U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention

National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthWashington D.C.

National OccupationalResearch Agenda2002

NIOSH Research Projects May 2003

Foreword

In 1996, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) worked with diverse partnersto develop the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA). Reflecting input and review by morethan 500 individuals and organizations, NORA defines the national research that will do the most to pro-tect the safety and health of workers.

As a working blueprint for innovative research, NORA has stimulated strong support and broad partner-ships across industry, labor, government, and academia. Through NORA and its collaborative structure, theNation is better positioned to counter the toll of workplace injury, illness, and death in this time of unprece-dented change in the American workplace.

This document contains summaries of current research projects conducted or supported by NIOSH underNORA. For convenience, 448 projects are classified as intramural or NIOSH-supported extramuralresearch, and they are grouped by NORA priority area. The 177 extramural projects and 271 intramuralprojects illustrate the range of NORA priorities and the high quality of research that continues to resultfrom these national partnerships. They also provide further evidence for NORA's strategic importance inguiding the research that will yield the highest dividends in worker safety and health for decades to come.

In reassessing our own research priorities at NIOSH, we have been inspired by NORA. As we continueto build new collaborations, we hope others will share this same excitement.

John Howard, M.D.DirectorNational Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health

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Table of Contents

1 Extramural Projects................................................................................................................................1

Grants

Allergic and Irritant Dermatitis .....................................................................................1

Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ...................................................2

Cancer Research Methods .............................................................................................6

Control Technology and Personal Protective Equipment ..............................................7

Exposure Assessment Methods Development .............................................................12

Fertility and Pregnancy Abnormalities ........................................................................21

Hearing Loss................................................................................................................22

Indoor Environment.....................................................................................................25

Infectious Diseases ......................................................................................................26

Intervention Effectiveness Research Methods .............................................................27

Low-Back Disorders ....................................................................................................34

Mixed Exposures .........................................................................................................37

Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Extremities ..................................................39

Organization of Work ..................................................................................................43

Risk Assessment Methods ...........................................................................................48

Social and Economic Consequences of Workplace Illness and Injury ........................48

Special Populations at Risk .........................................................................................50

Surveillance Research Methods...................................................................................59

Traumatic Injuries........................................................................................................66

2 Cooperative Agreements ..................................................................................................................73

Allergic and Irritant Dermatitis ...................................................................................73

Infectious Diseases ......................................................................................................73

Intervention Effectiveness Research Methods .............................................................74

Low-Back Disorders ....................................................................................................75

Mixed Exposures .........................................................................................................75

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Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Extremities ..................................................76

Surveillance Research Methods...................................................................................77

3 Intramural Projects...............................................................................................................................80

Allergic and Irritant Dermatitis ...................................................................................80

Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease .................................................84

Cancer Research Methods ...........................................................................................88

Control Technology and Personal Protective Equipment ............................................89

Emerging Technologies..............................................................................................103

Exposure Assessment Methods Development............................................................103

Fertility and Pregnancy Abnormalities ......................................................................115

Hearing Loss ..............................................................................................................119

Indoor Environment...................................................................................................123

Infectious Diseases ....................................................................................................124

Intervention Effectiveness Research Methods ...........................................................125

Low-Back Disorders ..................................................................................................133

Mixed Exposures .......................................................................................................135

Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Extremities ................................................139

NORA Implementation ..............................................................................................141

Organization of Work ................................................................................................146

Risk Assessment Methods .........................................................................................149

Social and Economic Consequences of Workplace Illness and Injury ......................150

Special Populations at Risk .......................................................................................152

Surveillance Research Methods .................................................................................154

Traumatic Injuries......................................................................................................155

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1 Extramural Research Projects

Grants

Allergic and Irritant Dermatitis

Dermatopharmacokinetics andPharmacodynamics

Investigator: Karla Thrall, Ph.D.Affiliation: Battelle Memorial Institute

Richland, WashingtonTelephone: (509) 376–6115Keywords/Phrases: Dermatitis, paint, toluene, methyl

ethyl ketonePurpose:To understand the influence of paint product formula-tions on the dermatopharmacokinetics of toluene andmethyl ethyl ketone (MEK).Abstract:This research will enhance the ability to accuratelyextrapolate animal studies to relevant human exposurescenarios and will improve hazard and risk assessments.Experimental studies will be conducted with rats using anovel real-time breath analysis system coupled withphysiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model-ing to determine the penetration rate of toluene and MEKthrough the skin. The resulting data from these compre-hensive evaluations are directly applicable to regulatoryagencies in establishing dermal absorption guidelinesthat mimic actual occupational exposure situations. Thespecific research objectives are (1) to describe dermalabsorption of toluene and MEK using PBPK models todetermine skin permeability constants, (2) to evaluate thekinetics and dermal bioavailability of exposure to aque-ous toluene and MEK, and (3) to compare different paintproduct formulations regarding the percutaneous absorp-tion of toluene and MEK.

Dermal Absorption of Cutting FluidMixtures

Investigator: Ronald Baynes, Ph.D.Affiliation: North Carolina State University

Raleigh, North CarolinaTelephone: (919) 513–6398

Keywords/Phrases: Dermatitis, metalworking fluids,mixed exposures

Purpose:To investigate the dermal disposition and cutaneous tox-icity of chemical additives and contaminants in cuttingfluid formulations. Abstract:This research project uses an experimental paradigm thattakes into account the difficulty of testing all commercialcutting fluids or oils. The long-term goal is to understandchemical and biological interactions in a chemical mix-ture that modulates dermal disposition of irritants orchemicals and to be able to predict chemical and biologi-cal interactions in a chemically defined mixture in theworkplace. The central hypothesis is that many chemicaladditives or components in cutting fluid formulationsbehave as solvents, co-solvents, or surfactants. Theseadditives can modulate percutaneous absorption by alter-ing the normal anatomy and physiology of the skinthrough discrete mechanisms; eventually they determinethe fate of the irritant(s) and thus its potential to cause irri-tant dermatitis.

Confocal Histopathology of ContactDermatitis In Vivo

Investigator: Salvador Gonzalez, M.D.Affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital

Boston, MassachusettsTelephone: (617) 724–1915Keywords/Phrases: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis,

method development, dermatitisPurpose:To establish new criteria for differentiating acute irritantcontact dermatitis (ICD) from allergic contact dermatitis(ACD) by using a video rate (real-time), near-infraredconfocal reflectance microscope. Abstract:Contact dermatitis (CD) affects approximately 20 per-cent of the population in the United States and is themost common form of occupational dermatosis. Thiscondition is divided mechanistically into ICD and ACD.The ICD is produced by the toxic effect of certain chem-icals on the skin, whereas ACD is induced by a delayedhypersensitivity response of the host to an antigenicchemical. The latter form is characterized by a cascade ofimmunologic events that occurs mostly in the superficiallayers of the skin. Morphologic features of both forms ofCD are very similar on gross and microscopic examina-tion, and it is difficult to differentiate one from the other.The use of a noninvasive confocal reflectancemicroscopy to evaluate the states of allergic and irritantskin reactions in vivo, as well as to enhance patch test-

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Extramural Projects

ing, may help physicians improve their diagnostic skillsin this area and facilitate better understanding of thepathogenesis of these inflammatory skin conditions. Thelack of artifacts from conventional histology gives amore realistic picture of pathophysiology. Investigatorsalso expect that our results may ultimately translate intomore rational and effective care for patients with thiscommon and frequently disabling problem.

Asthma and Chronic ObstructivePulmonary Disease

Lung Disease in Chinese Textile Workers

Investigator: David Christiani, M.D.Affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health

Boston, MassachusettsTelephone: (617) 432–1260Keywords/Phrases: Pneumoconiosis, cotton dust,

endotoxinPurpose:To further assess the respiratory health of workers chron-ically exposed to organic dust (specifically cotton dust)and endotoxin.Abstract:Exposure to gram-negative bacterial endotoxin has beendescribed in laboratory studies as producing acute respi-ratory symptoms and lung function change. A similarstudy has addressed the relative contributions of cottondust and endotoxin in producing both acute and chronicrespiratory effects. In addition, the investigators willexamine the long-term effects on the respiratory healthstatus of workers who were removed from exposure byretirement. This is possible because of documented acces-sibility to workers who have left the workforce.Pulmonary effects caused by endotoxin are important inthe cotton textile industry as well as in other environmentswith significant concentrations of airborne endotoxin.

The study population (closed cohort) has been followedsince 1981. It is unusually well suited for epidemiologicstudy because of low turnover, very low smoking preva-lence among women workers, and reliable baseline data.A suitable comparison group was studied. The popula-tion included 447 cotton textile workers and 465 silk tex-tile workers first surveyed in 1981 and later in 1986,1992, and 1996 with excellent followup. The proposedstudy is unique because exposure estimates for both dustand endotoxin over a 20-year period allow assessment of

exposure-response relationships for both dust and endo-toxin for the full study interval.

Longitudinal Study of Isocyanate Asthmain Body Shops

Investigator: Mark Cullen, M.D.Affiliation: Yale University

New Haven, ConnecticutTelephone: (203) 785–6434Keywords/Phrases: Diisocyanates, occupational asthma,

cross-sectional studyPurpose:To assess the incidence, healthy worker effect, and mech-anism and biomarkers associated with isocyanate asthma.Abstract:Diisocyanates remain the most frequent cause of occupa-tional asthma (OA) in developed economies. Four yearsago, the investigators initiated a multidisciplinary, large-scale cross-sectional study of autobody shops in NewHaven (the SPRAY study) to address outstanding ques-tions for primary and secondary control of this highlyrelevant condition. Ancillary studies were initiatedsimultaneously in humans and animals to elucidatemechanism. To date the investigators have demonstratedseveral key associations between patterns of exposureand clinical, physiological, and immunological parame-ters, and they have begun to elucidate the immunology ofthe disease. However, success has been hampered byinherent limitations of cross-sectional design and evidenthealthy worker selection pressures in this industry. Theinvestigators now propose to take further scientificadvantage of this extraordinary cohort and the relation-ship with the subjects and shops to (1) characterize thenatural history of isocyanate exposure by followingSPRAY subjects over the next 5 years with repeatedexposure assessment and measurements of respiratoryand immunologic function, (2) address healthy workereffect by supplementing the existing cohort with aninception cohort of new workers hired during the fol-lowup period, and (3) confirm all cases developing new-onset asthma by specific inhalation challenge to establishthe exposure patterns, preclinical physiologic andimmunologic features, and host factors that confer riskfor isocyanate asthma.

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Extramural Projects

Physiologic Characterization ofOccupational Asthma

Investigator: Susan Sama, Sc.D.Affiliation: Harvard University

Boston, MassachusettsTelephone: (617) 432–1260Keywords/Phrases: Asthma, airflow patterns, disease

preventionPurpose:To characterize occupational asthma.Abstract:Occupational asthma (OA) accounts for 5% to 36% ofasthma in adults, and occupational exposures are majorcontributors to morbidity among adult asthmatics. Earlydetection and intervention are essential for primary aswell as secondary prevention of OA. Unfortunately, thephysiologic manifestations of OA are poorly understood,and easily measured noninvasive biomarkers of OA aresorely needed. Current methods based on peak expiratoryflow (PEF) diaries are effort-dependent, and the quality ofthe efforts and records cannot be controlled. This projectwill address these pressing needs by illuminating the rela-tionship between the four work-related asthmatic airflowpatterns (WRAAPs). This relationship will be determinedby examining (1) responsiveness to bronchodilators, (2) abiomarker of airway inflammation in exhaled breath, (3)occupational exposure, (4) quality of life, (5) atopy, and(6) the degree of asthma morbidity. The project will useportable electronic spirometers and a more sophisticatedphysiologic and noninvasive biomarker of airway inflam-mation. This study will lay the foundation for applicationof these new methods—not only in future occupationalepidemiologic studies, but also in industrial screening andoutpatient clinics. This study will provide improveddetection and prevention of OA.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseRisks in Carpenters

Investigator: David Wegman, M.D.Affiliation: University of Massachusetts

Lowell, MassachusettsTelephone: (978) 934–3265Keywords/Phrases: Carpenters, chronic airway

obstruction, methods of data collectionPurpose:To investigate the risk among carpenters of chronic air-way obstruction other than asthma.Abstract:Evidence of a relationship between occupational dustexposures and chronic airway disease, including chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has beendemonstrated in a number of studies in occupational andcommunity settings. Apart from studies focused on theclassical dusty trades, however, very little is knownabout the possibility of risk from more moderate expo-sures to a diverse mixture of different types of particu-lates. Evidence is mounting for mechanisms that mightunderlie a relatively nonspecific toxic effect from partic-ulate exposures. In addition to respiratory tract irritation,high particulate exposures can overload the clearancemechanisms of the lung, producing a cascade of respons-es that may culminate in chronic lung injury. To con-tribute to the study of risk associated with exposure to amixture of particulates, the investigators propose to tar-get a working population of union carpenters.Carpenters have a diversity of aerosol (wood dust beingonly one) and chemical exposures and excess risk forpulmonary disease. Apart from studies of occupationalasthma, there have been few investigations of respirato-ry disease associated with this trade, despite the fact thatcarpentry is one of the largest specialty trades amongconstruction workers. The proposed study is thereforedesigned as a pilot investigation of the risk among car-penters of chronic airway obstruction other than asthma.The specific objectives of this pilot study are to developand evaluate methods to (1) identify incident cases ofCOPD in the Carpenters Combined Benefits Fund ofMassachusetts medical insurance records database and(2) assess a diverse range of different aerosol and gasexposures occurring in carpenters' jobs. The outcome ofthe pilot study will be methods that can be applied in asubsequent case control investigation designed to pro-vide quantitative data on the associations between COPDand different aerosol exposures experienced by carpen-ters. The case control study will be the subject of a sepa-rate proposal, contingent on successful development ofthe necessary methods.

Isocyanate Exposure Intervention Studyin Body Shops

Investigator: Youcheng Liu, M.D., Sc.D.Affiliation: Yale University

New Haven, ConnecticutTelephone: (203) 785–5969Keywords/Phrases: Intervention, auto body workers,

diisocyanatesPurpose:To test the hypothesis that an integrated intervention pro-gram will significantly reduce the inhalation and skinexposure of auto body workers, particularly painters, toaliphatic diisocyanates.

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Extramural Projects

Abstract:Diisocyanates, a group of highly reactive compoundsextensively used in the collision repair industry, are themost commonly reported cause of occupational asthma.The investigators’ preliminary data revealed a highinhalation exposure to isocyanate oligomers and exten-sive skin exposure in auto body shop workers. Controltechnologies and strategies to reduce these exposures areurgently needed in order for shops to comply with EPAand OSHA regulations and to achieve the overall goal ofasthma prevention; however, little research has beendone in this industry to evaluate the effectiveness ofexposure control measures. The researchers propose anintervention study to test the hypothesis that an integrat-ed intervention program will significantly reduce theinhalation and skin exposure of auto body workers, par-ticularly painters, to aliphatic diisocyanates. Specificaims are to (1) implement an educational training pro-gram and assess the effectiveness of training, (2) imple-ment a product (process) change and engineering controlprogram and evaluate their effectiveness in exposurereduction, (3) implement an administrative program tosupply more protective equipment and evaluate its effec-tiveness in exposure reduction, (4) implement a behav-ioral intervention program and evaluate its effect onwork practices, and (5) evaluate the overall effectivenessof this intervention program with feedback from shopmanagement and workers, using urinary biological mon-itoring tools. The overall study design will be a prospec-tive field experimental study with 10 shops each in theintervention group and control group and 120 workers.The investigators will evaluate the intervention at base-line, 6 months, and 1 year. Effects of intervention will beassessed for the two groups at 6 months and sustainabil-ity of intervention effectiveness will be evaluated amongintervention phases. This should allow the researchers toidentify effective exposure intervention strategies, rec-ommend them for wide application in this industry andother similar industries, and contribute significantly to abetter prevention of asthma in auto body shop workers.

Pulmonary Effects of Machining FluidAerosols

Investigator: Terry Gordon, Ph.D.Affiliation: New York University

Tuxedo, New YorkTelephone: (845) 731–3536Keywords/Phrases: Pneumonitis, Mycobacterium

chelonae, workers,animal modelPurpose:To determine whether Mycobacterium chelonae isresponsible for the induction of hypersensitivity pneu-

monitis in machining fluid workers using an animalmodel of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.Abstract:This research will test the hypothesis that M. chelonaecontamination of machining fluids produces hypersensi-tivity pneumonitis in exposed workers. The results ofprevious studies suggest but do not prove a link betweenhypersensitivity pneumonitis and exposure to M. chelon-ae-contaminated machining fluid aerosols. Thus a newoccupational problem has surfaced in which a targetedmicrobe, M. chelonae, has not been routinely assayed inmachining fluids or previously considered in the patho-genesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Since epidemi-ological studies can typically provide only relationalinformation, this research proposes to use an animalmodel of hypersensitivity pneumonitis to determinewhether M. chelonae is responsible for the induction ofhypersensitivity pneumonitis in machining fluid work-ers. Although indirect evidence suggests that M. chelon-ae is involved in the recent outbreaks of hypersensitivitypneumonitis, the findings from the proposed controlledlaboratory studies are needed to prove causality beforeinstituting control strategies such as the appropriate bio-cide for eradicating the critical microbial contaminant ofmachining fluids.

Chemokine Biomarkers of Diisocyanate-Induced Occupational Asthma

Investigator: David Bernstein, M.D.Affiliation: University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OhioTelephone: (513) 558–4701Keywords/Phrases: Exposure assessment, airborne

contaminants, asthmaPurpose:To establish an immunologic in vitro assay as a sensitiveand specific biomarker of diisocyanate-induced occupa-tional asthma (DA) and to define a relationship betweenin vitro diisocyanate (DIISO) antigens, enhanced periph-eral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) production, andairway inflammation in DA. Abstract:DA is the most prevalent form of occupational asthma.Severe chronic disability due to DA can be prevented byearly diagnosis and cessation of workplace exposure;however, there are no sensitive biomarkers of DA tofacilitate an early diagnosis. In the past 10 years, bron-choalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsy studies of work-ers with DA have defined an important pathogenetic roleof airway inflammation. Previous studies have identifieddiisocyanate antigen-specific cellular responses in DA

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Extramural Projects

patients. These studies revealed that clinically confirmedDA is significantly associated with antigen-specificenhancement in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) of the chemoattractant cytokine, monocytechemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and of TNF.Hypotheses generated from these preliminary studiesthat will be tested in this proposal are as follows:(1) DIISO antigen-enhanced production of MCP-1 is abiomarker of DA and validation of the MCP-1 assay as aclinical test will allow differentiation of DA from non-DA; and (2) PBMC production of MCP-1 in response toin vitro stimulation with DIISO antigens correlates withincreased secretion of MCP-1 and TNF in induced bron-choalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of workers with DA aswell as with other indices of lung inflammation elicitedby workplace exposure to DIISOs. Once validated as adiagnostic biomarker, the MCP-1 assay can be used as adiagnostic method for differentiating workers suspectedof DA from those with non-DA or from those withnonoccupational asthma.

A Validated Asthma Questionnaire forHealth Care Workers

Investigator: George Delclos, M.D.Affiliation: University of Texas

Houston, TexasTelephone: (713) 500–9459Keywords/Phrases: Healthcare workers, asthmaPurpose:To develop, validate, and field test a new survey instru-ment for work-related asthma among health care work-ers. This survey permits the assessment of occupationaland nonoccupational exposures that may result in thedevelopment of work-related asthma. Abstract:Occupational asthma (OA) is currently the most fre-quently reported diagnosis of work-related respiratorydisease in developed nations. Health care workers, whorepresent approximately 7% of the U.S. workforce) areamong the occupational groups at risk of developing OA.There have been reports of increased occurrence of asth-ma in nurses, animal handlers, respiratory therapists,physicians, and manufacturers of pharmaceuticals.Relatively few studies have been published with infor-mation about formal validation of asthma questionnaires,and validation to date has largely focused on the abilityof questionnaire items to predict asthma in populations.

This 3-year study will be conducted in two phases. Theaim of Phase I will be to develop and validate a new sur-vey instrument of work-related asthma for use in healthcare settings. The questionnaire will be validated by

administering it to a convenience sample of 100 healthcare workers (with and without asthma) and comparingresults to the “gold standards” for asthma (methacholinebronchial challenge test) and nonoccupational exposurerisk factors (RAST IgE-specific antibody panel againstcommon environmental aeroallergens and latex). Theaims of Phase 2 will be to (1) cross-validate and field testthe new survey instrument in a population-based sampleof four occupational groups (n=1,400 per group) ofhealth care workers (nurses, physicians, respiratory ther-apists, and occupational therapists) identified throughtheir respective licensing boards in Texas, (2) estimateand compare the prevalence of work-related asthmaamong these four occupational groups, (3) analyze asso-ciations between occupational and nonoccupationalexposures in health care workers with and without asth-ma in this population, and (4) estimate the occupationalburden of asthma in these four occupational groups.

Environmental Factors in PI*Z Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

Investigator: Lee Newman, M.D.Affiliation: National Jewish Medical and

Research CenterDenver, Colorado

Telephone: (303) 398–1296Keywords/Phrases: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary

Disease, PI*Z, respiratory irritantsPurpose:To understand obstructive pulmonary disease resulting fromoccupational exposure in homozygous PI*Z individuals. Abstract:Occupational dust, fume, and gas exposures have beenassociated with the development of chronic obstructivepulmonary disease (COPD). Genetic and familial factorsalso contribute to the risk of COPD. Individuals withalpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (a1-ATD) comprise one ofthese genetically susceptible populations. The majorenvironmental risk factor for COPD in a1-AT deficientPI*Z individuals is personal tobacco use. Preliminarystudies suggest that occupational respiratory exposuresmay also contribute to the severity of this disease. Theresearchers hypothesize that exposure to occupationaland environmental respiratory irritants (dust, fumes,smoke, and gas) increases the risk of both chronic respi-ratory symptoms and airflow obstruction in geneticallysusceptible individuals with PI*Z (a1-AT deficiency).

This research will (1) evaluate the association betweencertain occupational and environmental respiratoryexposures and the presence and severity of specific pul-monary symptoms and airflow obstruction; (2) assess the

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Extramural Projects

potential interaction or confounding effects that differenttypes of respiratory irritant exposures and/or personaland environmental exposures to tobacco smoke mighthave in predicting the risk of respiratory symptoms; (3)assess the potential interaction between exposure to per-sonal or environmental tobacco smoke and respiratoryinfections in predicting risk of respiratory symptoms andairflow limitation; and (4) validate the model developedas a predictive model by repeated resampling of the orig-inal data set (i.e., bootstrapping) that could help healthprofessionals counsel and educate PI*Z patients abouttheir risks from environmental and occupational expo-sures. A cross-sectional design will be used in an expand-ed cohort of more than 300 patients with PI*Z. Thisresearch offers an opportunity to investigate environ-mental and genetic interactions where the gene trait thatconfers susceptibility is known but in which the environ-mental triggers are not.

Cancer Research Methods

Time Factors in Exposure Effects AmongUranium Workers

Investigator: David Richardson, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, North CarolinaTelephone: (919) 843–3193Keywords/Phrases: Radiation mortality, cohort study,

uranium workersPurpose:To improve the methods used to evaluate the effects oflatency, time since exposure, and agent-exposure in stud-ies of repeated or chronic exposure.Abstract:The proposed study investigates the association of radia-tion with mortality in a cohort of workers employed atthe U.S. Department of Energy's Y-12 uranium process-ing facility. The Y-12 cohort was recently expanded, andvital status information was updated through 1990.Radiation lung dose estimates for workers at Y-12 (basedon bioassay and in vivo monitoring records) are availablein computerized form; however, no analyses of dose-response associations have been conducted using thisupdated information. The proposed research will takeadvantage of previously collected data to conduct inves-tigations of occupational exposure-disease associations.Detailed analyses will be conducted of variations in radi-ation-mortality associations with latency, time sinceexposure, and agent-exposure. The results of this study

will help address analytical questions about radiation-lung cancer associations in this cohort, while reducingexposure misclassification by better identifying the etio-logically relevant period of exposure.

