National Research Seminar - Educreation · 26 Remote Sensing and GIS based Site Suitability...

- EDUCREATION PUBLISHING www.educreation.in

Dr. Dharam Das Vishwakarma • Dr. (Smt) Archana Bhargava Dr. Gajendra Kumar Namdeo

Proceedings of

National Research Seminar (26 - 28 Feb. 2011)

i

Sample Copy. Not for Distribution.

Land use, Land cover change,

Water Resource Management,

Tourism Development and

Biodiversity in Madhya Pradesh

ii


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iii


Land use, Land cover change, Water Resource Management,

Tourism Development and Biodiversity in Madhya Pradesh

Proceedings of

National Research Seminar

(26 - 28 Feb. 2011)

Editor Dharam Das Vishwakarma • Smt. Archana Bhargava

Co-editor

Gajendra Kumar Namdeo

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in

iv


v


About the Editors

Dr. Dharam Das Vishwakarma

Dr. Dharam Das Vishwakarma (born March 2, 1961) is working as Professor at Department of Geography, Government Autonomous P.G. College, Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh). He has 31 years experience of teaching the Under Graduate and Post Graduate students. He is a M.A. (1983) and Ph.D. (1995) in Geography from Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya Sagar. His main areas of interests are Agricultural Geography and Tribal Studies. He has published 15 research papers/ articles on agricultural fields in the National and International Journals. Also, he has participated and presented research papers in National/International Conferences/ Seminars/Workshops in India. Recently (February2015), he has published a book, entitled “Status of Modernization of Tribal Agriculture” from Germany (LAP Academic Publishing Company). He has published his thesis with the financial assistance of UGC in the year 2003 entitled, “Adoption of Agricultural Development Measures”. Presently, he is working on a research project (UGC) on the Impact of Irrigation on Agricultural Land use in Kanhargaon Dam Command Area in Chhindwara District (M.P.) He is a life member of National Association of Geographers of India (NAGI), Geographical Society of India (GSI) and Deccan Geographical Society of India (DGSI).

Dr. (Smt) Archana Bhargava

Dr. (Smt) Archana Bhargava is a Professor at Department of Geography, Government Autonomous P.G. College Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh). She has completed her Graduation and Post Graduation with first division from Barkutulla University Bhopal (M.P.). She has 21 years teaching experience for Under Graduate and Post Graduate students. A Ph.D. (2006) from Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya Sagar, her main areas of interests are in Resource Geography and Environmental Geography. She has publishe d many research papers in National and International Journals and participated in many national conference /seminars/ workshops in India.

Dr. Gajendra Kumar Namdeo

Dr. Gajendra Kumar Namdeo is working as Guest Lecturer at Department of Geography, Government Autonomous P.G. College Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh). He has completed his Graduation and Post Graduation (Gold Medal) with first division from Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.). He has 11 years teaching experience for Under Graduate and Post Graduate students. A Ph.D. (2003) from Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya Sagar, his main areas of interests are in Medical Geography and Tribal Studies. He has published many research papers in National and International Journals and participated in many national conference/seminars/workshops in India.

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vii


Proceedings of National Research Seminar on Land use, Land cover change, Water resource management, Tourism Development & Biodiversity

vkeq[k xiv

vkHkkj xviii

lalk/ku] i;kZoj.k çca/ku ,oa fodkl

01 lalk/ku] i;kZoj.k çca/ku ,oa fodkl dh cgl vkSj HkkSxksfyd “f"Vdks.k]

ok;-th- tks‚kh 2

02 Population and Resource Development -The Contemporary Situation in Madhya Pradesh,

Dr. S.K. Sharma 4

03 Environment, Culture and Sustainable Development,

Dr. R. P. Tiwari, Dr. R. P. Yadav 23

Hkwfe vkoj.k ,oa Hkwfe mi;ksx

04 Impact of Sugar Factory on The Cropping Pattern of Yaval & Raver Tahsil of Jalgaon District,

Dr.A.S.Bhole, Dr. D.G.Bhole, Dr.S.D. Bhangale 32

05 Landuse Planning for Forest Cover in Degraded Forest areas of Madhya Pradesh

Deepak M.Wankhede

36

06 Pattern of Agricultural Landuse in Chhindwara District (M.P.),

Dr. D.D. Vishwkarma 45

07 Hkkjr esa tula[;k of) dk Hkwfe mi;ksx ij izHkko

MkW- /kjenkl fo‛odekZ 58

08 QkeZ dk vkdkj ,oa ”f"k dk vk/kqfudhdj.k % lkxj ftys dk ,d

HkkSxksfyd fo‛ys"k.k]

lh-ds-tSu] ,e-,l-fuxoky] izdk'k vfgjokj 79

09 e.Myk ftys esa Ñf"k Hkwfe mi;ksx dh leL;k,a&,d HkkSxksfyd v/;;u]

MkW- dsoy çlkn jtd 86

10 ”f"k Hkwfe mi;ksx dk ifjorZu‛khy izfr:i& mTtSu fodkl[k.M ds

lanHkZ esa

,d v/;;u

ferkyh dksy

92

11 ‚kL; fofo/krk çfr:i % ujflagiqj ftys ¼e-ç-½ ds fo‛ks"k lUnHkZ esa]

MkW- dsoy çlkn jtd 96

viii


12 vkfnokfl;ksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij ou foghurk dk izHkko]

MkW- vt; dqekj jk; 100

ty lalk/ku çcU/ku

13 Tribal Fish Angling: A Positive Approach Towards Tourism Development,

Sushant Punekar, Arpana Punekar & P.R. Chandelkar

107

14 Water Resource

G. V. Bramhe 114

15 Management of Surface Water Resource in the Betul - Chhindwara District (M.P.)

Dr. Archana Bhargava

120

16 pEcy&fla/k v/kj csflu esa ty lalk/ku çcU/ku ds çHkko]

MkW- iwtk pkSgku 134

17 Ukjflagiqj ftys esa ty lalk/ku fodkl]

Ikzks- deys‛k feJ] Jherh vkjrh fo‛odEkkZ 138

18 tcyiqj ftys dh ”f"k mRikndrk esa ty lalk/ku dh Hkwfedk]

MkW- eerk lkgw 145

19 Impact of Industrialization and Increasing Population on the Water Quality Parameters

Miss. Archana Tiwari 151

tSo fofo/krk çcU/ku

20 Biodiversity Conservation – Legal Aspect,

Manju Mahurpawar and Vinod Mahurpawar 160

21 Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants in Chhindwara District

Simpal Patil and Shalini Patil 166

22 Medicinal Plants Diversity in Chhindwara Plateau : A Study in Geography of Health

Dr. Gajendra Kumar Namdeo

172

23 Medico - Botanical Investigation of Medicinally Important Plants from Patalkot, (District Chhindwara) M.P.,

Sanjay Pawar, Vikash Sharma, Nikhil Kanungo

176

i;ZVu izcU/ku

24 i;ZVu fodkl ,oa tSo fofo/krk laj{k.k % ,d rF;kRed v/;;u]

MkW- vkj-ds-feJk 184

25 e/;izns‛k dh i;ZVu uhfr & ,d fo‛ys"k.kkRed v/;;u]

MkW- Jherh olq/kk vkoys 190

ix


26 Remote Sensing and GIS based Site Suitability Analysis for Tourism Development,

Dr Kuldeep Pareta, Dr C.K. Jain and Prakash Ahirwar 198

27 e/;izns‛k esa i;ZVu m|ksx dk leh{kkRed v/;;u]

MkW- Hkwus‛oj VsaHkjs ,oa ts-,y-cjeS;k 223

28 flouh ftys esa i;ZVu fodkl dh Hkkoh laHkkouk,W]

MkW- vk‛kqrks"k flag xkSj] MkW- Mh- ih- ukenso 230

ekuo lalk/ku ,oa i;kZoj.k

29 NRrhlx<+ esa ekuo lalk/ku dk xq.kkRed ,oa ek=kRed ewY;kadu]

mesUnz prqosZnh 235

30 fNUnokM+k ftys dh tula[;k lajpuk ,d HkkSxksfyd v/;;u]

dq- ‚osrk lj;ke 240

31 fNUnokM+k uxj dh efyu cfLr;ksa esa i;kZoj.kh; xq.koRrk esa âkl]

vfuy dqekj xksfg;k 244

32 nf{k.kh&if‛peh e/;çns‛k ds ogr~ uxjh; dsUnzksa eas uxjhdj.k ,oa

ty ladV dh leL;k]

MkW + LkkbZ‛ojh dksy 248

33 xkSaM tutkfr dk LokLF; Lrj ,oa leL;k,a & flouh ftys ds lanHkZ

esa

fo‛ks"k v/;;u

Jherh lquhrk esJke

254

34 Expansion of Cotton Textile Industry in Madhya Pradesh

Dr. R.K. Shrivastri 257

x


List of Illustrations

Table 1-Distribution of Tahsils by Nutritional Density and Net sown area, 2001.

