Nationalism India After WWII. Self-Determination Means to allow people, nations, countries to decide...

NationalismNationalism

India After WWIIIndia After WWII

Self-DeterminationSelf-Determination

Means to allow people, nations, countries Means to allow people, nations, countries to decide what government they want and to decide what government they want and how they want to be ruled.how they want to be ruled.

This was a challenge to the colonial This was a challenge to the colonial system.system.

Countries like Britain did not want self Countries like Britain did not want self determination after World War One determination after World War One because it meant that they would have to because it meant that they would have to give up rule in places like India.give up rule in places like India.

World War OneWorld War One

During World War During World War One about 1 One about 1 million Indians million Indians fought for Britain.fought for Britain.

Britain had Britain had promised India self promised India self rule after the war rule after the war however Britain however Britain failed to keep their failed to keep their promise.promise.

Indian NationalismIndian Nationalism

India had wanted India had wanted independence since independence since the mid-1800’s. the mid-1800’s.

Indians wanted Indians wanted both democracy both democracy and nationalism.and nationalism.

Well educated Well educated Indians began to Indians began to bring back these bring back these ideas from Europe.ideas from Europe.

National MovementsNational Movements

Indian National Congress 1885Indian National Congress 1885– A Hindu group wanted Hindu representation in A Hindu group wanted Hindu representation in

government.government.– Well educated Well educated – Wanted a democratic IndiaWanted a democratic India

Muslim League 1906Muslim League 1906– Muslim educated class wanted representation in Muslim educated class wanted representation in

governmentgovernment– Based their ideas of democracy on the ideals of Based their ideas of democracy on the ideals of

the Enlightenment.the Enlightenment.While both groups were very different and While both groups were very different and disliked each other they both wanted a disliked each other they both wanted a democratic representative government.democratic representative government.

Rowlatt ActRowlatt Act

In 1918 Indian soldiers and the the In 1918 Indian soldiers and the the Indian public wanted Britain to uphold Indian public wanted Britain to uphold it’s promise of self-determination.it’s promise of self-determination.Indians began to protest.Indians began to protest.In 1919 to stop protesting the British In 1919 to stop protesting the British passed the Rowlatt Act which allowed passed the Rowlatt Act which allowed them to jail protestors for up to two them to jail protestors for up to two years with no trial! years with no trial! – To educated Indians this was a violation ofTo educated Indians this was a violation of

Denial of trial by a jury.Denial of trial by a jury.

The Amritsar MassacreThe Amritsar Massacre

In 1919 Indians In 1919 Indians began a system of began a system of violent protest to violent protest to the British rule.the British rule.

Hindus and Hindus and Muslims went to Muslims went to Amritsar to protest Amritsar to protest the Rowlett Act.the Rowlett Act.

Amritsar MassacreAmritsar Massacre

At the festival at Amritsar Indians At the festival at Amritsar Indians gathered to celebrate and make gathered to celebrate and make speeches. The event was non-speeches. The event was non-violent.violent.

Hindu and Muslim nationalist began Hindu and Muslim nationalist began to arrive at the festival.to arrive at the festival.

British citizens were attacked.British citizens were attacked.

The British banned public meetings.The British banned public meetings.

Amritsar MassacreAmritsar Massacre

On April 13, 1919 to On April 13, 1919 to British believed that British believed that the Indians were the Indians were defying to order not to defying to order not to meet in public.meet in public.British soldiers were British soldiers were ordered out to stop ordered out to stop the people.the people.The soldiers are The soldiers are ordered to open fire ordered to open fire on the crowd. on the crowd.


400 Indians are killed.400 Indians are killed.

1,200 are wounded.1,200 are wounded.

Indians across India are outraged.Indians across India are outraged.

Indians demanded impendence from Indians demanded impendence from Britain.Britain.


"The nonviolent approach does not "The nonviolent approach does not immediately change the heart of the immediately change the heart of the

oppressor. It first does something to the oppressor. It first does something to the hearts and souls of those committed to it. hearts and souls of those committed to it.

