species)!!!!
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Results
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PO
F
O
PO
OH
O
POH
OH
OHO
OP
SO
N
OP
S
OH
ON
OP
OH
OS N
HO
ClS
Cl
Results
Vis
PO
F
O
OP
SO
N
ClS
Cl
UV
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Results
Best dopants:
- Mn for naturally aerated
- V for controlled air flow
* Impreganted or sol-gel
Combined effect:
-Vis response from N
- adsorptive capabilities from AC
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Results
Yperite
Up to 98% decontamination in 2 hours
Soman
Mineralization in less than 90 min
TiO2
Carbon nano
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- new materials and procedures for decontamination of surfaces
(indoor and outdoor)
- first evidence of the generation of singlet oxygen for confined
photosensitizers
- application in real conditions
- 2 PhD thesys
- 9 scientific articles
Project Outcome
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Project Outcome
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• The results of the project led to technologies for preparation of
efficient photocatalysts for the destruction of several chemical
weapons under mild and easy applicable conditions
• The project proposes photocatalytic solutions for the destructions
of the indicated chemical weapons as a consequence of undesired
terrorist attack.
• These solutions represent a contribution of the project to CRBN
defense
Impact
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• These achievements do not represent “the end” and further
improvements are necessary!
• To ensure these improvements the SPS Programme in CBRN
Defense should also include the photocatalytic destruction of
chemical weapons and derivatives as an important target.
Way Forward – SPS CBRN