11

Table 2: Variation in adoption of Agricultural 13

Table 3: Variation in adoption of Agricultural 14

Table 4: Madhya Pradesh: Changes in Land uses 15

Table 5: Madhya Pradesh: Coefficient of Correlation of Population Densities with certain Variables, 2001

16

Table 6 Madhya Pradesh: Coefficient of Correlation of Growth of Population Density with Changes in certain classes of Land use, 1950/55- 2004.

17

Table 1: Socio Economics 24

Table 2 : Concentration of Urban Population 26

Table No. – 1 Shows percentage of cropped area to total cropped area and the volume of change of crops during the years 1974-75 and 2001-02.

34

Table 1: LAND USE PATTERN, 1977-78 TO 2006-07 (Area in Thousand Hectares)

49

Table 2 : Chhindwara District : Land use Pattern (2006-07) 51

Table 3: Chhindwara District : Temporal Change in Cropping Pattern (From - 1977-78 and 2006-07)

53

Table 4: Block wise Cropping Pattern 2006-07 54

Table 5:Block wise Percentage Area under Oilseeds Crops of GCA, 2006-07

54

Table 6 Chhindwara: Crop -Combination Regions (2006-07) 54

Table 7 Comparison to the State and India . 55

Rkkfydk 1% Hkkjr dh tula[;k of) ,oa ?kuRo ¼1950&51ls 2010&11½ 60

rkfydk 2% Hkkjr dh iz{skfir Tkula[;k ,oa o`gn vk;q lewg esa tula[;k dk

izfr‛kr ¼2001 ls 2026½ 63

Rkkfydk 3% Hkkjr eas Hkwfe mi;ksx dk cnyrk izfr:i ¼{ks= yk[k gsDVs;j esa ½ 64

rkfydk 4% jkT;ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ou vkoj.k dk izfr‛kr ¼2010½ 66

xi


rkfydk 5%tksr vkdkj ds vuqlkj fØ;k‛khy tksrksa dh la[;k ,oa {ks=

forj.k¼2010&11½ 69

rkfydk 6% Hkkjr% Hkwfe LokfeRo dh vkdkj Jsf.k;kW ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr

leqnk; rFkk vuqlwfpr tkfr leqnk; ds Ñ"kdksa dk izfr‛kr ¼1993&94 ls

2009&10½

71

Rkkfydk 7% Hkkjr esa tksrksa dh Tkksrks dh la[;k] {ks=],oa vkSlr vkdkj 73

Rkkfydk 8% Hkkjr esa Qly izfr:Ik ds {ks=] mRiknu ,oa mit esa ifjorZu

¼1966&67 ls2013&14½ 74

rkfydk 9% Hkkjr esa izfro"kZ [kk|kuksa dh izfrO;fDRk miyC/krk ¼fdyksxzke½ 75

Rkkfydk 10% Hkwfe mi;ksx ds pjksa dh xfr‛khyrk ¼1950&51ls 2010&11½ 76

Rkkfydk 11% ”f"k Hkwfe mi;ksx ds pj ,oa tula[;k dk ?kuRo lglEcU/k

¼1950&51ls2010&11½ 76

rkfydk 1 % lkxj ftys esa df"k dk vk/kqfudhdj.k ¼d"kdksa dh la[;k ,oa

çfr'kr½ 80

rkfydk 2 tksr ds vk/kkj ij ”f"k vk/kqfudhdj.k dk Lrj ¼dqy ifjokjks ds

vk/kqfud vfHkxzg.k dh la[;k½ 82

Table. 1 Landuse pattern in Mandla Region 2009-10 88

Table. 2 Relative Position of Different Group Crops in Mandla Region 2009-10

88

rkfydk 1 mTtSu fodkl[k.M fujkcks;k x;k {ks= 93

rkfydk 2 mTtSu fodkl[k.M % iM+r Hkwfe esa ifjorZu 94

rkfydk 3 mTtSu fodkl[k.M % ”f"k ds fy, vuqiyC/k 94

Table 1: Levels of Cropping diversification in Narsinghpur Region (2009-10)

97

Table- 1 Distribution of tribal according to their level of knowledge of fish angling under traditional practices as tourism development

110

Table 2 Distribution of tribal according to impact of use of fish angling in local area by them

110

Table- 3 Distribution of tribal according to problems faced by them and the reasonsfor adopting traditional practices of fish angling towards fish production 141

111

xii


Table 1: Betul-Chhindwara Plateau: Block wise Surface Water Potential (ham)

123

Table 2 Betul-Chhindwara Plateau: Characteristics of Completed Medium Projects(Cost in lakh Rs & area in ha)

124

Table 3 Betul-Chhindwara Plateau : Block-wise distribution of Minor Irrigation Schemes, cost, designed and irrigated area (cost in lakh Rs. and area in hectares) 164

125

Table 4: Betul – Chhindwara Plateau : Name and Characteristics of Minor Irrigation Schemes with Potential more than 200 hectares.(Cost in lakh Rs. and area in hectares)

126

Table 5 Betul-Chhindwara Plateau : Block-wise distribution of minor Irrigation Schemes under Construction, 2001

127

Table 6 Betul-Chhindwara Plateau : Block-wise distribution of the surveyed Minor Irrigation Schemes

128

Table 7 Chhindwara-Betul Plateau : Potential of Irrigation Created & to be created by different categories of schemes.

129

Table 8 Trend of Irrigated Area from Sapna and Kanhargaon Dams 131

Table 9 Number of Household Expressing Views about Irrigation and canal Irrigation by size Holdings

132

rkfydk daz-1% Ukjflagiqj ftyk% fofHkUu fodkl ;kstuk,Wa o"kZ&¼1991 ls 2001

rd½ 139

rkfydk Øa- 2% Ukjflagiqj ftyk% fofo/k lk/kuksa ds }kjk flafpr {ks= Ok"kZ&¼1991

ls 2010½ tcyiqj ftys esa flafpr {ks= flapkbZ 142

Table 17 Results of the water analysis of Devrikhurd Bilaspur 156

Table of some medicinal plants 169

Table - 1: Tourist Visiting Hoi An 200

Table - 3: Input Data layer, Data Description, and Suitability Score 201

lkj.kh 01 e/;izns‛k% uSlfxZd lkSan;Z ;qDr i;ZVu dsUnz esa i;ZVd la[;k esa of} 225

lkj.kh 02 e/;izns‛k% ,sfrgkfld i;ZVu dsUnzksa esa i;ZVd la[;k esaof} ¼izfr‛kr

esa½ 226

xiii


lkj.kh 03 e/;izns‛k% /kkfeZd i;ZVu dsUnzksa esa i;ZVd la[;k esa of} ¼izfr‛kr esa½ 226

lkj.kh 04% e/;izns‛k% izkdfrd lkSUn;Z ;qDr i;ZVu dsUnzksa esa vkuqikfrd

ifjorZu ¼izfr‛kr esa½ 227

lkj.kh 05 e/;izns‛k% ,sfrgkfld lkSUn;Z ;qDr i;ZVu dsUnzksa esa i;ZVd la[;k esa

vkuqikfrd ifjorZu 228

lkj.kh 06% e/;izns‛k% /kkfeZd i;ZVu dsUnzksa esa i;ZVd la[;k esa vkuqikfrd

ifjorZu 228

NRrhlx<+ jkT; esa L=h&iq:"k vuqikr esa n‛kkfCnd ifjorZu 1901&2001 237

rkfydk 1% o"kZ 1901 ls 2001 rd tula[;k of) dk bfrgkl 241

efyu cfLr;ksa esa ewyHkwr lsok] lqfo/kkvksa ,oa dk;ksZ ls ‘lacaf/kr] rkfydk 246

rkfydk 01% nf{k.kh&if‛peh e/;izns‛k % ogr~ uxjh; dsUnzksa esa uxjh; tula[;k

izfr‛kr ¼1961&2001½ 249

rkfydk 02 % nf{k.kh&if‛peh e/;izns‛k % ogr uxjh; dsUnzksa esa tula[;k ?kuRo

,oa {ks=Qy 1991&2001 1991 249

Rkkfydk 03% nf{k.kh if‛peh e/;izns‛k % ogr~ uxjh; dsUnzksa dk vkSlr rkieku

lsUVhxzsV 250

xiv


vkeq[k

vke vkneh ls tqM+s lalk/kuksa dh lelkef;d oLrqfLFkfr ij ‚kks/k vkys[k çdkf‛kr djuk fu‛p;