It gives them self respect; it calls up It gives them self respect; it calls up resources of strength and courage that resources of strength and courage that

they did not think they had. they did not think they had. Finally, it reaches the opponent and so Finally, it reaches the opponent and so stirs his conscience that reconciliation stirs his conscience that reconciliation

becomes a reality." (Martin Luther King)becomes a reality." (Martin Luther King)

Civil DisobedienceCivil Disobedience

One person One person cancan make a make a difference.difference.


– Civil DisobedienceCivil DisobedienceRefusing to obey laws or the Refusing to obey laws or the government without using violence government without using violence and in some cases enduring violence and in some cases enduring violence directeddirected towards you.towards you.


Civil disobedience has served as a major tactic of Civil disobedience has served as a major tactic of nationalist movements in former colonies in nationalist movements in former colonies in Africa and Asia prior to their gaining Africa and Asia prior to their gaining independence. independence. Most notably Mohandas Gandhi developed civil Most notably Mohandas Gandhi developed civil disobedience as an anti-Imperialism tool.disobedience as an anti-Imperialism tool. Martin Luther King, a leader of the US civil Martin Luther King, a leader of the US civil rights movement in the United States in the rights movement in the United States in the 1960s also adopted civil disobedience techniques1960s also adopted civil disobedience techniquesAntiwar activists both during and after the Antiwar activists both during and after the Vietnam War have done likewise. Vietnam War have done likewise. More recently, people have used civil More recently, people have used civil disobedience to protest the war in Iraqdisobedience to protest the war in Iraq


There is a rich tradition of nonviolent direct There is a rich tradition of nonviolent direct action in the United States as well. action in the United States as well. American revolutionaries used tactics such as American revolutionaries used tactics such as tax and tea boycotts to mobilize thousand of tax and tea boycotts to mobilize thousand of colonists against the British. colonists against the British. American peace churches have a long American peace churches have a long tradition of non-cooperation with military tradition of non-cooperation with military conscription and taxation. conscription and taxation. Beginning in the late 1800s, the women's Beginning in the late 1800s, the women's movement for the right to vote carried on a movement for the right to vote carried on a century of silent vigils, mass demonstrations, century of silent vigils, mass demonstrations, and hunger strikes. and hunger strikes.


In his book In his book The The Politics of Politics of Nonviolent Nonviolent ActionAction, Gene , Gene Sharp has Sharp has categorized 198 categorized 198 methods of methods of nonviolent nonviolent action, which action, which can be broken can be broken down into three down into three main typesmain types


Protest and Protest and persuasions persuasions – leaflets, pickets, leaflets, pickets,

vigils, teach-ins, vigils, teach-ins, marches.marches.


Non-cooperation: Non-cooperation: – social boycotts, social boycotts,

student strikes, student strikes, – economic labor economic labor

strikes, tax strikes, tax resistance, resistance, consumer boycottsconsumer boycotts

– political election political election boycotts, civil boycotts, civil disobedience, draft disobedience, draft resistanceresistance


Intervention Intervention – sit-ins, occupations, sit-ins, occupations,

alternative alternative economic and economic and social institutions, social institutions, obstruction, work obstruction, work slowdowns and slowdowns and sabotage.sabotage.

Forms of ProtestForms of Protest

ProtestProtest expresses relatively overt expresses relatively overt reaction to events or situations: reaction to events or situations: sometimes in favor, more often sometimes in favor, more often opposed. opposed. Protestors may organize a protest as a Protestors may organize a protest as a way of publicly and forcefully making way of publicly and forcefully making their opinions heard in an attempt to their opinions heard in an attempt to influence public opinion or government influence public opinion or government policy, or may undertake direct action policy, or may undertake direct action to attempt to directly enact desired to attempt to directly enact desired changes themselveschanges themselves

Forms of ProtestForms of Protest

ViolenceViolence– RiotsRiots– TerrorismTerrorism– RevoltsRevolts– RevolutionsRevolutions

With violence comes death With violence comes death and destruction of and destruction of property.property.

The cause though a just The cause though a just cause may be confused by cause may be confused by the public as being violent the public as being violent and may lose public and may lose public support.support.

Violence does not solve Violence does not solve problems.problems.

