Nations First Governments The Articles of Confederation First Constitution of the United states of...

Nations First Nations First GovernmentsGovernments

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation First Constitution of the United states of First Constitution of the United states of

AmericaAmerica It established a system of cooperation between the 13 It established a system of cooperation between the 13

independent statesindependent states It was ratified by all 13 states in 1781It was ratified by all 13 states in 1781 One house legislature (called the One house legislature (called the confederation confederation

congresscongress) with each state having 1 vote!) with each state having 1 vote! Had control of the army and could make deals with Had control of the army and could make deals with

foreign countries on behalf of the states (these powers foreign countries on behalf of the states (these powers were called were called central powerscentral powers and were limited) and were limited)

Accomplishments of the Accomplishments of the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

1.1. Laid the foundation for the admin of the Laid the foundation for the admin of the national governmentnational government

2.2. Provided for the systematic growth and Provided for the systematic growth and development of the U.S.development of the U.S.

3.3. Ordinance of 1785Ordinance of 1785 Congress creates a system for surveying an area of land.Congress creates a system for surveying an area of land.

4.4. Northwest ordinanceNorthwest ordinance Laid the basis for the organization of new territorial Laid the basis for the organization of new territorial

governments.governments. Developed a precedent for the method of admitting new Developed a precedent for the method of admitting new

states to the unionstates to the union Also had a provision that outlawed slavery Also had a provision that outlawed slavery

1.1. Lack of Power and MoneyLack of Power and Money Congress had no power to collect taxesCongress had no power to collect taxes No power to regulate tradeNo power to regulate trade No power to enforce its lawsNo power to enforce its laws

2.2. Lack of Central PowerLack of Central Power No single leader or group directed govt. policyNo single leader or group directed govt. policy No national court system existedNo national court system existed

3.3. Rules to RigidRules to Rigid Congress could not pass laws without the approval of 9 Congress could not pass laws without the approval of 9

statesstates The articles could not be changed without the agreement The articles could not be changed without the agreement

of all 13 states.of all 13 states.

Weaknesses of the Weaknesses of the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

Philadelphia ConventionPhiladelphia Convention Clear that the national govt. needed more Clear that the national govt. needed more

powerpower Each state was asked to send a delegate to Each state was asked to send a delegate to

the convention in Philadelphiathe convention in Philadelphia Came to be called the Came to be called the CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL

CONVENTIONCONVENTION (only Rhode Island (only Rhode Island opposed a stronger central govt. and did not opposed a stronger central govt. and did not send a representative)send a representative)

Road to the ConstitutionRoad to the Constitution

Met in Independence Hall May 25, 1787Met in Independence Hall May 25, 1787 55 delegates55 delegates Oldest delegate Benjamin FranklinOldest delegate Benjamin Franklin 2 delegates later become American Presidents 2 delegates later become American Presidents

(George Washington and James Madison)(George Washington and James Madison) 19 U.S. senators19 U.S. senators 13 served in the House of Representatives13 served in the House of Representatives 4 became federal judges4 became federal judges 4 became Supreme Court justices4 became Supreme Court justices

Constitutional Constitutional ConventionConvention

Each state had 1 voteEach state had 1 vote Simple majority would decide the issuesSimple majority would decide the issues Public not allowed to attendPublic not allowed to attend Revising the article of ConfederationRevising the article of Confederation Decided to create a new constitution Decided to create a new constitution

instead of revise the Articles of instead of revise the Articles of Confederation. Confederation.

Key DecisionsKey Decisions

1.1. The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan Described a federal govt. similar to today.Described a federal govt. similar to today.

A president, courts, and a congress with A president, courts, and a congress with 2 houses2 houses

Based on state populations. Larger Based on state populations. Larger states would have more votes than states would have more votes than smaller states.smaller states.

Smaller states did not like this plan Smaller states did not like this plan because larger states would dominate because larger states would dominate the govt.the govt.

Plans for a New Plans for a New GovernmentGovernment

2.2. The New Jersey PlanThe New Jersey Plan Proposed by the smaller statesProposed by the smaller states

Similar to the Articles of ConfederationSimilar to the Articles of Confederation 1 house congress with each state having = 1 house congress with each state having =

representation.representation. Congress could set taxes and regulate tradeCongress could set taxes and regulate trade Larger states would not accept this planLarger states would not accept this plan


3.3. The Great Compromise (also known The Great Compromise (also known as the Connecticut Compromise)as the Connecticut Compromise)

Congress have 2 houses a senate and Congress have 2 houses a senate and House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives

Each state = representation in the senateEach state = representation in the senate In the house representation based on In the house representation based on

populationpopulation No one was completely happy with this No one was completely happy with this

solution but agreed to it.solution but agreed to it.


