UNIT 6 NOTESNATIONALISM

AND

INDUSTRIALIZATION

To every great State determined to survive

the storm there still remain many chances of salvation,

and a strong union between the States

on the principles we have announced will overcome

the storm itself. —Metternich, 1820

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

1814-1815

Purpose and Leading Members

Reconstruct war-torn EuropeArchitectsPrince Metternich (Austria)Viscount Castlereagh (Britain)Tsar Alexander I (Russia)King Frederick William III

(Prussia)Prince Talleyrand (France)

Major ProblemsWho should rule France?Britain favored NapoleonAustria favored Marie-LouiseTalleyrand suggested Louis XVIII

Place of France in EuropeBalance of power & securitySaxony and PolandPrussia got 60% of

SaxonyKingdom of Warsaw

created

Major Settlements

Principle of LegitimacyRestored legitimate rulers deposed

by Revolution or NapoleonPrinciple of CompensationWinning nations traded landRewarded nations important to

Napoleon’s defeat with territory

Major SettlementsDenial of DemocracyDenied people any voice in selecting their

rulers/governmentsBritain most constitutional state

But had no written constitutionConstitutions in: Finland, France,

Netherlands, Norway, Poland & SwedenDenial of NationalismGroups denied independenceGroups denied unityAssociated with revolutionOpposed to dynastic rights and the

Habsburgs

Age of Metternich

ReactionaryUsed censorship and secret

police In Austrian Empire In Austrian-dominated regions of

Germany and Italy

Quadruple Allianceor Concert of Europe

Metternich organized it with:AustriaPrussiaRussiaBritainFrance joined in 1818Britain left in 1820

PurposesEnforce Vienna settlementsSuppress revolutions

Holy Alliance

Tsar Alexander I organized it with most European monarchs

Well-meaning but ineffectiveDormant Holy Alliance often

confused with active Quadruple Alliance

LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM

Revolts Against the Metternich

System

Motivation

Reformers opposed autocracyDemanded:Democracy (liberalism)Independence (nationalism)

People resorted to revolutions when deprived of lawful means to attain goals

Revolutions of 1820-1821SpainMade Ferdinand VII approve limited

monarchyQuadruple Alliance-backed French

army ended the revoltItalyTwo Sicilies and Piedmont sought

constitutional governmentQuadruple Alliance-backed Austrian

armies suppressed these revolts

Latin American Revolutions(1800-1823)

Spain fighting Napoleon Their colonies revolted and created democratic

governmentsEuropean nations wanted to reconquerBritain traded with independent nationsUS—Monroe DoctrineFirst breach of Metternich System

Greek Revolution (1821-1829)

Greece fought for independence from TurkeyBritain, France, and Russia

supported Greece to weaken Muslim Turks1829-Greece won freedom

Lord Byron

Russian Decembrist Revolt

Alexander I to throne in 1801Attempted enlightened ideasBecame reactionary

At his death in 1825, fight for throneConstantine (lib) lostNicholas (cons) won

Nicholas won

Revolutions of 1830-1832

France1824-moderate Louis XVIII diedCharles X (brother) nextReactionary

1830-French drove out CharlesLouis Philippe nextConstitutional government

Revolutions of 1830-1832

BelgiumBritain & France

supported nationalists 1839-won independence from the

Netherlands and neutralityItaly—Austria suppressed revolt Poland—Russia suppressed revolt

Revolutions of 1848

FranceLouis Philippe unpopular

Rioting Paris mobs made him flee France

2nd French Republic declaredLouis Napoleon, nephew of

Napoleon Bonaparte, elected president

Revolutions of 1848

Austrian EmpireInspired by French Austrians demanded democracyNationalities claimed independenceCzechsItaliansHungarians

Metternich fled AustriaRevolutionary groups quarreled

among themselvesEasy for reactionaries to conquer them

Italy—suppressed except Sardinia-Piedmont

Germany—suppressed except PrussiaSignificance

End of Metternich system France—republic and universal male suffragePiedmont—liberal constitution