Forms of ProtestForms of ProtestNon ViolentNon Violent– BoycottsBoycotts

Refusing to buy or trade goods.Refusing to buy or trade goods.– Sit-insSit-ins

Sitting down and refusing to leave an area.Sitting down and refusing to leave an area.– Hunger StrikesHunger Strikes

Refusing to eat.Refusing to eat.– Peaceful Protest MarchesPeaceful Protest Marches

Showing mass public support for the cause.Showing mass public support for the cause.– PetitionsPetitions

Letter writing campaigns and getting signatures to show Letter writing campaigns and getting signatures to show mass support for the cause.mass support for the cause.

– StrikesStrikesRefusal to work.Refusal to work.

Indian Civil DisobedienceIndian Civil Disobedience

SatyagrahaSatyagraha (Sanskrit truth + path/way) is (Sanskrit truth + path/way) is the philosophy of non-violent resistance the philosophy of non-violent resistance most famously employed by Mohandas most famously employed by Mohandas Gandhi in forcing an end to the British Raj. Gandhi in forcing an end to the British Raj.

Translators have rendered the word Translators have rendered the word satyagrahasatyagraha as "civil disobedience", "passive as "civil disobedience", "passive resistance", "truth force", or "the resistance", "truth force", or "the willingness to endure great personal willingness to endure great personal suffering in order to do what's right". suffering in order to do what's right". English-speakers may also use the term English-speakers may also use the term "non-violent protest"."non-violent protest".

GandhiGandhi

He helped bring about India's independence He helped bring about India's independence from British rule, inspiring other colonial from British rule, inspiring other colonial peoples to work for their own independence peoples to work for their own independence and ultimately dismantle the British Empire and ultimately dismantle the British Empire and replace it with the Commonwealth.and replace it with the Commonwealth. Gandhi's principle of Gandhi's principle of satyagrahasatyagraha, often , often roughly translated as "way of truth" or roughly translated as "way of truth" or "pursuit of truth", has inspired generations "pursuit of truth", has inspired generations of democratic and anti-racist activists of democratic and anti-racist activists including Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson including Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela.Mandela. He often stated his values were simple: He often stated his values were simple: truth (satya), and non-violence (ahimsa).truth (satya), and non-violence (ahimsa).

Gandhi’s rules for ProtestGandhi’s rules for ProtestMohandas Gandhi outlined the following rules:Mohandas Gandhi outlined the following rules:A satyagrahi, i.e., a civil resister, will harbor no anger. A satyagrahi, i.e., a civil resister, will harbor no anger. He will suffer the anger of the opponent. He will suffer the anger of the opponent. In so doing he will put up with assaults from the In so doing he will put up with assaults from the opponent, never retaliate; but he will not submit, out opponent, never retaliate; but he will not submit, out of fear of punishment or the like, to any order given in of fear of punishment or the like, to any order given in anger. anger. When any person in authority seeks to arrest a civil When any person in authority seeks to arrest a civil resister, he will voluntarily submit to the arrest, and resister, he will voluntarily submit to the arrest, and he will not resisthe will not resistNon-retaliation includes swearing and cursing. Non-retaliation includes swearing and cursing. Therefore a civil resister will never insult his Therefore a civil resister will never insult his opponent, and therefore also not take part in many of opponent, and therefore also not take part in many of the newly coined cries which are contrary to the spirit the newly coined cries which are contrary to the spirit of of ahimsaahimsa. .

GandhiGandhi

GandhiGandhi

An eye for eye only ends up making An eye for eye only ends up making the whole world blindthe whole world blind

Poverty is the worst form of Poverty is the worst form of violence.violence.

Strength does not come from Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will.indomitable will.

Hatred can be overcome only by loveHatred can be overcome only by love

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.

MLKMLK

We will have to repent in this We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the but for the appalling silence of the good people.good people.

Take a few minutes and write down Take a few minutes and write down what this means-What is King what this means-What is King saying?saying?

GandhiGandhi

Indian Independence Indian Independence


Early LifeEarly Life

Mohandas Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Mohandas Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat, India. Porbandar, Gujarat, India.

His family was traders.His family was traders.

