About the NAtive PlANts for CoNservAtioN, restorAtioN ANd lANdsCAPiNg ProjeCtThis project is a collaboration between the Virginia Depart-ment of Conservation and Recreation and the Virginia Native Plant Society. VNPS chapters across the state helped to fund the 2011 update to this brochure.

The following partners have provided valuable assistance throughout the life of this project:

The Nature Conservancy – Virginia Chapter • Virginia Tech Department of Horticulture • Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services • Virginia Department

of Environmental Quality, Coastal Zone Management Program • Virginia Department of Forestry • Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries • Virginia

Department of Transportation

for more iNformAtioNVirginia Department of Conservation and RecreationNatural Heritage Program804-786-7951www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/nativeplants.shtml

for A list of Nurseries thAt ProPAgAte NAtive sPeCies, CoNtACt:Virginia Native Plant Society400 Blandy Farm Lane, Unit 2Boyce, VA 22620540-837-1600 | vnpsofc@shentel.netwww.vnps.org

for A list of Nurseries iN A PArtiCulAr regioN of virgiNiA, CoNtACt:The Virginia Nursery and Landscape Association 383 Coal Hollow RoadChristiansburg, VA 24073540-382-0943 | vnla@verizon.netTo search for species in VNLA member catalogs, visit: www.vnla.org/search.asp

illustrAtioNs Courtesy of the florA of virgiNiA ProjeCt.Illustrators: Lara Gastinger, Roy Fuller and Michael Terry. To learn more, visit: www.floraofvirginia.org

Native Plants for Conservation, Restoration & Landscaping

Virginia Piedmont Region

WhAt Are NAtives?Native species evolved within specific regions and dispersed throughout their range without known human involvement. They form the primary component of the living landscape and provide food and shelter for native animal species. Native plants co-evolved with native animals over many thousands to millions of years and have formed complex and interdependent relationships. Our native fauna depend on native flora to provide food and cover. Many animals require specific plants for their survival.

beNefits of NAtive PlANtsUsing native species in landscaping reduces the expense of maintaining cultivated landscapes and minimizes the likelihood of introducing new invasive species. It may provide a few unexpected benefits as well.

Native plants often require less water, fertilizer and pesticide, thus adding fewer chemicals to the landscape and maintaining water quality in nearby rivers and streams. Fewer inputs mean time and money saved for the gardener.

Native plants increase the presence of desirable wildlife, such as birds and butterflies, and provide sanctuaries for these animals as they journey between summer and winter habitats. The natural habitat you create with native plants can become an outdoor classroom for children, or a place for you to find peace and quiet after a busy day.

Native plants evoke a strong sense of place and regional character. For example, live oak and magnolia trees are strongly associated with the Deep South. Redwood trees characterize the Pacific Northwest. Saguaro cacti call to mind the deserts of the Southwest.

buyiNg ANd groWiNg NAtive PlANtsMore gardeners today are discovering the benefits of

native plants and requesting them at their local garden centers. Because of this increased demand, retailers are offering an ever-widening selection of vigorous, nursery-propagated natives.

Once you’ve found a good vendor for native plants, the next step is choosing

appropriate plants for a project. One of the greatest benefits of designing

with native plants is their adaptation to local conditions. However, it is important to select plants with growth requirements that best match conditions in the area to be planted.

If you’re planning a project using native plant species, use the list in this brochure to learn which plants grow in

your region of Virginia. Next, study the minimum light and moisture requirements

for each species, noting that some plants grow

well under a variety of conditions. Many of the recommended species are well-suited to more than one of these categories.

For more information, refer to field guides and publications on local natural history for color, shape, height, bloom times and specific wildlife value of the plants that grow in your region. Visit a nearby park, natural area preserve, forest or wildlife management area to learn about common plant associations, spatial groupings and habitat conditions. For specific recommendations and advice about project design, consult a landscape or garden design specialist with experience in native plants.

WhAt Are NoN-NAtive PlANts?Sometimes referred to as “exotic,” “alien,” or “non-indigenous,” non-native plants are species introduced, intentionally or accidentally, into a new region by humans. Over time, many plants and animals have expanded their ranges slowly and without human assistance. As people began cultivating plants, they brought beneficial and favored species along when they moved into new regions or traded with people in distant lands. Humans thus became a new pathway, enabling many species to move into new locations.

WhAt Are iNvAsive PlANts?Invasive plants are introduced species that cause health, economic or ecological damage in their new range. More than 30,000 species of plants have been introduced to the United States since the time of Columbus. Most were introduced intentionally, and many provide great benefits to society as agricultural crops and landscape ornamentals. Some were introduced accidentally, for example, in ship ballast, in packing material and as seed contaminants. Of these introduced species, fewer than 3,000 have naturalized and become established in the United States outside cultivation. Of the 3,500 plant species in Virginia, more than 800 have been introduced since the founding of Jamestown. The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation currently lists more than 100 of these species as invasive.

In the United States, invasive species cause an estimated $120 billion in annual economic losses, including costs to manage their effects. Annual costs and damages arising from invasive plants alone are estimated at $34 billion.