gh çla‛kuh; gSA okLro esa Hkwfe gh ,d ,slk lalk/ku gS ftldk mlh {ks= esa mi;ksx djuk

vko‛;d gksrk gS tgk¡ og mifLFkr gS] D;ksafd ;g vifjoguh; lalk/ku gSA blds foijhr ty

lfgr vU; lHkh ikjEifjd lalk/ku ifjoguh; gksus ds dkj.k miHkksx ds fy, mu {ks=ksa esa

igqapk, tkrs gSa tks lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd nf"V ls l‛kDr gksrs gSa vkSj blds cnys

mudh mifLFkfr ds {ks= dks feyrk gS fo:fir vkSj çnwf"kr i;kZoj.kA ekuo ncko c<+us ds lkFk

[kk| oLrqvksa] dPps eky] i'kqpkjk] bZa/ku rFkk xSj”f"k dk;ksZa ds fy, Hkwfe dh ekax c<+rh gSA

Qyr% u dsoy xkao esa lkoZtfud Hkwfe dh Nhuk&>iVh lkoZHkkSfed gks x;k gS cfYd ”f"k ds

v;ksX; Hkwfe ij Hkh [ksrh dk foLrkj gks x;k gSA blds ifj.kke cgqvk;keh gSa ftlls ou Hkwfe]

catj Hkwfe] fofHkUu çdkj ds pkjkxkgksa okyh Hkwfe vn‛; gksrh tk jgh gSA bl rjg ds

Hkw&vkoj.k ds ifjorZu ds dsUnz esa ekuo gSA fodkl ds uke ij Hkwfe&vkoj.k dk cM+h ek=k esa

fouk‛k fd;k tk jgk gSA tSo&fofo/krk dk Øfed gzkl Hkh blh dh ifjf.kfr gSA bl rjg

lalk/ku&tula[;k&fodkl&Hkwvkoj.k fouk‛k dk ,d nq‛pØ py jgk gSA ekuo&yksyqirk Hkwfe

ds vuqfpr ,oa vfr&mi;ksx ds ek/;e ls lEiw.kZ i;kZoj.k dk fouk‛k dj jgh gS ftlds

nq"ifj.kke lkeus vkus yxs gSaA

mRiknu vkSj mRikndrk c<+kus ds fy, flapkbZ lfgr dbZ fuos‛kksa dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk

gSA flapkbZ ds c<+us ds lkFk gh ty ,oa Hkwfe lalk/ku çHkkfor gks jgs gSaA Hkwfe ty ds vf/kd

nksgu ds dkj.k tyry fujarj uhps tk jgk gSA Qyr% uxj vkSj xkao loZ= is;ty ,d

'kkLor leL;k cu xbZ gSA ifj.kke nwj ugh ekyok esa nsf[k, ftls Mx&Mx jksVh ix&ix uhj

dk {ks= dgk tkrk jgk gS] ijUrq vkt iwjs {ks= esa ihus ds ikuh dh xaHkhj leL;k gSA miyC/k

ty dks vkS|ksfxd vof‛k"Vksa us çnwf"kr dj leL;k dks c<+k fn;k gSA ty Hkh Hkwfe dk ,d vax

gS vkSj mldh miyfC/k ij Hkwfe mi;ksx dk vfeV çHkko gksrk gS] D;ksafd lalk/ku&ra= ds lHkh

vo;o vkil esa vUrZlEcfU/kr gSaA u rks lrgh ty vkSj u gh v/kksHkkSfed ty dh ek=k c<+kbZ

tk ldrh gSA vLrq vko‛;drk gS ty ds çR;sd cw¡n ds lnqi;ksx vkSj çcU/ku dhA

fodkl ds lkFk i;ZVu dk ,d m|ksx ds :i esa fodkl gqvk gSA HkkSfrd] lkaLÑfrd]

/kkfeZd] ,sfrgkfld fofo/krk ds dkj.k blds fodkl dh çcy lEHkkouk rks gS( ijUrq ;g vk‛kadk

Hkh gS fd vxj lqfu;ksftr ,oa lqO;ofLFkr <+ax ls ;g m|ksx u fodflr u fd;k x;k rks lexz

i;kZoj.k ‚kh?kzrk ls fo:fir vkSj çnwf"kr gks ldrk gSA

ty] tehu vkSj taxy ls lEcfU/kr bu rFkk reke vU; vk;keksa dks mtkxj djus essa

bl xzaFk esa lfEefyr vkys[k vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSasA ;s vkys[k lw{eLrjh; ls ysdj lS)kfUrd

rd gSaA lalk/ku&çca/ku ds ifjis{; esa çksQslj ok;- th- tks‛kh us ml HkkSxksfyd nf"Vdks.k ij

cy fn;k gS tks mls vU; foKkuksa ls vyx djrk gSA HkwxksyosÙkk dh viuh Li"V “f"V gksrh gS

xv


ftlds ek/;e ls og fdlh Hkh çkÑfrd vFkok lkekftd] ;gk¡ rd fd euksoSKkfud rRoksa ds

iFoh ij forj.k dks ekufpf=r djrk gS] mlds çfr:i ,oa çHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dk

fo‛ys"k.k djrk gS rFkk blds vk/kkj ij Hkkoh Lo:i dk vkadyu dj] lkekftd vko‛;drk ds

vuq:i mldk fu;kstu Hkh djrk gSA lexz ifjos‛k vkSj fofHkUu çdkj dh nwfj;ksa ij fopkj dj

fo‛ys"k.k djuk Hkwxksy dh viuh igpku gSA çksQslj ,l- ds- 'kekZ us tula[;k vkSj

lalk/ku&fodkl ds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dk fo‛ys"k.k e/;çns‛k dh lelkef;d n‛kk ds ek/;e ls

fd;k gSA u dsoy lalk/kuksa dk ltu ekuo vkSj mlds foKku vkSj rduhdh fodkl ij fuHkZj

gksrk gS] cfYd mudk nksgu ,oa miHkksx Hkh bUgh }kjk fu;af=r gksrs gSaA c<+rs tu&ncko ds

lkFk euq"; us çk”frd lalk/kuksa dk ogn~ iSekus ij nksgu djus yxkA ^lkoZtfud lalk/kuksa* dk

futhdj.k Á/kku gks x;k gSA lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx dk y{; ^lkekftd fgr* ugha O;fDrxr ykHk

gks x;k gSA MkWDVj vkj-ih- frokjh rFkk MkWDVj vk-ih- ;kno us laiksf"kr fodkl rFkk lalk/kuksa ds

ltu esa ekuo laLÑfr dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk dh gSA

Hkwfe vkoj.k vkSj Hkwfe mi;ksx dh leL;k ij ukS vkys[k dsfUnzr gSaA MkWDVj ,- ,Lk-

Hkksys] MkWDVj Mh- th- Hkksys ,oa ,l- th- HkkaXkys us vius ys[k tyXkkao ftys dh ;oy ,oa josj

rglhy ds Qly izfr:Ik ij phuh fey ds izHkko dk fo’ys"k.k ,oa ewY;k adu fd;k gSA nhid

oku[ksM+s us e/;çns‛k ds foLrr foÑr ou {ks= ds iquokZl dh leL;k rFkk muds lq/kkj dh

foospuk fd;k gSA MkWDVj Mh- Mh- fo‛odekZ us vk/kqfud lqnwj laosnu fo/kk dk mi;ksx djrs gq,

fNanokM+k ftys dh fo:i.k dh vksj c<+rh Hkwfe ds lelkef;d mi;ksx dh n‛kk dk fo‛Ysk"k.k

fd;k gS vkSj ik;k gS fd ;|fi O;kikfjd Qlyksa dk çpyu c<+ jgk gS fQj Hkh vHkh Hkh Ñf"k

thoufuokZg çdkj dh gSA MkWDVj fo‛odekZ us vius nwljs vkys[k Hkkjr esa tula[;k of) dk

