Native Americans

Lauren SalgadoBryan Canning Michael Carlson

Trade

Trade with the European settlers brought advantages: knives, axes, weapons, cooking utensils, fish hooks and a host of other goods. Those Indians who traded initially had significant advantage over rivals who did not.

  In response to European demand, tribes

such as the Iroquois began to devote more attention to fur trapping during the 17th century. Furs and pelts provided tribes the means to purchase colonial goods until late into the 18th century.

  Early colonial-Indian relations were an

uneasy mix of cooperation and conflict. On the one hand, there were the exemplary relations which prevailed during the first half century of Pennsylvania's existence. On the other were a long series of setbacks, skirmishes and wars, which almost invariably resulted in an Indian defeat and further loss of land.

Religion

Like all other cultures, the Indian societies of North America hoped to enlist the aid of the supernatural in controlling the natural and social world

Each tribe had its own set of religious observances devoted to that aim.

Individuals tried to woo or appease powerful spiritual entities with private prayers or sacrifices of valuable items (e.g., furs, tobacco, food),

Sought divine assistance to ensure a successful hunt, a good harvest, or victory in warfare

Religion cont.

They called upon shamans, priests, and, in fewer tribes, priestesses, whom they believed to have acquired supernatural powers through visions.

These uncommon abilities included predicting the future and influencing the weather—matters of vital interest to whole tribes—but shamans might also assist individuals by interpreting dreams and curing or causing outbreaks of witchcraft.

As even this brief account indicates, many key Indian religious beliefs and practices bore broad but striking resemblances to those current among early modern Europeans, both Catholic and Protestant.

Agriculture

- The Indians were known for the crops they grew.

- Roots & Herbs - Beans, squash,

pumpkins- Corn - Plow with a sharp stick,

used crop rotation - Gathered food from the

wild such as berries and other things that grow in the wild

Hunting

Fishing They hunted whatever they

could find Deer Rabbit Ducks, geese, turkey, and

other birds When the Europeans came

they introduced different foods to themNative Americans would use bow and arrows to hunt

They would use a stick with a pointed tip to aid them in catching mammals for food.

Tribes Within Takaki

Pequots – CT Powhatans – VA Wampanoags – New

England Massachusetts Nausets Nipmucks Narragansetts –RI Mohegans –CT Kaskaskias Shawnees Cherokees –GA Choctas –Miss Creeks Chickasaws

Tribes Across America

5 Seaons

POWHATAN CALENDAR

Winter Popanow

Spring Cattaapeuk

Sommer Cohattayough

Earing of their Corne Nepinough

Harvesting and Fall of the Leafe Taquitok

The Settler’s Perception

Thought that they were: Savages Barbarians Cannibals Nudists Superstitious Stupid

“took the first ship they saw for a walking island, the mast to be a tree, the sail white clouds, and the discharging of ordnance for lightening and thunder” –Takaki pg 27

The Trail of Tears

In 1829 the Georgia Legislature passed a law extending state authority over the territory of the Cherokee Nation.

After this the Cherokee Indians were given the choice to either leave the state or be subjective to White rule.

They refused to leave their land

The Government decided to come up with a treaty for the removal of the Cherokee tribe.

The Trail of Tears Cont.

The Cherokee did not agree to this treaty, but it was ratified anyways by congress.

After it was ratified the Cherokee Indians attempted to fight it, but did not succeed.

The military was ordered to forcibly remove them.

Families were seized, and their belongings were sold for cheap right in front of them.

The Cherokee’s were marched westward. This took place in the dead of winter.

Takaki states “ A Cherokee recalled how there were so many bodies to bury: “looks like maybe all be dead before we get to the new Indian country.. Nearly one fourth of this exiled Indian nation- died on what they have bitterly remembered as the “Trail of Tears””

The Trail of Tears

The Media’s Perception

SESAME STREET PETER PAN

The Odds are With the House

In the very early 1970s, Russell and Helen Bryan, a married Chippewa couple living on Indian lands in northern Minnesota, received a property tax bill from the local county.

The Bryans had never received a property tax bill from the county before. Not certain what to do, but unwilling to pay it, they took the tax notice to local legal aid attorneys, who brought suit to challenge the tax in the state courts.

The Bryans lost their case in the state district court, and they lost again on appeal in a unanimous decision by the Minnesota Supreme Court. Their last chance was to seek review in the United States Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court granted review, and in a sweeping and unanimous decision authored by Justice Brennan, the Supreme Court held not only that states do not have authority to tax Indians on Indian reservations, but that they also lack the authority to regulate Indian activities by Indians on Indian reservations.

The stage was now set for Indian gaming. Within a few short years, enterprising Indians and tribes began to operate Indian bingo operations in numerous different locations around the United States.

The Odds are With the House Cont.

Under the leadership of Howard Tommie, the Seminole Tribe of Florida built a large high-stakes bingo building on their reservation near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Open for six days a week.

Controversy arose when Indians began putting private casinos, bingo rooms, and lotteries on reservation lands and began setting gaming prizes which were above the maximum legal limit of the state.

States were afraid that Indians would have a significant competitive edge over other gambling places in the state which were regulated, which would thus generate a vast amount of income for tribes.

The Native American Gaming Regulatory Act

Passed in 1988 Signed by President

Ronald Reagan Kept tribal

sovereignty to create casino like halls, but the states and Indians must be in Tribal state compacts and the federal government has the power to regulate the gaming.

Indians as Mascots

Work Cited

http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/natrel.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_gaming

http://www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/timeline%20for%20Indian%20Mascots.htm