4.4. The Three-Fifths CompromiseThe Three-Fifths Compromise Southern states wanted to count their slaves as Southern states wanted to count their slaves as

part of their populations to increase voting part of their populations to increase voting power in the House of Representatives.power in the House of Representatives.

Northern state opposed the ideaNorthern state opposed the idea Argued that if they (the slaves) were not Argued that if they (the slaves) were not

allowed to vote or participate in govt. they allowed to vote or participate in govt. they should not be used to give the Southern states should not be used to give the Southern states more power in Congress more power in Congress

Delegates agreed to the 3/5ths compromise Delegates agreed to the 3/5ths compromise which allowed that for every five slaves would which allowed that for every five slaves would count as 3 free persons.count as 3 free persons.


5.5. Other CompromisesOther Compromises Trade – northern states felt that Congress should have Trade – northern states felt that Congress should have

the power to regulate both foreign trade and trade the power to regulate both foreign trade and trade between the states.between the states.

Southern states feared this because the slave trade was Southern states feared this because the slave trade was vital to their economic interests. Both parties vital to their economic interests. Both parties compromised.compromised.

Southern states agreed that Congress could regulate Southern states agreed that Congress could regulate foreign trade and state trade but could not tax exports foreign trade and state trade but could not tax exports and could not interfere with the slave trade before 1808and could not interfere with the slave trade before 1808

Developed the Developed the Electoral CollegeElectoral College ( a group of people ( a group of people named by each state legislature to select the President named by each state legislature to select the President and Vice President.)and Vice President.)

Still used today with the exception that the voters in each Still used today with the exception that the voters in each state, not the legislature, now choose electors.state, not the legislature, now choose electors.


FederalistsFederalists For ratificationFor ratification Chose this name because it represented a form of Chose this name because it represented a form of

govt. in which power is divided between the federal, govt. in which power is divided between the federal, or national government and the states.or national government and the states. Wanted to convince the American people that the new Wanted to convince the American people that the new

constitution was in the best interest of the U.S.constitution was in the best interest of the U.S. Reminded them of the flaws of the Articles of Reminded them of the flaws of the Articles of

Confederation.Confederation. They claimed that only a strong central govt. could protect They claimed that only a strong central govt. could protect

the new nation from enemies abroad and solve the the new nation from enemies abroad and solve the countries internal problems.countries internal problems.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists vs. Anti-FederalistsFederalists

The Federalist, The Federalist, a series of essays written a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay defended the new and John Jay defended the new constitution.constitution.


Anti-FederalistAnti-Federalist Those who opposed the constitutionThose who opposed the constitution Main argument was that the new constitution would take Main argument was that the new constitution would take

away the liberties Americans had fought to win from Great away the liberties Americans had fought to win from Great Britain.Britain.

Believed it would create a strong national govt. that would Believed it would create a strong national govt. that would ignore the will of the states and the people.ignore the will of the states and the people.

Only favor the wealthy few over the common people.Only favor the wealthy few over the common people. Strongest criticism was the lack of a bill of rights that would Strongest criticism was the lack of a bill of rights that would

protect individual freedomsprotect individual freedoms Several state conventions decided they would not ratify the Several state conventions decided they would not ratify the

new constitution unless a bill of rights was added to it.new constitution unless a bill of rights was added to it.


Federalist agreed with the anti-federalist Federalist agreed with the anti-federalist and promised to adopt a bill of rights if and promised to adopt a bill of rights if they would ratify the new constitution.they would ratify the new constitution.

June 21, 1788 the constitution took effectJune 21, 1788 the constitution took effect

Cont.Cont.

The Sections of the The Sections of the ConstitutionConstitution

3 sections of the Constitution

Preamble The Articles Amendments

““We the people of the United States We the people of the United States … do ordain and establish this … do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of Constitution for the United States of America.”America.”

These chosen words make it clear that the power of the government These chosen words make it clear that the power of the government comes from the people.comes from the people.

PreamblePreamble

1.1. ““To form a more perfect Union”- to unite the states so that they To form a more perfect Union”- to unite the states so that they can operate as a single nation for the good of allcan operate as a single nation for the good of all

2.2. ““To establish Justice”- to make certain that all citizens are To establish Justice”- to make certain that all citizens are treated equallytreated equally

3.3. ““To insure domestic Tranquility”- maintain peace and order, To insure domestic Tranquility”- maintain peace and order, keeping citizens and their property safe from harmkeeping citizens and their property safe from harm

4.4. ““To provide for the common Defense”- to be ready militarily to To provide for the common Defense”- to be ready militarily to protect the country and its citizens from attack.protect the country and its citizens from attack.

