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Transcript of Native Trees of South Australia
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NA TIVE TREES
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
by
C. D. Boomsma, M.Sc.
WOODS AND FORESTS DEPARTMENT
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Prepared under the direction of
J. Thomas, B.Sc., Dip . For. (Oxon)
C o n s e r v a t o r o f F o r e s t s
February, 1972
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FOREWORD
The growing interest in our native vegetation has shown the need for a booklet
which gives an adequate description of most of the indigenous trees to be found
in South Australia.
This bulletin has been prepared by the Woods and Forests Department to
further stimulate this interest.
Minister of Forests
PREFACE
This Bulletin describes in some detail , the major indigenous tree species of this
State. It is the first publication of its kind since Ednie Brown, then Conservator
of Forests, published the Forest Flora of South Australia in 1883-1890, which
is now a collector 's item.
The booklet provides a ready means of identification for more than 100 of the
trees most commonly found and is a companion bulletin to the Department's
Forest Vegetation of South Australia, issued in 1969.
Conservator o f F o r e s t s
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CONTENTS
Foreword .. .. .. .. . .
Preface
Introduction
Species .. .. .. .. ..Illustrations of Technical Terms
Flowering Period .. .. . .
Timber Properties .. .. ..
Honey and Pollen .. .. . .
Use of the Keys-
Page
3
3
7
8
8
1 5
1 7
1 7
Key 1 Key to species and genera based on leaves .. .. .. .. 22
Key 2 Key to genera based on fruits .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25
Key 3 Key to Eucalyptus in natural woodland of South Australia.. 26
Species Descriptions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31
The Classification of South Australian Eucalyptus spp.
1965
Acknowledgments .. .. .. .
Abbreviations to Authors' Names
Glossary of Terms .. .. .. .
Index to Tree Species
After Blakely,
. . . . . . 218
219
219
220-1
222-4
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INTRODUCTION
The principal object of this bulletin is to provide illustrated descriptions ofthe native trees and mallees of South Australia, primarily as an aid to their
identification.
Three keys for identification in the field have been provided, two for the non-
Eucalyptus species and the third for the 55 species of Eucalyptus.
Illustrations have been made natural size for ready confirmation of identifi-
cation from the key. Although careful use of the keys should enable identifi-
cation to be completed, variations from both description and illustration
remain likely to be met, e.g. in seedling leaves, leaf size and tree habit; and
allowance must be made for this.
In the genus Eucalyptus, an illustration of a seedling of each species is included
with that of the adult leaves in order to show the cotyledons and the changes
in the shapes of the first five pairs of seedling leaves, which are significant
characteristics.
Intermediate leaves have not been illustrated because the change from seedling
leaf shape to adult leaf shape is achieved so gradually that the range of shapes
is too large to include in the illustrations. They are often longer and/or widerthan adult leaves.
Variation in the species across its range of habitat can be significant. Barber
found parallel changes in eight to twenty-five species in Tasmania. Changesin leaf size and fruit size with changes in altitude were recorded in Eucalyptus
paucfora by Pryor. The growth rate of seedlings of Eucalyptus regnans
collected and grown by Eldridge from 400 m. altitude exceeded those from 1,000
m. altitude. In South Australia Eucalyptus obliqua may reach 30 m. in height
in favoured gullies on fertile soils but only 3-5 m. on nearby infertile eroded
lateritic soils; yet this difference in habit, although probably heritable, is
accompanied by only slight changes in leaf or fruit characteristics.
On the other hand significant variation in a characteristic may be unaccom-
panied by significant changes in tree size, as in Eucalyptus odorata, for which
mature leaf width may vary from 18 ± 2 mm. (typical) to 12 ± 1 mm. (narrow-leaved form).
In allocating common names, preference has been given to the common name
used in the Australian Standard "Nomenclature of Australian Timbers" 1965.
A name widely known and used was considered next acceptable and preferencehas been given to such names in reducing, wherever reasonable, common name
alternatives to a single common name.
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SPECIES
Of the 106 species described in this bulletin, four are not included in the Flora
of South Australia (J.M. Black) second edition. However, three species arerecorded in the supplement to the Flora by Hj. Eichler, and only Eucalyptus
striaticalyx is omitted from both.
Species excluded from this bulletin because of lack of satisfactory records of
occurrence in South Australia include Eucalyptus aromaphloia Willis and
Pryor, E. clelandii Maid., E. normantonensis Maid. and Cam., E. pileata Bl.
and E. pryoriana Johnson.
Others, including Eucalyptus oleosa var peeneri B1., E. transcontinentalis Maid.,and E. oleosa var glauca Maid., have been omitted pending the clarification of
their status and means of adequately distinguishing between them.
Also excluded have been Eucalyptus angulosa Schau., E. eudesmiodes F. Muell.,
and E. pyrophora Benth., since they are either synonyms to species already
included, or have been recorded in error for South Australia.
Accepting the habit of each species as described in the Flora of South Australia
and using the definitions of a tree and shrub advocated by G. Usher in ADictionary of Botany (1965) 50 of the species described can be classified as
trees only, and the rest, including those of mallee habit, may grow in eithertree or shrub habit.
Usher's definitions are:-
"A tree is a woody plant more than three metres high usually having amajor axis and the greater portion of the branches and foliage in the upper
half of the plant".
"A shrub is a woody plant less than three metres high without a majoraxis and the greater portion of its foliage not confined to the upper half
of the plant".
A number of shrubby species which only occasionally develop into a tree habithave been omitted. Among these are Acacia sophorae (Labill.) R.Br.; Callitris
canescens (Parl.) Blake; C. rhomboidea R.Br. ex Rich.; Casuarina striataMacklin; Ficus platypoda A. Cunn. ex Miq.; Grenillea stenobotrya F. Muell.
Melaleuca hahnaturorum F. Muell. ; Myoporum deserti A. Cunn. ; M. insulare
R.Br. and M. montanum R.Br.
Introduced tree species which have escaped from garden culture and havebecome acclimatized have also been omitted. These include Acacia baileyana,
(Cootamundra Wattle); A. dealbata (Silver Wattle); Pinus halepensis (Aleppo
Pine); P. pinaster (Maritime Pine); P. radiata (Radiata Pine); Robinia
pseudacacia (Robinia) and Schinus molle (Pepper Berry Tree).
ILLUSTRATIONS OF TECHNICAL TERMS
The illustrations, which were made by Mr. L. Dutkiewicz and whose services
were made available by the Director of the Adelaide Botanic Garden, aimed at
providing sufficient data in a simple arrangement of the parts of the plant toenable a direct comparison between the specimen and the illustration.