NAtive PlANts vs. iNvAsive PlANtsInvasive plants have competitive advantages that allow them to disrupt native plant communities and the wildlife dependent on them. For example, kudzu (Pueraria montana) grows very rapidly and overtops forest canopy, thus shading other plant species from the sunlight necessary for their survival. A tall invasive wetland grass, common reed (Phragmites australis ssp. australis), invades and dominates marshes, reducing native plant diversity and sometimes eliminating virtually all other species.

Invasive species can marginalize or even cause the loss of native species. With their natural host plants gone, many insects disappear. And since insects are an essential part of the diet of many birds, the effects on the food web become far reaching. Habitats with a high occurrence of invasive plants become a kind of “green desert.” Although green and healthy in appearance, far fewer native species of plants and animals are found in such radically altered places.

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eric

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rcis

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sis

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ud•

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orus

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•

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neg

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leaf

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pyro

s vi

rgin

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pers

imm

on•

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gus

gran

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liaAm

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am

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ans

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ack

wal

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nipe

rus

virg

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ster

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d ce

dar

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bar s

tyra

ciflu

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um•

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ine

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s vi

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pin

e•

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anus

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mor

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us s

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ina

wild

bla

ck c

herr

y•

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cus

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whi

te o

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s bi

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amp

whi

te o

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cus

cocc

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let o

ak

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ercu

s fa

lcat

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uthe

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d oa

k•

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cus

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bear

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cus

mic

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s m

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cus

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ak•

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cus

prin

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cus

rubr

aN

orth

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red

oak

••

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ercu

s st

ella

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st o

ak•

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cus

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k oa

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nia

pseu

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k lo

cust

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s al

bidu

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ras

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lia a

mer

ican

aAm

eric

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assw

ood

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uga

cana

dens

isEa

ster

n he

mlo

ck•

••

••

•

Roc

ky fa

lls a

nd r

apid

s on

the

Poto

mac

, R

appa

hann

ock

and

Jam

es

rive

rs m

ark

a tr

ansi

tion

fr

om

the

soft

er s

edim

ents

o

f th

e C

oas

tal P

lain

to

the

resi

stan

t bed

rock

u

nd

erly

ing

the

Pie

dm

on

t.

Mo

vin

g w

est,

the

rolli

ng

h

ills

of V

irg

inia

’s P

ied

mo

nt

Pla

teau

ste

adily

clim

b

fro

m th

e fa

ll lin

e to

the

foo

thill

s o

f th

e B

lue

Rid

ge

Mo

un

tain

s, w

hic

h fo

rm

the

wes

tern

bo

un

dar

y o

f th

e P

ied

mo

nt.

Th

e h

ills

of t

he

Pie

dm

on

t b

eco

me

stee

per

to th

e w

est,

wh

ere

mo

nad

no

cks

— r

emn

ants

of a

nci

ent

mo

un

tain

s —

ris

e ab

ove

th

e fa

rms

and

fore

sts.

T

he

Pie

dm

on

t is

kno

wn

fo

r m

od

erat

ely

fert

ile b

ut

hig

hly

ero

ded

cla

y so

ils

that

form

ed fr

om

dee

ply

w

eath

ered

bed

rock

. Mo

st

of t

his

lan

d w

as c

on

vert

ed

to fa

rmla

nd

du

rin

g

Eu

rop

ean

set

tlem

ent.

To

day

, ho

wev

er, m

ixed

p

ine-

oak

-hic

kory

fore

sts

aris

ing

fro

m a

ban

do

ned

fa

rmla

nd

s ar

e fo

un

d

thro

ug

ho

ut t

he

reg

ion

.

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

e

U

ses

Lig

ht

Mois

ture

WH

CD

SP

FL

MH

rec

om

men

ded

use

sW

= W

ildlif

eh

= H

ortic

ultu

re &

land

scap

ing

C =

Con

serv

atio

n &

res

tora

tion

d =

Dom

estic

live

stoc

k fo

rage

min

imum

lig

ht

req

uir

emen

tss

= S

hade

P =

Par

tial s

unf

= Fu

ll su

n

mois

ture

req

uir

emen

tsl

= Lo

w m

oist

ure

m =

Mod

erat

e m

oist

ure

h =

Hig

h m

oist

ure

So

me

spec

ies

are

mar

ked

w

ith

th

e fo

llow

ing

fo

otn

ote

sy

mb

ols

:

+ M

ay b

e ag

gre

ssiv

e in

a

gar

den

set

tin

g

* D

ue to

the

rari

ty a

nd s

ensi

-tiv

ity o

f hab

itat i

n V

irgi

nia,

th

ese

spec

ies

are

reco

m-

men

ded

for

hort

icul

tura

l use

on

ly. P

lant

ing

thes

e sp

ecie

s in

nat

ural

are

as c

ould

be

detr

imen

tal t

o th

e su

rviv

al

of n

ativ

e po

pula

tions

.

Virgi

niaPie

dmon

tRe

gion