At the age of 13, Gandhi married Kasturba who was of his At the age of 13, Gandhi married Kasturba who was of his same age. They had four children, all sons. same age. They had four children, all sons.

At the age of 19, Gandhi went to London to train as a At the age of 19, Gandhi went to London to train as a lawyer. lawyer.

He went to Durban , South Africa to practice law in 1893 He went to Durban , South Africa to practice law in 1893 and began his political career by lobbying against laws and began his political career by lobbying against laws discriminating against Indians in South Africa. discriminating against Indians in South Africa.

Gandhi was arrested on November 6, 1913 while leading a Gandhi was arrested on November 6, 1913 while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.march of Indian miners in South Africa.

Early LifeEarly Life

During World War I, Gandhi returned During World War I, Gandhi returned to India, where he campaigned for to India, where he campaigned for Indians to join the British Indian Indians to join the British Indian Army. Army. Gandhi actively supported the British in Gandhi actively supported the British in World War I in the hope of hastening World War I in the hope of hastening India's freedom.India's freedom.

He also led agrarian and labor reform He also led agrarian and labor reform demonstrations that embarrassed the demonstrations that embarrassed the British.British.

GandhiGandhi

The Amritsar massacre of 1919 stirred The Amritsar massacre of 1919 stirred Indian nationalist consciousness, and Indian nationalist consciousness, and Gandhi organized several satyagraha Gandhi organized several satyagraha campaigns. campaigns.

He discontinued them when, against his He discontinued them when, against his wishes, violent disorder ensuedwishes, violent disorder ensued

Political CareerPolitical Career

After the war, he became involved with After the war, he became involved with the Indian National Congress and the the Indian National Congress and the movement for independence. movement for independence.

He gained worldwide publicity through He gained worldwide publicity through his policy of civil disobedience and the his policy of civil disobedience and the use of fasting as a form of protest, and use of fasting as a form of protest, and was repeatedly imprisoned by the was repeatedly imprisoned by the British authorities.British authorities.


In the 1920’s Gandhi began his In the 1920’s Gandhi began his system of civil disobedience.system of civil disobedience.

Gandhi wanted to weaken the Gandhi wanted to weaken the control of the British government control of the British government over the Indian people. over the Indian people.

Gandhi called for the following Gandhi called for the following measures.measures.


Called for Indians to Called for Indians to boycott British goods.boycott British goods.Gandhi called for Gandhi called for Indians to make their Indians to make their own clothing.own clothing.Gandhi spent one Gandhi spent one hour a day at the hour a day at the spinning wheel spinning wheel making his own making his own thread.thread.The spinning wheel The spinning wheel becomes the symbol becomes the symbol of Indian Nationalism. of Indian Nationalism.


The clothing boycott was a success.The clothing boycott was a success.

Indians burned their British clothing Indians burned their British clothing and made their own clothing.and made their own clothing.

The sale of British clothing dropped The sale of British clothing dropped and hurt the British economyand hurt the British economy


Gandhi asked Gandhi asked Indians to Indians to – Boycott British Boycott British

schools.schools.– Not hold positions Not hold positions

in the British in the British government in government in India.India.

– Refuse to pay Refuse to pay British taxes.British taxes.

– Not vote in Not vote in elections.elections.

Salt MarchesSalt Marches

One of his most striking actions was the One of his most striking actions was the Salt March that started on March 12, Salt March that started on March 12, 1930 and ended on April 5, when he led 1930 and ended on April 5, when he led thousands of people to the sea to collect thousands of people to the sea to collect their own salt rather than pay the salt tax. their own salt rather than pay the salt tax.

On May 8, 1933 Gandhi began a fast that On May 8, 1933 Gandhi began a fast that would last 21 days to protest British would last 21 days to protest British oppression in India. oppression in India.

Salt MarchesSalt Marches

Gandhi had shown the people that Gandhi had shown the people that they could survive without the they could survive without the British.British.

That the people could make their That the people could make their own salt, clothing, and run their own own salt, clothing, and run their own government.government.

Gandhi showed the people the way.Gandhi showed the people the way.