P53 Biomarker and Intervention inOccupational Cancer

Investigator: Paul Brandt-Rauf, M.D.Affiliation: Columbia University

New York, New YorkTelephone: (212) 305–3959Keywords/Phrases: p53 tumor suppressor gene, cancer

prediction, carcinogensPurpose:To study the p53 tumor suppressor gene as a tool for pre-dicting cancer and suppressing its development inhumans exposed to carcinogens in the workplace.Abstract:Research methods for occupational cancer are needed todevelop early markers of adverse health effects fromworkplace exposures and to devise ways for interruptingthe pathways between workplace exposures and result-ing cancers. The p53 tumor suppressor gene product is apotential target for both of these approaches. Certainoccupational exposures can produce mutations in p53that cause the generation of an immune response withcirculating p53 autoantibodies even before the occur-rence of clinically detectable cancers. Thus these anti-bodies may serve as useful early markers of adverseeffects. In addition, certain short peptide sequences fromp53 have been demonstrated in cell culture to be able tocause mutant p53 to revert to normal function, resultingin the death of cancer cells containing mutant p53 buthaving no effect on normal cells with wild-type p53. Thisapproach may therefore be useful for interrupting thepathway between workplace exposures that produce p53mutations and resulting cancers. The purpose of the pro-posed research is to examine both of these approachesfor occupational cancers caused by asbestos exposure intwo related projects. For the first project, banked serumsamples from a cohort of workers with asbestosis will beexamined for the presence of p53 autoantibodies byenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot-ting to determine whether the presence of the antibodiescorrelates with the subsequent development of cancer aswell as with the presence of p53 mutations in the result-ing tumors. The second project will involve investigatingthe effects in cell culture of a p53 peptide sequence(delivered as the peptide or as a plasmid-based minigene)on asbestos-associated lung cancer and mesotheliomacell lines with and without p53 mutations and correspon-ding noncancer cell lines with wild-type p53. The second

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Extramural Projects

project will also determine the mechanism of action ofthe peptide for inducing death in these cells.

Control Technology and PersonalProtective Equipment

SBIR Bioelectronic Telemetry System forFire Fighter Safety

Investigator: Michael Fred MastermanAffiliation: Extreme Endeavors and Consulting

Philippi, West VirginiaTelephone: (304) 472–6446Keywords/Phrases: Telemetry, monitoring, fire fightersPurpose:To develop personal telemetry and physiological moni-toring systems to enable fire departments to monitor thephysiological condition and environments of fire fightersin extreme conditions.Abstract:Every year fire fighters are killed in the line of duty as aresult of the strenuous nature and environmental condi-tions in which they must work. This research will devel-op a bioelectronic monitoring system to inform incidentcommanders in real time when personnel are in troubleand when they must discontinue their duties to avoidendangering themselves and team members. The investi-gators will develop a monitoring system to observe thefire fighter's physiological status and the environmentalconditions surrounding the fire fighter. Research will bedone to implement a repeater system to transmit the sig-nal out of the structures in which fire fighters must work.The properties of the transmission required for this appli-cation will be analyzed, modeled, and tested among thevarious structures. The bioelectronics previously devel-oped by the research team will be combined to constructa simple prototype. The simple prototype will be field-tested for further evaluation. This system will providereal-time information about the fire fighter's conditionfor the incident commander or safety officer, allowingthem to be removed from the hazards while making deci-sions about protecting fire fighters.

Measurements and Control DieselEmissions in Underground Mines

Investigator: Mingming Lu, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OhioTelephone: (513) 556–0996Keywords/Phrases: Control technology, diesel

particulate matter, exhaust emissions,miners

Purpose:To develop control technology to reduce diesel particulateand other diesel exhaust emissions in underground mines.Abstract:The diesel particulate matter (DPM) that emissions inunderground mines are much higher than other occupa-tional exposures that pose health threats to mine workers.This project is aimed at developing a novel control tech-nology to substantially reduce DPM and other dieselexhaust emissions and to determine the impact of thiscontrol method by performing a thorough characteriza-tion of DPM emissions in target underground mines.DPM emission measurements (such as area-of-interestsampling, personal exposure, and emission source sam-pling) will be performed, and the technology will beimplemented in a selected mine or mines for demonstra-tion purposes.

Improved Health and Safety in Miningthrough Helical Drilling and Rock BoltAnchoring

Investigator: John Hill, M.S.Affiliation: UTD Incorporated

Manassas, VirginiaTelephone: (703) 393–0800Keywords/Phrases: Drilling system, anchorage

capacity, miningPurpose:To develop a rock hole bolt drilling system and hardwareto improve anchorage capacity.Abstract:The investigator proposes to develop an innovative rockbolt hole drilling system based on new Helical Drag Bittechnology and new rock bolts that address rock massstabilization (reducing risk of catastrophic rock mass fail-ure) by doing the following: (1) improving grouted rockbolt anchoring through improved hole geometry; (2)improving mechanical rock bolt anchoring capacitythrough new rock bolt designs that take advantage of newhole geometry; and (3) using a directly measured drillingparameter (torque) to reliably interpret rock properties

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Extramural Projects

and conditions (function of new proven bit design). Thenew drilling and rock bolt system will significantlyreduce the risk of ground slope failure due to theincreased load capacity and higher pullout strength. Asthe same time, this new system will reduce total installa-tion and operation costs as a result of savings in powerconsumption and drilling speed. The new system alsowill reduce respirabable dust produced during the drillingprocess. Furthermore, it will reduce noise from drillinghydraulics machinery through use of a new bit designthat requires significantly less power than commerciallyavailable bits to excavate the same volume (beneficial tohuman health) and incorporate a portion or all of thedrilling process directly into the rock bolt for reduction ininstallation handling requirements (potential for reduc-tion in handling injuries and rock fragment injuries).

Engineering Control of Longwall MachineNoise

Investigator: Yi Luo, Ph.D.Affiliation: West Virginia University

Morgantown, West VirginiaTelephone: (304) 293–7680Keywords/Phrases: Technology, reduction of machine

noise, underground longwall facesPurpose:To develop and test engineering controls for the reducingoverall levels of machine noise in the underground long-wall faces. Abstract:Longwall mining is the safest and the most productivemining method in underground coal mines. Because ofthe high degree of mechanization and the confined envi-ronments, noise levels at the longwall mining faces arenormally high. Constant exposure to such a noisy envi-ronment for an extended period could lead to permanenthearing loss. The two major sources of noise at a long-wall face are (1) noise produced by the mining machines(i.e., shearer, face conveyor, stage loader and crusher,etc.) and (2) the background noise produced by thebreakage and movement of surrounding rock strata asthey reach a new equilibrium after being disturbed by themining activities. The machine noise is the major con-tributor to the worker’s noise exposure. Because back-ground noise provides useful information for workers todetect and predict harmful ground movements, it is desir-able to leave the background noise intact. The object ofthis proposed research is to develop and test a technolo-gy for reducing overall levels of machine noise at theunderground longwall faces while keeping the back-ground noise basically unaltered. The investigators pro-pose to do this by combining the traditional passive

methods and the active noise control (ANC) technology.Because of the maturity and successful applications ofthe ANC technology in many other industrial environ-ments, the investigators expect the active method to pro-duce the most dramatic reductions in noise exposure tothe longwall miners. By reducing the overall noise levelsin the longwall panels, miners’ hearing loss can bereduced greatly over their working lives.

Permeation of Irritant Mixtures ThroughProtective Materials

Investigator: Shane Que Hee, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of California

Los Angeles, CaliforniaTelephone: (310) 206–7388Keywords/Phrases: Model, dermal exposure, glovesPurpose:To evaluate a mathematical model to predict the perme-ation of mixtures through gloves and to determinewhether the index of skin irritation is useful in assessingthe risk of dermal exposure when gloves are worn.Abstract:The hypothesis is that an already existing mathematicalmodel can be confirmed to predict permeation of mixturecomponents through glove materials. A secondaryhypothesis is to assess whether the index of skin irrita-tion (the Corrositex rating) will be useful in assessing theworker’s risk of dermal exposure when gloves areworn. The aims are to (1) select the irritative mixtures tobe investigated, identify and quantify the major compo-nents, and select the types of gloves; (2) select the typesof challenges; (3) determine the skin-irritative compo-nents in all challenges using the Corrositex assay; (4)determine the kinetic parameters of permeation, thesteady-state permeation rate, and the lag time for eachcomponent using an American Standard for Testing andMaterials-type permeation cell with liquid collection andGC/MS, LC/MS, and FT/IR; (5) evaluate the permeationcharacteristics of the reconstituted formulations and inertcomponent mixtures; (6) measure Corrositex ratings forall challenge and collection systems; (7) confirmwhether the logarithm of the steady state permeation rateand logarithm of the lag time depend on the logarithm ofthe mass composition, the logarithm of the molar vol-ume, and the logarithm of the octanol/water coefficient;and (8) assess whether a multivariate model that alsoaccounts for interactions among the three solvent param-eters and glove parameters might produce a more gener-al model. The mixtures to be studied are formulations ofirritant pesticides (three being liquid when pure and fourbeing solid when pure) and two cutting oils, one semi-

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Extramural Projects

synthetic metalworking fluid, and a standard kit of chem-icals used in the patch-testing of soluble metalworkingmixtures. In addition, challenges with the smallest rec-ommended dilution in water will be evaluated for eachcomponent or mixture. The gloves to be evaluated arelined and unlined nitrite and butyl, Silver Shield lami-nate, Viton industrial chemical-resistant gloves, andnitrite and butyl gloves. The relationship of the funda-mental independent variables to the kinetic parameters ofpermeation and to the Corrositex rating as the index ofirritation will be determined and compared.

Respiratory Protection AgainstBioaerosols in Agriculture

Investigator: Tina Reponen, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, Ohio 45267Telephone: (513) 558–0571Keywords/Phrases: Field-compatible method,

protection, respirators, dust Purpose:To develop a new field-compatible method to measurethe protection respirators afford against dust in agricul-tural environments.Abstract:Agricultural workers are exposed to high concentrationsof airborne microorganisms and thus have an increasedrisk for developing respiratory diseases. Respirators,when properly selected and used, can decrease the expo-sures in agricultural environments. In this study, a newfield-compatible method will be developed to dynami-cally measure the protection provided by respiratorsagainst dust in agricultural environments. Anothermethod will be developed to determine the protectionprovided by respirators against fungal and actinomycetespores. The new methods will be evaluated first in thelaboratory under controlled conditions using four testaerosols: NaCl, PSL, and fungal and actinomycetespores. The laboratory tests will be conducted usingthree respiratory flow rates, three concentrations for testparticles, and three sampling probe locations. After that,the new methods will be tested in the field during differ-ent agricultural operations while farmers are using thenew N95 filtering-facepiece respirators. The field evalu-ation will be performed during different tasks: feedinganimals, seeding, and harvesting. Tests related to animalfeeding will be performed during two seasons—fall andwinter, when the concentrations in the animal confine-ments are expected to be most significantlydifferent. The field-testing will include both small- andlarge-scale farming operations. The design of the pro-posed laboratory and field experiments will include a

combination of traditional time-consuming microbiolog-ical methods and advanced dynamic and compactaerosol measurement techniques. This dual approachcombined with our extensive experience on respiratorand bioaerosol studies will allow us to collect a repre-sentative data bank in the shortest possible time. Theresults will include dynamic measurements of respirato-ry protection as a function of time and particle size. Thefield-testing will be conducted for different agriculturalactivities in different seasons. The data will provide thebasis for recommendations and, if desired, regulationsfor the respiratory protection of agricultural workersagainst organic dust. The methods developed and testedin this study are critically needed for further epidemio-logical and intervention studies in agricultural and otheroccupational environments.

Use of Digital Imagery to CharacterizeRock Masses

Investigator: John Kemeny, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Arizona

Tucson, ArizonaTelephone: (520) 621–4448Keywords/Phrases: Imaging techniques, open-pit

slopes, underground pillarsPurpose:To characterize the discontinuities associated with open-pit slopes and underground pillars.Abstract:Ground failures are a serious problem for the U.S. min-ing industry. Mine Safety and Health Administration sta-tistics for 1994–1998 show that 47% of mine fatalitiesand 16% of mine injuries in underground mines wereattributable to ground failures. In open-pit mines, statis-tics from 1995 through 2000 revealed that 33 workerswere killed in slope-failure-related accidents. This pro-posal addresses three types of ground failures associatedwith mining in the United States: (1) catch-bench failurein open-pit mines, (2) large-scale slope failure in open-pit mines, and (3) pillar failure in underground mines.The behavior of rock masses is dominated by rock dis-continuities. Rock discontinuities reduce the overall rockmass strength and also provide specific pathways forrock failure. Rock discontinuities are presently beingcharacterized with traditional methods, including scan-line surveying, cell mapping, and geologic mapping.These methods are time-consuming and hazardous onunstable slopes; and even under the best circumstances,only a small data set of discontinuity properties can beobtained. The proposal is to use state-of-the-art imagingtechnologies to characterize the discontinuities associat-ed with open-pit slopes and underground pillars. Two

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Extramural Projects

primary imaging technologies will be investigated. Thefirst is the use of still digital cameras along with image-processing software. The second is the use of high-reso-lution laser-scanning devices. Each of these two tech-nologies has advantages and disadvantages in differentcircumstances. The plan is to investigate these two tech-nologies and to determine how they can be used togeth-er to provide superior information over a wide range ofsurface and underground conditions. A 3-year project isproposed. The first year will focus on open-pit gold andcopper operations in Nevada and Arizona. The secondyear will focus on underground gold and stone opera-tions in Nevada and other western states. Studies in thefirst 2 years will include field studies, the processing offield data, and the automated input of these data into geo-mechanical models. In the third year, techniques will beinvestigated to automate the process of acquiring imageinformation in the field in both underground and open-pitapplications.

Integrated Stability Mapping System forMines

Investigator: Keith Heasley, Ph.D.Affiliation: West Virginia University

Morgantown, West VirginiaTelephone: (304) 293–7680Keywords/Phrases: Stability mapping system, ground

falls, miningPurpose:To reduce the injuries and fatalities associated withground falls in underground mines.Abstract:This research will develop a state-of-the-art stability map-ping system that tightly integrates geomechanical stressanalysis, geological mapping, and roof support design.The primary output of this project will be a user-friendlysoftware program that takes the site-specific mining plan,geology, and stability criteria as input and produces a mapof the mine showing the relative stability index of the dif-ferent mining areas and the recommended supportrequirements for those areas. The calculated stabilityindex in this program will include the appropriate geolog-ic influences at the mine along with the geo-mechanicalstress effects from overburden depth, pillar design, adja-cent seams, stream valleys, and other user-defined influ-ences. The roof support recommendations in the programwill be derived from present NIOSH research. The pro-posed software development will incorporate, modify, andenhance present software (AutoCad—drafting/mine map-ping, SurvCADD—geologic modeling, and LaModel—mine stress analysis) as much as possible to speed the

development and provide software that is already familiarto the mine design engineer.

Once the software is created, the program will be fieldtested and validated with field studies at several mines.Through this field-testing process, practical weightingfactors for the various inputs to the stability index andpractical support requirements can be developed and val-idated. Also, by working with producing mines, the prac-tical application of the developed software can be evalu-ated and enhanced with input from practicing minedesign professionals. Ultimately, the final stability map-ping system will be transferred to the mining industrythrough publications, workshops, and other presentationsas appropriate.

Control Measures for Silica Exposuresfor Tuckpointing

Investigator: William Heitbrink, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Iowa

Iowa City, IowaTelephone: (319) 335–4213Keywords/Phrases: Evaluation, vacuum cleaners,

exhaust ventilation, dust collectionPurpose:To test the effectiveness of wet-dry vacuum cleaners.Abstract:During exterior building renovation, deteriorated mortaris removed with a grinder to a depth of 1 to 2 cm andreplaced with new mortar in a process termed "tuck-pointing." Typically, the grinders used in tuckpointingare 10 cm in diameter with a rotational speed of 10,000to 12,000 rpm. During mortar removal, worker expo-sures to reparable crystalline silica are as much as 5mg/m3, a level 100 times the NIOSH recommendedexposure limit (REL) and approximately 50 times theOSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL). Because ofthese excessive exposures to respirable crystalline silica,workers are at risk for developing silicosis. Dust controlis achieved by partially enclosing the grinding wheelwith a ventilated shroud. To exhaust air from the shroud,a vacuum cleaner can be used, functioning as an airmover and particulate collection device. Recently, vacu-um cleaner bags and filters have become commerciallyavailable for wet-dry vacuum cleaners. If these bags andfilters are shown to efficiently collect respirable dust,wet-dry vacuum cleaners may be a useful control optionfor dust control during mortar removal. They could alsomeet the size and weight requirements for equipment tobe used on scaffolding that may be only 0.8 m wide, aswell as providing a cost-effective option in a competi-tive, cost-conscious industry. Using laboratory and field

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Extramural Projects

evaluations, the proposed work will test the capability ofwet-dry vacuum cleaners to provide the needed exhaustventilation and dust collection. In the laboratory phase ofthe study, the particulate collection efficiency of wet-dryvacuum cleaner filter bags will be studied. For the vacu-um cleaners to maintain exhaust flow rates necessary tocapture the dust, the filter bags must efficiently collectenough dust to keep the final filters from becomingclogged. The relationship between pressure loss andexhaust flow rate will also be studied to characterize theability of the vacuum cleaners to move air. Laboratorystudies have shown that an exhaust rate of 2.2 m3/min(80 cubic feet per minute [cfm]) is needed for optimalcontrol of the dust. The field phase of this project willfocus on the overall dust exposure implications of usingfour wet-dry vacuum cleaners and one vacuum cleanerwith reverse-pulsing filters that discharge the dust into acollection bag.

SBIR On-Board Diagnostic Sensor forRespirator Breakthrough

Investigator: Debra Deininger, B.S.Affiliation: Nanomaterials Research Corporation

Longmont, CaliforniaTelephone: (720) 494–8401Keywords/Phrases: Sensor, breakthrough, respirator

cartridgesPurpose:To further develop a sensor that could be used to detectbreakthrough in respirator cartridges.Abstract:The investigators propose to develop an extremely sensi-tive, low-temperature, low-cost, and miniaturizedchemiresistive detector that can be mounted inside a res-pirator to warn users when toxic organic vapors are pres-ent inside the respirator. The sensor will alert the wearerwhen the respirator's filter cartridge has been consumed,when the respirator doesn't fit properly, or when the res-pirator has been compromised for any reason. Currentmethods of predicting filter breakthrough are inexact andinefficient. An active end of service life indicator wouldprovide a significant advance in worker safety.

The investigators demonstrated during Phase I that it isfeasible to use novel materials selection (including poly-mers and nanoscale ceramic powders) to overcome pres-ent limitations of solid state sensor technology, includinghigh operating temperature (300–400 ºC), significantpower consumption (a result of the high operating tem-perature), poor reproducibility from one sensor to thenext, and a lack of stability over time. The developmentof new and unique polymer and ceramic composite sen-

sors has resulted in a stable, reproducible sensor that isresponsive to a wide range of toxic volatile organic com-pounds at temperatures well below current state of the art.During the Phase II, these results will be extended tomany more classes of organic compounds, and low-costpackaging and electronic circuitry to power the sensorwill be developed. The resulting sensor will be marketedto respirator manufacturers for integration into their prod-ucts. Preliminary work has already attracted the attentionof a major respirator manufacturer who will provideexpertise on regulatory and packaging issues associatedwith integrating this technology into a respirator.

A Device Eliminating Electrocutions byMobile Cranes

Investigator: Satish Mohan, Ph.D.Affiliation: Technological Systems Research,

Design and EducationWilliamsville, New York

Telephone: (716) 689–4025Keywords/Phrases: Construction, control technology,

fatalitiesPurpose:To develop and field-test an electronic sensor system thatwill detect the voltage intensity and the distance of over-head high-voltage power lines from mobile cranes.Abstract:The sensor system being developed will alarm the craneoperator when the crane boom is too close to a powerline. If the boom is dangerously close, the system willtrigger a loud alarm and a flashing light to warn the craneoperator and those working near the crane. A number ofsensors attached to the crane boom will be connected bya powered sensor bus and a microprocessor in the opera-tor's cabin. A smaller system using similar design willalso be developed for conductive scaffolds, aerial man-lifts, boom trucks, and other self-propelled machinerythat make physical contact to a power line. At least 50%of the crane manufacturers and rental companies areexpected to install this system on their cranes, savingmillions of dollars per year, 85 lives, 100 permanent totaldisabilities, and 993 severe injuries. The system will befield tested. Several crane manufacturers and rental com-panies will be approached later for testing the system onconstruction sites. Two companies will work in consor-tium to develop the proposed system.

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Extramural Projects

Hearing Protector Allowing AcousticCommunication

Investigator: Patrick Zurek, Ph.D.Affiliation: Sensimetrics Corporation

Somerville, MassachusettsTelephone: (617) 625–0600Keywords/Phrases: Hearing, noisePurpose:To develop an advanced prototype of a hearing protectorthat combines maximum attenuation of ambient soundswith signal processing that extracts the most importantcomponents of the source field for controlled presenta-tion to the user.Abstract:By processing the signal from a microphone arraymounted on the headband of a hearing protector, thisadvanced hearing protector device will enhance desiredsignals from a specified “look” direction relative to sig-nals from other directions, allowing face-to-face acousticcommunication in many high-noise environments whereit would be impossible otherwise. In addition, the signalprocessing allows the preservation of sound localizationability. Work in Phase I developed implementations ofarray-processing algorithms on a portable processor andevaluations of their impact on listeners’ sound localiza-tion and speech reception performance. The goal ofPhase II, a fully-specified prototype device ready formanufacturing, will be achieved through work in (1)development of algorithms for directional gating andautomatic spectral shaping, (2) development of the capa-bility to deliver acoustic stimuli to ear canals with com-bined hearing protection from muffs and insert plugs, (3)active noise reduction in the combined-protection modefor maximum sound reduction, and (4) electronic andmechanical design to allow the microphones and circuit-ry to be mounted entirely on the headband of a muff-style hearing protector.

Field Studies with Innovative SafeExcavation Technologies

Investigator: Leonard Bernold, Ph.D.Affiliation: North Carolina State University

Raleigh, North CarolinaTelephone: (919) 515–3677Keywords/Phrases: Confined space, traumatic injuriesPurpose:To evaluate new excavation technologies for reducinghazards that promise to radically reduce several hazardsrelated to backhoe excavation in construction.

Abstract:This research will (1) extend the capabilities of the exca-vator-mounted buried utility detection system (EM-BUDS) (which is presently capable of locating metallicpipes and power lines) so that it can locate plastic andconcrete pipe; (2) address the questions raised with thepipe manipulator (PIPEMAN) about remotely setting thebedding; (3) design and fabricate a smaller version ofPIPEMAN (PIPEMAN, Jr.) that can lay smaller pipessuch as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and steel pipes andinvestigate the issues of jointing the pipes that haverequirements that are different from concrete pipes; (4)integrate the expanded EM-BUDS and PIPEMAN, Jr.;(5) improve the human-machine interfaces of the EM-BUDS, PIPEMAN, and PIPEMAN, Jr.; (6) demonstratethe technologies at field sites; and (7) disseminate infor-mation through journal articles, conference papers, andWeb sites.

Exposure Assessment MethodsDevelopment

Electrostatic Sampling of AirborneMicroorganisms

Investigator: Klaus Willeke, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OhioTelephone: (513) 558–0506Keywords/Phrases: Sampler, microorganismsPurpose:To determine if the electrostatic sampler is capable ofretaining airborne microorganisms through laboratoryand field testing.Abstract:Each year, millions of respiratory allergies and infectionsare caused by airborne microorganisms present in agri-cultural, industrial, and indoor environments. The expo-sure concentrations indicated by bioaerosol samplersdepend on the instrument used and the sensitivity of themicroorganisms. In an effort to collect such microorgan-isms more gently, at low power, and at minimal pressuredrop, an electrostatic sampling technique has been devel-oped and evaluated in the laboratory. As a major part ofthis development, an electrostatic particle-size classifierand a microorganism dispersion device with optionalinduction charging were developed to study the electriccharges on airborne microorganisms. It has been experi-mentally proved that laboratory-dispersed indoor air bac-

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Extramural Projects

teria such as Pseudomonas fluorescens have a net nega-tive charge. Some of the bacteria were found to carry sev-eral thousand negative or positive charges. In contrast,particles of nonbiological origin were found to carry veryfew positive or negative charges. This finding suggeststhat the electrostatic sampler will be capable of retainingairborne microorganisms by its electrostatic collectingfield without first charging the microorganisms in theinlet section, thus reducing the complexity and powerconsumption for sampling in occupational environments.This will be evaluated in the laboratory with commonbacteria and fungal spores and in the field through sam-pling of (1) microorganisms present in indoor air envi-ronments, (2) liquid-borne microorganisms in metal-working fluid environments, and (3) high concentrationsof airborne microorganisms in agricultural environments.The new method will be used in occupational environ-ments where airborne microorganisms are naturally pres-ent or are released by industrial processes.