Hkwfe mi;ksx ij izHkko esa ik;k gS fd fujk cks;k x;k {ks= cgqr de ifjorZu ds lkFk fLFkj gks

x;k gSA vr% Hkfo"; esa [kk|kUuksa dh mRikndrk df"k xgurk ij gh fuHkZj gSA Ñf"k&fodkl dk

lw{eLrjh; fo‛ys"k.k MkWDVj lh- ds- tSu] ,e- ,l- fuxoky vkSj çdk‛k vfgjoky us xgjkbZ ls

djrs gq, ik;k gS fd Ñf"k&fodkl ds vk;ke fujkin ugh gSa] mu ij tksr ds vkdkj dk

fu.kkZ;d çHkko iM+rk gSA MkWDVj dsoy jtd us tutkfr&ç/kku e.Myk ftys dh Ñf"k dh

leL;kvksa rFkk Hkwfe dk {kerk ls vf/kd ‚kks"k.k dk fo‛ys"k.k fd;k gSA vU; vkys[k esa MkWDVj

jtd us ujflagiqj esa vfuf‛pr çkÑfrd n‛kk esa viukbZ tkus okyh Qly fofo/krk dh j.kuhfr

dh ppkZ fd;k gSA ferkyh dksy us mTtSu fodkl[k.M esa c<+rh fujk Ñf"kr Hkwfe] Qyr% rsth

ls ?kVrh iM+r Hkwfe vkSj ou {ks= dk dkj.k c<+rs tula[;k ncko dks ekuk gSA MkWDVj vt;

jk; us dgk gS fd ‘vkfnoklh ewyr% thfodksiktZu ds fy, ouksa ij vkfJr jgs gSa] ijUrq c<+rh

tula[;k] lalk/kuksa ij c<+rs ncko] vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa lalk/kuksa dk xSj&vkfnoklh {ks=ksa ds

vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, c<+rk gqvk nksgu] ty] taxy] vkSj tehu ds lalk/kuksa ij vkfnokfl;ksa

ds ?kVrs fu;a=.k ls vkfnokfl;ksa dk thfodksiktZu ra= cqjh rjg ls yM+[kM+k x;k gSA‘

ty lalk/ku Hkh fparu ds eq[; fo"k; ds :i esa mHkjk gSA MkWDVj czkEgs us Hkkjr ds ty

lalk/ku dk ys[kktks[kk çLrqr fd;k gS vkSj lrgh ty dks çHkkfor djus okyh n‛kkvksa ppkZ dh

gSA MkWDVj vpZuk HkkxZo us lrgh ty lalk/ku ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dks ysdj fNanokM+k ftys ds

ty lalk/ku ds çcU/ku dks çLrqr fd;k gSA ogha MkWDVj iwtk pkSgku us ty lalk/ku lEiUu

xvi


ijUrq chgM+ksa esa ifjofrZr gks jgs pEcy&flU/k v/kj csflu esa ty lalk/ku ds forj.k ,oa

voukfydk vijnu ds çHkkoksa dh lE;d ppkZ dh gSA çksQslj deys‛k feJ vkSj Jhefr vkjrh

fo‛odekZ us ujflagiqj esa ty lalk/ku ds fodkl rFkk ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dh foospuk fd;k gSA

MkW- eerk lkgw us flapkbZ dh çHkkfork dks vius vkys[k dk fo"k; cuk;kA ‘uxj&xzke i;kZoj.k

v[k.M gS” ;g rF; vpZuk frokjh us vkS|ksfxd vof‛k"V ls ty vkSj tyk‛k;ksa ds rsth ls

çnwf"kr gksus dh leL;k ds lw{e fo‛ys"k.k }kjk Li"V fd;k gSA

lriqM+k {ks= vius tSo fofo/krk ds fy, ç[;kr gSA blh ds vapy esa fLFkr fNanokM+k

ftys dh vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa dh lEiUurk us pkj ys[kdksa dks vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA MkWDVj xtsUnz

ukenso bl ftys esa miyC/k vkS"k/kh; osyksa vkSj ikS/kksa dk ;gk¡ çpfyr ikjEifjd LokLFk ns[kjs[k

i)fr esa mi;ksx dks vuqjsf[kr fd;k gSA flEiy ikfVy vkSj ‚kkfyuh ikfVy us Hkh vkS"k/kh;

ikS/kksa dh lEiUurk rFkk tutkfr;ksa esa buds nh?kZdkfyd mi;ksx dks mtkxj djus ds fy,

mUkdk çys[ku fd;k gSA blh ftys ds ikrkydksV ?kkVh ds vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa dk ouLifr‛kkL=h;

v/;;u lat; iokj] fodkl ‚kekZ vkSj fu[ky dkuwuxks us fd;k gSA budk okf.kfT;d Lrj ij

nksgu gksus ds dkj.k dbZ çtkfr;ka foyqIr gksrh tk jgh gSaA

e/;çns‛k esa cM+s iSekus ij i;ZVu ds fodkl dh vikj lEHkkouk,a gaSA blds fy, jkT;

ljdkj }kjk cukbZ xbZ ldkjkRed uhfr;ksa] dk;Zç.kkyh RkFkk vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkvksa dk fo‛ys"k.k

MkW- olq/kk vkoys us fd;k gSA MkWDVj Hkwus‛oj VsaHkjs ,oa MkWDVj ts- ,y- cjeS;k us e/;çns‛k esa

i;ZVu m|ksx dh leh{kk esa ik;k fd vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkvksa dk fodkl dj ,oa eq[; i;ZVu dsUnzksa

ds lkFk de egRo ds i;ZVu dsUnzksa dks iSdst ds :i esa tksM+ dj i;ZVdksa dh la[;k c<+kbZ tk

ldrh gSA MkWDVj vk‛kqrks"k flag xkSj vkSj MkWDVj Mh- ih- ukenso us flouh ftys esa i;ZVu

fodkl ds mÙkjnk;h ?kVdksa dh leh{kk djrs gq, ik;k fd i;ZVu ds vuqdwy bruk lc gksrs gq;s

Hkh <kapkxr lqfo/kkvksa dh deh i;ZVdksa dks grksRlkfgr djrh jgh gSA vk/kqfud lqnwj laosnu

¼fjeksV lsaflax½ ,oa HkkSxksfyd lwpuk ra= ¼th-vkb-,l-½ rduhdksa dk mi;ksx djds i;ZVu LFkyksa

dh mi;qDrrk fu/kkZfjr djus dh fof/kra= dh foLrr foospuk MkWDVj dqynhi ijsrk] MkWDVj lh-

ds- tSu rFkk çdk‛k vfgjokj us fd;kA lq‛kkUr iqusdj rFkk muds lkfFk;ksa us fNanokM+k ftys esa

i;ZVu ds fodkl ds fy, tutkfr;ksa ds eNyh idM+us dh dyk dks mUur djus ij tksj fn;k

gSA

okLro esa lalk/kuksa dk ltudÙkkZ rFkk miHkksDrk vkSj vc fo?oa‛kd ekuo gSA blh

i"BHkwfe esa NÙkhlx<+ jkT; ds ekuo lalk/ku ds HkkSfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd lajpuk dh

foospuk misUnz prqosZnh us fd;k gSA fNanokM+k ftys esa vleku tula[;k dk forj.k ,oa rhoz

of) dk lkekftd lsokvksa ij iM+ jgs çfrdwy çHkko dh leh{kk dqekjh ‚osrk lj;ke us fd;k

gSA vfuy dqekj xksfg;k ds fNUnokM+k uxj ds iM+rky ls Hkh mHkjk gS fd vPNs thou vkSj

O;olk; dh [kkst esa uxjksa dh vksj iyk;u djus okyksa ds HkkX; esa efyu cLrh gh gksrh gSaA