Since the flowers of Eucalyptus are often either not available, or without aminute examination contribute little to the identification of individual species,
they have not been included in the illustrations.
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The illustrations are natural size unless otherwise indicated, and have beenbased largely on dried herbarium specimens made available by the State,Woods and Forests Department, and Waite Agricultural Research Institute,
herbaria. Live specimens were used to supplement this material if readily
available.
If identification by Key proves difficult, the specimen may be exhibiting varia-
tions in size, shape, or arrangement beyond the range illustrated. An attempt
has been made in the text to cover such variation. It is also possible, since this
bulletin has no pretence of being a complete flora, that the specimen belongs to
an excluded species; in which case J. M. Black's Flora of South Australia is
best consulted.
It was considered unnecessary to illustrate the habit of the mature tree, but
where possible and specifically applicable the weeping or pendulous habit ofthe branches has been shown, as for Acacia salicina and Pittosporum
phylliraeoides.
The gradation in size and shape of the first five to ten pairs of seedling leaves
of each illustrated Eucalyptus spp. is based on dried specimens selected from
seedlings grown under controlled conditions at the Adelaide Botanic Garden
or the Woods and Forests Department nursery at Belair.
Their shapes, together with the shape of the cotyledons, are of considerable
assistance in determining species relationships. While naturally occurring
seedlings will seldom be available to assist identification, their presence cansimply and definitely separate some otherwise very similar species, e.g. E. rubida
from E. virninalis, and E. dichromophloia from E. terininalis.
References to the so-called "juvenile leaves" of Eucalyptus spp. have been
omitted because of the difficulty of defining the term for use in a key, since
leaves that may be regarded as juvenile include-
(i) the opposite pairs of seedling leaves;
(ii) the leaves on coppice or sucker shoots, which show reversionary
characteristics towards the seedling leaves;
(iii) the first-formed leaves of the current adult shoot, which are oftendistinctly different in shape and size from the last-formed leaves.
The localities for each species were derived from the State, Woods and Forests
Department, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, and Arid Zone Research
Institute herbaria and plotted on individual maps 9in. x Bin. in size.
Additional useful field information, and many specimens from the arid areas,
were contributed by officers of the Pastoral Board.
Only the gross area of occurrence is shown on the insert maps so that wherethe known occurrence is small the occurrence itself can be a useful aid to
identification.
Amongst the numerous examples are-
Acacia mearnsii restricted to the Lower South-East.
Brachychiton gregorii restricted to the Far North-West.
Hakea edniana restricted to the Flinders Ranges.
Eucalyptus cneorifolia restricted to the eastern half of Kangaroo Island.Eucalyptus macroryncha restricted to the ranges west of Sevenhill near
Clare.
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THE SEEDLING
Eucalyptus obliqua
THE MATURE HABIT
Fig. 3
Erect
Acacia pycnantha
Fig. 4
Pendulous
Acacia aneura Casuarina stricta
a, crown. b, trunk.
Fig. 5
Mallee
Eucalyptus oleosa
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Fig. 6 GEOMETRICAL FIGURES
Elliptical
Oblong
Ovate
Ratio of length to breadth
12:16:1 2:1 1:1
0 0
Linear Narrow Typical Broad
Fig. 7 WIDTH VARIATIONS OF THE LEAF
m 4inear-lanceolate Narrow-lanceolate Lanceolate Broad-lanceolate
Fig. 8 FOUR SIMPLE LEAF SHAPES
Cordate Obcordate Ovate Oblique- lanceolate
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COMPOUND LEAF SHAPES
leaf stalk
Lobed
Brachychiton gregoril
Pinnate
Owenia acidula
LEAF VENATION
Fig. 11 ' j Fig. 12 Fig. 13
Longitudinal Opposite Net-like
Eucalyptus pauciflora Eucalyptus dichromophloia Eucalyptus obliqua
a, leaf stalk, b, secondary vein. c, main vein or mid rib.
d, intra marginal vein.
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THE BUD
Eucalyptus leucoxylon
Simple cluster
or umbel
a 1 ( a
Eucalyptus microca pa Melaleuca lanceolata
Branched cluster
or panicle
Spike
a, cluster stalk. b, bud stalk. c, angle. d, torus. e, cap. f, calyx.
THE FLOWER
F i g . 1 7
stamen
sepal
Pittospoi'um pl^yfliraeo ides
THE FRUIT
Fig. 18 __g Fig. 19 ,- Fig. 20
f
a -?.2:r .- aa -
Eucalyptus leucoxylon Eucalyptus incrassata Eucalyptus oxymitra
Capsule Capsule Capsule
a, fruit stalk. b, wall to torus, c, cell. d, seed. e, rim. f, orifice. g, valve.
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THE FRUIT
F i g . 2 1 F i g . 2 2
Capsule Follicle
Hakea divaricata Brachychiton gregorii
Fig. 23
Cone open and c losed
Callitris preissii
a, fruit stalk. b, valve. c, seed. d, seed wing. e, slit through which seeds
escape .f, wall of fruit.
Acacia estrophiolata Atalaya hemiglauca
Pod Samara
F i g . 2 4 F i g . 2 5
Capparis mitchellii
Berry
Fig. 26
a, fruit stalk. b, valve. c, seed stalk or funicle. d, fleshy matrix.
e, seed attached longitudinally to the pod. f, seed. g, seed wing.
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FLOWERING PERIOD
The development of flower buds is controlled primarily by external factors
producing an internal stimulus in the leaves, which when transferred to thegrowing points enables the normal vegetative tissue to form flower buds.
In temperate areas the main external factors comprise the lengths of day and
night, and the average daily temperature. Since many species flower after
soaking rains in the and areas, moisture availability must also be considered as
a factor associated with the initiation of flower buds.
A number of species of Eucalyptus respond to a wide range of external conditions
and have consequently a long flowering period, e.g. E. rugosa. In contrast, a
few species have a short period, e.g. E. camaldulensis.
The dates of flowering given in the species descriptions of Eucalyptus were
obtained from specimens in the herbaria of the Woods and Forests Department,
the Arid Research Centre and the State Herbarium. These were supported by
numerous field observations in South Australia, and monthly records of species
in flower by members of the Forests Commission of Victoria and Mr. D. Symonof the Waite Agricultural Research Institute.
Of interest is the observation, made by Mr. Symon, of the effects of a change
of district and climate on the flowering period ofEucalyptus oxymitra, whichwas in full flower in June when the seed was collected from Henbury, Northern
Territory. In contrast, the plants from that seed source which were grown in the
arboretum flowered regularly in February for at least five years.