5.5. ““To promote the general Welfare”- to help people live happy To promote the general Welfare”- to help people live happy and prosperous lives.and prosperous lives.

6.6. ““To secure the blessing of Liberty to ourselves and our To secure the blessing of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity”- to guarantee the basic rights of all Americans, Posterity”- to guarantee the basic rights of all Americans, including future generations (posterity)including future generations (posterity)

6 Purposes of the 6 Purposes of the Government Government

(middle of the Preamble)(middle of the Preamble)

There are seven articles that follow the There are seven articles that follow the preamble.preamble.

Roman Numerals I thru VIIRoman Numerals I thru VII First 3 articles describe the First 3 articles describe the

responsibilities of each branch of the responsibilities of each branch of the governmentgovernment

The ArticlesThe Articles

Lawmaking powers of the Legislative Branch Lawmaking powers of the Legislative Branch (Congress)(Congress)

Congress made up of the 2 branches, Senate Congress made up of the 2 branches, Senate and House of Representatives, and will have and House of Representatives, and will have all lawmaking authorityall lawmaking authority

The article then describes how each member The article then describes how each member of each house will be chosen and what rules of each house will be chosen and what rules they must follow in making lawsthey must follow in making laws

There are 10 subsections to article one. They There are 10 subsections to article one. They are as followsare as follows

Article IArticle I

All legislative powers herein granted shall All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United be vested in a Congress of the United States, and will consist of a Senate and a States, and will consist of a Senate and a House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives

Article I Section IArticle I Section I

Article 1 Section 2Article 1 Section 21.1. The House of Representatives shal be composed of members The House of Representatives shal be composed of members

chosen every 2 years by the people of the several states, the chosen every 2 years by the people of the several states, the electors in each state shall have qualifications requisite for electors in each state shall have qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous Branch of the state legislature.electors of the most numerous Branch of the state legislature.

2.2. Must be at least 25 years old and a citizen of the U.S. for at Must be at least 25 years old and a citizen of the U.S. for at least 7 years. Must be a citizen/live in the state.least 7 years. Must be a citizen/live in the state.

3.3. Representatives and direct taxation shall be apportioned Representatives and direct taxation shall be apportioned among the states included in the union, according to their among the states included in the union, according to their respective numbers. # of representatives shall not exceed 1 respective numbers. # of representatives shall not exceed 1 for every 30,000, but each state shall have at least one for every 30,000, but each state shall have at least one RepresentativeRepresentative

4.4. When vacancies become open in the representation from any When vacancies become open in the representation from any state, the executive authority shall issue Writs of elections to fill state, the executive authority shall issue Writs of elections to fill the vacanciesthe vacancies

5.5. The House of Representatives shall chose their Speaker and The House of Representatives shall chose their Speaker and other Officers: and have the sole power of Impeachmentother Officers: and have the sole power of Impeachment

Article I Section 3Article I Section 3

1.1. Senate of U.S. shall be composed of two Senate of U.S. shall be composed of two Senators per State, chosen by the Senators per State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; Each Legislature thereof, for six years; Each Senator shall have 1 voteSenator shall have 1 vote

2.2. They will immediately assemble after the 1They will immediately assemble after the 1stst election and divided equally into 3 classes. election and divided equally into 3 classes. The seats of the first class Senators shall be The seats of the first class Senators shall be vacated at the end of the second year, the vacated at the end of the second year, the second class at the expiration of the 4second class at the expiration of the 4 thth year, year, and the third Class at the expiration of the 6and the third Class at the expiration of the 6 thth year. This will allow 1/3 to be chosen every year. This will allow 1/3 to be chosen every second yearsecond year

Article I section 4Article I section 4

1.1. The Times, Places, and Manner of holding The Times, Places, and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by LAW make or alter such any time by LAW make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of Regulations, except as to the Places of choosing Senatorschoosing Senators

2.2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in The Congress shall assemble at least once in every yearevery year

The meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, The meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different Dayunless they shall by law appoint a different Day


1.1. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own members, and Returns and Qualifications of its own members, and a majority shall constitute a Quorom to do businessa majority shall constitute a Quorom to do business

2.2. Each house will determine the Rules of its Each house will determine the Rules of its proceedings. Punish members and with a 2/3 proceedings. Punish members and with a 2/3 majority expel a membermajority expel a member

3.3. Each will keep a journal of its proceedings and from Each will keep a journal of its proceedings and from time to time publish them.time to time publish them.