Hkksiky] bUnkSj vkSj mTtSu egkuxjksa dh ty leL;k dk vkadyu MkWDVj lkbZ‛ojh dksy us

fd;k gSA blds nwljs Nksj ij lqnwj ou {ks=ksa esa jgus okyh xksaM+ tutkfr dh LokLF; dh

leL;kvksa ds dkj.kksa dh [kkst djus dk ç;kl Jhefr lquhrk esJke us fd;kA jkT; esa lwrh

oL= m|ksx ds foLrkj dk i;kZoj.k ds lEcU/k dh ppkZ MkWDVj vkj-ds- JhokL=h us fd;k gSA

xvii


bl rjg NksVs {ks=ksa dh n‛kkvksa ds fo‛ys"k.k }kjk dqN lkekU; fu"d"kZ fudys gSa tks vU; {ks=ksa

ij Hkh ykxw gksrs gSaA eq>s fo‛okl gS fd ;g 'kks/k xzUFk lekt‛kkfL=;ksa ds fy, mi;ksxh vkSj

lalk/ku&çcU/kdksa dks fn‛kkfunsZ‛kd dk dke djsxkA

¼izksQslj Jh dey ‚kekZ½

lsok fuoRr v/;{k Hkwxksy foHkkx ,oa

lapkyd] tula[;k ‚kks/k dsUnz

MkW- gfjflag xkSj fo‛ofo|ky;

lkxj ¼e-ç-½ 470 003

xviii


vkHkkj

e/;izns‛k esa Hkwfe mi;ksx] vkoj.k] ty lalk/ku] izca/ku] i;ZVu fodkl ,oa tSofofo/krk dk

laj{k.k ij vk;ksftr jk"Vªh; lEesyu ¼26 ls 28 Qjojh 2011½ dh lQyrk dk Js; fo"k; ds

mu yC/kizfrf"Br fo}rtuksa ,oa ‚kks/kdrkZvksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa dks tkrk gS ftUgkasus lEesyu esa

mifLFkfr ,oa lgHkkfxrk ds lkFk ‚kks/k i=ksa rFkk iksLVjksa dh Js"B izLrqfr nhA

ge loZizFke bl lanHkZ esa MkW th-,l- pkSgku ¼milfpo½ fo‛ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx

{ks=h; dk;kZy; Hkksiky ds g`n; ls vkHkkjh gSa ftUgksus Hkwxksy fo"k; esa jk"Vªh; lsehukj djkus dh

izsj.kk gh ugha nh cfYd lsehukj dk fo"k; p;u djus esa lg;ksx ds lkFk foRrh; jkf‛k Lohdr

dhA

ge mPp f‛k{kk foHkkx] e/;izns‛k ‚kklu] vfrfjDr lapkyd tcyiqj laHkkx] rFkk

‚kkldh; Lo‛kklh LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky; fNUnokM+k ds orZeku izkpk;Z MkW- ih-vkj- pansydj

,oa HkwriwoZ izHkkjh izkpk;Z MkW- ;w- ds tSu ds lkFk gh leLr izk/;kidksa @lgk;d iz/;kidksa@

deZpkfj;ksa dk vkHkkj O;DR djrs gSa ftuds iz‛kklfud]vdknfed] foRrh; ,oa O;fDrxr vuqHkoksa

rFkk lfdz; fdz;k‛khyrk ,oa lg;ksx ls jk"Vªh; ‚kks/k lEesyu ds ‚kks/k i=ksa dk izdk‛ku lEHko

gqvkA

ge Hkwxksy fo"k; ds ew/kZU; fo}kuksa ;Fkk& eq[; vfrfFk MkW- ok;- th tks‛kh] us‛kuy

,lksfl;s‛ku vkQ T;ksxzkQlZ ¼ukxh½ bf.M;k ,oa HkwriwoZ funs‛kd MkW ckck lkgsc vkEcsMdj

lkekftd foKku laLFkku egw ¼bUnkSj½]vkeq[k oDrk ds :i esa ekSTkwn jgs MkW vkj-ch-flag eSusftax

,MhVj us‛kuy ,lksfl;s‛ku vkWQ T;ksxzkQlZ] bf.M;k ¼ukxh½ ,oa okbl ps;j& deh‛ku vku

ck;ksT;ksxzkQh rFkk fof‛k"V vfrfFk ds :i es mifLFkr jgs MkW -ch-lh- oS|] lsdzsVjh tujy] n

ndu T;ksxzkfQdy lkslk;Vh bf.M;k] iq.ks fo‛ofo|ky; iq.ks dk fo‛ks"k vkHkkjh gWwa ftUgksaus viuk

vewY; le; bl lsehukj dks egku lQyrk rd igqapkus esa fn;kA

ije J)s; MkWDVj Jh dey ‚kekZ vodk‛k izkIr v/;{k] Hkwxksy foHkkx ,oa lapkyd]

tula[;k ‚kks/k dsUnz MkW- gfjflag xkSj fo‛ofo|ky; lkxj¼e-ç-½ds izfr ge viuk gkfnZZd vkHkkj

izdV djuk pkgrs gSa ftuds mfpr ,oa dq‛ky ekxZn‛kzZu ds dkj.k gh ge bl tfVy dk;Z dks

iqLrd ds dysoj ds :i esa laikfnr ,oa izdkf‛kr djus esa l{ke ,oa lQy gq,A

ge jk"Vªh; ‚kks/k lEesyu ds lHkh izk;kstdksa ;Fkk Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad] fNUnokM +++k]

fgUnwLrku yhoj fyfeVsM] ,VhMhlh] bXuq dEI;wfuVh dkyst] dyk ,oa okf.kT; egkfo|ky;

pkSjbZ] fyfVy LVsi dkyst vkWQ lkbZl ,aM VsDukWykWth] ,l-oh-,l dEI;wVlZ dk g`n; ls vkHkkj

O;Dr djrs gSa ftuds lg;ksx ls jk"Vªh; ‚kks/k lEesyu ,d lQy dhfrZeku ds :i esa tu

lkekU; esa izfrf"Br gqvkA

bl volj ij ge vius lkFkh rFkk lsehukj lfpo]MkW jktsUnzdqekj feJk] foHkkxk/;{k

jktuhfr‛kkL= foHkkx ‚kkldh; Lo‛kklh LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky; fNUnokM+k ds izfr viuk

gkfnZd /kU;okn Kkfir djrs gSa ftuds lfdz; lg;ksx ,oa dq‛ky ekxZn‛kZu ds dkj.k gh ge

xix


Hkwxksy fo"k; ds bl ‚kks/k lsehukj esa izLLrqr ‚kks/ki=ksa dks iqLrd ds :i esa latksus rFFkk

izdkf‛kr djokus dh fgEer tqVk ldsA

ge gekjs lg;ksxh Jherh lquhrk esJke¼lgk;d izk/;kid Hkwxksy½]Jh ,l-vkj- ykM+s] Jh panw

;kno ¼Hkwxksy foHkkx½ ,oa dEi;wVj VkbfiLV Jh Hkksyk [kSjokj dks Hkh /kU;okn izsf"kr djrss gSa

ftudk lg;ksx Hkh gesa bl dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus esa ges‛kk feyrk jgkA

laaiknd

xx


Land use, Land cover change, Water Resource Management, Tourism Development and Biodiversity in Madhya Pradesh

1

lalk/ku] i;kZoj.k çca/ku

,oa fodkl


2


MkW- ok;-th- tks”kh

izksQslj ,ehfjVl

e-iz- lkekftd foKku ”kks/k laLFkku] mTtSu ¼e-iz-½

_____________________________________________________________

vknj.kh; eap ,oa mifLFkr lgHkkxh] fo|kFkhZ] nsfo;ksa ,oa lTtuksa( loZizFke eSa vk;kstdksa dks

/kU;okn Kkfir djuk pkgw¡xk ftUgksaus eq>s bl egÙoiw.kZ laxks"Bh esa lgHkkxh gksus dk volj

iznku fd;kA ;g MkW- fo”odekZ ,oa MkW- Jherh vpZuk HkkxZo dk esjs izfr fo”ks"k vuqxzg gS

ftldk lEeku djuk esjs fy, Hkh ,d uSfrd ftEesnkjh cu tkrh gSA

vkids egkfo|ky; dk Hkwxksy foHkkx ,d thoar foHkkx gS ftlus izLrqr lsehukj esa

brus O;kid] fofo/k] cgqfo"k;d ,oa ledkfyd fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ gsrq “kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks ,d eap iznku

fd;kA pawfd laxks"Bh esa lekfgr fo"k;ksa ij vusd oDrk viuk fopkj j[k pqds gSa vkSj vk/kkj