Many Europeans fled to US

Revolutions of 1848

ROMANTICISM

Dominated early 19th centuryRevolt against classicismNaturePassionGlories of pastNationalism

INDUSTRIALIZATION

Roots

Commercial RevolutionDomestic system 18th century British

industrial growthThe Enclosure

Movement

Factory Production

Concentrated production in oneplace [materials, labor]Located near sources of power

[rather than labor or markets]Required much capital

investment [factory, machines, etc.]More than skilled labor

Coalfields & Industrial

Areas Canals

British Pig Iron Production

FACETS

Economic FacetsFactory systemFactory replaced home as center

of production12-14 hour work days

Mass productionDivision of labor--one worker

performs only one operationStandardization--

interchangeable partsAssembly line--product moves

from one worker to next

Economic Facets

Mass production (cont’d.)Advantages

Efficient use of workers and machinesEconomical use of raw materialsSpeedy output of more goods at lower cost

DisadvantagesWorkers perform monotonous, repetitious

tasksCreativity is stifledSimilar products push society into uniformity

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wagesunder 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

Economic FacetsModern capitalismLed by entrepreneursAdam Smith led push to end

mercantilismLaissez-faire included(s)

Private ownershipFree enterpriseProfit motiveCompetitionMarket economy

Economic Facets

Higher living standardLate 19th century growth of

big business and international economic interdependence

Political FacetsPush for imperialismNeed large quantities of raw

materials Need for mass markets

Leadership of industrial nationsIndustry created:

Military power Financial strength

Led to late 19th century/early 20th century major powers

Gladstone

Disraeli

European Industrial Production

Political FacetsGrowth of democracyRise of middle/working classes

Desired political influenceExtension of suffrageRise of new political parties

Mass media provided informationStrengthened nationalismMass media provided common infoTransportation linked people

Crystal Palace – London, 1851

Exhibitions of the industrial utopia

Social Facets

Improved status of womenFrom home to factory and office Late 1800s organized to better their status

More comfortable homesLeisure timeAverage work day from 15 hrs to 10Could pursue personal interests

EducationCultureRecreation

Social FacetsNew family patternsFamilies had 2 basic functions

EducationEconomic

Desire for education Industrial workers needed basic skillsEducated maybe escape labor marketMore complex world needed

to be understoodLed to free public education

Social Facets

HumanitarianismAbolition of slaveryExpanded missionary servicesCare for sick/wounded soldiersImproved treatment of

insane and criminalsPhilanthropy

Dynamic societyExpected repeat of feudal, agrarian pastBut new, dynamic world of speed and

opportunity

Social FacetsIncreased world populationIncreased supply of food and goods Medical science improved

Growth of citiesPeople lured to cities by:

Jobs Social and cultural opportunities

Better transportation allowed easier movement of people and goods

Crime

Social Facets

Labor discontentHours-longWages-lowChildren (5+) and

women held industrial jobs

Factories-unsanitary/unsafeUnions

Technological unemployment

Railroads on the Continent

1800 1 ton of coal 50,000 miners

1850 30 tons 200,000 miners

1880 160 million tons

500,000 miners

1914 292 million tons

1,200,000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:1800-1914

Child Labor in the Mines

Child “hurriers”

Comparative Weight of Factory & Non-Factory Children (In lbs.)