Some species of Eucalyptus have the ability to delay the opening of maturebuds until a more favourable secondary season, or even to defer it to thefollowing year. Examples include E. baxteri, E. foecunda, E. huberana andE. viminalis.
This ability to delay flowering leads to an obvious variation in the periodbetween successive flowerings.
Although detailed records are not available, observation confirms that not all
individual trees of a given species in its native habitat necessarily flower together.
Sometimes as many as 50 per cent may fail to develop flowers in a particular
season; but most would flower at least once over a period of several seasons.
The table shows the months of flowering of Eucalyptus spp. as recorded atfortnightly intervals during a period of 12 years in the arboretum at the WaiteAgricultural Research Institute. Since the plantings were made during an
extended period of years, some species had not reached the flowering stage atthe beginning of the observations, so not all planted species were observed forthe full 12 years.
The major flowering period (continuous broad line) was based on the pro-portion of one-third or greater of the number of times that flowers were recorded
in a given month compared with the number of years in which flowers wererecorded.
The minor flowering period indicates a proportion of months less than one-
third.
These records are made available by the kind permission of Mr. D. Symon ofthe Waite Agricultural Research Institute.
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FLOWERING PERIO DS OF EUCALYPTUS SPECIES
Under cultivation at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute.
b
SPECIES0
o
E.anceps 6 5
E. behriana 5 5
E. calycogona 1 8 1 7
E . c a n j a l d u l e n s i s 12 4
E. cladocalyx 24 1 5
E. cneorifolia 24 1 5
E. concinna 2 2
E. cosmophylla 9 7
E . d i v e r s i f o l i a 22 1 6
E. dumosa 24 1 9
E . f a s c i c u l o s a 1 1 6
E. flocktoniae 1 2 1 1
E.foecunda 1 2 7
E. gmnophylla 1 0 1 0
E. gillii 1 6 1 6
E. goniocalyx 10 7
E. gracilis 1 2 1 0
E. incrassata 20 1 9
E. intertexta 12 1 2
E. lansdowneana 22 2 1
E . l a r g i i l o r e n s 1 9 1 9
E. leucoxylon 1 2 8
E. microcarpa 21 16
E. microth eca 12 1 0
E. morrisii 1 8 1 7
E. oleosa 6 6
E. ovata 4 2
E. oxymitra 3 3
E. pachihhylla 6 5
E. paucii lora 12 7
E. phnpiniana 10 1 0
E. porosa 1 4 1 4
E. pyriformis 12 9
E. rugosa 1 1 1 1
E. socialis 4 4
E. i'iridis 1 1 8
E. websterana 1 9 1 9
Observed to have flowered.
Most common flowering season.
O
z
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TIMBER PROPERTIES
The details of colour, density, strength and durability were compiled from the
listed references and from correspondence with relevant authorities includingC.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Laboratory, and the Forestry and Timber Bureau.
The information is incomplete, more particularly for the species of littlecommercial value.
Baker, R. T. (1919) ..........
Boas, I. H. (1947) ..........
Chapman, R. W. (1922) ......
Ewart, A. J. (1925) ..........
Maiden, J. H. (1904) ........
Pearson, Kloot & Boyd (1958)
Watson, C. J. J. (1964) ......
Swain , E. H F. (1928) ...... .
Wallis , N. K. (1970) ........
Warren, W. H (1892) .......
REFERENCES
"The Hardwoods of Australia and their
economics", Govt. Printer, Sydney, N.S.W.
"The Commercial Timbers of Australia:Their properties and uses", Govt. Printer,
Melbourne, Vic.
"The Strength of South Australian Timbers",
Govt. Printer, Adelaide, S.A.
"Handbook of Forest Trees for Victorian
Foresters", Govt. Printer, Melbourne, Vic.
"The Forest Flora of New South Wales",
Vol. I-VIII., Govt. Printer, Sydney, N.S.W."Timber Engineering Design Handbook",Cambridge University Press, London and
New York.
Queensland building timbers and specifications
for their use, Pamphlet No. 5, Govt. Printer,Brisbane, Queensland.
"The Timbers and Forest Products of Queens-
land, Govt. Printer, Brisbane, Queensland.
"Australian Timber Handbook", 3rd Ed.,
Timber Development Association, Angus and
Robertson, Sydney, N.S.W.
"Australian Timbers", Potter, Sydney, N.S.W.
HONEY AND POLLEN
Both honey and pollen of suitable quality and in adequate amount are necessary
if bees are to thrive and breed.
Yields which are surplus to the immediate requirements of the colony aretherefore stored and can be extracted by the apiarist without harming thecolony.
The differential effects of apiary management, seasonal conditions, and
techniques used in processing the honey are excluded from the criteria used to
assess quality and yields, which are defined as follows:-
Honey Yield-
Good-Results in an extractable surplus.Average-No surplus, colony vigor maintained.
Poor-Colony vigor recedes.
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Frequency of Yield-
Annual, alternate years, or occasional-when there are at least three or
more years between flows.
Pollen-
Yield (i.e. amount)-
High-An obvious surplus is stored.
Moderate-No surplus, colony maintains strength.
Low-Colony loses strength.
Quality-
Good-Bees breed freely, colony increases strength.
Average-Bees breed and colony maintains strength.
Poor-Bees fail to breed, colony loses strength.
Yields and frequency of yields may vary significantly from district to districtfor the same species. A well known example is Eucalyptus cladocalyx, whichgives a good yield about once in ten years in the Wirrabara district, once inabout five years in the Alligator Gorge area near Wilmington, and once aboutevery two years in the Port Lincoln district.
Harsh seasonal conditions reduce nectar flow and may even prevent any honey
surplus being produced.
Variations in yield are also influenced by genetic variation within the species,and hybrids are not uncommon between related species which flower at about
the same time and occur together in the same district.
If it is accepted that the colour of the honey derived from a single plant species
is independent of external variations of season and district, then it is most likely
that reported differences in colour for a given species are due to admixture ofhoneys of two species overlapping their flowering periods.
Although the Statutory Rules of the Customs Act, 154/1964 define six coloursfor honeys, these have been reduced to the following four, defined in terms of
travel as measured by the Pfund Grader, which is an instrument used inter-nationally for the determination of shades of yellow.
