Nations, States and Countries (Oh my!). What is a “nation?” Nation: a large aggregate united by...
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Transcript of Nations, States and Countries (Oh my!). What is a “nation?” Nation: a large aggregate united by...
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Nations, States and Countries(Oh my!)
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What is a “nation?”
• Nation: a large aggregate united by common– Descent– History– Culture– Language– Inhabiting a particular
territory • (not necessarily a country)
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What is a “state?”• State: a “nation” with its own government that
occupies a particular territory
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What is a “country?”
• Country: same as a state
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What is a “stateless nation?”• “Stateless nation”: A group of people that has
the characteristics of being a nation but does not have their own government
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What is a “nationless state?”• “Nationless state”:
boundaries (arbitrarily draw) with no historical context and no common bond between people
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Governments
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What is a government?
• Government: The institution through which a state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforce binding decisions on citizens.
• Popular Sovereignty: the state has supreme and absolute authority within its territorial boundaries– (In theory, no state has the right to
interfere with the internal affairs of another state.)
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Government Power and
the Social Contract
• Governments always get their power from the people they rule
• Social Contract: – People give up some
rights and power to the government
– Government protects the citizens
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Government Effectiveness
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For a Government to Work…
• gov’ts must make unifying decisions
• Individuals must obey gov’t decisions
• Gov’t must have the power to punish those who do not obey
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Government Power• Legitimacy– Willingness of citizens to
obey • Democracy: consent of the
people
• Coercive Force– Comes from police, judicial
and military institutions– Gov’ts force people to pay
taxes and punish offenders by fines/imprison
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Purpose of Governments
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Maintain Social Order
• Settle disputes– Structures for settling
• Make and enforce laws
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Provide National Security
• Protect people against attack by other states and from threats of terrorism
• Foreign relations– Trade agreements– Treaties
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Provide Public Services
• Roads• Sewer systems• Promote health and
safety– Diseases prevention– Driver’s licenses
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Making Economic Decisions
• Address poverty– (Causes of revolutions)
• Payments to farmers• Stimulate economic
growth – Taxes– Money circulation
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Types of Governments
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Autocracy
• Autocracy: any system of government in with the power and authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual.
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Autocracy• Totalitarian Dictatorship: – the ideas of a single leader or group of leaders are
glorified– The government seeks to control all aspects of
social and economic life– Examples: • Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and Joseph Stalin
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Autocracy• Monarchy:– King, queen, or emperor exercises the
supreme powers of government– Monarchs usually inherit their position– Example: King of Saudi Arabia
• Constitutional Monarchy– Monarchs whose power is limited by a
constitution– Example: Great Britain
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Theocracy• Theocracy– Theo: Greek for God– Kratia: Greek for “rule”– Religious leaders rule the country– They use religious laws to rule the people and
settle disputes.– Example: Iran
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Oligarchy
• Oligarchy:– A system in which a small group holds power.• Example: China’s Communist Party
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Dictatorships and Oligarchies
• Dictatorships and Oligarchies– Will say they rule for the people– Give appearance:• Hold elections, but only offer one candidate• Have Assemblies or Legislatures, but approve decisions
already made by the leaders
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Democracy
• Democracy– Demos: Greek for “the people”– Kratia: Greek for “rule”– A system of government in which rule is by the
people
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Characteristics of a Democracy• Individual Liberty– No one can have complete
freedom = chaos– People are to be as free as
possible to develop their own capacities
– “The freedom to move your arm ends where my nose begins.”
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Characteristics of a Democracy• Majority Rule with Minority
Rights– “Tyranny of the Majority”– Difficult balance to achieve • Example: Japanese Interment
Camps: – Supreme Court (Korematsu vs. US)
upheld interment camps
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Characteristics of a Democracy• Free Elections– Every person’s vote in equal– All candidates have freedom of
expression– People are free to help
candidates/issues– Legal rights to vote
(citizenship, age, residence) are kept to a minimum
– Secret ballot
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Characteristics of a Democracy• Competing Political
Parties– Groups of individuals
with broad interests who organize to nominate candidate, etc
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Democracy
• Direct Democracy:– People govern themselves by voting on issues
individually as citizens– Only works in small societies where citizens can
meet to decide on key issues and problems– Example:• Ancient Athens
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Democracy
• Indirect Democracy (Republic)– People elect representatives and
five them the responsibility and power to make laws and conduct government
– If the representative makes good decisions, then he/she could be re-elected. (visa-versa)
– Example:• Ancient Rome and the USA
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First AmendmentCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petitition the Government for a redress of grievances.
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Rights
• Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; – that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules
about what is allowed of people or owed to people
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Universal Rights
• The right that ALL people of all countries have…– The Right to Life
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Cultural Rights• Cultural Rights: Rights you have in a particular
country• Rights vary from country to country
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Prohibitive Power
• Prohibitive Powers: powers denied to both national and state governments – Example US Bill of Rights
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• Amendment VIII• Excessive bail shall not
be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.