Pesticide Dose Monitoring in TurfApplicators

Investigator: Shelley Harris, Ph.D.Affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University

Richmond, VirginiaTelephone: (804) 828–1582Keywords/Phrases: Statistical model, pesticides,

identification of health risksPurpose:To use a prospective cohort study to investigate anddevelop a statistical model for the exposure of turf appli-cators to pesticides.Abstract:One of the greatest barriers to obtaining useful results inepidemiologic studies is the lack of adequate exposuredata. The broad, long-term objective of the proposedproject is to improve the assessment of pesticide expo-sures in epidemiologic studies to permit the identifica-tion of health risks (such as cancer) that would not oth-erwise be found using traditional methods of exposureassessment. This study has been designed to evaluatetotal body dose of the commonly used pesticides MCPA,mecoprop, dicamba, cyfluthrin and imidacloprid byusing biological urine monitoring in professional turfapplicators. Previously developed dose prediction mod-els will be validated (mecoprop, dicamba) and adjusted ifnecessary to improve dose prediction. The importantexposure variables or predictor variables that will effec-tively predict total body dose in applicators without theuse of biological samples will be evaluated, and thisinformation will be used to determine exposure reduc-tion strategies. Before the initiation of a full-scale field

study, a comprehensive evaluation of the urinary excre-tion of MCPA, cyfluthrin, and imidacloprid will be con-ducted on a group of 10 workers. In the second year ofthe study, a sample of 100 workers employed by a lawncare company will be selected from approximately fivedifferent franchises, and information concerning the usepatterns of pesticides for each employee will beobtained. The total amount of each pesticide excreted inthe urine will be measured for two consecutive 24-hourperiods following a minimum of 3 workdays. Thisprocess will be repeated three times: a spring evaluationof herbicide exposure, a summer evaluation of insecti-cide exposure, and a fall evaluation of herbicide expo-sure. During each sampling period, information will beobtained from each applicator on spraying practices,hygiene practices, and other variables that may affecttheir daily exposure to herbicides. Current pesticide usereported by the applicators will be compared with actualuse data obtained from employer records. A previouslydeveloped quantitative exposure prediction model that isbased on use records and other predictor variables will bevalidated; and based on the newly collected data, newmodels will be developed to better predict pesticideexposures if deemed necessary. Recommendations toreduce exposure to these pesticides are based on ques-tionnaire and modeling data. They will be developed andprovided to the participating company and subjects. Inthe short term, this type of research can be used to reducepesticide exposures by identifying cost-effective controlsin both occupational and environmental settings. In thelong term, this research may help reduce both acute andchronic health risks.

Inhalation Dosimetry/Exposure Index ofFiber Aerosol in Human RespiratoryTract

Investigator: Yung-Sung-Cheng, Ph.D.Affiliation: Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental

Research InstituteAlbuquerque, New Mexico

Telephone: (505) 845–1034Keywords/Phrases: Inhalation dosimetry, fiber aerosol,

human respiratory diseasePurpose:To generate information about the dosimetry of inhaledfibers in the human respiratory tract. Abstract:Exposures to airborne asbestos and manmade vitreousfibers (MMVFs) increase the incidence of lung cancer,asbestosis, and mesothelioma. Fibers that are deposited inthe bronchial and alveolar regions and subsequently

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Extramural Projects

translocate to the parenchyma are thought to be responsi-ble for the development of these diseases.Physicochemical properties of fibers, including length,diameter, and durability in the lung, are major factors inthe etiology of these lung diseases. Because inhalation isthe main route of exposure, the deposition pattern in therespiratory tract as a function of fiber dimensions is newinformation critical to understanding respiratory dosime-try and defining the index of exposure for health protec-tion purposes. Controlled studies of fiber deposition inhuman volunteers are not available because of ethicalconcerns; however, total and regional depositions ofinhaled fibers have been estimated from postmortemmeasurement, mathematical modeling, and animal toxic-ity studies. Increasingly, mathematical deposition modelshave been used to assess the dosimetry of inhaledMMVFs; however, current lung dosimetric models forfibers in the human respiratory tract are based on theoret-ical equations that have not been verified with experi-mental data. This proposal has three objectives: (1) todevelop experimental information about the deposition offibrous aerosols as a function of fiber diameter and lengthin realistic human respiratory tract replicas; (2) to verifyand improve the prediction of fiber dose estimate inhuman lungs using both empirical data as well as a com-putational fluid dynamic technique; and (3) to define asize-selective exposure index based on fiber penetrationdata. Because lung diseases caused by inhaled fibersoccur in the bronchial, alveolar, and parachymal regions,a thoracic fraction defined as the fraction of particles pen-etrating the larynx and reaching the lung must be estab-lished and will be defined from experimental dataobtained in this study. This research will generate essen-tial information about the dosimetry of inhaled fibers inthe human lung, data for an improved mathematical lungdeposition model, and a definition of the thoracic fractionof fibers for exposure assessment. Sampling devicesbased on this size-selection definition can be developed inthe future for improved assessment of worker exposure.

Novel and Noninvasive Method of DermalSampling for Exposure Assessment

Investigator: Samir Mitragotri, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of California

Santa Barbara, CaliforniaTelephone: (805) 893–7532Keywords/Phrases: Exposure assessment, skin, toxic

chemicalsPurpose:To develop a new method for exposure assessment oftoxic chemicals in the skin.

Abstract:The overall objective of the proposed studies is to devel-op a novel method of collecting contaminants from theskin to assess cutaneous exposure to hazardous materi-als. This method uses low-frequency ultrasound in com-bination with surfactants to extract contaminants fromthe superficial and deeper layers of skin in a controlledmanner. Contaminants extracted in this way will beassessed using analytical methods to assess the exposureof the individual to hazardous substances.

Because of its large size, skin offers one of the most vul-nerable organs for exposure to contaminants. One of themajor issues in assessing skin exposure is the lack ofmethods to collect samples in a controlled way.Accordingly, better methods of meaningful sample col-lection are desired. In the proposed studies, the investi-gators plan to address this challenge. They hypothesizethat a short application of low-frequency ultrasoundalong with surfactants can be used to extract contami-nants from a fixed area of skin painlessly and noninva-sively. The extracted sample can then be analyzed toassess dermal exposure to contaminants. The specificobjectives of the proposed studies are as follows: (1)assess the composition of the ultrasonically collectedsample, (2) assess the mechanisms of the ultrasonic sam-ple collection, and (3) assess the safety issues of ultra-sound application.

Improved Methods for Dermal ExposureEstimation

Contact: Gerald Kasting, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OhioTelephone: (513) 558–1817Keywords/Phrases: Model, percutaneous penetration,

tissue concentrations, clearancePurpose:To develop a mathematical model that closely resemblesdermal exposure in human skin in vivo.Abstract:The investigators propose to develop a sophisticated yetaccessible mathematical model that closely mimics percu-taneous penetration, tissue concentrations, and clearance inhuman skin in vivo. This development will significantlyadvance the mechanistic understanding of allergic and irri-tant dermatitis and the mechanics of dermal exposureassessment. This objective will be accomplished throughthe construction and experimental verification of physio-logical and physical properties-based models for percuta-neous absorption incorporating features not found in themathematical models presently used to estimate dermal

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Extramural Projects

exposure. Successful completion of the aims of the propos-al will lead to the following: (1) an experimentally verified,microscopic model of transport in human stratum corneumand skin appendages (hair follicles, sweat glands); (2) a der-mal vascular model that allows accurate predictions of per-meant concentrations and clearance in the viable skin lay-ers; (3) a transient diffusion model for calculating dermalabsorption subsequent to low-to-moderate exposures topotentially volatile compounds; (4) a skin hydration modelfor linking the above with steady-state permeability modelspresently in use; and (5) an easy-to-use spreadsheet for der-mal exposure calculations incorporating the most importantfeatures from the investigation. The research methodsinclude modeling transport in heterogeneous structures andadvanced graphical representation of these results. Detailedexamination of stratum corneum ultra structure and micro-transport properties will involve laser scanning confocalmicroscopy, fluorescence photobleaching, and other lightmicroscopic techniques. Determination of diffusivities andpartition coefficients of selected permeants in stratumcorneum, epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis and the roleof protein binding on these values will be assessed.

Predicting Relative Workload DuringPhysically Demanding Work

Investigator: Tariq Abdelhamid, Ph.D.Affiliation: Michigan State University

East Lansing, MichiganTelephone: (517) 432–6188Keywords/Phrases: Model, metabolic demands,

workloadPurpose:To develop a model for assessing the relative metabolicdemands of work without the need to directly measuremaximum aerobic capacity.Abstract:Many work physiologists recommend expressing meas-ured oxygen uptake as a percentage of maximum oxygenuptake (V02max), commonly known as relative work-load, since it provides a subject-specific workload. Inaddition to accounting for individual differences in phys-iological capacities among workers, relative workloadalso enables more accurate assessment of potentials ofphysical fatigue.

Once a subject's V02max is known, the determination ofrelative workload is arithmetically simple. DeterminingV02max is accomplished through the use of direct(exact) measurement or prediction techniques. Exactmeasurement of V02max is impractical for appliedresearch because of its intensive and intricate laboratoryprocedures as well as the risks it poses for unfit subjects.

Prediction techniques offer an attractive alternative withnumerous linear and nonlinear regression techniquesavailable. The aim of this research is to develop a practi-cal and direct method to predict relative workload fromin situ collected submaximal oxygen uptake data withoutthe need to determine maximum oxygen uptake. Themethod is developed by modeling the human cellular uti-lization system as a stochastic system. The method isbased on the hypothesis that oxygen uptake data are seri-ally dependent and that, by exploiting this dependenceusing time series analysis techniques, a regression modelbetween relative workload and a statistical characteristicof collected oxygen uptake data can be developed. Ifsuccessful, the technique proposed in this project willimprove our understanding of the physical demands ontoday's workforce doing today's work. This techniquewill have widespread application in identifying exces-sively demanding tasks and matching these tasks to theabilities of subjects.

Validation of Biomarkers in HumansExposed to PAHs

Investigator: Qingshan Qu, M.D.Affiliation: New York University

Tuxedo, New YorkTelephone: (845) 731–3567Keywords/Phrases: Validate biomarkers, polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons, risk assessmentPurpose:To validate biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons (PAHs) for use in risk assessment of humansexposed to PAHs at low ambient concentrations.Abstract:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are wide-spread environmental contaminants due to significantcontributions from incomplete combustion of fossil fuelsand other organic materials. Exposure to PAHs has beenassociated with lung and skin cancer in occupational set-tings, and a potential for increased risk of cancer inhumans exposed to PAHs at low ambient concentrationsis now becoming a major public concern. To address thisproblem, a variety of biomarkers have been developed toindex the exposure concentrations or biological effects ofPAHs. However, the validity of their applications in riskassessment of PAHs at low concentrations is uncertain.This proposed study will mainly focus on validatingthese biomarkers in a Chinese population with broadranges of exposure to PAHs. The biomarkers to be vali-dated include urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, DNA and pro-tein (hemoglobin and albumin) adducts, and p53 protein.In addition, the polymorphisms of genes, includingCYP1A1, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH),

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Extramural Projects

GSTM1, and p53 genes will be identified to assess gene-environment interactions. For this purpose, the investi-gators will conduct a study with five projects included.The aims of this study are to (1) determine whether thesecandidate markers can at least reliably detect differencesbetween workers with relatively high levels of exposureand unexposed subjects; (2) examine the reproducibilityof these biomarkers and assess their inter- and intra-indi-vidual variability; (3) estimate the effective half-lives ofthe exposure markers and evaluate whether they relate tothe most current exposure or to integrated exposures overa period of time; (4) determine whether these markerscan be reliably used to differentiate between unexposedsubjects and exposed subjects at low ambient concentra-tions and to characterize their exposure-response rela-tionships; (5) investigate the specificity of these bio-markers and identify possible effects of general con-founding factors such as smoking, diet, age, and gender,on the concentrations of these markers; and (6) evaluatehow gene polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTM1, mEH,and p53 interact with PAH exposure in relation to theconcentrations of all candidate biomarkers. The ultimategoal of this study is to determine whether or not thesebiomarkers can be useful as markers for risk assessmentin humans exposed to PAHs at low ambient concentra-tions in future large-scale epidemiological studies.

Biological Monitoring of Wood SmokeExposure

Investigator: Christopher Simpson, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Washington

Seattle, WashingtonTelephone: (206) 543–3222Keywords/Phrases: Biological markers, wood smoke,

workersPurpose:To develop biological markers of human exposure towood smoke. Abstract:A validated biomarker of wood smoke exposure willfacilitate exposure assessment for studies investigatingadverse effects of wood smoke exposure in humans andcould be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interven-tions to reduce wood smoke exposure in domestic andoccupational settings. Exposure of humans to high levelsof wood smoke is associated with adverse health effectsincluding asthma, respiratory disease, and cardiovasculardisease. In the United States alone, more than 100,000people annually are exposed to elevated wood smokelevels from wildfires, prescribed burns, and agriculturalfield burning. In addition, each year 70,000 to 80,000people involved in wildland fire fighting receive sub-

stantial occupational exposure to wood smoke.Investigating the relationship between wood smokeexposure and adverse health effects is hindered by inad-equate methods of exposure assessment, which lead toexposure misclassification. Also, the setting of commu-nity-impact-driven guidelines for managed fires suffersfrom a lack of exposure-response data.

The primary objective of this proposal is to develop bio-logical markers of human exposure to wood smoke.Preliminary work has shown that concentrations of anumber of substituted methoxylated phenolic com-pounds are increased in urine following wood smokeexposure. The investigators hypothesize that the dose-dependent increase in urinary methoxyphenols afteringestion or inhalation of wood smoke combustion prod-ucts can be related quantitatively to environmental woodsmoke and thereby provide a biomarker basis for assess-ing wood smoke exposure in occupationally and envi-ronmentally exposed populations.

To test this hypothesis, the investigators plan to conducthuman exposures to wood smoke from an open fire.Exposures will be characterized using time-integratedpersonal sampling and area monitors. The followingparameters will be measured: particle mass, particle-associated methoxyphenols, and vapor-phasemethoxyphenols. In addition, time-resolved exposureswill be assessed using data logging nephelometers atfixed locations and personal nephelometers. Urinarymethoxyphenols will be determined before and afterwood smoke exposure by using gas chromato-graphy/mass spectrometry. In addition, the investigatorsplan to measure methoxyphenol levels in urine samplescollected from wildfire fighters. These workers have ele-vated occupational exposure to wood smoke. A validatedbiomarker of woodsmoke exposure will facilitate expo-sure assessment for studies investigating adverse effectsof wood smoke exposure in humans and could be used toevaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reducewood smoke exposure in domestic and occupational set-tings.

Real-Time In Situ Aerosol Monitoring inMine Atmospheres

Investigator: Marc Baum, Ph.D.Affiliation: Oak Crest Institute of Science

Pasadena, CaliforniaTelephone: (626) 817–0883Keywords/Phrases: Instrument, aerosol monitoring,

mines

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Extramural Projects

Purpose:To test new instrumentation to look at near real-timeaerosol concentration measurements.Abstract:Exposure to aerosol and certain chemicals can constitutean occupational health hazard in the mining and mineral-processing industries. The pneumoconioses, also knownas the mineral dust diseases, have been associated with aminer's cumulative exposure to mine aerosol in the res-pirable range. They comprise a wide spectrum of condi-tions, ranging from diseases characterized by diffuse col-lagenous pulmonary reactions to relatively small lungburdens of bioactive dusts (e.g., silicosis, asbestosis) todiseases characterized by largely non-collagenous reac-tions to heavy lung dust burdens (e.g., coal workers'pneumoconiosis). The primary goal of the proposedresearch is to develop and field-test an in situ, real-time,continuous monitor of particulate matter and keygaseous chemicals present in mine atmospheres. Thisnovel instrument will employ an array of complementa-ry spectroscopic techniques to noninvasively probe anadjacent air column for aerosols and gases that representan occupational hazard to miners. Optical signals fromthe sensor will be interpreted automatically to yield bulkchemical, size (for aerosols), and concentration informa-tion about these toxic materials. Specifically, the sensorwill be designed to characterize mineral (silica andasbestos) and diesel exhaust (soot) particulate matter aswell as measure gas-phase pollutants such as methane,hydrogen, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Long-term objectives include the development of new compli-ance measurement techniques that can also be used tostudy the fundamental properties of mine aerosol. Theproposed field studies are expected to contribute to theunderstanding of the dynamics of hazardous materials inmine atmospheres. The instrument will be developed,evaluated, refined, and tested in the laboratory, followedby extensive field evaluations and measurements, includ-ing (1) comparison studies with traditional methodsusing the University of Minnesota variable residencetime micro-dilution system for measurements of dieselexhaust under controlled conditions, and (2) measure-ments in a mine environment alongside traditional sam-pling technology.

Real-Time, In-Use PM Measurement fromDiesel Engine

Investigator: Mridul Gautam, Ph.D.Affiliation: West Virginia University

Morgantown, West VirginiaTelephone: (304) 293–3111

Keywords/Phrases: Particulate matter, diesel engine,mines

Purpose:To measure and control respirable particulate matter pro-duced by diesel engine equipment used in the mines.Abstract:The global objective of the proposed study is to accu-rately measure and control the genotoxic respirable par-ticulate matter produced by diesel-engine-powered min-ing equipment. This study is aimed at highlighting dif-ferences between the engine out particulate matter emis-sions measured in a laboratory in accordance with thenew Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)regulations and the actual "real-world" particulate matterexhaust emissions emitted by mining engines operatingover normal duty cycles in mine atmospheres. This studyproposes to employ a portable real-time particulate mat-ter mass monitor to quantify the genotoxic exposures bymeasuring diesel particulate matter (DPM) emissionsfrom tailpipes of mining engines. It is proposed that anintegrated approach be adopted that will involve a criti-cal assessment of DPM exhaust emissions measured inthe laboratory as well as direct on-board DPM emissionsmeasured from engines operating in the mines. Theinability of the adequate on-board particulate mattermeasurement technology that could consistently andaccurately measure DPM in underground mines resultedin MSHA’s requiring only in-laboratory enginetests. Very recent developments in particulate mattermass measurement systems may now enable in-field par-ticulate matter exhaust emission measurements fromdiesel engines. This would provide researchers with theability to evaluate the real-world contribution of particu-late matter from diesel engines operating in the closeconfines common to mining environments. Moreover,this technology would provide a means of verifying in-use performance of proposed emission-curtailing devicesand identifying emission control system failures in thefield. The proposing team's experience has highlightedthe imperative need to measure in-mine diesel particulatematter exposures, since prior work for the West VirginiaDiesel Commission had shown that engines and exhaustafter treatment systems that have passed certificationtests in the laboratory may malfunction in the field, andhave emission levels significantly greater than the certi-fication standards. Such technology is imperative toaccurately assess in-mine diesel particulate matter expo-sures so that the mining industry can effectively safe-guard the health and safety of miners while enhancingthe productivity and efficiency of mining operations.

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Extramural Projects

Statistical Problems in OccupationalSafety and Health

Investigator: Thomas Mathew, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Maryland

Baltimore, MarylandTelephone: (410) 455–2418Keywords/Phrases: Exposure assessment, method

development, statisticsPurpose:To develop a comprehensive set of statistical proceduresfor analyzing data on workplace exposure to contaminants.Abstract:For this research, the statistical problems to be investi-gated include calibration problems, detection limits, andtolerance limits. These problems will be studied in thecontext of models that include random effects, multivari-ate models, and some alternative models that betterdescribe low workplace exposures (compared with linearregression models). The proposed research work forthese models is motivated by two considerations: (1) typ-ical exposure data cannot be treated as a simple randomsample from a homogeneous population and linearregression models are very often inadequate (especiallyat very low concentrations of the contaminant), and (2)in the context of the suggested models, very little workhas been done on the issues of calibrations, detectionlimits and tolerance limits. Results applicable to finitesamples are mostly lacking. This calls for a thorough andcomprehensive investigation of the above issues in thecontext of the suggested models. The development ofresults for finite samples will be a major goal. Theresearch based on the suggested models is expected toresult in methodology that is better suited and more accu-rate for exposure monitoring in a wide variety of work-place environments.

Making Heat Stress AssessmentRelevant Again

Investigator: Thomas Bernard, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of South Florida

Tampa, FloridaTelephone: (813) 974–6629Keywords/Phrases: Exposure assessment, heat stressPurpose:To update present assessment techniques for heat stressto reflect contemporary occupational heat exposures.Abstract:Heat stress in the workplace can cause death or seriousharm, routinely causes workers to experience a range ofheat-related disorders, and is implicated as the contribut-

ing cause to injuries and accidents. Heat stress has beenpart of many industrial processes from the time theprocess was created, and it affects people at work andplay. Because it is so common, heat stress is frequentlydiscounted as an important hazard. The exposure assess-ment method developed in the early 1970s uses an indexof the environment called the wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT), with a threshold value that decreases withincreasing metabolic rate. The threshold curve establish-es a sensitive measure for chronic, steady exposures toheat stress while wearing a cotton work shirt and pants.Short-term exposures and protective clothing greatlylimit the current WBGT method to the point that it isoften not applicable.

This research project will make the assessment processrelevant to contemporary occupational health exposures.This will be accomplished by providing (1) WBGTadjustments for different categories of clothing, (2)information about the heat exchange properties of theclothing for use in short-term evaluation schemes, and(3) an empirical exposure limit based on clothing andWBGT. In the first year, the WBGT adjustments and heatexchange characteristics will be established for fiveclothing ensembles by looking for a range of environ-ments in which subjects representing typical workers canmaintain their body core temperatures at a moderate rateof work. In the second year researchers will closelyexamine the contribution of light, moderate, and heavywork on the same factors for a representative set of cloth-ing. In the third year, the emphasis will be on high heatexposures that result in limited work times. This last yearwill be the test of the heat exchange model and thesource of data for the empirical exposure limits.

Numerical Modeling of Size-SpecificAerosol Concentration

Investigator: Michael Flynn, Sc.D.Affiliation: University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, North CarolinaTelephone: (919) 966–3473Keywords/Phrases: Aerosols, algorithmPurpose:To develop numerical algorithms for predicting the con-centration and size distribution of aerosols and to evalu-ate the major uncertainties in applying such a tool tooccupational health problems.Abstract:Solutions to current challenges (such as modeling humanexposure to inhalable and respirable particles, estimatingthe performance of size-selective aerosol samplers, andoptimizing the design of ventilation systems for particu-

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Extramural Projects

late control) are hindered by the lack of a comprehensivemathematical modeling methodology. Health effectssuch as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are relat-ed to both the toxicity of the material and the particlesize, as indicated in the size-selective sampling method-ology for particles outlined by the American Conferenceof Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a promisingapproach for these and other problems, but currentlythere is not a viable method for predicting aerosol con-centration fields and size distributions. There are alsomany sources of uncertainty in the use of CFD simula-tions, including the turbulence model selected, theboundary conditions imposed, and the conceptual modelof reality input to the computer code. This research will(1) provide a complimentary tool for use with CFD codesto predict aerosol concentration fields and size distribu-tions and (2) develop and apply a methodology to evalu-ate uncertainties inherent in the use of this tool for occu-pational and environmental exposure problems. Theaims are to (1) improve the existing computer algorithmto take output from computational fluid dynamics soft-ware and make predictions of size-specific aerosol con-centration fields, (2) develop parallel implementationson large-scale machines to investigate convergence ofthe algorithm, (3) assess important sources of uncertain-ty in the prediction of aerosol concentrations relevant tooccupational health problems, and (4) employ computa-tional visualization tools to enhance interpretation of theresults and to improve worker education.