Age

Average weight of males in factories

Average weight of

males not in factories

Age

Average weight of females in factories

Average weight of

females not in factories

9 51.76 53.26 9 51.13 52.40

10 57.00 60.28 10 54.80 54.44

11 61.84 58.36 11 59.69 61.13

12 65.97 67.25 12 66.08 66.07

13 72.11 75.36 13 73.25 72.72

14 77.09 78.68 14 83.41 83.43

15 88.35 88.83 15 87.86 93.61

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Industrial Protests and Reformers

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]

Peterloo Massacre, 1819:British Soldiers Fire on British Workers

British Union, Factory/ Mine, & Suffrage Laws

Factory Act of 1819No hiring children under 9No working >9 children more than

12-hour day

1824-1825Workers could form unions but not

strike

British Union, Factory/ Mine, & Suffrage Laws

Reform Bill of 1832Lower property qualifications for

votingMore representation for

large industrial citiesCity workers not enfranchised in

1832 made Chartist Movement

The “Peoples’ Charter” (Chartists)

1838Radical campaign for

Parliamentary reformVotes for all menRemove requirement that

Members of Parliament be property owners

Secret ballot

British Union, Factory/ Mine, & Suffrage Laws

Factory Act of 1833Prohibited hiring children <9Prohibited working 9-13 year-olds more

than a 9-hour dayMines Act of 1842Prohibited mine employment

for <10 and women10-Hour Law of 1847Limited child and woman labor

to 10-hour day in textile factories

NEW ECONOMIC IDEAS

Thomas Malthus

Population growth will outpace food supply

War, disease, or famine could control population

Poor should have fewer childrenFood supply would then

keep up with population

David Ricardo

“Iron Law of Wages”

When wages are high, workers have more children

More children createlarge labor surplus that depresses wages

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill

Goal of society = “greatest good for the greatest number”

Government intervention provides some social safety net

Socialism

Government (as representative of people) Owns/operates major means of

production and distributionDetermines needs of people and

provides goods servicesPlans economy

SocialismEarly types Utopian Socialists Capitalists would voluntarily end capitalism when they saw merits of socialism

Scientific Socialists Capitalism would destroy itself

LIBERALISM

French Political

Development

Second French Republic (1848-1852)

Louis Napoleon elected presidentIn 1852 he ended republicMade himself Emperor Napoleon III

of 2nd French EmpirePeople voted to approve this

change

Second French Empire (1852-1870)

GovernmentNapoleon III kept outward

democracyConstitutionLegislatureUniversal male suffrage

In reality dictatorshipSecret policeCensorship of the pressState-controlled elections

Second French Empire (1852-1870)

Early popularity with:Nationalists

Imperialistic movesMiddle class

Improved banking and credit Promoted railroads and canalsEncouraged growth of industry

City workersLegalized unions (limited right to strike)Created public works jobs

Second French Empire (1852-1870)

Later discontent from:Advocates of democracyCatholics—feared French aid to Italian

unification threatened ChurchNationalists—failure in Mexico

DownfallNapoleon III opposed German unificationFranco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

French overwhelmedNapoleon III captured

Third French Republic (1871-1940)

1871-National Assembly electedRoyalist majority

Promised immediate peaceRepublican minority

Pledged to continue warAccepted Prussia’s termsAssembly reestablished monarchy1871-set up republic, meant to be

temporary Royalists lost control to republicans

Third French Republic (1871-1940)

Dreyfus Affair (1894) Jewish, Republican Alfred Dreyfus court-

martialed by royalist officers Declared guilty of selling military

documents to GermanyMonarchists, clericals, and anti-Semites

used this to discredit Republic In 1906, Dreyfus declared innocent

Dreyfus Affair resultsAnti-Semitism discreditedMonarchist army officers removedLaws to weaken clerical influence

NATIONALISM

GERMAN UNIFICATION

German States (1789-1848)

Factors promoting unityCommon nationalityNapoleon’s influence

Aroused German nationalism against him Weakened Austrian authority Reduced 300 German states to fewer than 100

Congress of Vienna Reduced German states to 38 Made German Confederation

Zollverein 1819-German tariff union By 1840 most German states were members

German States (1789-1848)

Factors hindering unityDifferences among Germans

North Protestant Manufacturing/commerce

South Catholic Agricultural

Opposition of AustriaOpposition of small German states afraid

of losing autonomyOpposition of France

Unified Germany could challenge French leadership France felt more secure with weak neighbors