O;k[;ku esa Hkh budk lekos”k gS] vr% eSa mu ckrksa dks u nksgjkrs gq,] HkkSxksfyd „f"Vdks.k D;k

gksrk gS vkSj ;g fdl :i esa oSKkfud fo”ys"k.k vkSj lkekftd mi;ksfxrk dh dlkSVh ij [kjk

mrjrk gS] bl ij vius laf{kIr fopkj vkids lEeq[k izLrqr dj jgk gw¡A us”kuy ,lksfl,”ku

vkWQ tkxzQlZ bafM;k dk fuokZfpr jk"Vªh; v/;{k gksus ds ukrs Hkh esjk ;g dÙkZO; gks tkrk gS

fd eSa HkkSxksfyd „f"Vdks.k ds oSf”k"V~; ,oa mikns;rk dks lekt ds lkeus izLrqr d:¡A

oSls ns[kk tk, rks lHkh fo"k; vyx&vyx „f"Vdks.k gh gSa] okLrfodrk rks okLrfodrk

gS] og rks lkfoZd gS& gkFkh gkFkh gS] vusd va/ks mls [kEcs] jLlh ;k ia[ks ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA

ge xsgw¡ dk gh mnkgj.k ysa rks xsgaw fdl izdkj dh ouLifr gS] mlds fdrus vax gSa] ;g xsgw¡ dk

ouLifr “kkL= gS] xsgw¡ dh jklk;fud jpuk ,oa iks"k.k rRo dSls gSa] ;g xsgw¡ dk jlk;u “kkL=

gS] xsgw¡ dh [ksrh dSls dh tkrh gS] ;g xsgw¡ dk Ñf"k foKku gS] xsgw¡ ewyr% dgk¡ ls vk;k vkSj

fo”o esa bldk QSyko dSls&dSls gqvk] ;g xsgw¡ dk bfrgkl gS] xsgw¡ dh Ñf"k ls tqM+s ykxr vkSj

ykHk ds iz”u xsgw¡ dk vFkZ”kkL= gS] bldk foi.ku dkWelZ gS] xsgw¡ {ks=ksa ls tqM+h laLÑfr bldk

lekt “kkL= gSA blh izdkj xsgw¡ dh Ñf"k dk {ks=h; izfr:i ,oa bldks izHkkfor djus okys

izkÑfrd ,oa lkekftd rRoksa dk fo”ys"k.k xsgw¡ dk Hkwxksy gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd lHkh fo"k;

vius&vius Lora= „f"Vdks.k gSa ftuds ysal ls ge okLrfodrk ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dk vkadyu

djrs gSaA blhfy, dbZ ckj tc ;g ckr dgh tkrh gS fd Hkwxksy okys lHkh fo"k;ksa esa viuh Vkax

D;ksa vM+krs gSa] rc fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g Li"Vr% le>uk pkfg;s fd iFoh ij ftl fdlh Hkh

izkÑfrd vkSj lkekftd rRo dk LFkkfud forj.k gS vkSj mls ekufp= ij n”kkZ;k tk ldrk gS]

rks og Hkwxksy ds jkMkj ij vk tkrk gS] ;g forj.k pkgs igkM+] ouLifr] ty vkSj tyok;q dk

gks] iznw"k.k dk gks] chekfj;ksa dk gks vFkok Hkk"kk] tkfr] uxjhdj.k ljh[ks lkaLÑfrd i{kksa dkA

okLrfod :i esa Hkwxksy izkÑfrd vkSj lkekftd foKkuksa ds e/; ,d lsrq ds :i esa gS] tks nksuksa

dks tksM+rk gS] ,d O;kidrk iznku djrk gSA ;g fc[kjk gqvk] csrjrhc fo"k; ugha gS] oju~ ;g

,d Li"V vkSj fof”k"V „f"Vdks.k dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA


3

HkwxksyosÙkk dh viuh Li"V „f"V gksrh gS ftlds ek/;e ls og fdlh Hkh izkÑfrd vFkok

lkekftd] ;gk¡ rd fd euksoSKkfud rRoksa ds iFoh ij forj.k dks ekufpf=r djrk gS] mlds

izfr:i ,oa izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dk fo”ys"k.k djrk gS rFkk blds vk/kkj ij Hkkoh Lo:i

dk vkadyu dj] lkekftd vko”;drk ds vuq:i mldk fu;kstu Hkh djrk gSA

HkkSxksfyd „f"Vdks.k dk tqM+ko fof”k"V LFkku ls gSA ;gk¡ LFkku dk rkRi;Z dsoy fLFkfr

ls ugha gS] oju~ mlls tqM+s lexz ifjos”k ls gSA ^ukuh dk ?kj* dsoy LFkku ugha gS og ogk¡ dk

lEiw.kZ izkÑfrd vkSj euksoSKkfud ifjos”k gSA *og dkxt dh d”rh] og nfj;k dk ikuh* ;g

vius oru ls tksM+us okyk lexz HkkSxksfyd vkSj euksoSKkfud ifjos”k gS tks fons”k esa ,dkdhiu

eglwl djus okys eu dks m}sfyr djrk gSA nsgkrh] d”ehjh] gj;k.koh vkfn ;s lHkh “kCn

Hkwxksy ds lgorhZ gSa ftuds ek/;e ls dsoy HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ugha] oju lexz lkekftd ifjos”k

dk fp= ekul iVy ij mHkjrk gSA vc rks foKkiudrkZ Hkh izknsf”kd igpku ds vk/kkj ij

vius cktkj dks c<+kus dk iz;kl djrs fn[krs gSa] ^jsejse rkÅ* tksjk ph ykxyh HkkÅ* ;s

izknsf”kd idM+ ds vk/kkj ij vius cktkj dks O;kid djus ds iz;kl gSaA

Hkwxksy dh ewy vo/kkj.kkvksa esa “kkfey nwjh] fn”kk vkSj {ks= ;k izns”k ds ek;us cgqr lh/ks

ugha gS] buesa dbZ tfVyrk,a gSa vkSj le; ds lkFk buesa dbZ cnyko gq, gSaA nwjh dks gh ysa rks

HkkSfrd nwfj;ksa esa tehuh nwjh] ekufp=h; nwjh] gokbZ nwjh vkSj ukWfVdy nwjh ,d lh ugha gSaA

HkkSfrd nwfj;ksa ds lkFk vkfFkZd nwjh vkSj le; nwjh Hkh tqM+ xbZ gSaA vesfjdk esa gkbZos ds le;

nwjh okys ekufp= feyrs gSaA fdrus le; ckn jsLVksjsaV vk,xk] fdrus le; ckn izlk/ku ;k

isVªksy iai vk,xkA vius ;gk¡ fLFkfr vyx gS lM+d ij xM~Ms] LihM czsdj vkSj chp esa cSBs i”kq]

le; nwjh ds xf.kr dks fcxkM+ nsrs gSaA nwjh ds u;s vk;keksa esa lkekftd vkSj cks/k xE; nwjh dk

lekos”k gSA fookg ds fj”rs rFkk mRizokl esa lkekftd nwjh egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSA cks/kxE; nwjh og

nwjh gS tks gekjs vglkl esa gS] ftldk gekjs fy, viuk ek;uk gS vkSj ftldk HkkSfrd nwjh ls

dksbZ fj”rk ugha gS& ^ikl jgrs gq, rq>ls cgqr nwj gSa ge* ;g dkSu lh nwjh gS vkidks vk”p;Z

gksxk fd mDr lHkh nwfj;ksa dk Hkwxksy esa ekufp=hdj.k vkSj fo”ys"k.k gksrk gSA nwfj;ksa dh

vo/kkj.kk esa uohure Økafrdkjh cnyko lkbcj Lisl esa gqvk gS tgk¡ lkjh nwfj;k¡ fleVdj ,d

gks x;h gSa] bZesy pkgs U;w;kdZ djks ;k iM+kslh dks] dksbZ QdZ ughaA mDr ek/;e ls eSa ;g lans”k

nsuk pkg jgk gw¡ fd Hkwxksy dksbZ mckÅ fo"k; ugha gS] ;g lwpukvksa ;k tkudkfj;ksa dk ladyu

u gksdj vius Lora= fparu okyk fo"k; gS] ftldh viuh fof”k"V lkekftd vkSj oSpkfjd

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4


POPULATION AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY SITUATION IN MADHYA PRADESH

Dr. S.K. Sharma UGC Emeritus Fellow, Ex-Professor of Geography and Director,

Population Research Centre, Department of General & Applied Geography

Dr. H.S. Gour University, SAGAR (M.P.) 470 003 ________________________________________________________________