Millimetres of travel Colour
Belo w 3 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White
Exceeding 34 but below 65 ........ Light Amber
Exceeding 65 but below 90 ........ Amber
Exceeding 90 but below 114 ....... Dark Amber
Honey with a colour darker than 114 mm. travel is not exported, and is difficult
to sell even on the home market. Colour changes due to aging or processingare therefore important.
Colour changes due to aging are best avoided by collection as soon as possibleafter the honey has ripened in the comb.
Honey from old stained combs is usually darker than from new foundationcomb, and honey formed quickly from a large nectar flow reduces the chancesof admixture from other nectar sources.
Extremes in processing the honey should be also avoided, as the Division ofFood Preservation, C.S.I.R.O., has found that honey can darken a grade in10 days if kept at 122°F, or in 30 days at 104°F.
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The following table has been compiled from the published honey floras ofAustralia, and from the personal knowledge of officers of the ApicultureSection of the Department of Agriculture of South Australia, C.S.LR.O., and
some 25 apiarists representing different producing districts.
The yield data refer to single areas of each species.
References
Anon. (1949) .......... "The Honey and Pollen Flora of Victoria", 5th Ed.
Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. Printer, Melbourne,Vic.
Blake, S. T. and Roff, C.
(1958) .............. "The Honey Flora of Queensland", Govt. Printer,Brisbane, Qld.
Goodacre, W. A. (1951) "The Honey and Pollen Flora of New South Wales",
Govt. Printer, Sydney, N.S.W.
Purdie, J. D. (1968) .... The Honey and Pollen Flora of South Australia,Journal of Agriculture, pp. 207-216, Govt. Printer,
Adelaide, S. Aust.
Raphael, T. D. (1940) .. "The Honey and Pollen Flora of Tasmania", Govt.
Printer, Hobart, Tas.
Reynolds, T. M. (1969) Extracts from an address to the Commercial Apia-
rists Association of New South Wales on May 2,
1969, The Australasian Beekeeper, June 1969,p. 230.
HONEY AND POLLEN YIELDS OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN TREESAND MALLEES
Colour
Honey
Yield Yield Frequency
Amber = A Good = G Annually = A
Light Amber = LA Average = A Alternate Years = ALDark Amber = DA Poor = P Occasional =0
White = W Negligible = NNil = 0
Pollen
Quality Yield Yield Frequency
Good = G High = H Annually = A
Average = A Moderate = M Alternate Years = AL
Poor = P Low = L Occasional = 0Negligible = N
Nil = 0
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HONEY AND POLLEN YIELDS
Honey Pollen
Botanical Name Common Name Yield YieldColour Yield Fre- Quality Yield Fre-
quency quency
Acacia-aneura ........ M u l g a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA N 0 P L 0cambagei ...... Gidgee ..................... - - - A N Acyperoplrylla ... Red Mulga ................. - - - - - -estroplriolata ... Ironwood .................. LA A A G H Amearnsii ...... Black Wattle ................ - - - P L Amelanoxylon ... Black wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - P L A
pycnantha ..... Golden Wattle .............. - N 0 P M A
retinodes ...... Wrilda .................... - - - A M Asalicina ....... Broughton WillowWattle .... DA N AL A M Asosrdenii ...... Myal ...................... - - - - -stenophylla..... River Cooba .. - - - - -tetragonophylla. Dead Finish .... A N 0 A M Avictoriae ...... Elegant or Bramble Wattle .... LA A 0 G H A
Atalaya-hemiglauca..... Whitewood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -
Avicennia-marina ........ Mangrove .................. LA G AL G M A
Banksia-inarginata ..... Silver Banksia ............... DA G 0 A H A
Bauhinia-
carronii ....... B e a n T r ee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- - - - - -
Brachych i ton-gregorii ....... Desert Kurrajong ............ ----
Bursaria-spinosa ....... Sweet Bursaria .............. DA G AL G M A
Callitris-columellaris ... Slender Native Cypress Pine . - 0 - P H Apreissii ........ Native Cypress Pine ......... - 0 - P H A
Capparis-
mitchellii ...... Native Orange .............. - - - - - -Casuarina-
cristata ....... Black Oak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 0 - A M A
decaisneana ... Desert Oak ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 0 -
luelunannii .... Bull Oak ................... - 0 - G M Astricta ........ Drooping Sheoak . . . . . . . . . . . . - 0 - G H A
Codonocarpus-cotinifolius .... Desert Poplar ............... - - - - -pyramidalis .... ............................ - - - -
Erenrocitrus-
glauca......... D e se r t L i me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -Eremophila-
langifolia ...... Long Leaved Eremophila ..... - P A - L A
Erythrina-vespertilio ..... Bat's Wing Coral Tree ....... - - - - -
Eucalyptus-anceps ........ White Mallee ............... LA G 0 G H ALbaxteri ....... Brown Stringybark .......... DA G 0 G L Abehriana ...... Broad Leaved Box . . . . . . . . . . . DA P A A H A
brachycalyx ... G i lj a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -calycogona .... Square Fruited Mallee ....... LA G 0 G H ALcamaldulensis .. River Red Gum ............. LA G AL G H ALcladocalyx .... S u g ar G u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA G 0 P H AL
cneor ifolia ..... Kangaroo Island NarrowLeaf
Mallee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA P 0 A L 0concinna ...... Victoria Desert Malice .conglobata .... Cong Mallee ................ LA G 0 A H Acosmophylla ... Cup Gum.................. A G 0 P H Adiclu'omoplrloia . Variable Barked Bloodwooddiversifolia .... South Australian Coastal Mallee A G AL A M Adumosa ....... White Mallee ............... LA G 0 A M Aewartiana ..... Ewart's Mallee .............. - - - - - -fasciculosa ....
Pink Gum.................. W GAL- 0 -
Jlocktoniae .... Mer r i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A P A A L A
foecunda....... Slender Leaf Mallee ......... LA G 0 G H 0
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HONEY AND POLLEN YIELDS-continued
Honey Pollen
Botanical Name Common Name Yield YieldColour Yield Fre- Quality Yield Fre-
quency quency
Eucalyptus-(cont.)
gamophylla .... Twin Leaf Mallee .......... - - - - - -gillii .......... Curly Mallee ................ - - - - - -gongyloca pa . Desert Gum................ - - - - - -goniocalyx .... Long Leaved Box .......... A P A G H ALgracilis ....... Yor r e ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA G 0 - 0 -huberana ...... Rough Barked Manna Gum.. LA G 0 A L Aincrassala ...... Ridge Fruited Mallee ... . . . . . A G 0 G H 0i n t e r t e x t a ..... Coolibah Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA A A A M A
lansdowneana .. Port Lincoln Mallee ......... LA G 0 G H 0largiflorens..... River Box Black Box ........ A P A A L Aleucoxylon .. South Australian Blue Gum . LA G AL - 0nracrorhyncha ..
i
Red Stringybark ............. A G 0 A M Am a n n e n s s .....
ndcrocarpa.................................