Failure of 1848 Revolutions

Liberals called Frankfurt AssemblyWrote democratic constitutionProclaimed united GermanyOffered position of emperor to king of Prussia

He refused because of fear of Austrian reaction

Liberals lacked military power to enforce unification Liberals had to flee

Way was open for unity under autocrat

Steps to Unification (1862-1871)

Leaders Bismarck

Junker Prussian chief ministerReactionary United Germany by “blood and iron”, not votes

William I (Wilhelm I)Hohenzollern king of Prussia

Liberals had majority in legislature Opposed militarism Distrusted Bismarck

1862-67 Bismarck governed as virtual dictator by ignoring lawmakers

Steps to Unification (1862-1871)

Elimination of Austrian influenceDanish War (1864)

Created war with Denmark Aided by

Austria, defeated Denmark

Prussia and Austria became joint owners of provinces

Steps to Unification (1862-1871)

Elimination of Austrian influence Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Bismarck purposely argued over S-H

Treaty (1866)Prussia got S-HAustria ceded

Venetia to ItalyAustria agreed to

end Austrian-dominated German Confederation

North German Confederation (1867)

Bismarck forced German states to join Prussian-dominated North German Confederation4 south German states notTied to Prussia

by ZollvereinTied by defensive

military alliance

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Bismarck wanted war with France to bring in southern German states Pushed his choice for Spanish throneNap. III declared war4 southern states

joined NGCAlsace and

Lorraine to Germany

Beginning of German Empire (1871)

At Palace of Versailles, Bismarck proclaimed William I (Wilhelm I) as Emperor of German Empire

German Empire’s Government

UndemocraticAutocracy

King had autocratic powersBundesrat-powerful

Appointed by heads of states Reichstag-few powers

Popularly electedPrussian domination

King and chief minister from PrussiaPrussian-controlled Bundesrat

MilitarismIndustrializationPersecution of subject nationalitiesPropaganda against Jews Kulturkampf (against Catholics)Catholics supported states’ rights

Measures against SocialistsDemocratic, antimilitarist, and internationalistCreated social security to take steam out of

their demands

Bismarck’s Empire (1871-1890)

Bismarck’s Empire (1871-1890)

Foreign policies-to gain allies and isolate France Alliance with Austria-HungaryDefensive alliance with Italy Befriended Russia

Wilhelm II’s Empire (1888-1918)

In 1890 WII dismissed Bismarck, reversing many of his policies, especially his alliancesStrengthened military Furthered imperialism

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

Italy in 1815

Factors hindering unityPolitical division from Congress of

Vienna Opposition of AustriaOpposition of PapacyDiscord among nationalists

Factors promoting unityNationalist feelingPatriotic societies

LeadersMazzini—soul of unification

For democratic republicUsed newspapers and speeches 1848-led unsuccessful try to take Papal

States Founder of Young Italy

Garibaldi—sword of unification For democratic republicMilitary leader who protected Mazzini’s

short-lived Roman Republic Leader of Red Shirts Fought against French and Austrians

LeadersCavour—brain of unification

For liberal monarchy Liberal prime minister of Sardinia-

PiedmontDiplomatically tried to unify Italy

Victor Emmanuel II—King of Sardinia-Piedmont Supported Cavour’s liberal

policies In 1861 became king of Italy

Sardinia-Piedmont Unified Italy

Problems After UnityRCC hostility because of seizure of

Papal StatesPoor economic conditionsAmbitious nationalism without real

political/military power to accomplish itGovernment weaknessesPeople lacked democratic traditionPope forbade Catholics from being in

government or votingUntil 1912, only wealthy could voteBribery/Corruption in public life

AUSTRIA

Dual Monarchy

(1867)

Hungary received equal partnershipSeparate government for local mattersJoined on national matters

Serbs continued to agitate for freedomGained nothing from this agreementEspecially angry when Serbs within

Ottoman Empire were freed in 1878

UNIT 6 NOTESNATIONALISM

AND

INDUSTRIALIZATION