4.4. Neither House may adjourn for more than 3 days Neither House may adjourn for more than 3 days without the consent of the other House during the without the consent of the other House during the Session of CongressSession of Congress


1.1. Senators and Representatives shall receive Senators and Representatives shall receive compensation for their services to be compensation for their services to be determined by law and paid by the treasury of determined by law and paid by the treasury of the U.S. They shall in all cases be privileged the U.S. They shall in all cases be privileged from arrest during their attendance at from arrest during their attendance at Session. Exceptions would be treason, Session. Exceptions would be treason, felony, or breach of the peacefelony, or breach of the peace

2.2. No Senator or Representative shall, during No Senator or Representative shall, during their time for which they were elected, be their time for which they were elected, be appointed to any Civil Office under the appointed to any Civil Office under the authority of the U.S. authority of the U.S.


1.1. All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Reps: the Senate may make proposals or concur with Reps: the Senate may make proposals or concur with Amendments as on other BillsAmendments as on other Bills

2.2. Every Bill must be passed by the Senate and the House of Every Bill must be passed by the Senate and the House of Reps before it becomes a law. It will then be presented to the Reps before it becomes a law. It will then be presented to the United States President, if he approves it he will sign it, if he United States President, if he approves it he will sign it, if he objects to it he will send it with his objections to the House that objects to it he will send it with his objections to the House that presented it. After consideration if 2/3rds still approve it, it will presented it. After consideration if 2/3rds still approve it, it will be sent to the other house with the objections for consideration. be sent to the other house with the objections for consideration. If this House approves it by 2/3If this House approves it by 2/3rdrd’s vote it becomes law.’s vote it becomes law.

3.3. Every order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of Every order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives shall be presented to the Senate and House of Representatives shall be presented to the President of the U.S. before it can take effectthe President of the U.S. before it can take effect


1.1. Congress has the power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Congress has the power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Exercises, to pay the Debts and provide for the Imposts and Exercises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the U.S. But all common Defence and general Welfare of the U.S. But all Duties, Imposts and Excerises shall be uniform throughout the Duties, Imposts and Excerises shall be uniform throughout the United StatesUnited States

2.2. Borrow $ on the credit of the U.S.Borrow $ on the credit of the U.S.3.3. To regulate commerce with foreign Nations, and among the To regulate commerce with foreign Nations, and among the

several states, and with the Indian Tribesseveral states, and with the Indian Tribes4.4. Establish an uniform Rule on Naturalization, and uniform Laws Establish an uniform Rule on Naturalization, and uniform Laws

on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the U.S.on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the U.S.5.5. Coin $, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix Coin $, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix

the Standard of Weights and /measuresthe Standard of Weights and /measures

Article 1 section 8 cont.Article 1 section 8 cont.

6.6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the U.S.Securities and current Coin of the U.S.

7.7. Establish post offices and post roadsEstablish post offices and post roads8.8. To promote the progress of Science and useful arts, To promote the progress of Science and useful arts,

by securing for limited times to Authors and Inventors by securing for limited times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Rights to their respective Writings and the exclusive Rights to their respective Writings and DiscoveriesDiscoveries

9.9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme CourtTo constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme Court10.10. To define and punish piracies on the high seas, and To define and punish piracies on the high seas, and

offences against the Law of Nationsoffences against the Law of Nations


11. To declare War, grant letters of Marque and 11. To declare War, grant letters of Marque and Reprisals, and make rules concerning Captures on Reprisals, and make rules concerning Captures on Land and WaterLand and Water

12.12. Raise and support armies, but no appropriation of Raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than 2 money to that use shall be for a longer term than 2 yrs.yrs.

13.13. To provide and maintain a NavyTo provide and maintain a Navy14.14. To make rules for the government and regulations of To make rules for the government and regulations of

the land and naval forcesthe land and naval forces15.15. To provide for the calling forth the Militia to execute To provide for the calling forth the Militia to execute

the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasionsrepel Invasions


16.16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such parts of them as may be employed in and for governing such parts of them as may be employed in the service of the U.S., reserving to the states respectively, the the service of the U.S., reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by CongressMilitia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress

17.17. Exercise exclusive Legislation in all cases whatsoever, over Exercise exclusive Legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding 10 miles) as may, by Cession of such District (not exceeding 10 miles) as may, by Cession of particular States, ands the acceptance of Congress become the particular States, ands the acceptance of Congress become the seat of the new Government of the U.S.seat of the new Government of the U.S.

18.18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the U.S., or in any Department or officer thereof.U.S., or in any Department or officer thereof.