Molecular Analysis of Mycobacteria inCutting Fluids

Investigator: Jagjit Yadav, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OhioTelephone: (513) 558–4806Keywords/Phrases: Mycobacteria, metalworking fluidsPurpose:To develop and apply practical DNA-based approachesfor real-time detection, quantitation, and identification ofmycobacteria in metalworking fluids.Abstract:Microbial contaminants, including nontuberculousmycobacteria (NTM) in metalworking fluids (MWF),have been implicated in occupational respiratory illness-es. The research goals are to develop and apply practicalDNA-based approaches for real-time detection, quantita-tion, and identification of mycobacteria in MWF forunderstanding the prevalent strains and their sources,growth, and survivability in commercial MWFs, includ-

ing those associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis.This project will (1) develop polymerase-chain-reaction-based protocols for real-time detection and quantitationof NTM in water-based MWF, (2) screen field samples ofdifferent commercial formulations of water-based MWFsfor NTM followed by strain-specific identification of theNTM isolates using molecular typing methods, (3) inves-tigate the sources and dynamics of growth and survival ofthe selected NTM strains in MWF in use in the identifiedindustrial operations, and (4) characterize strains of NTMin MWF samples associated with physician-diagnosedcases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

New Methods for Evaluation of OrganicDust Aerosols in Colorado

Investigator: Stephen Reynolds, Ph.D.Affiliation: Colorado State University

Fort Collins, ColoradoTelephone: (970) 491–3141Keywords/Phrases: Methods, organic dust, agriculturePurpose:To develop better methods of measuring organic dust inthe agricultural environment.Abstract:More than 700,000 men, women, and children working inlivestock production are at risk for occupational lung dis-ease from organic dust exposures. The goals of this proj-ect are to (1) evaluate a novel recombinant factor C endo-toxin assay using organic dusts from livestock environ-ments, (2) evaluate new methods for measuring inhalableparticulates, endotoxins, and glucans/ergosterols that canbe used to help establish occupational exposure guidelinesfor complex organic dusts in swine, poultry, dairy, equine,and sheep environments, and (3) evaluate and developcorrection factors for direct-reading aerosol instrumentsthat can be used by practitioners for interventions. Theperformance of inhalable samplers including the IOM,IOM with Multifoam discs, and Button Sampler, will becompared with traditional gravimetric methods in a labo-ratory wind tunnel and in the field. The utility and per-formance of these devices for measuring endotoxins andglucans/ergosterols will also be determined. Analysisusing both assay (LAL and monoclonal antibody) andchemical (mass spectrometry) methods will help elucidaterelationships between specific chemical components andpotency of these microbial products in the various organ-ic dust matrices, ultimately providing better tools for epi-demiologic studies and standard setting. In the same lab-oratory and field experiments, two direct-reading devices,the DataRAM and HAM, will be compared with thegravimetric methods, and their performance will be char-

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Extramural Projects

acterized in response to particle size distributions deter-mined using a Grimm. Suitability for practical applica-tions in these environments will also be determined. Aunique aspect of this study is the evaluation of samplerperformance when influenced by wind, validating thework performed at Iowa under quiescent conditions.

Comparison of Concentrations atPersonal Exposure Sampling Location

Investigator: Steven Guffey, Ph.D.Affiliation: West Virginia University

Morgantown, West VirginiaTelephone: (304) 293–4607Keywords/Phrases: Sampling methods, industrial

hygienePurpose:To compare tracer gas and vapor concentrations taken atdifferent sites during highly challenging conditions.Abstract:Industrial hygienists estimate inhaled concentrations ofairborne contaminants using “personal” samples, whichare almost always taken at the lapel of the sampled sub-ject (i.e., a worker). Despite the importance of theassumption that lapel samples are representative ofinhaled concentrations, it has not been convincinglydemonstrated by published research, and significantdoubts remain that concentrations at the lapel are alwaysrepresentative of inhaled exposures. It is quite plausiblethat lapel samples are unrepresentative of inhaled con-centrations for some exposure conditions and that lapelsamples bias results differently for different work envi-ronments. Given the complexity of the fluid flows nearthe body and the high variability of conditions in theworkplace, modeling the relationship between lapel andinhaled concentrations for all exposure conditions ispracticable only with computational fluid dynamics(CFD). However, with CFD and verification with exper-imental data, it should be possible to find the effects ofimportant variables on (1) the levels of inhaled concen-trations and (2) the errors associated with use of a surro-gate sampling site instead of inhaled concentrations. It isreasonable to suspect that one or more adequate surro-gate sites for inhaled concentrations can be found amongthe lapel, neck, sternoclavicular region, cheek, or fore-head. Humans and mannequins in a wind tunnel will besampled under various conditions of cross-draft velocity,cross-draft orientation, and source location to find theconditions that produce the greatest deviations betweeninhaled samples and surrogates. The experiments willalso explore the effects of breathing on sampling error atthe sampling sites. In addition, the scope of the findingswill be extended by use of CFD modeling. Finally, the

study will allow evaluation of the efficacy of modelinghuman exposures using mannequins and CFD.

Investigating Principles of WorkroomExposure

Investigator: Charles Feigley, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of South Carolina Foundation

Columbia, South CarolinaTelephone: (803) 777–6360Keywords/Phrases: Chemical hazards, workers,

exposure assessmentPurpose:To develop more reliable exposure assessment methodsby investigating how physical factors in a workroomgovern worker exposure and its variation.Abstract:Assessing exposures of workers to chemical hazards isan essential element of occupational epidemiology andindustrial hygiene. Exposure assessment, however, isoften the weakest link in research on the relationshipbetween chemical exposure and occupational disease.Thus development of a more reliable basis for workerexposure assessment methods is a critical need. Thephysical factors of concern include work area airflowcharacteristics, work area physical configuration, sourcecharacteristics, and worker activities. The research will(1) determine the effect of worker presence on the work-room concentration fields and velocities, (2) determinethe effects of worker presence and activities on workerpersonal exposure, (3) develop a deterministic model forexposure assessment that accounts for the fundamentalphysical determinants of workroom exposure, and (4)evaluate the use of this model in several workrooms. Anexperimental workroom will be built, allowing control ofdilution airflow rate and tracer gas emission, and simula-tion of realistic workroom thermal characteristics.Experiments will be performed to characterize work-room concentration and velocity for different air inlets,thermal conditions, and airflow rates. Then experimentsunder the same environmental conditions will be per-formed with a person present to represent a worker. The"worker's" impact on the room velocity and tracer con-centration will be determined. To provide additionalinsight into the phenomena observed, some experimentalconditions will be simulated using computational fluiddynamics. A deterministic model relating exposure toroom configuration, airflow, thermal boundary condi-tions, and contaminant source characteristics will bedeveloped and implemented as an interactive computerprogram. Then the model will be tested and refined byapplication in several industrial workrooms.

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Extramural Projects

Fertility and PregnancyAbnormalities

Endocrine Disruptors andNeurodevelopmental Outcome

Investigator: Brenda Eskenazi, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of California, Berkeley

Berkeley, CaliforniaTelephone: (510) 642–3496Keywords/Phrases: Pesticides, neurological disorders,

reproductive hazardsPurpose:To determine whether in utero exposure to endocrine-disrupting (ED) pesticides, such as nonpersistent EDpesticides and organochlorine pesticides, is associatedwith adverse effects on the neurobehavioral developmentof children. Abstract:Agricultural pesticide use may be the most significantsource of environmental endocrine disruptor exposure inthe United States. California, the leading agriculturalState in the Nation, is the only State that requires report-ing of all agricultural pesticide use. The pesticide usereporting data indicate that more than 600,000 lb of EDpesticides are used annually in the Salinas Valley alone.On the basis of animal and human evidence, prenatalexposure to other endocrine disruptors such as polychlo-rinated biphenyls may result in neurodevelopmentaleffects, and these outcomes may be one of the most sen-sitive indicators of toxicity. Although animal studies sug-gest that ED pesticides could affect neurodevelopment,no studies to date have examined these effects in humans.

This research proposes to examine this relationship inapproximately 550 children from predominantly low-income Latino farm worker families living in the SalinasValley of Monterey County, California. These children,whose mothers were enrolled during pregnancy, are par-ticipants of CHAMACOS, a study of the Center forChildren’s Environmental Health Research, which isfunded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA. This studyaims to investigate exposure to organophosphate pesti-cides and potential health effects in children. The inves-tigators will measure biomarkers of exposure to (1) 14organochlorine pesticides in archived CHAMACOSserum samples collected at 26 weeks of gestational ageand (2) 16 nonpersistent ED pesticides or their metabo-lites in archived maternal urine samples collected at 13and 26 weeks of gestational age.

The investigators will investigate the association of thesebiomarkers with neurodevelopment of newborns and 6-,12-, and 24-month-old children. Mothers will be inter-viewed prenatally and postnatally about their sociode-mographic characteristics, habits, housing, exposure,work, and medical history. Geographic coordinates ofresidences are determined in home visits and will belinked to the pesticide use reporting data. This study willprovide the first data on exposure and health effects ofED pesticides in a highly exposed population, completethe exposure profile of CHAMACOS children, and tar-get interventions to reduce child exposures.

Developmental Immunotoxicity ofAtrazine

Investigator: John Barnett, Ph.D.Affiliation: West Virginia University

Morgantown, West VirginiaTelephone: (304) 293–2649Keywords/Phrases: Immune system, atrazine, prenatal

exposurePurpose:To test the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to atrazinewill adversely affect the normal development of theimmune system.Abstract:Atrazine is the most heavily used single herbicide in theUnited States, with estimates of approximately 82 mil-lion lb applied to crops each year. It has been detectedwith very high frequency in the water in the UnitedStates as well in many major aquifers. Thus farm fami-lies are likely to be exposed to some concentration ofatrazine during a growing season and perhaps throughoutthe year.

There is a relative paucity of published reports on the tox-icity of atrazine, despite its very high usage. Also, wewere able to find only one published report on theimmunotoxicity of atrazine. This report showed a persist-ent decrease in primary antibody response up to 40 daysafter the administration of a single dose of atrazine. Otherimmune parameters showed more transient effects. Thusatrazine is immunotoxic in an adult exposed animal.

Many substances have been shown to have greater or dif-ferent immunotoxicity when administered during the ges-tation of the animal. The very high use levels of atrazineand the potential for women to ingest atrazine during thegestational development of their child create a case todetermine whether atrazine can affect the normal devel-opment of the immune system. Therefore, this application

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Extramural Projects

seeks to test the hypothesis that prenatal exposure toatrazine will adversely affect the normal development ofthe immune system. This duplicates the paradigm of ahuman ingesting atrazine during the gestation of herchild, nursing the child, and then assessing the immuneresponse of the young adult offspring. This hypothesiswill be tested by exposing gravid mice to atrazinethroughout the gestational period. The offspring of thesedams will be allowed to nurse their natural mother, willbe weaned at day 21 of life, and will be assessed for avariety of immune parameters beginning at 6 weeks ofage. This duplicates the paradigm assessing the immuneresponse of the young adult offspring of a human whoingests atrazine during the gestation of her child and thennurses the child. The data will provide data to justifymechanistic studies on the effect of prenatal atrazineexposure on the developmental immune response.

Male Reproductive Effects fromOccupational Exposure to Boron

Investigator: Wendie Robbins, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of California

Los Angeles, CaliforniaTelephone: (310) 825–8999Keywords/Phrases: Boron, epidemiology, male

reproductive toxicityPurpose:To investigate the relationship between workplace expo-sure to boron-containing compounds (including boricacid and borax) and adverse male reproductive effects.Abstract:In this epidemiologic study, boric acid has been identifiedas one of the highest priority chemicals for human fieldstudy. Prioritization was based on the strength of animaldata, estimated numbers of humans exposed in the work-place, and lack of adequate reproductive health effectsdata for the human. The results of some animal andhuman studies may implicate boron as a reproductivetoxin. The need still exists for a definitive human repro-ductive study. Therefore, this research will describe therelationship between boron exposure and direct measuresof toxicity on male reproduction in (1) total sperm count,sperm density, viability, motility, morphology, and spermMY chromosome ratios; (2) sperm chromatin integritymeasured by sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA),COMET, TUNEL, protamine I (P 1), protamines 2-4 (HP2-4), and protamine 2 precursor proteins (HPI 1-2, HPS1-2) in ejaculated sperm cells; and (3) blood and urinesteroid hormone markers, including testosterone, freetestosterone, serum hormone binding globulin, dihy-drotestosterone, LH, FSH, estrone, estradiol, and estriol.In addition, this research will describe the relationship

between boron exposure and indirect measures of toxici-ty on male reproduction, including fertility history andphysical exam data. Also, it will describe the relationshipbetween workplace, environmental, and dietary sourcesof boron with biomarkers of exposure and reproductiveeffect. This research will contribute critical informationabout the exposure level at which boron causes adverseeffects on human male reproduction. The informationcould then be used to inform workplace practices andpolicies to protect the reproductive health of thousandsof men who may be exposed to boric acid and otherboron-containing compounds in the workplace.

Hearing Loss

Hearing Hazards Associated withIndustrial Noise Exposures

Investigator: Roger Hamernik, Ph.D.Affiliation: Plattsburgh State University

Plattsburgh, New YorkTelephone: (518) 564–7701Keywords/Phrases: Noise, hearing loss, metricsPurpose:To develop and test the validity of an alternative approachto noise that will more precisely predict the audiometricand morphological consequences of an exposure.Abstract:This study will show that an energy metric combinedwith the statistical metrics of frequency- and time-domain kurtosis and the joint peak-interval histogramwill provide necessary (and possibly sufficient) informa-tion to evaluate the potential for hearing loss in an indus-trial noise environment. Animals (chinchillas) will beexposed to non-Gaussian, nonstationary noises havingthe same energy and spectra as a Gaussian referencenoise (two reference noise conditions will be used, eachwith spectral and level parameters typical of an industri-al environment). Noise stimuli designed with very spe-cific but diverse statistical properties will be producedusing recently designed software. New analytical meth-ods developed in the laboratories over the past 3 yearsinvolving the wavelet transform and higher-order, cumu-lant-based inverse filtering will be applied to the contin-uously sampled noise stimuli to extract temporal andpeak statistical properties of the noise stimulus. Effectson hearing, quantified by pure-tone thresholds, otoa-coustic emissions, and sensory cell losses, will be corre-lated with the noise metrics to establish the validity ofthese metrics.

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Extramural Projects

Prospective Study of Hearing DamageAmong Newly Hired ConstructionWorkers

Investigator: Noah Seixas, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Washington

Seattle, WashingtonTelephone: (206) 685–7189Keywords/Phrases: Hearing loss, construction, hearingPurpose:To monitor occupational noise exposure in newly hiredconstruction workers and characterize the effects of thisexposure on hearing acuity (via standard audiometry)and distortion product otoacoustic emissions.Abstract:Noise-induced hearing loss is among the most commonoccupational afflictions, especially to construction work-ers. Hearing loss usually progresses unnoticed until itbegins to interfere with communication, decrease qualityof life and posing a serious safety hazard. Precise expo-sure-response relationships for noise-induced hearingloss are lacking, especially for highly variable noiseexposures as found in construction. In recent years, thepotential has been recognized for using distortion prod-uct otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) as a screening toolfor early hearing damage and possibly as a marker ofsusceptibility for hearing loss. However, no prospectivestudies have been conducted on DPOAEs in relation towell-characterized noise exposure and standard audiom-etry. In this research, 400 construction apprentices and100 medical students will be recruited. Each subject willbe given an audiometric exam and DPOAE measure-ments every 6 months for 4 years. Baseline and followupquestionnaires will be used to characterize other risk fac-tors for hearing loss, nonoccupational exposure to noise,characteristics of work and use of hearing protectivedevices. Noise exposure will be monitored twice yearlyon each subject using data-log in noise dosimeters inconjunction with time/activity cards. Analyses will beconducted to evaluate the relationships between noiseexposure (using average levels and variable exposuremetrics) and both audiometric changes and DPOAEswhile controlling for covariates. The relationshipbetween audiometric changes and DPOAEs will also beassessed while controlling for noise exposure metricsand covariates. The study will exploit the repeated meas-ures design on a “naïve” cohort and individual measureor exposure to avoid and control problems of bias andexposure measurement error.

Development of School-Based HearingConservation Program for Use in RuralAreas

Investigator: Gregory Flamme, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Iowa

Iowa City, IowaTelephone: (319) 335–7497Keywords/Phrases: Evaluation, hearing conservation,

grade schoolsPurpose:This project will develop and evaluate two hearing conser-vation programs, one for children in the fourth grade of ele-mentary school and one for children in the seventh grade.Abstract:A high prevalence of hearing impairment exists in ruralareas, and substantial impairments appear in adolescenceand early adulthood. Adolescents who work on farms orin agribusiness are at a much greater risk of hearingimpairment than their peers. Training in hearing protec-tion habits is needed before the onset of hearing impair-ment, and school systems represent a logical place toaddress this need. This project will develop and evaluatetwo hearing conservation programs—one for children inthe fourth grade and one for children in the seventhgrade. The fourth grade program will include hearingtests and an educational program designed to provideknowledge about auditory anatomy and physiology,knowledge about risk factors for hearing damage,instruction in avoiding hearing damage, and signs ofhearing damage. The seventh grade program will consistof hearing tests, education programs, information aboutthe use of hearing protection devices, display of thesound levels produced by various sound producers (farmequipment, shop equipment, etc.), and a simple proce-dure to monitor daily exposure to noise that could pro-duce hearing damage. The seventh grade program incor-porates components of the health belief model and thetheory of self efficacy.

Noise, Solvents, and Hearing Loss

Investigator: Peter Rabinowitz, M.D.Affiliation: Yale University

New Haven, ConnecticutTelephone: (203) 785–7267Keywords/Phrases: Noise, solvents, hearing lossPurpose:The study will investigate the effects of noise, solvents andhearing in a longitudinal cohort study of 8,800 workers.

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Extramural Projects

Abstract:Noise, one of the most prevalent occupational hazardsand is well recognized as a cause of high-frequency hear-ing loss. But a growing body of evidence suggests thatorganic solvents, also widespread in industry, may alsoincrease the risk of hearing loss. Longitudinal studies ofexposed workers are needed to further investigate thispossibility. Determining a dose-response relationship forsolvents and hearing loss could affect further efforts tocontrol exposures and prevent hearing loss.

This study will make use of the Alcoa database, a uniquelongitudinal data set of a large working population thatincludes a significant number of women and AfricanAmericans. This data set contains both detailed exposureinformation regarding noise and solvents, results of hear-ing tests on employees in U.S. Alcoa, and evidence thata significant number of workers are exposed to solvents.The long-term goal of the study is to examine the effectsof chronic solvent exposure on hearing and the impact ofnoise-solvent interactions on the auditory system. Thestudy will investigate these effects through a longitudinalcohort study of 8,800 workers hired at Alcoa between1983 and 1997. This study would be the largest to date toexamine noise, solvents, and hearing and it will allowcalculation of the relative risks of developing hearingloss for solvent and noise-exposed workers. Modeling ofindustrial hygiene sampling data will allow for cumula-tive estimates of noise and solvent exposures. A nestedcase control study will match cases of hearing loss iden-tified in the cohort with controls by age at hire, year ofhire, and sex to further explore these relationships.

Adverse Effects of Noise on Hearing:Basic Mechanisms

Investigator: Barbara Bohne, Ph.D.Affiliation: Washington University

St. Louis, MissouriTelephone: (314) 362–7497Keywords/Phrase: Threshold shift, chinchillas, hearing

lossPurpose:To define mechanisms related to how workplace noisedamages hearing.Abstract:Exposure to noise injures the cochlea, often irreversibly.Depending on the intensity and duration of the exposure,the ear may sustain a temporary threshold shift (TS) orpermanent threshold shift (PTS). Moderate hearing loss-es may have devastating effects on all aspects of a per-son's life, including oral communication, employmentopportunities, and the enjoyment of some of life's great-

est pleasures—the human voice, music, and the soundsof nature. Several hypotheses exist on the pathogenesisof TTS and PTS, but none have been proved. No hypoth-esis has attempted to explain how workplace noise dam-ages then destroys sensory cells, supporting cells, andnerve fibers in the cochlea. This research will determinehow TTS and PTS are related, which existing noise-damage hypotheses are most likely to be correct, andwhat factors that are associated with increased noise sus-ceptibility. In the studies proposed here, chinchillas willbe exposed binaurally for 24 hours to a 4-kHz or a 0.5-kHz octave band of noise. The exposure level will beeither 95 dB or 85 dB sound pressure level (SPL). Theselevels will produce a moderate TTS and sometimes aPTS. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholdsand distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE)levels will be monitored before and several times afterexposure. The outcome will provide information aboutpossible mechanisms of noise damage in the cochlea as abasis for developing scientifically sound strategies forreducing noise-induced hearing loss in humans.

Asymptotic Hearing Threshold Shift andOtoacoustic Emissions in Chinchillas

Investigator: William Stauber, Ph.D.Affiliation: West Virginia University

Morgantown, West Virginia Telephone: (304) 293–1491Keywords/Phrases: Temporary and permanent hearing

loss, chinchilla model, hearing differencesPurpose:To use a survival-fixation chinchilla animal model toaddress two important issues in noise-induced hearingloss, the relation between temporary and permanenthearing loss, and individual differences.Abstract:Exposure to noise injures the cochlea, often irreversibly.Depending on the intensity and duration of the exposure,the ear may sustain a temporary or permanent thresholdshift. Moderate hearing losses may have devastatingeffects on all aspects of a person's life, including oralcommunication, employment opportunities, and theenjoyment of some of life's greatest pleasures—thehuman voice, music, and the sounds of nature. Severalhypotheses exist on the pathogenesis of temporary andpermanent threshold shift, but none have been proved.No hypothesis has attempted to explain how workplacenoise damages then destroys sensory cells, supportingcells and nerve fibers in the cochlea. The studies pro-posed here will (1) determine how temporary and perma-nent threshold shift are related, (2) determine whichexisting noise-damage hypotheses are most likely to be

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Extramural Projects

correct, and (3) identify factors that are associated withincreased noise susceptibility. Chinchillas will beexposed binaurally for 24 hours to a 4-kHz or a 0.5-kHzoctave band of noise. The exposure level will be either 95dB or 85 dB sound pressure level. These levels will pro-duce a moderate temporary and sometimes a permanentthreshold shift. Auditory brainstem response thresholdsand distortion product otoacoustic emission levels will bemonitored before, and several times after exposure. Thesurvival-fixation technique will be used to preserve ananimal's two cochleae at two different times. Thus, eachanimal will provide two “snapshots” of the dynamicstructural changes that which occur postexposure. Thistechnique is effective because there is excellent left-rightcorrelation with respect to damage when both cochleaeare preserved simultaneously. Problems with data inter-pretation resulting from interanimal variations in noisesusceptibility will be minimized. Because survival-fixa-tion preserves the presumed in vivo relation between thestereocilia and the rectorial membrane (TM), this projectwill examine alterations in the TM-stereocilia relation-ship at different intervals postexposure. Hypotheses to betested include temporary threshold shift results from pil-lar buckling and sagging of the reticular lamina thatuncouple the stereocilia from the TM; temporary thresh-old shift disappears when the pillars are repaired, theheight of the organ of Corti is restored, and the stereocil-ia are recoupled to the TM. Quantitative data on hair-celland pillar losses and damage will be collected, comparedbetween each animal's left and right cochleae, and corre-lated with auditory brainstem response threshold shiftsand distortion product otoacoustic emission changes. Thegoal is to provide information on possible mechanisms ofnoise damage in the cochlea as a basis for developing sci-entifically sound strategies for reducing noise-inducedhearing loss in humans.

IIndoor Environment

Floor Supply Ventilation System

Investigator: Qingyan Chen, Ph.D.Affiliation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, MassachusettsTelephone: (617) 253–7714Keywords/Phrase: Indoor air quality, ventilationPurpose:To assess the performance of a floor supply ventilationsystem in terms of indoor air quality, thermal comfort,energy consumption, and costs.