Grey Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-LA
-G 0 P M A
inicrotheca .... Coolibah ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA P A A M A
morrisii ....... Grey Mallee ................ - - - - - -oblique ....... Messmate Stringybark ....... A G 0 A M Aodorata........ Peppermint Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA G 0 P M AL
oleosa ........ Red Mallee ................. LA G 0 A M ALovata ......... Swamp Gum ................ LA A 0 A M Aoxymitra ...... Sharp Capped Mallee......... - - - - - -pachyphylla
pauciflora ..... SnowGum................. A A AL A M ALpimpiniana .... Pimpin Mallee .............. - - - - - -porosa ........ Mallee Box .................. LA G 0 G M AL
pyrifornzis ..... Ooldea Mallee .............. LA A 0 A M 0remota ........ Mount Taylor Mallee......... A P 0 A M 0rubida ........ Candle Bark Gum ........... A A AL A M ALrugosa ........ Kingscote Mallee ............ LA G 0 A H 0socialis ....... Red Mallee ................. LA G 0 A H 0striaticalyx .... ....................... - - - - - -termirralis ..... Long Fruited Bloodwood..... A A 0 A L At r • i r a l v i s ....... .......................... - - - -viminalis....... Manna Gum ................ LA P A G L Ariridis ........ Green Mallee ............... LA G 0 A M Avitrea ......... ............................ DA P A A L A
websterana .... Webster's Mallee ............. - - - - - -Exocarpos-
aphyllus ....... Jointed Native Cherry ........ - - - - - -cupressifor•mis.. Native Cherry ............... - - - A N A
Geijera-parriflora .... Wlga ...................... DA A A - - -
Grerillea-
nemalophylla .. Silver Leaved Water Bush ... - - - - - -striate......... B e e fw o od . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -
Gyrostemau-ranntlosu s ...... ............................ - - - - - -
Hakea-divaricala ..... ............................ - P 0 A L A
ed......dnieana
i e
............................ - P 0 A M 0.........roryi ............................ - - - - - -
leucoptera ..... Needlewood ................ A P AL G H ALsuberea ....... Cork Bark Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -
Heterodendrmn-oleaefolium .... Bullockbush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA P A G H 0
Mclaleuca-lanceolata ..... Dry Land Tea Tree .......... LA G AL G H AL
Myoporunr-
platycarpmn.... S u g a rw o od . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA G 0 - 0 -Orvenia-
acidula ...... Sour Plum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -Pittosporum-
phylliraeoides .. Weeping Pittosporum ........ - P 0 A L 0
Santalum-
acuminatum .. . Q ua n do ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - P L A
lanceolatmn ... Plumbush .................. - - - - - -na•ravanunr ... Bitter Quandong ............ - - - P L A
spicatum....... Sandalwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -
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USE OF THE KEYS
It is emphasized that the identification of a species by the use of a key requires
an adequate specimen. This should comprise a branchlet to which leaves,buds or flowers, and ripe fruits are attached.
The more limited the material, the more difficult identification is likely to be.
With the genus Eucalyptus it is helpful to note the growth form (tree or mallee)
and bark type. In South Australia, it will usually suffice to class the bark intoone of three categories, viz.:
Smooth or flaky .................. Gums or Bloodwood group
Rough, soft and fibrous ............ Stringybark group
Rough, hard, and not fibrous ...... Box group
The three keys provided are-
Key 1-Key to species and genera based on leaves
Key 2-Key to genera based on fruits
Key 3-Key to Eucalyptus in natural woodland of South Australia
Each key comprises bracketed clues which are listed in numerical order asindicated on the left-hand side.
The numbers on the left identify the clue number, while the numbers on the
right direct the order in which they should be used according to whether theparticular character of the specimen either agrees or does not agree with theparticular clue.
Thus after starting at the first clue in Key 1, progress to the second clue isindicated if the leaf shape is simple, but to the fortieth clue if the leaf shape iseither lobed or compound.
An identification is complete when both names, generic and specific, have beenlocated.
This can be achieved for Eucalyptus spp. in Key 3 and for the other species inKey 1.
Occasionally it may be impractical to separate related species by foliagecharacters alone so that a reference to the individual description is required,e.g. Callitris spp., Casuarina spp., and some Acacia spp.
KEY 1
Key to Species and Genera Based on Leaves
1 . Leaves simple, not lobed or compound .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2Leaves either lobed or compound ................................ 40
2. Leaves clearly visible, usually longer than 0.4 cm................... 3
Leaves not clearly visible, usually less than 0.4 cm. long ............ 38
3. Leaves arranged alternately along branchlets ..................... 4
Leaves opposite .............................................. 37
4. Leaves flat, two-sided, not sharp and needle-pointed .............. 5
Leaves thin, thread-like, linear or linear-lanceolate ................ 24
5. Distinctive odour released by crushing leaves ...................... 6
Distinctive odour absent, or insufficient for identification ........... 96. Eucalyptus odour ............. Eucalyptus (Gums) Refer to Key 3
Not eucalyptus odour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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7. Citron odour .................. Eremocitrus glauca (Desert Lime)
Not citron odour ............................................. 8
8. Tea Tree oil odour, leaves channelled, about 1 cm. long and .1-.2 cm.
wide .............. Melaleuca lanceolata (Dry Land Tea Tree)Foetid repulsive odour .................. Acacia cmnbagei (Gidgee)
9. Leaves and branches usually not pendulous ...................... 10
Leaves and branchlets of mature trees mostly drooping (although often
erect on young trees), narrow straplike or lanceolate ........... 17
1 0 . Spines accompany leaves .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
Leaves not accompanied by spines ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1 3
1 1 . Some spines in pairs at the base of leaves ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12
Spines not in pairs, foliage clusters at ends of branchlets ...........Bursaria spinosa (Sweet Bursaria)
12. Leaves ovate, woolly, 2-6 cm. long ..............................
Capparis mitchellii (Native Orange)
Leaves linear, smooth, 2-3 cm. long .............................
Acacia victoriae (Elegant Wattle)
13. Leaves white woolly underneath, margins in-rolled, slightly toothedBanksia marginata (Silver Banksia)
Leaves not white woolly underneath ............................. 14
14. Flowers compacted into dense yellow fluffy heads, fruit a pod, seedflat and black, leaves various shapes ........................