The socio-economic structure of the society hinges heavily on resources. Man has been developing his capacity and utilizing the entire natural environment for the fulfillment of his needs and aspiration. As a result cultural environment is created which is the index of his development. Modern man uses the natural environment mainly in three ways. Firstly, it provides material, energy and congenial conditions for development. Elements of this class are known as ‘natural resource”. Secondly, components of the physical environment, such as land, water and air, are used as medium of transport and communication. Lastly, natural environment provides easily accessible and free space for dumping garbage. Use in form of last two categories depends on the extent and ways of exploitation and utilization of the resources. Man has been exploiting natural resources for fulfilling his needs since long. But initially he was simply collector of the resources because of limited demand due to small size, slow growth of population and also rudimentary technology. Gradually he developed and improved science and technology and institutions etc, which facilitated the exploitation of natural resources enormously. As such the pivot of the resource creation and development is man and the degree of exploitation of the development potentials depends heavily upon human, socio-political and economic-technological characteristics of the society. The objective of the present paper is to illustrate this cyclic relationship, citing examples of Madhya Pradesh.

Man and Resource Creation

Resources are the aspects of the biophysical environment. These substances existed in the environment since geological times but they could function as resources only when man perceived their utility and developed technology for their exploitation. Attributes of nature are simply ‘neutral stuff” unless man is able to perceive their significance, to recognize their capacity to satisfy human wants and to invent means to utilize them. With the advancement in science and technology, man”s capacity of appraising his environment has increase


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enormously and so the concept of resource has changed in meaning. Therefore, resource is accepted, as a functional relationship that exists between man”s wants, his abilities and his appraisal of his environment. Man is both resource creator and its beneficiary. He himself is most dynamic resource; capital and natural resources are passive factors of production. Further, man accumulates capital, exploits resources and builds technology and institutions, which facilitate development. The relationship between man, culture and

Resources expand and contrast in response to human wants and abilities. These wants and capabilities are influenced by the culture. Culture is the sum total of all the devices produced by man to assist him in the attainment of his objectives (Zimmermann, l95l, 96). The availability, renewability and exploitability of natural resources all depend, to a great extent, on technological inventions. The relationship of natural resources with the technology are elaborated by Zobler (1962, 191), which elaborates how conditions of abundance and scarcity, both relative and absolute, are the consequence of human culture.

There is close relationship between resources and level of development. It may be said that economic activities begin with the exploitation of resources. Though in the initial stage of development, availability of natural resources matters to a great extent; however, it is not prerequisite. In reality, exploitation of resources and their utilization for economic development are two distinct economic activities and their location factors are also different to a great extent. Exploitation of resources has to be carried out in the localities of their occurrences but the processing units based on them are located in areas which have some initial advantages of production, such as availability of capital, market and linkages with other developed areas. With such advancement in the economic activities in these areas supply of local resources appears to be inadequate to support them and inadequacy of resources is met with the interregional transfer of resources. On the other hand, there are certain regions, which for some reasons could not increase their efficiency of resource use, and

ENVIRONMENT CULTURE MAN

WANTS RESOURCES

ABILITIES RESISTANCE

Plate 1: Interrelationship between Man, Culture and Nature (After Zimmermann, 1959)


6


therefore, their resource bases appear larger in relation to their level of development. This creates one-way channel of transfer of resources from surplus areas to the deficit areas. These two types of areas present dependent-dominant relationship (Sharma, l993, l29-30), explained by the core-periphery paradigm.

It may be concluded that resources are essential for development but merely their presence does not guarantee development. Secondly, rich regions and countries are capable of importing resources from out side. In this context, resources can be classified into two classes, viz. transferable and non-transferable. Among them, only non-transferable resources, such as land and soil, are in the share of the regions of their occurrences and can be utilized for the development of these regions. Contrary to it, transferable resources, such as minerals and fuels etc, are extracted and siphoned to dominant regions for their industrial processing. Madhya Pradesh provides good example of this phenomenon.

Resource Situation in Madhya Pradesh

The state economy is still highly dependent on primary sector. More than one-fourth (27.65%) of total value of net domestic products is contributed by the extraction activities at current prices in 2006-07. Agriculture stands at the top. Mineral and power resources and forests and forestry follow agriculture. Madhya Pradesh presents a very good example of the dichotomy of ‘poverty in plenty”. The eastern part is very rich in natural resources but the western part is far ahead in development. Production of natural resources increased by leaps and bounds but most of them are exported to other parts of the state or other parts of the country, leaving these areas lagging far behind in development. It would be clear from the analysis of the development of land resources.

Land Resources

Land is the basic resource because it yields benefits to the local people and is non-transferable resource. But the state is endowed with limited good agricultural land. Most of the surface area presents typical characteristics of a plateau and presents high local relief, which reduces their agricultural suitability. On reasons of unsuitable physical conditions, major portion of the Baghelkhand plateau, Satpura range, Vindhyan range and Madhya Bharat Pathar is not cultivable. However, there are some pockets of level land between hills and dissected areas in these regions. Contrary to it, land classed as suitable for cultivation are confined to the Narmada valley, Rewa plateau, Malwa plateau and on part of the Bundelkhand upland.

Population Pressure & Net sown Area

Population pressure is a very potent and dynamic force affecting land use. In fact, land is the only true resource for common man, because, being non-transportable, it must be used for the development of the area of its occurrence. All other natural resources including water are transportable and need not to be used for the development of the region of their occurrences. Normally there should be balance between the distribution of population, especially rural


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population and the carrying capacity of the area. A number of studies have shown that population growth compels agricultural communities to change their methods and land uses (Clark 1967, Brookfield 1972, Boserup 1965, Grigg 1976, Turner et al 1977). Under the given standard of living, carrying capacity of land has to be enhanced with the increasing pressure of population.

Along with the physical character of land, demographic attributes of the region also go long way in influencing the development of land resources. The physical environment provides potentialities of and puts limitations to the land development. Among this group of factors only pressure of rural population is selected for the present purpose. Since population data are for 2001, data for agricultural land use for 2000-01 have been utilized. It is more meaningful to assess the net sown area in relation with the rural population. It can be done by analyzing the density of rural population on net sown area, known as the nutritional density.

Pressure of Population

Total population of Madhya Pradesh is 60, 348 thousand in 2001 (5.8 per cent of total population of the country), which is distributed over 3, 08,245 sq km (9.38% of total area of the country), yielding average arithmetic density of 196 persons per sq km. It is very low in comparison to the national average of 324 persons per sq km. However, rapid growth (376% during 1901-2001) of population has been increasing pressure on land simultaneously. Arithmetic density was only 41 persons per sq km in 1901 in the state, which reached to 60 persons in 1951 and 196 in 2001. It means pressure of population increased more than three times during last 50 years. Similarly, pressure of rural population on net sown also increased three times during the same period. In 1951, rural population was 15.85 million and net sown area was 100.85 lakh hectares, resulting 119 rural people per sq km. In 2001, rural population rose to 44.28 million but net sown area reached to 1, 47,665 sq km only, which works to 300 persons per sq km of net sown area. Further, nearly three-fourths (73.3 per cent) of the total population live in rural areas, and traditionally depend on land resources. In absence of other economic pursuits, three-fourths (71.6 per cent) of total workers are engaged in cultivation as cultivators (42.8 per cent) and agricultural labourers (28.7 per cent). It means land resource determines the fate of the majority of the people of this state. In this perspective, relationship of population distribution and land use has been analyzed here.

Spatial Pattern of Man-Land Ratio

Distribution of population, expressed in terms of man-land ratio, is very uneven in this state also. More than half (54.7 per cent) of the total population is concentrated on one-third (34.7 per cent) of total area. Contrary to it, more than one-third of the area (36.2 per cent) supports less than one-fifth (19.7 per cent) of total population. This variation is evident from the range of arithmetic density of population, which varies from only 38 persons in Karahal tahsil of Sheopur district and 45 in Kusumi tahsil of Sidhi district to 1258 in Huzur tahsil of Bhopal and 1847 persons in Indore tahsil of Indore district. Ratio between highest and


8


lowest tahsil-wise density figures is 1:49; their mean is 221 and standard deviation is 163, which is 73.8 per cent of the mean. Very uneven distribution of population is also evident from on Plate 2, depicting the spatial pattern of the arithmetic density.