Abstract:Indoor environment is important to a worker's health andwelfare because more than half of the U.S. workforce isemployed indoors. Also up to 90% of a typical worker'stime is spent indoors. A worker's productivity is relatedto factors in the indoor environment such as the indoorair quality and thermal comfort. Displacement ventila-tion seems to be a good ventilation system to improve theindoor air quality with an acceptable thermal comfortlevel. The widely used side-wall-supply displacementventilation generates recirculations in the occupied zoneof a large office or a workshop. These recirculationspresent the risk of cross infection between the workers.The floor-supply displacement ventilation could be asolution to avoid the recirculations. On the other hand,the floor-supply system could not remove a high coolingload (which is often found in most U.S. offices andworkshops) because the cold air is directly supplied tothe occupied zone. This proposed research will optimizethe floor-supply ventilation system to minimize the riskof cross infection among the workers in large offices andworkshops with suitable air supply and exhaust loca-tions. The investigation will also improve the design ofthe floor-supply displacement ventilation system for theremoval of a high cooling load without a draft risk. Theresearch will use numerical simulations through compu-tational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) to reduce the costs.Nonetheless, detailed and high quality experimental datawill be obtained in a full-scale environmental chamber,and the data will be used to validate the CFD results. Theparameters to be studied in this research include perfo-rated degree, ventilation rate, supply air temperature,exhaust location, floor insulation, space size, furniturearrangement, etc., for five different climate regions in theUnited States. The results can be used to design the ven-tilation systems in large offices and workshops that pro-vide a healthy and comfortable indoor environment.

Health and Socioeconomic Consequencesof Nonspecific Building-Related Illness

Investigator: Carrie Redlich, Ph.D.Affiliation: Yale University

New Haven, ConnecticutTelephone: (203) 737–2817Keywords/Phrase: Indoor air quality, nonspecific

building-related illness, office workersPurpose:To determine the health and socioeconomic conse-quences of nonspecific building-related illness (or sickbuilding syndrome) in workers diagnosed with thisprevalent disorder.

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Extramural Projects

Abstract:More than half of the U.S. workforce is now employed inindoor nonindustrial environments. Various symptomsand illnesses have increasingly been reported in suchnonindustrial indoor environments. Nonspecific build-ing-related illness (NSBRI) refers to a common nonspe-cific disorder that is usually associated with a particularbuilding. Although objective physiologic abnormalitiesare generally not noted, NSBRI can be extremelyunpleasant and an important cause of disability and lostwork time. This project will (1) identify and classifyNSBRI cases using several different case definitions ofNSBRI, (2) determine associations between the differentcase definitions and the various outcome variables, (3)characterize the natural history of NSBRI following diag-nosis, (4) determine which host factors (i.e., age, maritalstatus, initial symptoms) and workplace factors (i.e., jobstress, work environment) are associated with diseaseprogression and severity, (5) determine the effect ofNSBRI on socioeconomic outcomes (i.e., work-disabili-ty, employment status, financial status), and (6) deter-mine which host factors and workplace factors are asso-ciated with more adverse socioeconomic outcomes. Theoverall study design will be a retrospective longitudinalfollow-up study of 75 patients diagnosed with NSBRIfrom 1994 to 1999. A similar group of 75 musculoskele-tal patients matched on age, sex, and year of diagnosiswill be used as controls for the socioeconomic analysis.Phone interviews will assess symptoms, general health,functional status, disability, stress, and socioeconomicstatus since diagnosis of NSBRI. This study should iden-tify diagnostic criteria, increase our understanding of thenatural history and socioeconomic consequences ofNSBRI, and identify risk factors. This information is crit-ical for developing of interventions to prevent and/orameliorate the adverse consequences of NSBRI.

An Indoor Environment Design Tool forEntire Buildings

Investigator: Jelena Srebric, Ph.D.Affiliation: Pennsylvania State University

University Park, PennsylvaniaTelephone: (814) 863–2041Keywords/Phrase: Ventilation, indoor air quality, modelsPurpose:To develop an integrated design tool to analyze com-bined problems of indoor air quality and thermal comfortfor an entire building.Abstract:Indoor environment is important to a worker's health andwelfare because more than half of the U.S. workforce is

employed indoors, and up to 90% of a typical worker'stime is spent indoors. Also, worker's productivity is relat-ed to factors in the indoor environment, such as theindoor air quality and thermal comfort. Poor indoor envi-ronment design has cost billions of dollars as a result ofthe lost productivity of the working American. The inte-grated design tool for this study will consist of threemajor components: building models; a heating, ventilat-ing, and air-conditioning (HVAC) model; and mass andheat source/sink models. The building models will use asimplified computational-fluid-dynamics model to cal-culate indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort in asingle zone and multi-zone model to link the heat andmass transfer between zones for an entire building. TheHVAC model will use modules that can be easily used toform different HVAC systems. The mass and heatsource/sink models will use the coupled program of thesimplified computational-fluid-dynamics and an energyanalysis program as well as various dispersion models.The integrated design tool will be validated by experi-mental data of IAQ and thermal comfort obtained in abuilding. The integrated design tool can be used to eval-uate IAQ and thermal comfort in terms of contaminantconcentrations, the mean age of air, ventilation effective-ness, airflow pattern, air velocity, air velocity fluctuation,air temperature, relative humidity, percentage of dissatis-fied people due to draft, and percentage of predicted dis-satisfied people in an entire building.

Infectious Diseases

A Case-Crossover Study of Sharps-Related Injuries

Investigator: Murray Mittleman, M.D., Dr.P.H.Affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Boston, MassachusettsTelephone: (617) 632–7653Keywords/Phrases: Risk factors, sharps-related injury,

case-crossover studyPurpose:To conduct a case-crossover study of 1,000 health careworkers who sustain a sharps-related injury in one of sixhospitals in Boston and Baltimore. Abstract:The investigators will evaluate risk factors in the follow-ing domains: (1) worker-related factors, such as rushing,fatigue, distraction and feelings of anger; (2) procedure-related factors such as uncommon, unusual, or emer-gency procedures; (3) workplace-related factors such as

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Extramural Projects

working short-staffed, overtime, or while on call; and (4)device-related factors such as use of an unusual or mal-functioning device. They will also evaluate differences inthe risks between workers with differing characteristicssuch as age, sex, profession, and history of prior sharps-related injuries. The effect of risk factors in continuousexposure settings such as operating rooms and intermit-tent exposure settings such as inpatient units and outpa-tient clinics will be evaluated. Injuries caused by sharpmedical devices are common, with an estimated 400,000to 800,000 American health care workers injured eachyear. Injured health care workers are at risk for blood-borne viral illnesses, including hepatitis B and C, HIVinfection, and other less common diseases. Despite therecent adoption of safer medical devices, the risk ofsharps-related injury remains unacceptably high.Relatively little is known about potentially preventabletransient etiologic factors that immediately precede theseinjuries. In a pilot study, 90 health care workers wereinterviewed by telephone. Forty were nurses and 28 weretrainees. Twenty were injured while scrubbing in anoperating room or procedure suite and 15 had knownexposures to HIV or hepatitis C. Among the preliminaryfindings, an increased risk of sharps-related injury wasassociated with rushing (RR 5.1, 95% CI=3.0–8.7),anger (RR 4.7, 95% CI=1.9–12.2), distraction (RR 8.6,95% CI=4.3–17.2), and multiple passes (RR 3.1, 95%CI=1.6–3.5). There were trends toward higher risk whileworking short-staffed and among surgeons working in abloody operative field. Trends toward lower risk wereseen with emergency procedures and while being taught.Successful completion of this study may identify modifi-able risk factors for hospital-acquired sharps-relatedinjuries. This knowledge may lead to individual and sys-tems-level risk reduction interventions.

Body Substance Exposures: Risk Factorsand Psychological Impact

Investigator: Hilary Babcock, M.D.Affiliation: Washington University

St. Louis, MissouriTelephone: (314) 454–7947Keywords/Phrases: Needlestick injuries, psychological

impact, risk factorsPurpose:To determine the psychological impact in health careworkers of body substance exposures. Abstract:Working conditions affect the risk of body substanceexposures among diverse populations of health careworkers, including shift assignment, continuous hours ofwork, hours awake, and degree of job experience.

Proposed work will use validated psychiatric assessmenttools to determine the psychological impact of body sub-stance exposures in health care workers. Body substanceexposures pose a significant risk to health care workersof bloodborne pathogen transmission. Prevention effortshave focused on barrier precautions and more recently onsafety devices, whose efficacy may vary and whose cost-effectiveness is unclear. Other risks such as organiza-tional factors at work are still being explored. The psy-chological impact of sustaining an exposure is poorlydocumented. The primary aim is to determine the effectof three safety devices (a needleless intravenous system,"safety" peripheral intravenous catheter, and "safety"butterfly) on needlestick injury rates and their cost-effec-tiveness in a large multihospital system. This health caresystem has a large, computerized occupational healthdatabase to which large and small, urban and rural,teaching and community hospitals report exposuresusing a common reporting form. The second aimaddresses organizational factors that can affect the risk ofbody substance exposures. A large survey of work sched-ules and practices of exposed workers at nine hospitalswill be performed, and a nested case-control study willbe conducted at the largest hospital. The third aim is touse validated psychiatric assessment tools to assess thepsychological impact of sustaining an exposure. Theseeffects will be studied immediately after the event and at1- and 6-month intervals. These interventions will helpimprove the occupational safety and health of health careworkers.

Intervention EffectivenessResearch Methods

Effectiveness of a Machine GuardingIntervention

Investigator: David Parker, M.D.Affiliation: Park Nicollete Institute

Minneapolis, MinnesotaTelephone: (612) 676–5220Keywords/Phrases: Injury prevention, small business,

interventionPurpose:To (1) evaluate small machining and metal stampingshops with regard to the availability, functionality, anduse of machine guarding, (2) identify critical factors forimplementing and conducting effective machine guard-ing programs, including the identification and elimina-

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Extramural Projects

tion of barriers to program success, and (3) implementand assess the effectiveness of an intervention that uses acombination of control technology, regulatory guide-lines, and worker/owner training in a randomized con-trolled trial.Abstract:Amputations, a serious form of work-related trauma,affect between 15,000 and 20,000 Americans each year.Minnesota Sentinel Event Notification System forOccupational Risk (MN SENSOR) data indicate that pri-mary and fabricated metal industries have the fourthhighest rate of work-related amputations. The number ofpotentially affected workers in these industries is severalfold greater than other high-risk industries. In addition,amputations represent only a fraction of the cases ofupper extremity trauma.

In spite of the fact that many companies provide servic-es to assist in the development of work-related safetyprograms, their effectiveness has not been evaluated in acontrolled intervention study. In addition, little researchhas been conducted on o hazard control within smallindustrial establishments (4–50 employees). The inter-vention will be designed using a health promotionmodel. The investigators will work with an advisoryboard of industry leaders and workers throughout theproposed research study. A randomized controlled trialconsisting of two groups will be conducted. Thesegroups will consist of a control group (minimal interven-tion) and intervention. A technical and peer-based inter-vention will be conducted by peer educators. Shops inboth groups will be evaluated at the time they areenrolled and 1 year after their initial evaluation (postintervention). Two measurements will be developed forthis purpose: (1) self-administered worker and ownersurveys grounded in health promotion models and (2) anevaluation by industrial hygienists of machine guardingavailability, functionality and use, and frequency ofmachine use. The primary outcome is a change in shopscore that measures machine use and machine guardingavailability and functionality.

Active Control of Workplace NoiseExposure

Investigator: Murray Hodgson, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of British Columbia

Vancouver, British ColumbiaTelephone: (604) 822–3073Keywords/Phrases: Evaluate, noise control, workplace

Purpose:To determine the feasibility and cost effectiveness ofapplying active noise control to reduce workplace noiseexposure.Abstract:Excessive noise exposure is probably the most prevalentof occupational exposures. Work-related hearing loss isthe greatest source of occupational disease claims. Noiseexposure can be controlled by the use of hearing protec-tion and by administrative and engineering measures.Engineering control traditionally involves “passive”methods, which are not cost-effective at low frequency.Recently, a new technique of noise control called activenoise control (ANC) was developed. This techniqueinvolves using noise to cancel existing noise and is par-ticularly effective at low frequencies. Industries withworkers exposed to significant low-frequency noise havebeen identified and have agreed to support the project.These industries work in fuel production, electricalpower generation, and sea transportation (ship enginerooms). For active noise control to be feasible and effec-tive, the noise workers are exposed to particular charac-teristics. Measurements will be made of the relevantcharacteristics of the noise in the target workplaces.These will be analyzed to determine to what extent theyhave the required characteristics. Using computer mod-els, workrooms in the target sites will be modeled, andpossible ANC implementations will be evaluated. Lab-based experiments will be performed to confirm andfine-tune the optimum configurations. A number ofworkplaces (three to five) will be chosen as validationprojects for on-site testing in actual workplaces. In each,an optimized ANC system will be implemented, and theresulting noise and noise-exposure reductions and thesystem cost effectiveness will be evaluated. The resultsof the research will be generalized to produce guidelinesfor reducing noise exposure using ANC and to estimatethe expected associated noise reductions and costs (andthus the system cost effectiveness) to be evaluated inother workplaces.

Effectiveness of Computer-Based HearingTest and Training

Investigator: Oi Hong, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MichiganTelephone: (734) 936–8902Keywords/Phrases: Construction, intervention, hearing,

trainingPurpose:To test the effectiveness of an intervention to increase theuse of hearing protection devices (HPDs) by operating

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Extramural Projects

engineers and construction workers who operate heavyequipment.Abstract:Four aims will be addressed in this study: (1) design andtest the effectiveness of an innovative intervention foroperating engineers to increase their use of HPDs, (2)determine prevalence of hearing loss in operating engi-neers, (3) demonstrate the feasibility of providing com-puter-based, self-administrated audiometric screeningtests (SAAST) and hearing protection interventions at aconstruction worker training center, and (4) test and refinethe Predictors of Use of Hearing Protection Model (HPD),a causal model designed to explain the use of protectivedevices by operating engineers. This study will deliver theintervention in an innovative format, building on recentresearch findings regarding the effectiveness of individu-ally tailored interventions. Furthermore, this proposedproject will assess the feasibility of providing computer-based SAAST at a training center. Results from the pro-posed project will provide a model for future interventionresearch in the occupational safety and health area andwill aid in reducing a serious, preventable impairment—noise-induced hearing loss.

Effectiveness of Computer-BasedTraining: cTRAIN

Investigator: Kent Anger, Ph.D.Affiliation: Oregon University

Portland, OregonTelephone: (503) 494–2514Keywords/Phrases: Training, computer-based, evaluationPurpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of cTRAIN (computer-based training) program for workers.Abstract:This project identifies more than 100 OccupationalSafety and Health Administration (OSHA) workplacestandards that require training to minimize the risk ofdisease or injury. Health and safety specialists have fewtools to inexpensively produce effective and customizedtraining that can be readily revised and ensure compe-tency at completion. To fill this gap, the investigatorshave developed cTRAIN, a computer-based training pro-gram developed using behavioral training principles.STRAW consists of both the computer-based trainingprogram to teach the information and a “screenbuilder”development environment for entering content to createnew programs. It features intuitive navigation and oper-ation, automatic (computer-generated) spoken English orSpanish as continuously available on/off options for alltext (entered in the appropriate language), plus a voice

recording option (allowing other languages), self-pacing,immediate feedback on quiz items, and a post-test with asimple report on performance. Complementing the train-ing program is a durable “9BUTTON” response inputunit that does not put off the poorly educated (as do com-puter keyboards); a keyboard option is also included. Asystematic evaluation of cTRAIN's effectiveness as anintervention technique will assess in majority and minor-ity (Latino) workers the basic training principles that arebuilt into the training program (e.g, specific versusgeneric feedback, and computer-generated versusrecorded natural speech). Coincident with these experi-ments, new cTRAIN programs (hazard communication,sharps disposal, laboratory safety, eye safety, and tractorsafety) will be developed by content experts andreviewed for both educational effectiveness (consistencywith established behavioral training principles) andappropriate content. The new programs will then be pre-sented to volunteer Caucasian and Latino employees ineducation, construction, hospitals, and agricultural nurs-eries. Learned knowledge (competency) after trainingwill be measured. Three months later, the subjects will beassessed with the post-test (to assess retention) as com-pared with the pretest. The effectiveness of the trainingwill also be evaluated by measuring behavioral changeafter training compared with the same behaviors meas-ured before training. In addition, feedback will be elicit-ed from content experts to evaluate the potential foradoption of the computer-based training program and the“screenbuilder” environment.

Effects of an Ergonomic Intervention forComputer Work

Investigator: David Rempel, M.D.Affiliation: University of California

Richmond, CaliforniaTelephone: (510) 231–5720Keywords/Phrases: Musculoskeletal disorders,

intervention, ergonomicsPurpose:To determine whether an ergonomic intervention pack-age applied to computer-based customer service opera-tors is associated with decreased risk of upper extremi-ty/neck musculoskeletal disorder, arm or neck pain days,hand function, and lost time and productivity.Abstract:No well designed, controlled studies have demonstratedthe value of “best practice” ergonomic interventions toreduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and impair-ment among computer operators. The primary aim of thisrandomized controlled trial is to determine over a 12-month period whether a state-of-the-art ergonomic inter-

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Extramural Projects

vention package applied to 175 computer-based cus-tomer service operators is associated with a decreasedrisk of upper extremity/neck musculoskeletal disorder,arm or neck pain days, hand function, and lost time andproductivity. A control group consisted of 175 subjects.Historical co-variates will be assessed with a baselinequestionnaire, and stability of co-variates will be verifiedwith an exit questionnaire. The intervention will includean alternative geometry keyboard and mouse, largewraparound forearm rest, monitor location adjustment,vision check, chair adjustment, and training. The controlgroup will receive a new conventional geometry key-board and training. Upper extremity and neck pain sever-ity, hand function, and lost time will be followed with aweekly questionnaire administered via the Internet. If apredetermined pain threshold is exceeded, then a physi-cal examination will be performed to determine whetheror not a musculoskeletal disorder is present. Multivariatelinear regression and logistic regression models will beapplied to examine main effects and to control for sig-nificant co-variates. The study is designed to detect areduction of musculoskeletal incidence by half or amedium effect size of the pain severity week score. Thetotal cost of implementing the intervention will be esti-mated. Findings and recommendations will be dissemi-nated statewide in cooperation with the CaliforniaDepartment of Health Services.

Effects of Physical Conditioning on LiftingBiomechanics

Investigator: Kevin Granata, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Virginia

Charlottesville, VirginiaTelephone: (804) 982–0513Keywords/Phrases: Low back disorders, conditioning,

biomechanicsPurpose:To quantify how exercise and physical conditioningmodify the biomechanics of lifting in manual materialshandling and lifting tasks.Abstract:Occupationally related low back disorders (LBDs) arethe leading cause of lost workdays and the most costlyoccupational safety and health problem facing industrytoday. Epidemiologic surveys demonstrate that exerciseand physical conditioning may act as a prophylaxis toreduce the incidence of occupational LBDs. Low-backinjuries have been attributed to spinal load and spinal sta-bility during lifting and manual materials handling tasks.Factors that contribute to spinal load and stability includelifting technique, spinal kinematic coordination, trunkmuscle recruitment and co-contraction, and design of the

lifting task (weight, distance, etc.). It is proposed thatexercise can modify lifting, spinal kinematics, and mus-cle recruitment patterns, thereby influencing biomechan-ical risk associated with spinal load and stability. Theresearch team intends to investigate factors that mightcontribute to improved spinal stability and reducedspinal load during simulated manual materials-handlingtasks. Subjects will participate in an 8-week exerciseprogram in one of four protocols, including either aero-bic exercise, strengthening, dynamic spine stabilization,or control (no exercise). Spinal load and spinal stabilityduring simulated manual materials-handling lifting taskswill be quantified before beginning the exercise pro-gram, midway through, immediately upon completion ofthe 8-week exercise program, and 4 weeks after termina-tion of the exercise protocols. It is hypothesized that theexercise programs will change the muscle recruitmentpatterns and spinal kinematics of lifting, thereby modify-ing spinal load and stability. This effort represents thefirst randomized-control study of the effects of exerciseand physical conditioning on lifting biomechanics andassociated risk factors for LBD.

Designing Ergonomic Interventions forFire Service

Investigator: Karen Conrad, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Illinois

Chicago, IllinoisTelephone: (312) 996–7974Keywords/Phrases: Ergonomic, interventions, fire

service workersPurpose:To develop and evaluate ergonomic interventions forworkers in the fire service providing emergency medicaland rescue operation.Abstract:The fire service remains one of the most hazardousindustries in this country, with its work-related injuryrates and total annual costs exceeding those for mostother occupations. Consistently over the years, muscu-loskeletal injuries are the major type of firefighter injury,particularly in emergency medical service (EMS) opera-tions, which are much more frequent than fire suppres-sion. The tasks performed during EMS runs containmany of the same risk factors associated with muscu-loskeletal injury (and specifically back injury) in otheroccupations, including lifting, bending, pulling, twisting,awkward postures, and heavy workloads. Unfortunately,few studies have analyzed the biomechanical issues dur-ing emergency rescue operations. In a previous studyfunded by NIOSH, the investigators identified and quan-tified the biomechanical and postural risk factors associ-

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Extramural Projects

ated with emergency rescue tasks in the fire service. Theinvestigators are now in a position to design, develop,and evaluate targeted ergonomic interventions for thispopulation of workers. The research will develop andevaluate up to 10 ergonomic interventions that reducebiomechanical loads and are considered worthy of adop-tion for use by the workers who perform emergencymedical/rescue (EMS) operations. The investigators willbe using a participatory ergonomic process much likewhat has been advocated by NIOSH and others. Theaims of the proposed research are to do the following:(1) in conjunction with fire service personnel, designspecific equipment and work method interventions thataddress ergonomic concerns during EMS operations;(2) develop and build equipment and refine work meth-ods based on the design process; (3) test equipment andrefined work method interventions in a laboratory settingusing simulated EMS tasks; (4) refine and retest equip-ment and methods as necessary based on participantfeedback and biomechanical results; and (5) implementand evaluate the interventions in the field to obtainusability and acceptability feedback from end users per-forming EMS operations. The final product will be a setof up to 10 successful interventions that are biomechan-ically validated and superior to their existing counter-parts and are judged to be worthy of adoption for use inthe field by the end-user firefighter/paramedics.

Innovative Health Care Worker Training:Infectious Disease Risk

Investigator: Robyn Gershon, Dr.P.H.Affiliation: Columbia University

New York, New YorkTelephone: (212) 305–1186 Keywords/Phrases: Infectious disease, intervention,

simulation trainingPurpose:To develop, implement, and evaluate novel computerizedsimulation training programs for the reduction of infec-tious disease risk in registered nurses.Abstract:Health care workers, including nurses, are at risk for awide range of occupational health hazards, including therisk from infectious diseases such as bloodbornepathogens and tuberculosis. To reduce morbidity andmortality associated with occupationally acquired infec-tions, a number of risk management strategies have beendeveloped. Although safety training programs areacknowledged as an important part of an overall riskmanagement strategy, there are a number of challengesto effective health and safety training, especially in thehealth care work setting. To address this problem, a mul-

tidisciplinary team of researchers has partnered with twolarge medical centers and a professional nurses' associa-tion to evaluate an innovative approach to safety trainingfor nurses. Simulation exercises, shown to be an effec-tive safety training method in other occupational set-tings, will be developed using a participatory actionresearch format. The exercises, which target bloodbornepathogens and tuberculosis, will be formatted into acomputerized, interactive Web-based program andadministered to 5,000 volunteer registered nurses whowill be recruited with assistance from our partner collab-orators. Participants will receive CEU credits as anincentive for participation. The exercises will be evaluat-ed by multiple measurements using a risk behavior, the-ory-driven questionnaire. Exercises and questionnaireswill be completed online at the study's Web site. Baselinemeasures of employee knowledge, perceptions, attitudes,behavioral intentions, current safety practices, and recentpast history of exposures will be collected from partici-pants and followed by 3-month and 6-month followupquestionnaires. Analyses will be directed toward changein pre- and post-risk behavior determinants as well asnurses' satisfaction with simulation exercises and withcomputer-based training formats. The results of thisstudy may have important implications for effective safe-ty and health training for nurses.