Indian Act of 1935Indian Act of 1935

Under the success of the various Under the success of the various civil disobedience tactics used by civil disobedience tactics used by Gandhi the British government Gandhi the British government began to give into the demands of began to give into the demands of the Indians.the Indians.In 1935 under the Indian Act of 1935 In 1935 under the Indian Act of 1935 Indians were allowed local self-Indians were allowed local self-government. government. Some democratic elections were Some democratic elections were held.held.

Indians in ConflictIndians in Conflict

The Muslims and Hindu come into conflict The Muslims and Hindu come into conflict during these elections.during these elections.Both want independence but both want Both want independence but both want control of the government.control of the government.The Hindu National Congress which The Hindu National Congress which outnumbers the Muslim League wins and outnumbers the Muslim League wins and controls the government.controls the government.This causes more problems between This causes more problems between Hindus and Muslims.Hindus and Muslims.

GandhiGandhi

His program included a free, united IndiaHis program included a free, united India

The revival of cottage industries, The revival of cottage industries, especially of spinning and the production especially of spinning and the production of hand-woven cloth.of hand-woven cloth.

the abolition of untouchables.the abolition of untouchables.

GandhiGandhi

Gandhi became known as a Gandhi became known as a Mahatma or “Great Soul” of the Mahatma or “Great Soul” of the Indian Independence movement.Indian Independence movement.

GandhiGandhi

Gandhi became even more vocal in Gandhi became even more vocal in his demand for independence during his demand for independence during World War II, drafting a resolution World War II, drafting a resolution calling for the British to “calling for the British to “Quit India”Quit India”, , which soon sparked the largest which soon sparked the largest movement for Indian independence movement for Indian independence ever, ever,

Violence in IndiaViolence in India

With India feeling independence so With India feeling independence so close many Hindus and Muslims took close many Hindus and Muslims took up violence to protest British rule.up violence to protest British rule.

With mass arrests and violence on With mass arrests and violence on an unprecedented scale.an unprecedented scale.

This went against the teachings of This went against the teachings of Gandhi.Gandhi.

Indian IndependenceIndian Independence

In August 1946 Britain gave India its In August 1946 Britain gave India its independence.independence.

Britain gave India to the Hindus and Britain gave India to the Hindus and newly formed Pakistan to the newly formed Pakistan to the Muslims. Muslims.

Soon both the Hindu and the Soon both the Hindu and the Muslims while free of British rule Muslims while free of British rule now turned their violence towards now turned their violence towards one another. one another.

GandhiGandhi

Gandhi had great influence among the Hindu and Gandhi had great influence among the Hindu and Muslim communities of India. Muslim communities of India. It is said that he ended communal riots through It is said that he ended communal riots through his mere presence. his mere presence. Gandhi was opposed to any plan which Gandhi was opposed to any plan which partitioned India into two separate countries partitioned India into two separate countries The plan was eventually adopted, creating a The plan was eventually adopted, creating a Hindu-dominated India, and a Muslim-dominated Hindu-dominated India, and a Muslim-dominated Pakistan. Pakistan. On the day of the power transfer, Gandhi did not On the day of the power transfer, Gandhi did not celebrate independence with the rest of India, celebrate independence with the rest of India, but mourned partition alone in Calcutta instead.but mourned partition alone in Calcutta instead.

GandhiGandhi

On Jan. 30, 1948, while holding a prayer On Jan. 30, 1948, while holding a prayer and pacification meeting at New Delhi, he and pacification meeting at New Delhi, he was fatally shot by a Hindu fanatic who was fatally shot by a Hindu fanatic who was angered by Gandhi's support for the was angered by Gandhi's support for the Muslims.Muslims.

Gandhi was dead, India was free and now Gandhi was dead, India was free and now Muslims and Hindus were killing one Muslims and Hindus were killing one another.another.

GandhiGandhi

View clips from the movie GandhiView clips from the movie Gandhi– Salt MarchesSalt Marches


A New IndiaA New India


In 1947 Britain In 1947 Britain decided it could no decided it could no longer rule India.longer rule India.

India was granted India was granted it’s independence.it’s independence.

Jawaharlal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru

Nehru becomes Nehru becomes India’s first Prime India’s first Prime Minister.Minister.