Acacia (Wattles) Refer to descriptionsFlowers separated even if small and pale ......................... 15
15. Leaves strap-like, 15-45 cm. long ....... Grevillea striata (Beefwood)
Leaves not strap-like .......................................... 16
16. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, seeds single spherical black-coated, 0.2-
0.4 cm. diameter ....Heterodendrum oleaefolium (Bullock Bush)
Leaves lanceolate-ovate, numerous brown seeds in a bell-shaped fruit,
1 cm. long .......... Codonocaipus cotinifolius (Native Poplar)
17. Leaves fresh light green, generally glossy ......................... 18
Leaves dark or grey-green, scarcely glossy ........................ 22
18. Flowers yellow, compacted into a head, fruit a pod, seed black, flat.. 19
Flowers separate even if small, fruit not a pod .................... 20
19. Leaves to 40 cm. long, strap-like, several parallel veins ............Acacia stenophylla (River Cooba)
Leaves to 12 cm. long, single central vein, thickish, brittle ..........Acacia salicina (Cooba)
20. Fruit orange-yellow capsule about 1 cm. wide, seeds brown, resinous
Pittosporum phylliraeoides (Weeping Pittosporum
Fruit small 0.2-0.4 cm diam, black shining ...................... 21
21. Leaves 3-6 cm long a few minute teeth along edges ...............
Myoporumplatycarpum (Sugarwood)
Leaves without teeth, 6-18 cm. long, with long tapered pointGeijera parvii fora (Wilga)
22. Leaves over 20 cm. and up to 40 cm. long, several parallel veinsAcacia stenophylla (River Cooba)
Leaves under 20 cm. long ...................................... 23
23. Leaves up to 18 cm. long, narrow-lanceolate, one central main vein,
long tapered end, woolly when young .......................
Eremophila longifolia (Long-leaved Eremophila)Leaves up to 12 cm long, linear, not woolly .....................
Codonocarpus pyramidalis
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24. Leaves sharp, needle-pointed and prickly ......................... 25Leaves not sharp and prickly .................................... 36
25. Leaves with 3-4 flat sides, slender, tapered, 1-2.5 cm. long, clustered
Acacia tetragonophylla (Dead Finish)Leaves either round and needle-like or flat with 2 sides ............ 26
26. Flowers compacted into yellow fluffy heads, fruit a pod, seed blackand flat .................................................. 27
Flowers separate, mostly pale, fruit a capsule or follicle not a pod... 30
27. Drooping foliage to most mature trees, flowerheads hemispherical ... 28
Erect foliage to most mature trees, flowerheads cylindrical .......... 29
28. Leaves 4-8 cm. long, three parallel veins, more than one slender trunk
to the tree .................. Acacia soivdenii (Western Myall)
Leaves 6-8 cm. long, more than three parallel veins, trunk single
Acacia estrophiolata (Ironwood)
29. Leaves 3-7 cm. long, scarcely stiff; bark brown, rough and fissured
Acacia aneura (Mulga)
Leaves 8-20 cm. long, sharp pointed, bark reddish, shed in long sharp-
edged strips ................ Acacia cyperophylla (Red Mulga)
3 0 . Leaves simple, not forked ..... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... ... 3 1
Leaves forked or branched .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... ... 34
3 1 . Leaves very stiff needle-like, very sharp ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 32
Leaves flexible, sharp-pointed and not very prickly ................. 33
32. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, greenish-grey . . Hakea leucoptera (Needle Bush)
Leaves 20-60 cm. long, woolly grey when young ...... Hakea suberea
(Cork Bark Tree)
33. Leaves 6-20 cm long, silver-grey, needle-like ......................
Grevillea nematophylla (Silver Leaved Waterbush)
Leaves 15-45 cm. long, strap-like ........ Grevillea striata (Beefwood)
34. Leaves less than 5 cm. long ...................... Hakea ednieana
Leaves longer than 5 cm ......................................... 35
35. Leaves 5-8 cm. long ............................... Hakea ivoryi
Leaves 6-10 cm. long .......................... Hakea divaricata
36. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, thread-like, dark green, clustered at ends ofbranchlets ............................ Gyrostemon ramulosus
Leaves 5-12 cm. long, flat, linear, drooping, not clustered ..........Codonocarpus pyramidalis
37. Leaves thick, ovate, 4-7 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, scurfy below, glossy
green above .................... Avicennia marina (Mangrove)
Leaves thinner, lanceolate, to 19 cm. long, not scurfy below ....... .
Santahun spp.
38. Leaves reduced to minute scales arranged alternately .. Exocaiprrs spp.Leaves reduced to scales arranged in groups or whorls ............. 39
39. Groups of three scales along branchlets . . Callitris spp. (Cypress Pine)
Groups of more than three scales at junctions of branch segments . .
Casuarina spp. (Oaks)
4 0 . Leaves lobed ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1
Leaves compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4 1 . Lob es i n pa ir s . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 42
Leaves with more than two lobes ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 43
4 2 . Lobes oval, 2-3 cm. x 2-3 cm. ........ Bauhinia carronii (Bean Tree)Lobes larger, crescent shaped ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .
Erythrina vespertilio (Batswing Coral Tree)
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43. Lobes 3-5, the fruit is a follicle ..................................
Brachychiton gregorii (Desert Kurrajong)
Lobes 3, sharp pointed, the fruit is a bean ........................
Erythrina i'esper lilio (Batswing Coral Tree)
44. Compound leaves comprise 9-60 pairs of leaflets .................. 45
Compound leaves comprise 2-6 pairs of leaflets 6-20 cm. long ......Atalaya hemiglauca (White Wood)
45. Leaflets small, 0.2-0.3 cm long, 20-60 pairs ......................
Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle)
Leaflets, large, 2-4 cm. long, 9-25 pairs ...........................