Intervention Research on WorkOrganization Factors and Health

Investigator: Chantal Brisson, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Quebec

Quebec, OntarioTelephone: (418) 682–7382Keywords/Phrases: Interventions, work organization

factors, health impactsPurpose:To evaluate the benefits of interventions aimed at reduc-ing adverse work organization factors and their healthimpact.Abstract:The organization of work is considered a strong contrib-utor to the development of musculoskeletal disorders.Few studies have been conducted to date to evaluate theimpact of interventions aimed at concretely reducingadverse work organization factors and the comprehen-sive range of their health impact. The objective of thestudy is to evaluate the benefits of interventions aimed atreducing adverse work organization factors (high psy-chological demands, low control, poor social support,and effort-reward imbalance) and their health impact asmeasured by ambulatory blood pressure, musculoskele-tal disorders, mental health problems, and certified sick

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Extramural Projects

leave. The study has the following specific aims: (1) toproduce knowledge that will foster the development ofwell-adapted interventions designed to concretely reduceadverse work organization factors, (2) to systematicallydocument how the intervention is carried out (interven-tion refers to organizational changes implemented toconcretely reduce the four targeted adverse work organi-zation factors), and (3) to measure the extent to which theintervention reduced the prevalence of adverse workorganization factors and the level of health outcomes.This study will provide solid new findings that could beused to prevent cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletaldisorders, and mental health problems—the most fre-quent, costly, and debilitating health problems in theworking-age population.

Effectiveness of Intervention on Health

Investigator: Lisa Brosseau, Sc.D.Affiliation: University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, MinnesotaTelephone: (612) 624–3143Keywords/Phrases: Written materials, small business,

workplace safety and healthPurpose:To develop tailored written materials and test whetherthey enhance small business owners’ beliefs about out-comes that result from efforts to improve workplacesafety and health.Abstract:This research project will develop written materials toemphasize those belief outcomes most highly associatedwith high-intentioned owners, using written formats andstyles shown to be most attractive to small business own-ers. The research will take place in two phases over2 years. In the first phase, a wide variety of written mate-rials in various formats (newsletters, magazines, newspa-pers, brochures, etc.) and styles (case studies, personalstories from owners and workers, cartoons, etc.) will bedeveloped and tested using a series of focus groups withsmall business owners. Results will be used to determinewhich styles and formats are ranked most highly by own-ers in attractiveness, readability, and effectiveness indelivering various safety and health messages. Six totwelve separate written pieces will be developed incor-porating the focus group results. In the second phase, theeffectiveness of written materials will be tested in a ran-domized, controlled trial with 120 owners of small busi-nesses. Owners in control and intervention groups (60owners in each group) will complete a baseline survey ofintentions, attitudes and outcome beliefs toward improv-ing safety and health. Owners in the control group willreceive monthly or bimonthly mailings of a trade

newsletter or journal. Owners in the intervention groupwill receive the same materials along with tailored writ-ten materials aimed at safety and health outcome beliefs.At the end of the year, owners in both groups will beasked to complete a followup survey measuring theirintentions, attitudes, and outcome beliefs. Owners in theintervention group will also be asked for their opinionsabout the materials they received. The difference in meanpre- and post-study outcome beliefs (and perhaps inten-tions and attitudes) is expected to be greater in the inter-vention group than in the control group.

Evaluating Preassembly of RoofStructural Components

Investigator: Pamela Kidd, Ph.D.Affiliation: Arizona State University

Tempe, ArizonaTelephone: (480) 965–3948Keywords/Phrases: Roof structural components,

effectiveness, impactPurpose:To examine the effectiveness of using preassembled roofstructural components in reducing injuries, reports ofpain and close calls, lost time, and costs compared withconventional roof building methods.Abstract:In 1999, 21 per 10,000 construction workers in Arizonasustained multiple injuries, and of these, 32% missed 31days or more from work as a result of a fall to a lowerlevel. This study will examine the effectiveness of pre-assembly of roof structural components in reducing costsand lost work time related to injuries and pain. A quasi-experimental design will be used to compare two meth-ods of roof assembly—one from the ground (treatment)and the other from an elevation (traditional/control).Hypotheses are as follows: (1) Workers who participatein the treatment group will experience less strain andpain, fewer injuries, and fewer lost workdays; they willalso submit fewer worker compensation insurance claimsthan those who participate in the control group; (2) work-ers who participate in the treatment group will havefewer close calls than those who participate in the controlgroup; and (3) costs associated with the treatment groupwill be less than costs associated with the control group.The training intervention effectiveness research (TIER)model will provide the evaluation framework for thestudy. Three framing trade companies (two treatment andone control) will participate in the study. The evaluationwill include both a company-level and a worker-levelanalysis. Eligible crews will be selected by the companychief officer. Within the crew, full-time, native English-or Spanish-speaking workers are eligible to participate.

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Data will be collected using (1) biweekly interviews ofless than five minutes (2) observation in person andthrough photography, (3) document review, and (4) visu-al analog and numerical rating of pain scales. The modi-fication of the roof assembly process, if proved effective,may serve as a form of safety intervention and may bebetter accepted by both employer and worker than otherexisting safety interventions (e.g., fall protection).

Evaluation of Farm Safety 4 Just KidsDay Camps

Investigator: Deborah Reed, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Kentucky

Lexington, KentuckyTelephone: (859) 275–9636Keywords/Phrases: Child agriculture, parental

attitudes, children’s knowledgePurpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of farm safety day campsorganized and executed through five Farm Safety 4 JustKids (FS4JK) Chapters in different regions of the Nationwith a variety of agricultural commodities and farm com-positions.Abstract:This research will evaluate whether the farm safety daycamps positively influence (1) children’s knowledgeabout farm safety and health, their safety attitudes, andsubsequent safety behaviors, and (2) parents’ attitudesand behavior toward children’s farm safety behavior. Inaddition, the effect of the camps on the local communitywill be assessed. A multilevel, mixed-method evaluationstrategy that combines both quantitative and qualitativedata collection methods will be used to examine thelong-term effects of the day camps on children, theirfamilies, and their communities. The design of the studyis a quasi-experimental, no-control-group, pre- and post-test design with repeated measures that will be collectedover 18 months following children’s camp experience.The partnership of local FS4JK Chapters, the NorthAmerican Farm Safety 4 Just Kids organization, and theUniversity of Kentucky provides a unique approach toexamining the effectiveness of FS4JK day camps. Theevaluation results can be used to help FS4JK with refine-ments of future programs and will assist camp leaders inarticulating their theoretical framework, goals, andobjectives for the day camps.

Effectiveness of Farm Safety Day Campsfor Children

Investigator: Debra McCallum, Ph.D.Affiliation: Institute for Social Science Research

Tuscaloosa, AlabamaTelephone: (205) 348–3820Keywords/Phrases: Child agriculture, evaluation, day

campPurpose:To evaluate the “Progressive Farmer” Farm Safety DayCamp Program. Abstract:Farm safety day camps are offered in hundreds of com-munities across the country as a format for teaching chil-dren safe methods of play and age-appropriate work onfarms and ranches. Little research has evaluated theeffectiveness of these 1-day, community-initiated events.To help meet this need, the “Progressive Farmer” FarmSafety Day Camp program began in 1995 to providenationwide support for interested individuals and groups.The program was designed to meet the needs of localcommunity members who want to help children in theirarea stay safe. It provides training, resources, support,and networking opportunities needed to conduct a campthat provides age-appropriate, effective lessons in topicsrelated to farm safety. Although providing such supporton a nationwide scale, the program is designed to becommunity-based, as each camp is planned and conduct-ed at the local level, pairing the support and materialsprovided by “Progressive Farmer” with support providedby local individuals and organizations. Camp processevaluation will consist of surveys completed by the campcoordinators and volunteers reporting data for their camp,(including attendance, curriculum components used,assessments of success, and suggestions for improve-ments). The process evaluation will involve all campsoffered from March 2002 through October 2002. Fromthe camp coordinators, an Evaluation Advisory Groupwill be formed to assist with plans for conducting theevaluation and with plans for dissemination of the resultsback to the communities that participate. Outcomes willbe evaluated using a sample of 30 camps and their sur-rounding communities. Pre- and post-test surveys as wellas 3-month follow-up and 1-year follow-up surveys willbe administered to assess knowledge, beliefs, attitudes,and behaviors of (1) children aged 8 to 13 who attend“Progressive Farmer” day camps, and (2) a comparisongroup of children in the same communities who do notattend camp. Impact of the camps will also be evaluatedby asking about farm-related injuries in the pretest, 3-month, and 1-year followup surveys. In addition to test-ing for changes among campers across time and testingfor differences between campers and noncampers, a com-

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parison will be made between community-wide daycamps and school-based day camps or programs.

Low-Back Disorders

Ergonomic Assessment of VineyardSystems

Investigator: John Miles, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of California

Davis, CaliforniaTelephone: (530) 752–6210Keywords/Phrases: Ergonomics, musculoskeletal

disorders, agriculturePurpose:To assess vineyard systems that may cause ergonomicinjuries.Abstract:This project will take advantage of the coincidence ofimportant observations from a prior wine-grape vine-yards study and a time-limited opportunity to initiate along-term intervention in exposures to risk factors forwine-grape vineyard musculoskeletal disorders. Duringthe conduct of an existing study, it became apparent thatdiffering trellis systems involve disparate ergonomicsrisk factors. Trellis systems serve as a major element inwhat could be considered the vineyard worker's workstation. This research seeks to (1) identify and developdetailed ergonomics measurements of risk factors formusculoskeletal disorders and estimates of worker healthoutcomes for each of the most commonly used winegrape trellis systems; (2) facilitate use of informationabout risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders associat-ed with most commonly used wine-grape trellis systemsin trellis decision-making; (3) develop practice anddesign parameters for reducing ergonomics risk factorsassociated with most used trellis systems; and (4) add toresearch knowledge about the association of specificagricultural workplace ergonomics risk factors and mus-culoskeletal disorders and their symptoms.

Spine Loading and Muscle OverexertionDuring Repetitive Lifting

Investigator: William Marras, Ph.D.Affiliation: Ohio State University

Columbus, OhioTelephone: (614) 292–6670

Keywords/Phrases: Lifting equations, low-backdisorders, load monitoring, biomechanicalrisk

Purpose:To assess how exposure to different frequencies of liftover time can result in unacceptable biomechanical riskof low back disorders.Abstract:Although assessments have successfully evaluated occu-pationally related low-back disorders (LBD) risk duringa single exertion, none have been able to effectivelyassess how risk changes during repetitive lifting at vari-ous lifting frequencies throughout a workday.Preliminary studies point to two mechanisms of biome-chanical risk. First, different lift frequencies affect liftingkinematics and the subsequent muscle recruitment pat-terns. These changes alter the nature (direction) and mag-nitude of spinal loading, thereby exceeding spine toler-ance limits. Second, exposure to a repetitive lift through-out the workday can also result in muscle recruitmentpattern changes over the work period, thereby increasingthe spinal loading throughout the day. Thus, a lift fre-quency that is acceptable early in the workday mayexceed biomechanical tolerance limits as the workdayprogresses. This study will explore the changes in mus-cle recruitment and spinal loading when workers lift oneof three weights (corresponding to the range of industri-al exposures) at six different lift rates over extendedworkdays. The frequency and duration of lift will bejudged risky and unacceptable when the spinal loadsexceed documented spine tolerance limits. These find-ings will result in an understanding of the portion of thepopulation at risk for spine structure (disc) injury as afunction of load magnitude, lifting frequency, and liftperiod duration. They will provide quantitative guidancefor the mediation of work-related LBDs for the millionsof workers performing materials handling tasks in man-ufacturing and distribution center environments.

Biomechanical Psychosocial Risks forLow Back Disorders

Investigator: William Marras, Ph.D.Affiliation: Ohio State University

Columbus, OhioTelephone: (614) 838–6670Keywords/Phrases: Low-back disorders, manual

materials handling, workersPurpose:To investigate the role of biomechanical job demandsand psychosocial work characteristics in increasing therisk of low-back disorders (LBDs) among employees inmanual materials handling jobs.

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Extramural Projects

Abstract:The etiology of LBDs is complex and poorly understood.Although a wealth of knowledge is associated with eachof the risk factors, a dearth of studies have rigorouslyinvestigated both categories of risk factors in the samework environment. Therefore, it is difficult to estimatethe contribution of each of these risk categories to theoverall risk for occupationally related LBDs. It ishypothesized that risk factors make independent contri-butions to the risk of LBDs and that psychosocial workcharacteristics are more likely to increase risk for LBDwhen biomechanical job demands are moderate to lowrather than high. The proposed study uses a prospectivecohort design. It significantly increases the standard ofscientific rigor of investigations in this area through (1)reliable, valid, state-of-the art measures of both psy-chosocial work characteristics and biomechanical jobdemands, (2) assessments of exposure variables at multi-ple points in time, (3) the use of an array of outcomemeasures for LBD, including a validated, highly quan-tifiable clinical assessment of low-back functional status,and (4) adequate power to formally assess both additiveand potential interactive effects of the two categories ofrisk factors. With adequate quantification of exposures,the investigators will be able to accurately estimate theextent to which exposures (both psychosocial and bio-mechanical) need to be decreased to reduce LBD risk.The researchers will also be able to discern when andunder what conditions an intervention to improve thepsychosocial work environment will be likely to reducethe incidence of LBD and its associated morbidityamong manual materials handling employees.

Lift Aid Use in Reducing Injuries inNursing Personnel

Investigator: Paula Bohr, Ph.D.Affiliation: Maryville University

St. Louis, MissouriTelephone: (314) 529–9515Keywords/Phrases: Ergonomic intervention, mechanical

lift devices, nursing personnelPurpose:To utilize a pre-post comprehensive ergonomic interven-tion study designed to increase use of mechanical liftdevices by nursing personnel and assess the benefits ofintervention.Abstract:The most prominent risks for injuries among health careworkers are associated with the physically demandingtasks of lifting and transferring patients. The use ofmechanical lifts can lower the physical demands, butnursing personnel do not regularly use the devices even

when they are available. This pre-post intervention studywill focus on training acute care nursing personnel torecognize the need for using the devices and to use themcorrectly. Following 6 months of baseline data collec-tion, the intervention will be implemented. The interven-tion will consist of training sessions, periodic education-al reminders, and encouragement by management to usethe lift devices. The study will evaluate the effectivenessof the intervention using primary outcomes of symptomprevalence and severity, job satisfaction, reported psy-chosocial stressors, and reported and actual lift usage. Inaddition, administrative records (workers' compensationrecords and OSHA logs) will be evaluated as secondaryoutcome measures. The study will also prospectivelyidentify personal and work organization factors that pre-dict musculoskeletal injury and that limit the use of liftdevices by nursing personnel. Pre-intervention data col-lection will include baseline musculoskeletal symptomand job satisfaction survey, interviews to determine liftusage, and actual lift usage from counting devices on thelifts. Followup surveys will be used to collect symptomand job satisfaction information approximately 12months following completion of the training. Collectionof data for reported and actual lift usage will be ongoingthroughout the study period.

Reducing Low-Back Disorders Using aNew Sitting Design

Investigator: Mohsen Maksous, Ph.D.Affiliation: Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago

Chicago, IllinoisTelephone: (312) 908–7953Keywords/Phrases: Chairs, biomechanical and

neuromuscular responses, lower back painPurpose:To quantitatively compare the biomechanical and neuro-muscular responses of subjects with lower back pain(LBP) as they are exposed to chairs that incrementallyalter support to the ischial tuberosities in order to evalu-ate possible benefits to subjects with LBP.Abstract:Work-related low-back musculoskeletal disorders arecommon and affect a large portion of the workforce.Occupational risk factors for LBP include sustained stat-ic muscle load and inappropriate curvature of the spineand pelvis. Sitting may cause backward rotation of thepelvis, reduction in lumbar lordosis, changes in muscleactivities and disc pressure, excessive pressure over theischium and coccyx, and certainly the associated LBP.

This project will investigate a new seat design in whichthe back part of seat (BPS) can be dynamically tilted

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Extramural Projects

down and up with respect to the front part of the seat(FPS), providing adjustment of thigh and ischial support;the seat is also equipped with back support that isadjustable in height and volume. It was found in the pilotstudy that sitting with lowered BPS and adjustment oflow-back support resulted in more evenly distributedcontact pressure, reduced peak pressure under the ischia,increased total and segmental lumbar lordosis, a for-wardly rotated pelvis, and increased lumbar interverte-bral heights. The investigators believe that the function-al relations of the seat and backrest need to be furtherinvestigated to prevent flattening of the lumbar spine andto reduce the ischial load in long-term sitting, which arerelated to LBP. They propose to study the biomechanicaland neuromuscular effects of the new sitting concept andto evaluate quantitatively the benefits in the LBP patientsfor using appropriate lumbar support that increases lor-dosis and decreases the sitting pressure and load carriedby the ischial tuberosities.

Hypothesis 1: When the BPS is tilted down, load on theischial tubercles and lumbar spine will be reduced andshifted to the thighs and the thoracic spine, respectively.Low-back muscle activities will also be reduced. Theprimary aim is to evaluate (1) contact pressure distribu-tions between the buttock-thighs and seat and betweenthe back and backrest, and (2) load carried at the seat andback will be evaluated with and without ischial support,combined with flat or adjusted back support. The mus-cular activities involved in stabilizing the trunk underthese conditions will be investigated.

Hypothesis 2: Increase in lumbar lordosis, forward rota-tion of the pelvis, and larger intervertebral heights will beobserved when the BPS is tilted down to reduce ischialsupport. The second aim is to measure and compare thetotal and segmental lumbar lordosis, pelvis inclination,and intervertebral spaces of the lumbar spine under thedifferent sitting conditions.

Hypothesis 3: Sitting alternately between the postureswith the BPS at level and tilted-down positions willreduce the discomfort and pain associated with sitting.As a result, patients with LBP will better tolerate pro-longed sitting. The third aim is to evaluate the subjectiveevaluation and impressions gained from the use of sucha sitting design for a period of 4 months with the use ofa questionnaire in two groups of chronic LBP patientswith pain history and symptoms.

Neuro-Fuzzy Prediction of Spine Loads inResponse to Risk Factors

Investigator: William Marras, Ph.D.Affiliation: Ohio State University

Columbus, OhioTelephone: (614) 292–6670Keywords/Phrases: Spine loading assessment, trunk

muscle response, multiple risk dimensions Purpose:To develop a spine loading assessment system that hasthe capacity to assess trunk muscle activation patternsand subsequent spine loading in response to multiple riskdimensions (physical/task-dependent, individual, andpsychosocial).Abstract:Occupationally related low-back disorders (LBDs) con-tinue to be the leading cause of lost workdays and themost costly occupational safety and health problem fac-ing industry today. It has been well established that mostoccupationally related LBD risk is associated with man-ual materials handling activities as well as psychosocialinfluences in the workplace (National Academy ofSciences, 2001). In addition, individual factors can influ-ence risk; however, the ability to characterize risk associ-ated with these various dimensions of LBD risk has beenrather poorly understood. Recent literature indicates thata common link within each of these risk dimensionsinvolves increases in trunk muscle coactivation that canlead to increased spine loading and subsequent LBD.Electromyographic (EMG)-assisted models provide theonly means to accurately assess and quantify the effect ofchanges in trunk muscle coactivation on spinal loading;however, the collection of EMG under most industrialconditions is impractical. The objective of this work is todevelop a Spine Loading Assessment System (SLAS)that has the capacity to assess trunk muscle coactivationpatterns and subsequent spine loading in response to mul-tiple risk dimensions. This system would permit one toaccurately estimate spine loading as a result of physicalworkplace factors, psychosocial factors, and individualfactors but it would not require the use of EMG. Thisobjective will be achieved through the development of ahybrid neuro-fuzzy engine (HNFE). This engine wouldact as a system artificial "brain" able to synthesize infor-mation about the workplace and assess how the trunkmusculature would behave. The engine will interfacewith a well developed, biologically driven, dynamic bio-mechanical model of the trunk. In this manner, the inves-tigators will be able to accurately predict spine loading inthe workplace in response to various risk factor dimen-sions without the need to collect EMG data in the work-place. Collectively, the SLAS will have severalbenefits. First, it can be used to assess the risk of spine

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structure damage believed to contribute to low-back painas a function of work dimensions commonly associatedwith the workplace. Hence, this model will have imme-diate applications to workplace designs. Second, the sys-tem will provide insights as to how the various dimen-sions of risk synergistically impact the musculoskeletalsystem. Finally, it will facilitate further investigationsregarding stability and coactivity.

Low-Back Pain in Cyclic and ProlongedOccupational Activities

Investigator: Moshe Solomonow, Ph.D.Affiliation: Louisiana State University

New Orleans, LouisianaTelephone: (504) 568–2251Keywords/Phrases: Spinal ligaments, low back pain,

occupational activitiesPurpose:To investigate the role of spinal ligaments in causingspinal instability, injury and low-back pain in two typesof occupational activities.Abstract:It is hypothesized that which mechanoreceptors in thespinal ligaments are deformed as a result of loading, theyinitiate sustained reflex activity in the paraspinal mus-cles. As creep sets in the ligaments, over time, they aredesensitized and the reflexive muscular activity is lost,rendering the spine exposed to instability, injury, andlow-back pain. This research may provide an insight fora wide range of low-back pain types, ranging from idio-pathic pain due to ligament strain, to that resulting fromthe chain reaction of injury, disc herniation, and nervedamage due to lack of musculature support. This 3-yearexperimental research program will use a feline model tosystematically explore the relationship between the elec-trophysiological and mechanical properties of spinal lig-aments in vivo and the activity of motor units of theparaspinal and abdominal muscles in cyclic and station-ary loading conditions when the ligaments are subjectedto creep as well as their recovery pattern with rest.Results of this research will (1) provide insight into theneurophysiology of low-back pain in common occupa-tional activities, (2) provide an insight to the cause of lostmuscle strength and coordination and prolongation oflow back pain, and (3) delineate occupational conditionsthat result in low-back pain and other occupational con-ditions that may prevent it.

Mixed Exposures

Complex Mixture Modeling ofOrganophosphate Pesticides

Investigator: Charles Timchalk, Ph.D.Affiliation: Battelle Memorial Institute

Richland, Washington Telephone: (509) 376–0434Work Settings: AgricultureKeywords/Phrases: Organophosphate pesticide, mixed

exposuresPurpose:To evaluate the potential health implications resultingfrom exposure to complex mixtures of organophosphateinsecticides.Abstract:Organophosphate pesticides insecticides are widely usedin a variety of applications, and the potential exists forsignificant occupational exposure. The health implica-tions of mixed chemical exposures are currently poorlyunderstood, since the toxicological characterization ofsuch complex mixtures is not practical because of thenumerous potential combinations. To address this chem-ical mixture issue, an integrated approach is proposedinvolving the application of physiologically based phar-macokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling inconjunction with focused in vivo/in vitro studies. Thegoal of this project is to provide a quantitative under-standing of complex chemical interactions within bio-logical systems, estimate tissue dosimetry, and quantitatepharmacodynamic response (i.e., esterase inhibition).This approach represents a reasonable application of lim-ited resources to generate data that can be used to evalu-ate human health risk from occupational exposure toimportant agricultural chemicals. This research will (1)develop a PBPK/PD model for diazinon in the rat,(2) conduct focused in vitro experiments in rats to quan-tify critical metabolic interactions for mixtures of chlor-pyrifos and diazinon that can readily be incorporated intoa binary mixture PBPK/PD model, (3) conduct in vivoevaluations of the PBPK/PD model interactions for mix-tures of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the rat, and (4) con-duct focused in vitro experiments with human tissues toquantify critical metabolic interactions and develop ahuman diazinon and binary organophosphate pesticidemixture PBPK/PD model.

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Extramural Projects

Microbiological Air Contamination fromMachining Fluids

Investigator: Tina Reponen, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OhioTelephone: (513) 558–0571Keywords/Phrases: Bioaerosols, aerosolization,

metalworking fluid, respiratory and skindisease

Purpose:To study the aerosolization of mist and microorganismsfrom metalworking fluids (MWFs) using new techniquesfor the aerosolization and measurement of bioaerosols. Abstract:Workers exposed to machining fluid aerosols may have anincreased risk of developing a variety of respiratory andskin diseases. About 1.2 million workers in the UnitedStates are occupationally exposed to MWFs. Recent stud-ies have suggested that microorganisms dispersed fromMWFs can cause severe respiratory diseases in workers.In this study of aerosolization of mist and microorganismsfrom MWFs, a key instrument in this two-year study is anewly developed Biosampler, designed for long-termsampling of bioaerosols. Experiments will first be per-formed in the laboratory under controlled conditions bysimulating several different machining conditions. A lab-oratory-scale mist generator will be adopted and modifiedfor this study and will be used with MWFs representingdifferent viscosity and surface tension. The aerosolizationof mist will be tested first with clean fluids, with fluidsinoculated with known concentrations of test microorgan-isms, and finally with used fluids collected from field testsites. The last phase is a field study. Comparison of thefield data with the laboratory data will allow investigatorsto interpret the dispersion of mist and microorganisms inMWF environments and assess the potential microbialexposure of workers. Both are needed developing engi-neering control strategies. The field study will also helpcreate an initial database on the concentrations of airbornemicroorganisms in MWF environments. The findings ofthis project are expected to contribute to setting or modi-fying standards for reducing health hazards related toMWF exposure.