Nehru rules from Nehru rules from 1947 to 1964.1947 to 1964.

Nehru hopes for a Nehru hopes for a new future for India.new future for India.WantsWants– IndustrializationIndustrialization– Rights for womenRights for women– Elevate the lower casteElevate the lower caste

Indira GandhiIndira Gandhi

Nehru’s daughter Nehru’s daughter Indira Gandhi is Indira Gandhi is Prime Minster from Prime Minster from 1966 to 1984.1966 to 1984.Under Gandhi India Under Gandhi India increases her increases her production of grain.production of grain.

Gandhi was Gandhi was assassinated by her assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards after Sikh bodyguards after a Sikh revolt. a Sikh revolt.

Rajiv GandhiRajiv Gandhi

Indira’s son.Indira’s son.

His party was His party was accused of accused of corruption.corruption.

Assassinated in Assassinated in 1991.1991.

Democratic IndiaDemocratic India

India is the world’s India is the world’s largest democracy.largest democracy.

India has a federal India has a federal system of system of government.government.– A strong central A strong central

gov’t and then gov’t and then smaller local gov’t.smaller local gov’t.

Cold War IndiaCold War India

Cold WarCold War– During the Cold During the Cold

War India followed War India followed a policy of a policy of nonalignmentnonalignment

– This policy allowed This policy allowed India to receive aid India to receive aid from both capitalist from both capitalist and communist and communist countries.countries.

Muslim v. HinduMuslim v. Hindu

MuslimMuslim– Were the minorityWere the minority– Muslim League wanted Muslim League wanted

a Muslim state.a Muslim state.– In 1947 the British In 1947 the British

divide India and create divide India and create a Muslim Pakistana Muslim Pakistan

HinduHindu– Were the majorityWere the majority– The National The National

Congress wanted a Congress wanted a Hindu state.Hindu state.

– In 1947 the Hindu’s In 1947 the Hindu’s were given India by were given India by the British.the British.


The division did not solve the The division did not solve the problem.problem.

Muslim’s migrated to Pakistan while Muslim’s migrated to Pakistan while Hindu’s migrated to India.Hindu’s migrated to India.

During the migration millions were During the migration millions were killed.killed.

Both India and Pakistan would clash Both India and Pakistan would clash over the boarders to their countries.over the boarders to their countries.


Because of both Because of both religious difference religious difference and boarder disputes and boarder disputes over Kashmir both over Kashmir both India and Pakistan India and Pakistan have hostile intentions have hostile intentions even today.even today.Both countries also Both countries also possess nuclear possess nuclear weapons, which poses weapons, which poses a threat to each a threat to each country and the country and the world.world.

Social Problems in IndiaSocial Problems in India

IndustrialGrowth

Social Equality Food Production

Lack of oil Trying to be socialist

The caste systemNo education for women

Religious problems

High cost of equipmentRapid population growth

Floods and drought

Changes in IndiaChanges in India

– In 1950 India banned discrimination against In 1950 India banned discrimination against untouchables.untouchables.

– Untouchables must be allowed to apply for Untouchables must be allowed to apply for jobs and go to universities.jobs and go to universities.

– Women were given the right to vote.Women were given the right to vote.– Women were given the right to divorce and Women were given the right to divorce and

inherit property.inherit property.

Discrimination does still exist against Discrimination does still exist against untouchables and women. untouchables and women. The caste system does still exist.The caste system does still exist.Discrimination exist in rural areas.Discrimination exist in rural areas.

Sikh SeparatismSikh Separatism

Sikhism is a religion that started in the Sikhism is a religion that started in the 1500’s and is a combination of Islam and 1500’s and is a combination of Islam and Hinduism.Hinduism.

In the 1980’s Sikhs demanded self-rule In the 1980’s Sikhs demanded self-rule and took over the temple at Amritsar.and took over the temple at Amritsar.

During the revolt Indira Gandhi sent in During the revolt Indira Gandhi sent in troops and many Sikhs were killed. troops and many Sikhs were killed.

Today there are still tensions between Today there are still tensions between Sikhs and Hindus.Sikhs and Hindus.

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