Orvenia acidula (Sour Plum)
KEY 2
Key to the Genera Based on Fruits
1. Fruit more or less spherical or ovoid ............................ 2
Fruit not spherical ............................................. 4
2. Fruit with an inner bony or wooden centre ....................... 3
Fruit without such a centre .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 6
3 . Fruit spherical ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
F r ui t ovoi d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Fruit with acidic red flesh .............................. Owenia
Fruit without acidic red flesh, though skin may be red .... Santalum
5. Fruit purplish, 0.8-1.2 cm. diam ....................... Erernophila
Fruit dark blue, 1 cm. diam . ........................... Santahnn
6. Fruit 0.5-0.6 cm long ......................................... 7
Fruit 0.5-5 cm diam. .......................................... 10
7. Fruit green colour when ripe, attached to a swollen edible fleshy stalkEocarpos
Fruit glossy black or purple when ripe ........................... 8
8. Fruits attached singly to branchlets ............................. 9
Fruits in groups of up to 4, joined by a thick green coveringHeterodendrum
9. Fruit, although rounded, is pointed and flattened ........ Myoporrnn
Fruit not flattened, but immersed in a thick green covering .. Geijera
10. Fruit with a wooden wall protecting the seeds .................... 11
Fruit about 5 cm. diam., fleshy with wrinkled skin ........ Capparis
11. Fruit either a single or compound cone .......................... 12
Fruit a wooden capsule ....................................... 13
12. Cone attached singly by an obvious stalk ................ Callitris
Cones small, numerous, stalkless, arranged spirally in a woodencylindrical spike ................................ Casuarina
13. Fruits in clusters of 3-20 attached radially to a common stalkEucalyptus
Fruits attached in cylindrical clusters directly to branchlets .. Melaleuca
14. Fruit with no more than two seeds ............................... 15
Fruit with usually more than two seeds ........................... 18
15. Fruit with a thin outer coat, fleshy, wooden or bony .............. 16
Fruit with a thick outer coat ................................... 17
16. Fruit greenish, flattened and contains two large fleshy seed leavesAvicennia
Fruit a wooden follicle splitting open along one side ...... Grevillea
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17. Fruit a thick-walled wooden capsule splitting open down both sidesHakea
Fruit a fibrous cylinder 2-4 inches long containing scattered twosegmented capsules ................................ Banksia
18. Fruit a pod usually longer than wide ............................ 19
Fruit not a pod ............................................... 21
19. Seeds, scarlet, pointed end to pod ...................... Erythrina
Seeds black or brown ......................................... 20
20. Seeds black, shining, pods less than 2 cm. long ............. Acacia
Seeds brown, pods 2-3 cm. wide ........................ Bauhinia
2 1 . F ru i t i s a ca psu le . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 2 2
F ru i t not a ca psu le . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 2 5
2 2 . Capsule flattened and divided into two halves ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 23Capsule rounded, with 3-10 sections, seeds shed through openings in
upper surface ............................................. 24
23. Yellow, orange colour to inner surface, numerous seeds are embedded
in sticky brown resin ............................ Pittospor•umThin papery brownish walls to capsule, few seeds, no resin .... Bursaria
24. Capsules stalkless attached in a cylindrical cluster to branchlets
Melaleuca
Capsules 3-20 in radial cluster attached to cluster stalk ... Eucalyptus
25. Fruit comprises one segment when open, tough, wooden follicle ....
BrachychitonFruit more than one segment when opened ...................... 26
26. Fruit with 1-3 wings, samara ............................ Atalaya
Fruit wthout wngs ........................................... 27
27. Fruit pear shaped, 0.8 cm. long .................... Gyrostemon
Fruit ovoidbell shaped 0.8-1.5 cm. long ............ Codonoc:arpus
KEY 3
Key to Eucalyptus in Natural Woodland in South Australia
1. Usually a tree, some species can be multi-stemmed ................. 2Usually multi-stemmed, occasionally small trees (Mallees) .......... 29
2. Bark smooth or some rough at base of trunk (Gums and Bloodwoods) 4
Bark rough for at least half the trunk height ...................... 3
3 . Bark fibrous, stringy and furrowed (Stringybarks) .................. 18
Bark of persistent irregular plates or finely plaited strands (Boxes) ... 20
4. Most leaves opposite, lanceolate, to 6 cm. long, fruit marble shapedNorth West desert species .......................gongylocarpa
Most leaves alternate .......................................... 5
5. Secondary veins pinnate in numerous opposite pairs, fruit large
1.5-4 cm long ............................................ 6
Secondary veins fewer, net-like, alternate ......................... 7
6. Leaves lanceolate to broad-lanceolate, fruit thick-walled, longer than
wide .......................................... termnalis
Leaves lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate, fruit thinner-walled usually
rounded .................................... dichromophloia
7. Buds and fruits in branched clusters ............................. 8
Buds and fruits in simple clusters ............................... 10
8. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, fruit stalkless, ribs present barrel-shapedl a n s d o t i > > n e a n a
Leaves lanceolate, narrow-broad .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 9
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9. Leaves usually thin, lanceolate, ribs absent, Far Northern speciesintertexta
Leaves usually thick, br oad-lanceolate, ri bs absent, Central and
Southern species ................................ fasci culosa
10. Buds and fruits usually do not exceed three per cluster ............. 11
Buds and fruits usually exceed three per cluster .................... 14
11. Valves level with or below rim of fruit ........................... 12Valves protrude above rim of fruit .............................. 13
12. Leaves thick, bud stalk short and thick ................ cosmophylla
Leaves thin, bud stalk usually thin, often long .......... leucoxylon
13. Upper seedling leaves rounded to circular .................. rubida
Upper seedling leaves narrow-lanceolate ................. viminalis
14. Leaves have several subparallel main veins .............. paucii foraLeaves have one central main vein .............................. 15
15. Valves protruding above rim level ............................... 16
Valves at or below rim level .................................... 17
16. Buds and fruit stalks slender ........................ camaldulensis
Bud and fruit stalks stout ..............................huberana
17. Fruit contracted at orifice, oval to urn-shaped, ribbed, leaves lanceolate,
dull one side .................................... cladocalyx
Fruit expanded at orifice, broadly conical, smooth, leaves ovate-
lanceolate, found on poorly drained sites ................ ovata
18. Valves of fruit narrow, at or below rim level, leaves thin, obliquely
lanceolate, long attenuate point ...................... obliqua
Valves of fruit broad, triangular, generally protruding above rim level 19
19. Leaves thick leathery, with an abruptly pointed end, bud cap much
shorter than torus .................................. baxteri
Leaves thin, lanceolate, with a long point, bud cap equal to or longer
than torus .................................. macrorhyncha
20. Buds and fruits all in unbranched clusters ........................ 21
Buds and fruits with some or all branched clusters ................ 25
21. Valves of fruits at or below rim level ............................ 22