Organic Solvent Mixtures andNeuropsychological Outcomes

Investigator: Ellen KirraneAffiliation: University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, North Carolina Telephone: (919) 929–5931

Keywords/Phrases: Fishing, solvents, occupational injuryPurpose:To study emissions from fuel and fuel exhaust in exposedworkers in the commercial fishing industry.Abstract:Although the commercial fishing industry is reported tohave among the highest occupational injury morbidityand mortality rates in the United States little scientificdata exists about the occupational illness hazards facingworkers in this industry. Fishermen are exposed on adaily basis to evaporative emissions from fuel and fuelexhaust (diesel and gasoline) generated by their boatsand to a variety of organic solvents used during mainte-nance activities. Results from this study will benefit notonly the fishing industry but a variety of occupationalgroups with this common exposure.

Silica Exposure and Silicosis: Effect ofMixed Exposures

Investigator: Gurumurthy Ramachandran, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota Telephone: (612) 626–5428Work Settings: MiningKeywords/Phrases: Silica, dose-response, silicosisPurpose:To determine the quantitative dose-response relationshipbetween crystalline silica and silicosis. Abstract:The quantitative relationship between exposure to crys-talline silica and development of silicosis is uncertaindespite a number of studies. The uncertainty is due to thefact that exposure reconstructions are typically based onsparse data with significant uncertainty, and dose recon-structions that obtain the cumulative lung burden of theworker do not account for simultaneous exposures to lesstoxic dusts categorized as particles not otherwise classi-fied (PNOC). For this research, a novel Bayesian method-ology that synthesizes expert judgment, exposure models,and historical measurements will be used for exposurereconstruction. Pharmacokinetic modeling will be used toestimate the cumulative lung dose of silica and PNOC andthe time to macrophage overload in this mixed exposurescenario. A case-control study will be conducted to com-pare silicotics and disease free referents and test the fol-lowing hypotheses: (1) a cumulative exposure metric thatincludes both silica and PNOC is more related to thedevelopment of silicosis than cumulative silica exposurealone, (2) the time to macrophage overload is shorteramong cases than non-cases employed in the dusty trades,and (3) the time to macrophage overload, due to exposures

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Extramural Projects

to mixtures of silica and PNOC, is related to the time fromfirst exposure to disease among silicosis cases.

Experimental and ComputationalMethods for Quantitating the Absorptionof Complex Chemical Mixtures ThroughSkin

Investigator: Jim Riviere, D.V.M., Ph.D.Affiliation: North Carolina State University

Raleigh, North Carolina Telephone: (919) 513–6305Keywords/Phrases: Mixed exposures, skin absorption,

interactionsPurpose:To define and characterize chemical mixture interactionsthat affect percutaneous absorption. Abstract:Chemical exposure in most environmental and occupa-tional settings is to complex chemical mixtures ratherthan individual chemicals. Estimating exposure for riskassessment purposes under this scenario is difficult, asmost research studies only assess single chemical expo-sure. Previous research has studied the nature of chemi-cal interactions within a mixture that could modulateabsorption across the skin. The present research willevaluate interactions of 12 chemicals selected on thebasis of their physical chemical properties in three modelsystems of increasing biological complexity: inert silas-tic, in vitro porcine skin diffusion cells, and ex vivo iso-lated perfused porcine skin flaps (IPPSF). Mathematicalmodels of dermal absorption will then be developed thatcan provide efficient parameters to serve as experimentalendpoints, yet are sensitive to the interactions.

Musculoskeletal Disorders of theUpper Extremities

Musculoskeletal Stress in RepetitivePrecision Task

Investigator: Victor Paquet, Sc.D.Affiliation: University of Buffalo

Buffalo, New YorkTelephone: (716) 645–2357Keywords/Phrases: Precision, fatigue and recovery,

light tasks

Purpose:To provide information about the impact that precisionhas on fatigue and recovery in light repetitive tasks.Abstract:Evidence exists that precision work is associated withmusculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremities, par-ticularly the shoulders. A logical series of factorial exper-iments will show whether precision acts alone or interac-tively with other task factors to elicit musculoskeletalstress. Modifying the precision demands of industrialwork may not be possible; however, understanding howmore controllable factors, such as task layout or organi-zational factors, interact with precision will providepointers as to which ergonomic interventions would bestmitigate the impact of precision. The study will also pro-vide simultaneous information about movement time andmusculoskeletal stress. Several indices of musculoskele-tal stress will be used, including muscle activation pat-terns, discomfort ratings, postural measures, and countsof the number of non-task- related postural shifts. Indicesof movement time will be determined from the coeffi-cients found from fitting data on the time it takes to makemovements to an equation that breaks movement timeinto the time required to move particular distances andthe time required to close in on precision targets. Suchinformation will show whether musculoskeletal stressand movement time are correlated and whether theycoexist or whether one precedes the other in time.Information about the association of movement timewith stress would give agronomists another tool to assesssomatic fatigue or stress. The repeated measures experi-ments will last one to two hours and will provide infor-mation about whether the deleterious effects of precisionaccumulate with task duration, and whether those effectsare different for different combinations of precision andtask layout. In the early experiments, this would givepredictors for when work should stop and when it shouldbegin. In the later experiments, that information wouldprovide a means to evaluate the effectiveness ofwork/rest cycles.

Computer Use and MusculoskeletalDisorders

Investigator: Caroline Monteilh, M.D., Ph.D.Affiliation: Emory University

Atlanta, GeorgiaTelephone: (404) 727–3370Keywords/Phrases: Postural risk factors,

musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders,computer users

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Extramural Projects

Purpose:To identify postural risk factors and associated risk mag-nitudes for musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders thatare specific to men and women computer users.Abstract:The overall goal of the proposal is to add to knowledgeof the factors affecting survival time to upper extremitymusculoskeletal symptoms and disorders (MSDs) amongcomputer users keying at least 15 hours per week. Toachieve this goal, additional statistical analyses of exist-ing data previously collected in a major prospectivestudy of factors affecting the onset of upper extremityMSDs among computer users are proposed. The specificaims are to (1) develop an index of postures and work-space dimensions among computer users and determineits ability to predict upper extremity MSDs, (2) examinethe assumption of linear relationships between keyinghours and upper extremity MSDs by comparing the abil-ity of linear models, threshold models, and other statisti-cal models to describe these associations, and (3)describe gender-specific postural and work-space riskfactors for upper extremity MSDs among computerusers. Successful completion of the first aim will resultin the quantification of the ways that separate posturalmeasurements and/or office work-space dimensionswork in combination to increase or decrease risk of upperextremity MSDs. Successful completion of the secondaim will advance knowledge of the nature of the associ-ation between hours keying and onset of upper extremi-ty MSDs. Successful completion of the third aim willadvance knowledge of the causes of observed gender dif-ferences in the reporting of upper extremity MSDsamong computer users.

Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disordersin Plant Nursery Work

Investigator: John Miles, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of California

Davis, CaliforniaTelephone: (530) 752–6210Keywords/Phrases: Engineering interventions, plant

cutting jobs, upper musculoskeletaldisorders

Purpose:To evaluate interventions in plant nursery work. Abstract:The investigators propose to work cooperatively withowner/operators and workers to evaluate the efficacy ofengineering interventions in the plant cuttings job(including adaptation of Airshirz and ergonomics work-station improvements) in significantly improving pre-

vention of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs). This is a subpopulation of farmworkers whohave documented history of diagnosed MSDs (specifi-cally carpal tunnel syndrome). In addition, informationabout MSDs, MSD risk factors, and controls will be dis-seminated to workers and to grower groups. Project aimsare to (1) develop detailed ergonomic descriptions (bio-mechanical, metabolic, and postural) of targeted risk fac-tors for MSDs involved in making plant cuttings forpropagation, (2) estimate the incidence of MSDs andrelated symptoms among participating plant propagationworkers, (3) adapt the proved Airshirz cutting tool to therequirements of the plant cuttings job, (4) assemble andtrain worker/supervisor ergonomics teams who willinteract with researchers to identify and prioritize poten-tial workstation and task improvements, (5) implementthe adapted Airshirz cutting tool and other workstationand work processes, (6) evaluate the efficacy of inter-ventions to reduce targeted ergonomics risk factors andreduce upper extremity MSDs and related symptomatol-ogy among participating plant propagation workers forpotential technology transfer across the nursery industry,(7) communicate project findings to nursery and otheragricultural industry groups, workers, and communityinterests, and (8) report project findings in appropriateresearch and professional publications.

Ergonomic Interventions for GarmentWork

Investigator: Beate Ritz, M.D., Ph.D.Affiliation: University of California

Los Angeles, California Telephone: (310) 206–5487Keywords/Phrases: Ergonomic intervention, sewing

machine operators, garment shopsPurpose:To test an ergonomic intervention for sewing machineoperators.Abstract:Nearly 40% of the industries with the highest reportedincidence rates of injuries and illnesses from repetitivemotion in the United States are in apparel manufacturing.Thus the investigators propose to conduct a randomizedtrial of a newly developed ergonomic intervention appliedto sewing machine operators working in Los Angeles gar-ment shops. These interventions were previously testedfor acceptance by workers in Northern California. Theproposed ergonomic intervention package includeschanges in workstation design, such as (1) tilting thesewing machine table to decrease neck and trunk flexion,(2) seating improvements, such as adding sitting wedgesto existing chairs or providing highly adjustable chairs

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appropriately selected for work at a sewing machine, (3)installing a table extension on the left side of the sewingmachine table to decrease awkward arm postures andpinch forces, and (4) providing support for the left footwith a simple block of wood or extending the foot pedalsso that both feet are well supported or activate the control.In addition to equipment changes, the investigators willtrain all employees in how to perform work tasks moresafely and suggest improvements in the work procedures(e.g., redesign of the work flow, rest breaks, enhancedvariety in tasks to reduce repetitive strain). The researchteam will examine whether interventions implemented at150 sewing workstations can reduce rates of upperextremity, neck, and lower back musculoskeletal disor-ders, severity of pain and impairment, and lost time com-pared with 150 “placebo” (control) interventions.Secondary purposes include (1) determining the effect ofthe intervention on body postures and work practices, (2)identifying the characteristics of employees who benefitfrom the intervention, (3) estimating the effects of theintervention on productivity, and (4) estimating the costof the intervention. The long-term objectives of thisresearch are to determine to what extent ergonomic andsome work organizational changes (for sewing machineoperators in garment shops) can prevent upper extremity,neck, and low back musculoskeletal impairment, disor-ders, and disability. This study will provide employers,employees, and public agencies with evidence of theeffectiveness of ergonomic interventions to guide healthand safety policy.

Biomechanical Effects of IndustrialEccentric Exertions

Investigator: Robert Radwin, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Wisconsin

Madison, WisconsinTelephone: (608) 263–6596Keywords/Phrases: Hand tool operation, repetitive

exertions, musculoskeletal disordersPurpose:To study repetitive eccentric exertions of industrial pow-ered hand tool operation on the biomechanical propertiesof muscle and tendon. Abstract:This research will improve the understanding of the etiol-ogy and prevention of work-related musculoskeletal dis-orders. Increased power tool reaction force and builduptime are hypothesized to correspond with greater changesin the dymanic characteristics of the upper limb. A labo-ratory-based experiment will define the short-term rela-tionship between repetitive eccentric exertions (i.e., reac-tion force magnitude and buildup time) and upper limb

properties (i.e., stiffness, viscous damping, and inertialmass). Preliminary data reveal significant stiffness andinertial mass changes during eccentric exercising at simi-lar intensity levels. Biochemical measures of blood crea-tine kinase (CK) and anatomical measures using T2changes in an MRI of the forearms will be compared withbiomechanical parameters before and following repetitiveeccentric exertions for a random subset of the subjects.Subjective discomfort will be assessed using a visual ana-log scale, and forearm edema and strength will also bemeasured. The second experiment will assess similarupper limb biomechanical properties for industrial work-ers who regularly perform repetitive eccentric exertionsof varying intensity, buildup time, and repetition rate inselected industrial jobs. Subjects will be recruited fromtool operation jobs on a local automobile assembly line.This research can lead to better ergonomic interventionsthrough quantitative power hand tool design guidelinesand work practices based on understanding the damagingeffects of exposure to specific levels of reaction force,buildup time, and repetition and provide new outcomemeasures for epidemiological studies.

Musculoskeletal Disorder Follow-up inAutomobile Manufacturing

Investigator: Laura Punnett, Sc.D.Affiliation: University of Massachusetts

Lowell, Massachusetts Telephone: (978) 934–3269Keywords/Phrases: Ergonomics, upper extremitiesPurpose:To expand knowledge of upper extremity disorders withoccupational stressors.Abstract:In the current study, followup data on MSD morbidityand exposure have been collected about 6 years after thebaseline survey. The overall objective is to confirm andexpand the previous associations of upper extremity dis-orders with occupational ergonomic stressors. All eligi-ble workers from the baseline study are being sought forinterviews and examinations at the workplace, both theactively employed and retired workers at home.Morbidity information is obtained by standardized inter-view, screening physical examination, grip and pinchstrength, vibrometry, and pressure pain threshold testing.The interviews also inquire about changes in work histo-ry, medical and injury history, smoking, recreationalactivities, and other nonoccupational covariates since thebaseline interview. Exposure data on subjects' currentjobs are collected by interview and observation and bydirect measurement for comparison in a subset of work-

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Extramural Projects

ers. The key substantive areas of investigation are (1)determine changes in previously assessed exposures inthe study jobs, (2) estimate prevalence and cumulativeincidence of new upper extremity MSDs as a function ofergonomic exposures assessed at baseline (and at theone-year followup for some workers) and in this survey,(3) estimate the persistence of previously identified dis-orders, again as a function of prior and current ergonom-ic exposures, and (4) examine work and health factorsrelated to leaving employment and estimate the magni-tude of the “healthy worker” selection effect operating inthis population. In addition, methodological issuesinclude the validity of psychophysical ratings ofergonomic exposures, short and long-term reproducibili-ty of workers’ recall of occupational exposures, andreproducibility of sensitivity of other signs.

Force-Repetition Interaction in a RatInjury Model of Cumulative TraumaDisorder

Investigator: Mary Barbe, Ph.D.Affiliation: Temple University

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Telephone: (215) 707–3628Keywords/Phrases: Cumulative trauma disorders,

repetitive strain injury, carpal tunnelsyndrome

Purpose:To gain a better understanding of task repetition rate andforce level in the development of carpal tunnel syndrome.Abstract:The long-term goals of this research are to use a ratinjury model of cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) toexamine the interaction between multiple risk factorsthat contribute to the development of CTD and to inves-tigate interventions to prevent and reverse work-relatedmusculoskeletal disorders. In this 5-year study, the pro-tocol includes three aims: (1) to determine the effects ofa voluntary low-force task performed at low-, medium-,and high-repetition rates on motor behavior and patho-physiological outcomes of forelimb and central nervoussystem tissues, (2) to determine the effects of a voluntarylow-repetition task performed at low-, medium-, andhigh-force levels of exertion on motor behavior andpathophysiological outcomes of forelimb and centralnervous system tissues, and (3) to determine the effectsof voluntary task regimes performed at a range of repeti-tion rate and force level combinations on motor behaviorand pathophysiological outcomes of forelimb and centralnervous system tissues. The objectives for each aim areto determine (1) whether voluntary task regimens cause

direct mechanical injury to musculoskeletal, peripheralnerve, and surrounding connective tissues, (2) the extentto which the task regimens stimulate inflammatory cellsand inflammatory processes locally and systemically, (3)the extent to which the task regimens result in neuro-plasticity in the spinal cord and nucleus cuneatus of thebrainstem, and (4) the extent to which the task regimescause motor performance and movement pattern changesand their chronological relationship to the peripheral andcentral tissue changes. Many questions remain about theinteraction of task repetition rate and force level in thedevelopment of CTD. A more precise understanding ofthese effects will help to guide therapeutic strategies forpreventive and early care of affected individuals, reha-bilitation approaches for subacute and chronic cases, andprevention of chronic disability.

A Model for Wrist and ElbowMusculoskeletal Disorders

Investigator: David Rempel, M.D.Affiliation: University of California

Richmond, California Telephone: (510) 231–5720Keywords/Phrases: Repetitive strain injury, cumulative

trauma disorders, musculoskeletal disordersPurpose:To use a rabbit animal model to evaluate repetitive activ-ities that might be related to disorders such as carpal tun-nel syndrome.Abstract:Debate exists regarding the relative role of various bio-mechanical factors (i.e., force, repetition, acceleration,etc.) during repetitive work in the causation of upperextremity musculoskeletal disorders. Most of these fac-tors can be altered in the design of work. The investiga-tors will use the rabbit finger flexor model to investigatethe role of these factors in causing entrapment neuropa-thy of the median nerve at the wrist and tendonitis at theepicondyle. In addition, the study will identify early cel-lular and biochemical changes in matrix proteins andcytokines. This study has the potential to identify thecharacteristics of biomechanical loading which maycause injuries. This information will be valuable to occu-pational health practitioners in adding specificity toergonomic guidelines for repetitive work, has the poten-tial to identify the biochemical pathways and time-frames of disease progression, that may cause injuries,and will lead to new strategies for treating and prevent-ing entrapment neuropathies and tendon disorders relat-ed to work.

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Extramural Projects

Effects of Repetitive Work on Fatigue ofLong Duration

Investigator: Steven Lehman, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of California

Berkeley, California Telephone: (510) 642–5893Keywords/Phrases: Muscle fatigue, repetitive workPurpose:To develop a physiologic marker that indicates a level ofcollective change in the muscle due to exposure.Abstract:Musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity associ-ated with repetitive work may be caused by cumulativeexposure. Muscle fatigue of long duration, also known aslow-frequency fatigue, increases with exposure and canpersist for more than 24 hours into the next workday. Theinvestigators will conduct a series of hypothesis-drivenlaboratory-based experiments, which will simulate repet-itive wrist flexion work tasks for 8-hour workdays.These experiments will determine a relationship betweenparameters describing exposure to repetitive work withchanges in a physiological response or the level of mus-cle fatigue. Traditional isometric muscle stimulationtechniques will provide objective measurements offatigue of long duration created by the wrist flexion taskthroughout the workday and into the next morning. Sincefatigue of long duration can persist into the next morn-ing, the first set of experiments will test whether musclefatigue accumulates over consecutive workdays andwhether accumulated fatigue is equivalent to fatiguefrom a single bout of work. The second set of experi-ments will test which quantitative measure of exposureto repetitive work dominates the physiological response:is it cumulative activation, force, or work? The third setof experiments will determine the effects of several pro-posed job task interventions, including training, mini-breaks, and different repetition rates, on the level offatigue. Ultimately, this study will link aspects of expo-sure to repetitive work with changes in muscle physiolo-gy, an important step in the etiology of work-relatedmusculoskeletal disorders, and will aid in the redesign ofrepetitive working tasks.

Organization of Work

The Impact of Total Workload onMaternal Postpartum Health and Qualityof Life

Investigator: Patricia McGovern, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota Telephone: (612) 625–7135Keywords/Phrases: Work organization, women’s

health, stressPurpose:To determine how total workload (i.e., hours of paid andunpaid work), use of family medical leave, job stress,and work-family conflict relate to maternal health afterchildbirth.Abstract:The effects of stress and role conflict from total work-load on women's postpartum health are not well estab-lished, yet mothers of infants represent one of the fastestgrowing segments in the U.S. labor market. The currentstudy employs a prospective design with panel data col-lection at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and18 months after childbirth. Selected intervals reflect crit-ical times in women's postpartum recovery and employ-ment patterns that have implications for maternal work-load and well-being. Potential subjects will be recruitedfrom selected hospitals and screened for eligibility. Uponhospital discharge following childbirth, 782 women willbe surveyed at intervals described above using both tele-phone and mailed administration of survey instrumentsdepending on the timing of data collection. Results fromthe study will provide important information aboutmaternal health and quality of life at a vulnerable time inthe life cycle of women and their families. The studyfindings will identify workplace and job characteristicsand family and personal choices that support women'shealth and quality of life. Knowledge of these factorswill facilitate the design and testing of policy and pro-grammatic interventions relevant to employers, policymakers, and occupational health providers.

Difficult Work Conditions and Youths’Mental Health

Investigator: Elizabeth SmailesAffiliation: Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene,

Inc.New York, New York

Telephone: (212) 740–1460

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Extramural Projects

Keywords/Phrases: Stress, mental illness, workingconditions

Purpose:To study the impact of difficult working conditions onthe mental health of young workers.Abstract:The positive association between difficult work condi-tions and mental illness may reflect the fact that difficultwork conditions cause mental disorders (the causationhypothesis) or that people with prior mental illness selector are selected into difficult work conditions (the selec-tion hypothesis). In this study the classical, competinghypotheses of selection and causation and others areassessed with a rarely studied, albeit important group:youths who have recently entered the workforce.Causation and selection effects will be examinedprospectively using a longitudinal community sample of615 youths from upstate New York. The sample was firstinterviewed in 1975 when the cohort was between theages of 1 and 10. In 1984 and 1992, mental health andfamily environment data were collected, and informationabout work conditions was collected in the latter wave.Mental illness is conceptualized in terms of anxiety,depression, and alcohol abuse disorders—disorders thatare the most prevalent among workers. Work conditionsare measured in terms of excessive job demands, lack ofdecision latitude, and conflicted work relationships. Inaddition, structural equation models will be used to esti-mate indirect and direct causal effects. Controls for priormental illness, gender, race, family income, and externalsocial support (family, friends not in the workplace) willbe included in all models. Finally, the present study willinvestigate any specificity that might exist between thetype of workplace condition and type of mental illness,and separate models will be run for women, men, andyouth from low- and high-income families.

Management Practices as a Factor inWorkplace Violence

Investigator: Tony Lowe, M.S.W.Affiliation: University of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaTelephone: (412) 972–0339Keywords/Phrases: Management practices, male social

workers, workplace violencePurpose:To investigate the influence of management practices incontributing to the increased exposure of male socialworkers to workplace violence.Abstract:This project will test the effect of decision-making prac-tices, as they relate to informal risk management efforts,

regarding the task assignment of clients in the work-place. Examining the assignment practices of volatile (orhigh-risk) mental health clients may provide additionalunderstanding of contributors to gender disparity inoccupational health hazards for social workers. Thisexperimental study will solicit a national random sampleof 1,000 National Association of Social Workers(NASW) members for analysis. The sample inclusioncriteria are current membership in NASW, mental healthas the primary service setting, and supervision as the pri-mary practice function. This research addresses the fol-lowing questions: (1) Does a mental health client'sbehavioral history significantly increase the client's like-lihood of assignment to a male social worker? (2) Do amental health client's behavioral history and a socialwork supervisor's gender role perception interact to sig-nificantly increase the client's likelihood of case assign-ment to a male social worker? (3) Do a mental healthclient's behavioral history and the male gender of theclient interact to significantly increase the client's likeli-hood of case assignment to a male social worker? (4) Doa mental health client's behavioral history and gender ofsupervisor interact to significantly increase the client'slikelihood of case assignment to a male social worker?(5) Do a mental health client's behavioral history and anorganization's policy practices interact to significantlyincrease the client's likelihood of case assignment to amale social worker? In general, this research will helpthe scientific community to understand mechanisms thatmay contribute to gender disparities in occupationalhealth hazards within an occupation. More specifically,these findings will increase our knowledge of gender dis-parities in client-related violence, risk exposure of an at-risk population, supervisory practices, and organization-al policy practices in mental health service settingsacross the nation.