1.1. The migration or importation of such persons that states deem The migration or importation of such persons that states deem proper to admit will not be limited by Congress until the year proper to admit will not be limited by Congress until the year 1808. Congress can impose a tax or duty on such importation, 1808. Congress can impose a tax or duty on such importation, not to exceed $10 per personnot to exceed $10 per person

2.2. Privilege of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended unless Privilege of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended unless there is rebellion or invasion (a Writ of Habeas Corpus means there is rebellion or invasion (a Writ of Habeas Corpus means that a law official must show just cause for bringing a prisoner to that a law official must show just cause for bringing a prisoner to court or holding the prisonercourt or holding the prisoner

3.3. No Bill of attainder (punishing a person without a jury trial) or ex No Bill of attainder (punishing a person without a jury trial) or ex post facto laws (laws passed after a crime has been committed. post facto laws (laws passed after a crime has been committed. You can’t go back and try someone after the fact) shall be You can’t go back and try someone after the fact) shall be passedpassed

4.4. No capitation, or direct, tax shall be laidNo capitation, or direct, tax shall be laid5.5. No tax or duty can be placed on articles exported from any stateNo tax or duty can be placed on articles exported from any state

Article I section 9 Cont.Article I section 9 Cont.

6.6. No preference shall be given to one state No preference shall be given to one state over another in regard to ports and what over another in regard to ports and what ships port thereships port there

7.7. No money can be drawn from the treasury No money can be drawn from the treasury unless duly apportioned by the lawunless duly apportioned by the law

8.8. No title of nobility shall be granted to anyone No title of nobility shall be granted to anyone in the U.S. or be allowed to be bestowed in the U.S. or be allowed to be bestowed upon anyone holding office in the U.S. This upon anyone holding office in the U.S. This includes titles, presents, offices, unless includes titles, presents, offices, unless approved by Congressapproved by Congress

Article I Section 10Article I Section 10

1.1. No state can have treaties, confederations, or No state can have treaties, confederations, or alliances, grant titles of Marque, use Bill of Attainer, alliances, grant titles of Marque, use Bill of Attainer, ex post facto laws or create noble titles, or make ex post facto laws or create noble titles, or make moneymoney

2.2. No state can impose taxes or duties on imports No state can impose taxes or duties on imports without the consent of Congress. All money without the consent of Congress. All money collected will belong to the Treasury of the U. S.collected will belong to the Treasury of the U. S.

3.3. No state can, without the consent of Congress, lay No state can, without the consent of Congress, lay duties on tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in duties on tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in times of peace. Cannot make arrangements with times of peace. Cannot make arrangements with other states or foreign powers or engage in war other states or foreign powers or engage in war unless they are invaded or in imminent danger that a unless they are invaded or in imminent danger that a delay would cause them harm.delay would cause them harm.

Article IIArticle II

Deals with the Deals with the executive branchexecutive branch, or law-, or law-enforcing branch of the government headed by enforcing branch of the government headed by a president and vice president.a president and vice president.

This article explains how these leaders are to This article explains how these leaders are to be elected and how they can be removed from be elected and how they can be removed from office.office.

It lists the president’s powers including the It lists the president’s powers including the power to command the armed forces and make power to command the armed forces and make treaties with other nationstreaties with other nations

Article IIArticle II

The Constitution only lists 3 The Constitution only lists 3 qualifications for someone to become qualifications for someone to become President of the United StatesPresident of the United States

1.1. Be at least 35 years of ageBe at least 35 years of age

2.2. A native-born American citizenA native-born American citizen

3.3. Be a resident of the U.S. for at least 14 Be a resident of the U.S. for at least 14 years years

Article IIIArticle III

The Judicial BranchThe Judicial Branch This is the part of the govt. that interprets This is the part of the govt. that interprets

the law.the law. One Supreme Court and such lower One Supreme Court and such lower

courts as deemed appropriate by courts as deemed appropriate by CongressCongress

Lists the powers of the federal courts and Lists the powers of the federal courts and the types of cases they may hearthe types of cases they may hear

Article IVArticle IV

This article explains the relationship This article explains the relationship between the federal and state between the federal and state governmentsgovernments

Article VArticle V

Specifies under what conditions the Specifies under what conditions the Constitution can be changedConstitution can be changed

Amendments can be made when 2/3Amendments can be made when 2/3rdrd’s ’s of both houses deem it necessaryof both houses deem it necessary

Article VIArticle VI

This article contains a key statement that This article contains a key statement that declares the Constitution as the declares the Constitution as the “Supreme law of the land”“Supreme law of the land”

Article VIIArticle VII

This article talked about practical This article talked about practical matters such as when the constitution matters such as when the constitution would take effect (when 9 states ratified would take effect (when 9 states ratified it).it).

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