Arithmetic Density Pattern

There are certain densely populated tracts in the state. Among them, lower Chambal basin, Narmada valley, Rewa plateau and the Wainganga valley are important. There are 122 out of 259 tahsils in which density is higher than 200 persons per sq km. These tahsils are distributed in nine tracts and seven minor localities. Major tracts are: - (i) Lashkar plain in the Chambal valley, (ii) Satna-Rewa high plain, (iii) Bundelkhand plateau, (iv) Indore Dewas-Ujjain tract, (v) Bhopal-Sehore-Rajgarh tract, (vi) Nimar plain, (vii) Dhar-Jhabua-Ratlam tract, (viii) Wainganga basin, and (ix) Anuppur-Sohagpur belt (Plate 2).

Contrary to them, sparsely populated tracts extend over the Baghelkhand plateau, Maikal plateau and ranges, Satpura and Vindhyachal ranges, Panna-Bijawar hills, western margin of the Malwa plateau, Guna plateau and the Bundelkhand uplands. In these sparsely populated tracts there are certain tracts, which can be said as blank areas. Such blank areas are Maikal and associated ranges and Paraswara plateau on Maikal area; Asirgarh hills in western Gawilgarh, Kalibhit, Mahadeo and Gondwana hills in Central Satpura; entire Vindhyachal range and Bijawar-Panna hills of the Bundelkhand uplands. On the other hand, even in these sparsely populated tracts, there are small pockets of concentration of population. For instance, in the Baghelkhand plateau, which happens to be sparsely settled region, most of the population is concentrated in the Sohagpur basin, containing coal-belt of the region and in the Son valley and the Singrauli basin.

Spatial distribution of population is the manifestation of the carrying capacity of the area. This carrying capacity depends on the nature of economic activities

Persons

Per Sq Km

100 200 300 State Average: 196

Plate 2

Kilometre

50 50 0 100 150


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carried out there. Since more than three-fourths of the people of this state live in rural areas and more than three-fourths of the working population is also engaged in cultivation, the basic pattern of the distribution of population is determined by the cultivability of the land. Nature of terrain, degree of slope, characteristics of soils including their water holding capacity, amount of rainfall and provision of irrigation are important factors affecting cultivation. The basic pattern established by these factors is variegated by other factors such as the development of mineral resources, urbanization and industrialization. Active mineral zones have attracted large number of migrants and sustain more density than the supporting capacity of land in those areas. In the coal-mining tracts of Shahdol and Chhindwara, new townships have come up, recording phenomenal increase of population and high density. Industrialization and urbanization are almost twin phenomena. Industries possess very high supporting capacity concentrated at a point, and induce the genesis of towns. Towns can develop otherwise also and industries are added later on to them. Bases of all towns are secondary and tertiary economic activities. Because of economic reasons such activities, unlike agriculture, develop at points not in areas.

Consequently, density of population of areas containing these points (i.e., towns) becomes very high. Peaks of density can be seen at large industrial and urban centres on the map (Plate 2) of the arithmetic density. This distribution pattern is highly influenced by the degree of urbanization, besides agricultural productivity. It is evident from high coefficient of correlation (r = +0.864) between proportion of urban population and arithmetic density (Table 1). Arithmetic density also shows significant relationship (r = +0.366) with the proportion of net sown area.

One-fourth (69) tahsils have low and very low density (below 150 persons per sq km). Concentration of these tahsils are in: (i) the Baghelkhand plateau extending over hilly tracts of Sidhi, Shahdol and Umaria districts, (ii) Sheopur-Shivpuri-Guna plateau, (iii) Bijawar-Panna hills of Chhatarpur and Panna districts, (iv) Dhar uplands and northern part of the middle Satpura region, (v) Vindhyachal range extending over southern Sagar, Damoh and northern Raisen districts, and (vi) Baihar tahsil of Balaghat. These are very rugged hilly, dissected plateau and stony areas. Consequently, carrying capacity of these areas is very limited. These are poor not only in agricultural resources but lack mineral resources also.

Nutritional Density

Nutritional density is more realistic expression of pressure of rural population on cultivated land. It is ratio between rural population and net sown area. There are, on average, 300 rural persons per sq km of net sown area of the state in 2001. On tahsil level, it ranges from only 143 persons in Jaitpur tahsil of Shahdol and 147 persons in Rahatgarh tahsil of Sagar district to 920 persons in Sohagpur tahsil of Shahdol and 600 persons in Bijawar tahsil of Chhatarpur district. Total 120 tahsils have higher nutritional density than the state average (300 persons) and 139 tahsils have lower than this.


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Spatial pattern of nutritional density is presented on Plate 3. Concentration of tahsils with high nutritional density is in: (i) the Chambal region, (ii) Bundelkhand uplands, (iii) Baghelkhand plateau, (iv) Bhander upland, (v) Jhabua upland-Nimar plain- western Satpura, (vi) northern Betul-Chhindwara plateau (vii) Wainganga basin-Baihar plateau-Dindori plateau. Contrary to them, pressure of rural population on net sown area is usually low and very low in the Malwa plateau, Madhya Bharat plateau and the Narmada valley.

This pattern of distribution of nutritional density (Plate 3) is quite different from that of arithmetic density (Plate 2). Nutritional density is the interplay of the extent of net sown area and size of the rural population. It presents inverse relationship with the proportion of net sown area (r = -0.462). Two-fifths (40.8%) of the high nutritional density tahsils have comparatively lower proportion (below 50 %) of net sown area to total area (Table 1). But most of the low nutritional density tahsils (74.1%) have higher proportion of net sown area. Total 152 tahsils have proportion of net sown area more than 50 per cent of the total area and two-thirds (103 or 67.76%) of them have nutritional density below 300 persons per sq km. On the other hand, 107 tahsils have proportion of net sown below 50 per cent and two-thirds (71 or 66.4%) of them have nutritional density higher than 300. Coefficient of correlation between net sown area and nutritional density is -0.418. It can be summed up that both large size of rural population and small net sown area are responsible for high pressure of rural population on land resources.

M ADHYA PRADESH

NUTRITIONAL DENSITY

2001

50 0 50 100 150

K ilom etres

Plate 3

R ural Persons per

sq o f N et Sow n Area

500

200

250

300 S tate Av.

350

400


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Table 1-Distribution of Tahsils by Nutritional Density and

Net sown area, 2001.

Contemporary Situation of Land Resource Development

Agriculture is not only major contributor to the net domestic products but also a major means of livelihood of the people. Nearly three-fourths (71.6 %) of workers are engaged in farming. Excessive dependency on agriculture led to the excessive exploitation of agricultural resources, particularly of land. There is keen competition for grabbing land among people, rich and poor alike, and virtually all cultivable lands, fallow lands and village common lands have already been brought under plough. Further, large extent of forests has also been cleared for the purpose. Most of them are physically unsuitable for cultivation. Since cultivation is practiced since long ago, there was no good quality land left for further colonization. Consequently, farming has been extended on marginal lands and on slopes of hills. This is the story of every village. However, high and very high growth in net sown area occurred in regions not suitable for large-scale cultivation as far as land capability is concerned.

Expansion of the net sown area has been comparatively rapid in the later half of this century. Total net sown area was 100.85 lakh hectares in 1950-51, which rose to 147.66 lakh hectares in 2000-01, recording 46.42% increase between 1950-51 and 2000-01. Thus, 4.76 million hectares were added to net sown area. It is worth-mentioning that cultivation has been practiced since long ago and there was no good land left for colonization.

Under increasing pressure of population farming has been extended on marginal lands and on slopes of hills. It is evident from the fact that high and very high growth in net sown area occurred in regions not suitable for cultivation.

Proportion of net sown area varies from only 9.08 per cent in Karahal and 12.13% in Bijeypur tahsils (both in Sheopur district) to 85.01 per cent in Bhander (Datia district) and 85.53 per cent in Sawer tahsil (Indore district) with stagte average of 47.8 per cent in 2000-01 (Plate 4). Distribution of tahsils according to the proportion of net sown area to total rural area is presented in table 1 below.


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National Research Seminar - Educreation · 26 Remote Sensing and GIS based Site Suitability...

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