Valves of fruit at or above rim level .............................. 24
22. Several subparallel main veins to leaves. Cold district Southeastern
species ............................................. vitrea
One central main vein to leaves ................................. 23
23. Leaves light green, shining, buds without angles plump centrally,flowers appear in summer ............................ porosa
Leaves olive green scarcely shining, buds stick-like with at least oneangle ............................................. odorata
24. Buds and fruits smooth, with stalks even if short, thin leaves, usually
found on friable fertile soils ........................ huberana
Buds and fruits have one or two ribs, without stalks, long thick leaves,
usually found on infertile soils .................... goniocalyx
25. Valves of fruit at or below rim level .............................. 26
Valves of fruit at or above rim level, fruit small 0.3-0.4 cm., paperytexture occurs along waterways of far North East .... microtheca
26. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, bud cap shorter than torus, bark ruggedpersistent to smaller branches .................... largiflorens
Leaves ovate-broad lanceolate ................................ 27
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27. Buds with stalks even if short, bud cap equal to or longer than torus,
with 1-2 angles. Bark light grey finely plaited, persistent to thelargest branches. Often a large tree ............... micr•ocarpa
Buds without stalks, bud cap shorter than torus, bark chunky. A smalltree less than 30ft. high ............................ behriana
28. Seedling leaves retained for many years, opposite to subopposite,stalkless ................................................. 29
Seedling leaves not retained for many years ...................... 30
29. Lower leaves rounded to circular, upper leaves broad-lanceolate joined
at base, valves of fruit at or below rim level ........ garnoplrylla
Leaves heart-shaped, finally becoming lanceolate and subalternate,valves protrude ....................................... gillii
30. Buds and fruits without stalks ................................... 31Buds and fruits with stalks even if only short ...................... 33
31. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, erect, mainly restricted to Kangaroo Island
cneorifolia
Leaves lanceolate .............................................. 32
32. Cluster stalks to buds and fruits flattened or strap-shaped, fruits
obviously wider than long, very tightly packed, almost imbedded
in cluster stalk, Coastal species .................... conglobataCluster stalk thick, 4-sided, fruits not so tightly packed, usually longer
than wide, Coastal and inland species .................. anceps
33. Valves at or usually protruding well above rim level .............. 34
Valves at or below rim level .................................... 50
34. Valves broad, robust, large, triangular, rim wide ................... 35Valves other than robust triangular and large ..................... 38
35. Fruit at least 1.7 cm. wide, Desert species ........................ 36Fruit less than 1.7 cm. wide ..................................... 37
36. Fruit, 4.5-7 cm. wide, many ribs ....................... pyriforms
Fruit 1.7-3 cm. wide, 3-6 ribs ..................... ....pachyphylla
37. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, valves incurved not spreading
ervartiana
Leaves ovate-lanceolate to broad-lanceolate, robust and large, valves
erect spreading with fragile tips when newly ripe ...... oxymitra
3 8 . Valves not needle-like ......................................... 39
Valves needle-like, fragile and easily broken after opening .......... 4 1
3 9 . Fruit w ith a. broad rim ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Fruit with a narrow rim, valves small, usually three, at or just above
the rim, Far Northern species ....................... trivalvis
40. Rim wide, flat or almost so, about 2/3 width of fruit, leaves ovate to
heart shaped, valves erect clustered in centre of fruit .... websterana
Rim raised, about 1/2 width of fruit, leaves dull greyish green, lanceolate
to narrow-lanceolate, valves short and triangular........morrisii
41. Fruit constricted at or below the orifice .......................... 42
Fruit not constricted at orifice .................................. 43
42. Leaves dull, long beaked cap to bud, longer than torus, base of torus
not expanded, ridges absent .......................... socialisLeaves shining, long beaked cap to bud, longer than torus, base of
torus expanded, ridges present, Eyre Peninsula only . . flocktoniae
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43. Fruit has a broad rim, cap to bud equal to torus, leaves often shining
yellow-green spaced apart ......................... mamrensis
Fruit without a broad rim ...................................... 44
4 4 . Fruit has one to many small ridges ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 45F r ui t smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
45. Cluster stalk flat, cap to bud sometimes smaller diameter giving "egg-
in-cup" shape ...................................... rugosa
Cluster stalk slender, rounded or compressed ...................... 46
46. Base of torus abrupt, but stalk long slender, fruit 0.6-1 cm. concinna
base of torus not abrupt, cap to bud with 10-15 faint ribs .......... 47
47. Fruit cylindrical, narrower than long, mainly smooth .............. 48
Fruit hemispherical (generally with an expanded orifice) to broadlyconical, with striae or faint ridges, but stalk slender, valves
spreading ..................................... brachycalyx
48. Fruit 0.8-1 cm. long sometimes has faint striae and an expanded
orifice, far North and Western species ............. striaticalyx
Fruit 0.6-1 cm. long, smooth cylindrical, Southern species ... dumosa
49. Leaves lanceolate, more than 0.9 cm. wide, not erect, shining bud cap
conical, blunt usually equal to or shorter than torus, fruit hemi-
spherical 0.5-0.9 cm. long by 0.6-0.9 cm. wide ............ oleosa
Leaves partly erect narrow-lanceolate, usually less than 0.9 cm. wide,bud cap conical, equal to torus, fruit 0.3-0.6 cm long by
0.3-0.5 cm. wide, base usually tapered ............... foecunda
50. Fruits faintly to coarsely ribbed ................................. 51
Fruits smooth or slightly wrinkled .............................. 55
51. Fruits quadrangular with four equal ribs ............... calycogona
Fruits have more than four equal ribs ........................... 52
52 . Fruits pear-shaped to cylindrical, 1 cm wide or wider ............. 53
Fruits barrel-shaped, contracted both ends ........................ 54
53. Fruits on a long drooping cluster stalk, North-western species
pimpiniana
Fruits on a robust or flattened stalk ............... incrassala vars.
54. Fruit faintly to distinctly ribbed ......... incrassata var. incrassata
Fruit strongly ribbed to deeply furrowed ..... incrassata var. angulosa
5 5 . Fruit about 1 cm. w ide ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Fruit about 0.5 cm. w ide ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5 6 . Rim wide, flat to raised, abrupt base to fruit, bud stalk very short
diversifoliaRim narrower, fruit tapering into a distinct stalk, restricted to
Kangaroo Island ................................... r.emota
57. Foliage dark green to bluish green dull 0.2-0.5 cm. wide, 5-16 cm. long,
bud cap conical equal to torus, North Flinders Ranges only
viridis
Foliage shorter and wider, lighter shining green ................... 58
58. Fruit has thick walls and the conical cap equals the torus. Rough bark
persists on the trunk .............................. porosa
Fruit has thin walls and the flattened cap is much smaller than thetorus. A small quantity of rough bark may persist at the base
of the trunk ....................................... gracilis
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