Work Organization and Health AmongHomecare Workers

Investigator: Carles Muntaner, M.D.Affiliation: University of Maryland

Baltimore, Maryland Telephone: (410) 706–0889Keywords/Phrases: Stress, home care workers, work

organizationPurpose:To assess the relationship between the organization ofwork, major depression, and musculoskeletal disordersamong homecare workers.Abstract:Work organization is an important determinant ofemployee psychological and physical well-being. This

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Extramural Projects

research program will conduct a cross-sectional study of1,520 home care workers drawn from a large and diversepopulation in Los Angeles County, California. Thisresearch will be the first study in the United States toexamine work organization factors in the home careindustry in relation to the prevalence of depression andmusculoskeletal disorders among home care workers.This study will also make important methodological con-tributions to the field of occupational health. Home careworkers are a “hard-to-reach” special population at risk(with a high proportion of poor, minorities, immigrants,and women), so the investigators will use computer-assisted telephone interviewing to minimize respondenteffort in participating. In addition, work organizationwill be measured among home care workers under stan-dard and nonstandard (part-time, on-call work arrange-ments) situations. The research will employ a newlydeveloped screening instrument for depression withimproved content validity and domain representativenesscompared to other nonclinical instruments for this out-come. The results of this study will have implications forworkplace policies in home care agencies across theUnited States that have the potential to provide newinformation to reduce depression, musculoskeletal disor-ders, and the associated loss of productivity from thesedisorders among home care workers.

Extended Work Schedules andWorkplace Injury in Nurses

Investigator: Alison Trinkoff, Sc.D.Affiliation: University of Maryland

Baltimore, Maryland Telephone: (410) 706–0452Keywords/Phrases: Healthcare workers, work

organizationPurpose:To determine the relationship of extended work sched-ules among nurses in a variety of settings to the occur-rence of musculoskeletal disorders and needlestickinjuries.Abstract:Few industries in the United States have undergone moresweeping changes over the past decade than the healthcare industry. These changes have primarily come from adesire to reduce or control costs. One of the major cost-cutting strategies has been to reduce the size of the nurs-ing workforce. To compensate, nurses are often requiredto work extended schedules, including >8-hour days,>40-hour workweeks, mandatory overtime, double shifts,and other inflexible scheduling demands. Nurses facemany occupational hazards; among the most common aremusculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and the transmission

of bloodborne pathogens, such as HIV and Hepatitis C,through needlestick injuries. Extended work schedulesincrease the length of workplace exposure to hazards thatlead to such injuries. To address the problem of extendedwork and its health impact on nurses, the investigatorswill accomplish the following aims: (1) examine thenature and prevalence of extended work schedules(hours/day, hours/week, mandatory and voluntary over-time, breaks) among nurses in a variety of settings,(2) determine the relationship of extended work sched-ules to musculoskeletal pain/disorders (MSDs), measuredlongitudinally, and (3) determine the relationship betweenextended work schedules and needlestick injuries, meas-ured longitudinally. Survey data will be collected from aprobability sample of 3,500 actively licensed RNs in twostates and analyzed. This study of nurses, who are experi-encing a multitude of extended work hour arrangements,will provide a comprehensive examination of the impactof such work arrangements on the health of nurses.Identifying organizational variables related to nurses’health that, if modified, could reduce the likelihood ofworker injury is key to maximizing the quality of healthcare while maintaining a healthy workforce.

Extended Work Schedules and HealthOutcomes in the United States

Investigator: Fabio Barbone, M.D., Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Alabama

Birmingham, Alabama Telephone: (205) 934–7163Keywords/Phrases: Work organization, schedules,

injuries and diseasesPurpose:To determine whether extended work hours are related tohealth outcomes among workers and their nonworkingspouse and children.Abstract:Fundamental issues in the current and future organiza-tion of work, particularly extended work schedules,embrace directly or indirectly all American workers andmay be related to a number of health outcomes throughseveral intermediate steps. The main component of thisresearch project will be a series of case-control studiesand case-crossover studies nested within the historicaldynamic cohort of U.S. workers identified among theparticipants in the Household Component of the MedicalExpenditure Panel Survey (MEPS HC). MEPS is a con-tinuous, multipurpose, multi-panel survey of the U.S.civilian noninstitutionalized population drawn fromrespondents to the National Health Interview Survey(NHIS). The secondary component of this research proj-ect will be a series of case-control studies and case-

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Extramural Projects

crossover studies nested within the historical dynamiccohort of nonworking spouses and children of U.S.workers identified among the participants in MEPS HC.Studies within this secondary component will estimatethe relation between extended work schedules of theworking spouse or parents and health events or healthstatus measured at the level of the nonworking spouseand children. Exposure information in both componentsof the study will include industry and occupation code,hours worked per week, hours worked per day, start andend times during the day, shiftwork, rotating shift, size ofbusiness, and self-employment. Health outcomes will beself-reported events that have been validated by informa-tion about health care use from the care provider.Analyses will be adjusted for a number of possible con-founders and effect modifier obtained from MEPS andNHIS, including socio-demographic factors, familydescriptors, and lifestyle factors.

Effects of Extended Work Hours onIntern Health and Safety

Investigator: Charles Czeisler, M.D., Ph.D.Affiliation: Brigham and Women’s Hospital

Boston, Maryland Telephone: (617) 732–4013Keywords/Phrases: Work organization, hospital internsPurpose:To determine whether extended work schedules of med-ical students and interns result in increased risk of med-ical errors and transportation-related injuries andwhether an intervention of a 10-hour protected sleepinterval will reduce this risk.Abstract:This research plans to test the hypotheses that (1) extend-ed workdays/long workweeks in interns are associatedwith increased risk of actual and near-miss motor vehiclecrashes, falling asleep at the wheel, falling asleep whileworking, and a reduction in quality of life measures; (2)provision of 10 hours protected time for sleep will sub-stantially increase sleep obtained during ICU on-callnights, and (3) physicians provided with 10 hours of pro-tected time for sleep while on-call will exhibit improvedperformance, enhanced alertness, and fewer microsleepepisodes while on duty. A prospective questionnairestudy of all U.S. physicians and dentists in their firstpostgraduate year is proposed to compare the occurrenceof adverse events in physicians who are required to workextended workdays (more than 30 consecutive hours)and long workweeks (more than 80 hours per week) withdentists who are not required to work such extendedworkdays or long workweeks in their first postgraduate

year. A second intervention study is proposed to evaluatethe efficacy of providing 10 hour of protected time forsleep in improving alertness and performance and reduc-ing the safety hazards associated with 36-hour on-callshifts. This proposed study could have important publicpolicy implications related to graduate medical educa-tion and training in the United States and the safety andhealth of the 100,000 medical and surgical residents whoare the principal providers of medical care in academicmedical centers across America.

Work Organizational Factors andPsychological Distress

Investigator: Omowunmi Y. Osinubi, M.D.Affiliation: University of Medicine and Dentistry of

New JerseyPiscataway, New Jersey

Telephone: (732) 445–0339Keywords/Phrases: Psychological distress,

organizational culture, stress and workproductivity

Purpose:To determine the impact of organizational culture onworkers' psychological distress, job-related stress, andwork productivity and to explore the relationshipbetween organizational culture and provision of work-place crisis intervention programs to employees in theaftermath of the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster.Abstract:This study is intended to obtain preliminary estimates ofthe effect of organizational culture on whether organiza-tions implement crisis intervention programs, employ-ees’ psychological distress and job-related stress, andself-reported work productivity. The preliminary dataobtained will enable investigators to plan a larger, morecomprehensive study. A sample of 10 organizations and500 employees will be recruited from within a 10-mileradius of WTC for this study. Human resource managers(or equivalent) will complete surveys to characterize dis-aster-related workplace programs offered to employees.Employees will complete questionnaires that assess psy-chological distress (Profile of Mood States), job-relatedstress (Job Content Questionnaire), other life stressors(PERI Life Event Scale), self-rated work productivity(Endicott Work Productivity Scale), and the perceivedcultures of their respective organizations (OrganizationalCulture Inventory [OCI]) at 12 and 24 months after thedisaster. Organizations will be classified as having posi-tive (constructive) or negative (aggressive/defensive andpassive defensive) cultures based on the OCI studyhypotheses: Organizations with positive (constructive)cultures are more likely provide disaster-related crisis

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Extramural Projects

intervention programs and have lower employee psycho-logical distress and job-related stress compared withorganizations with negative cultures. Employees oforganizations with positive cultures are more likely tohave higher self-reported work productivity and show areduction in psychological distress between 12 and 24months after the WTC disaster compared with theircounterparts in organizations with negative cultures. It isrecognized that the sample size for this study may not belarge enough to find statistical significance; however,one of the purposes of this exploratory study is to ensurethat there is enough variability in the measures of inter-est to warrant further investigation. The preliminary dataobtained will enable investigators to plan a larger, morecomprehensive study.

Impacts of Demanding Work Schedules:National Survey Findings

Investigator: Allard Dembe, Sc.D.Affiliation: University of Massachusetts

Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545Telephone: (508) 856–6162Keywords/Phrases: Work organization, work schedulesPurpose:To determine the impact of the number of hours worked,the type of shift, and sociodemographic factors on theoccurrence and type of injuries and their associated eco-nomic impacts.Abstract:The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) con-tains extensive information about worker’s employmenthistory, job experiences, occupational injuries and illness-es, and a variety of social, economic, vocational, and dis-ability outcomes. Using these data, investigators will beable to categorize work schedules according to the type ofshiftwork performed (day, evening, night, split, or rotat-ing), overtime work, extended hours per week (60+), andextended hours per day (12+). The longitudinal nature ofthe NLSY will allow investigators to retrospectively trackindividual work experiences over a 13-year observationperiod (1987–2000). Analysis will answer the followingquestions: (1) Do shift work and irregular schedulesincrease the likelihood of suffering occupational injuriesand illnesses? (2) Do overtime and extended work hoursincrease the likelihood of suffering occupational injuriesand illnesses? (3) What types of shiftwork, overtime, andextended hours schedules are most hazardous? and (4)Does working on one of these “demanding work sched-ules” increase the severity of the social, economic, voca-tional, and disability consequences of occupationalinjuries and illnesses? This study has several important

design features that will significantly advance scientificunderstanding of work organization, including large sam-ple sizes, a wide range of industries covered, a relativelylong period of observation to examine the time depend-encies between events, the ability to control for importantcovariates, and an extremely large array of significantoutcome measures. It will result in policy-relevant publi-cations and reports that include research-based recom-mendations for practical interventions to prevent or min-imize risk from these exposures.

Work Hours, Musculoskeletal Disorders,and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Investigator: Paul Landsbergis, Ph.D.Affiliation: Mount Sinai University

New York, New York Telephone: (212) 241–4571Keywords/Phrases: Work organization, cardiovascular

diseasePurpose:To evaluate the relationship between work schedules anddevelopment of musculoskeletal disorders or cardiovas-cular disease.Abstract:Stressful features of work organization, including longwork hours, have recently been identified as risk factorsfor blood pressure elevation and cardiovascular disease(CVD) and have been suggested as risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs).

The two primary aims of the proposed study are todetermine (1) associations between extended workhours, ergonomic risk factors, other psychosocial jobstressors, and WMSDs and (2) associations betweenextended work hours, other psychosocial job stressors(including job strain, effort-reward imbalance, and shiftwork), blood pressure elevation, and CVD risk. Thestudy population includes white-collar and blue-collarmen and women from the health care, transportation, andmanufacturing industries, many of whom currently useovertime extensively. The study is also designed toexamine the effect of characteristics of overtime, toassess how overtime interacts with other stressful fea-tures of work organization, ergonomic stressors, ordemographic measures, and to investigate the impact ofrecent changes in the organization of work on workhours, psychosocial job stressors, ergonomic risk factors,and work climate. Initial efforts will include analyses ofavailable employer records on work hours and WMSDsin the transportation and manufacturing industries, andsecondary analysis of existing medical data bases in thehealth care industry. A population-based case-control

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Extramural Projects

study of incident cases of WMSDs will be conductedamong health care workers. Two hundred cases and 200healthy incidence-density-matched controls will be inter-viewed in person. Ergonomic observation of an employ-ee representing each job title held by study participantswill be conducted. Forty job-matched controls will alsobe selected from workers in the same job titles as casesto assess information bias. A cross-sectional study of arandom sample of 400 employees, stratified by overtimeuse, from participating employers in various industries,will be conducted to investigate risk factors for bloodpressure elevation and CVD. Participants will have theirblood pressure measured while working using an inno-vative method (worksite point estimates) to obtain avalid estimate of mean workday blood pressure. A sub-sample of 100 employees will be followed over 2 yearsand have their blood pressure measured during periods ofhigh versus low overtime.

Risk Assessment Methods

Physiologically Based Pharmacolinetic/Clonal Growth Modeling: PredictingCancer Potential of Chemical Mixtures

Investigator: Raymond Yang, Ph.D.Affiliation: Colorado University

Fort Collins, Colorado Telephone: (970) 491–5652Keywords/Phrases: Mixed exposures, cancer, modelingPurpose:To develop a biologically based modeling approach forpredicting the cancer potential of chemical mixtures. Abstract:This research will develop a biologically based modelingapproach for predicting the cancer potential of chemicalmixtures. This will be accomplished by integrating atime-course hepatocarcinogenesis assay at the tissue, cel-lular, and molecular levels with physiologically basedpharmacokinetic (PBPK) and clonal growth modeling.The investigators hypothesize that the carcinogenicpotential of chemical mixtures can be predicted on thebasis of an integrated approach involving PBPK/clonalgrowth modeling of time-course glutathione-S-trans-ferase p positive (GST-P) foci development and its tem-poral cellular and molecular indicators. The intendedresearch is important because, without such a predictiveapproach, it is impossible to assess the almost infinitenumber of chemical mixtures in the environment by con-

ventional experimentation. The research approach willintegrate computer modeling, bioengineering concepts, awhole animal bioassay system, and state-of-the-sciencecellular and molecular biology for the prediction of car-cinogenic potential. The research team has already imple-mented the PBPK/clonal growth model to describe thetime-course development of GST-P foci in a series ofchlorobenzene isomers. Further, the investigators havestudied hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 3,3', 4,4', 5 pen-tachlorobiphenyls (PCB126), and arsenic (As), the threechemicals proposed for this project, using the Ito medi-um-term liver foci bioassay and have accumulated exten-sive background data. Overall, the investigators antici-pate that PBPK/clonal growth modeling will effectivelyintegrate data from molecular levels (gene expressionprofiles) to cell kinetics (division/death rates) toorgan/tissues levels (GST-P foci development and liverphysiology). Further, they anticipate that this model willsuccessfully predict carcinogenic potential of the binaryand ternary chemical mixtures of HCB, PCB 126, and As.

Social and Economic Consequencesof Workplace Illness and Injury

Social/Economic Impact of Injury/Illnessin Career Roofers

Investigator: Laura Welch, M.D.Affiliation: MedStar Research Institute

Washington, DC Telephone: (202) 877–5466Keywords/Phrases: Socioeconomic, roofers, injury and

illnessPurpose:To determine the effect of occupational injury and illnesson construction roofers' rates of leaving the trade and tomeasure the social and economic impact of these condi-tions on roofers who leave versus those who continue.Abstract:This research will employ well-developed survey instru-ments and techniques to survey union construction work-ers as they leave their trade and 1 year later. It will deter-mine the reason for leaving, the nature of injury or illnessif present, functional limitations at the time of leavingthe trade, and again after one year, and the social andeconomic consequences of that decision. This study willfocus on three groups of roofers: those who leave thetrade before retiring at any time in their careers, thosewho take early retirement, and those who apply for dis-

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ability retirement. The investigators will also interview acomparable group of roofers who continue to work foreach of these three groups. Specifically, the investigatorswill (1) determine what proportion of roofers leave theunion before retirement age, retire early, or apply for dis-ability retirement because of work-related injury, work-related disease, or a chronic medical condition; (2) deter-mine what proportion of roofers who continue to work inthe trade have chronic symptoms from a work-relatedinjury, have a work-related disease, or have a chronicmedical condition; (3) describe the social and economicimpact of work-related injury and illness or prematureretirement due to a medical condition for each of thesegroups; (4) evaluate change in measures of social andeconomic impact over time in the roofers who drop outof the union and those who retire early or on disability;and (5) assess and describe the impact of work-relatedconditions and aging on the ability of roofers to remainemployed in their trade.

Occupational Fatality Trends: AContextual Analysis

Investigator: Dana Loomis, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, North Carolina Telephone: (919) 966–7433Keywords/Phrases: Traumatic injuries, surveillance,

fatalitiesPurpose:To study the relationship of long-term trends in fatal occu-pational injury to economic and labor-force injury rates.AbstractThe investigators propose an epidemiologic study ofnational and regional levels. Specifically, the researchseeks to answer the following research questions: (1)What was the average annual change in the rate of fataloccupational injury from 1980 to 1994 for the Nation, forits principal geographic regions, and for specific sectorsof industry, major occupational groups, and workergroups defined by sex, age, and race? (2) Do characteris-tics of States and regions predict differences in occupa-tional fatality trends that occurred between 1980 and1994 (compensation levels, population mobility, propor-tion of women and minorities in the labor force, educa-tional attainment, and power of labor relative to capitaland regulatory climate)? (3) Was the relative decline infatal occupational injury rates from 1980 to 1994 equalfor potentially vulnerable groups of workers and forother worker groups with greater historical advantages?(4) Would the overall rate of fatal occupational injuryobserved toward the middle of the 1990s have been thesame as the rate in the early 1980s if there had been no

restructuring of the labor force? (5) How are trends mod-ified by the interplay of factors on regional, industrial,and individual levels of organization? To address thesequestions, the investigators will conduct a contextualanalysis using data collected by U.S. government agen-cies. In evaluating regional patterns, the research con-centrates on the South because it has led to currenttrends. The research has the potential both to producegreater knowledge of the relationship of worker safety tolarger trends beyond the workplace and to identify stepsthat can be taken to maintain or improve safety as otherconditions of work change.

Unclaimed Injuries and Workers'Compensation Adequacy

Investigator: RAND CorporationSanta Monica, California

Telephone: (310) 393–0411Keywords/Phrases: Models, workers’ compensation,

filingPurpose:To analyze the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth(NLSY) to develop models of workers' decisions to filefor Workers' Compensation and to investigate the impactof non-filing on estimates of the adequacy of wagereplacement.AbstractThe workers' compensation system is designed to pro-vide health care and compensation to all American work-ers who suffer injuries or illnesses in the workplace with-out regard to fault. However, preliminary analysis sug-gests that only half of injured workers file claims. Inlight of this fact, the investigators propose research withtwo key goals: (1) to understand the economic, demo-graphic, and policy factors that cause workers with occu-pational injuries and illnesses not to file claims (2) toreassess the adequacy of workers' compensation wagereplacement rates in light of the fact that many workersdo not file claims or receive benefits of any kind.Consideration of the first goal reveals the surprising find-ing that the most vulnerable workers those with the leastalternative insurance against workplace injuries and ill-nesses may be the ones least likely to file for workers'compensation. They may face higher costs of filingworkers' compensation claims. To pursue the secondgoal, the investigators calculate the total wages lost overseveral years as a result of a workplace injury, which willbe compared to the benefits paid by workers' compensa-tion. These calculations will include the zero benefitspaid to workers who do not file claims. The investigatorswill use the NLSY, a public-use database sponsored bythe U.S. Department of Labor. Use of the NLSY breaks

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new empirical ground in two important ways. First, theNLSY is a nationally representative database, containingextensive information about more than 4,000 workplaceinjuries; previous analyses of workers' compensation fil-ing have been limited to the use of site-, firm-, or region-specific data. Second, the NLSY has longitudinal data onearnings as well as unclaimed injuries; previous analysesof the adequacy of workers' compensation have beenlimited to workers who file claims.

Disability Risk in Work-RelatedMusculoskeletal Injuries

Investigator: Gary Franklin, M.D.Affiliation: School of Public Health and Community

MedicineSeattle, Washington

Telephone: (206) 685–7080Keywords/Phrases: Carpal tunnel syndrome, low back

disordersPurpose:To identify modifiable risk factors for long-term disabil-ity following a workers' compensation claim for eitherlow back injury or carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).AbstractThe vast majority of cost and lost productivity in work-ers' compensation is due to work-related musculoskeletalinjuries. Among injured workers with these conditions, asmall proportion (5%–10%) develops long-term disabil-ity and account for most (80%–85%) of the cost and lostwork. In the absence of an accurate method to identifyworkers at risk for long-term disability, secondary pre-vention efforts cannot be well targeted. This is a 5-year,population-based, prospective study among WashingtonState workers with back injuries and CTS. The principalaim is to develop an accurate predictive model of risk forlong-term disability among five key risk dimensions:employment-related factors, biomedical/health carerelated factors, socio-demographic factors, administra-tive/legal factors, and psychosocial factors. To accom-plish this aim, a baseline interview among approximate-ly 3,000 eligible workers will be conducted within 2–6weeks of (workers’ compensation) claim allowance. Acontinuous measure of disability outcome (lost-timecompensation) will be determined from a computerizeddatabase at 1 year. Additional important outcomes willbe determined by a followup interview at 1 year (func-tional status, work status) and from computerizedrecords (work status, wage status). Multivariate survivalanalysis within and across risk dimensions will be usedto develop the principal risk models, including adjust-ment for injury severity. A second aim is the reliability ofdetermining severity from medical records. A third aim

of this study is to develop a brief risk assessment instru-ment for both low-back and CTS injuries that would beuseful to physicians when first treating injured workers.The main focus of these instruments would be on thoserisk factors that may be modifiable and that may beamenable to early intervention to prevent disability.Statistical analysis for this aim will focus on sensitivityand specificity of combinations of risk factors. Theserisk assessment instruments will be pilot tested amongphysicians participating in an occupational health carequality improvement project. The fourth aim of this proj-ect is to determine reinjury rates and predictors of rein-jury among the original low-back injury cohort 2 yearsafter the initial injury. The unique study environment inWashington State, including the ability to conduct popu-lation-based sampling, timely access to survey injuredworkers, linkage of medical, claims, and work statusdatabases, and support from the business and labor com-munities, will substantially contribute to the success ofthis study.

Special Populations at Risk

Occupational Lead Exposure: Risk to theAging Worker

Investigator: Lisa Morrow, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Telephone: (412) 624–0762Keywords/Phrases: Effectiveness research,

neurotoxicology, leadPurpose:To determine the impact of lead exposure on older workers.AbstractExposure to lead remains a significant issue for occupa-tional and environmental health in part because newresearch continues to demonstrate adverse effects at con-centrations formerly thought to be innocuous. This studywill examine the effects of lead in relation to quantitativemeasures of chronic occupational exposure. Specifically,it will determine whether long-term occupational expo-sure to lead is associated with risk of neuropsychiatricand cognitive impairment and whether the magnitude ofany such impairment is modified by increasing age. Fewstudies up to this point have been able to examine effectsof lead in relation to quantitative measures of chronicoccupational exposure. This study will also add to under-standing about the effects of lead at older ages, which isimportant as the working population ages.

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Extramural Projects

Aging Effects on Intermittent WorkCapacity

Investigator: Maury Nussbaum, Ph.D.Affiliation: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia

Telephone: (540) 231–6053Keywords/Phrases: Injury mechanisms, ergonomics,

overexertionPurpose:To determine whether older workers (aged 55–65) havea lower capacity for intermittent work than youngerworkers (aged 18–24).AbstractProjection of population demographics in the UnitedStates indicates that a significantly higher percentage ofthe active civilian labor force will reach the age of 55over the next 5 to 10 years. Given the well documentedevidence of change in the muscular strength and physiol-ogy of older adults, it is clear that the ergonomic designof industrial tasks will have to be reevaluated in the faceof potential changes in workers' physical capacity.Previous reports of strength decrements in older muscleshave been interpreted to imply concurrent reduction inendurance capability. When performing a task identicalto that of a younger worker, older workers will likely berequired to perform at relatively higher levels of exer-tion. Some studies, however, have indicated a higherresistance to fatigue in older muscles when relative effortlevel is controlled. This may result from a shift towardshigher relative proportions of slow-twitch, fatigue-resist-ant fibers. Larger-scale studies have yet to demonstratethe consistency of these observations. Previous investi-gations have focused on measures of endurance capacityduring static exertions, yet typical industrial work is bothdynamic and intermittent. The current study will providemuch needed quantitative data on potential differences inendurance during dynamics and intermittent exertion.The three projects outlined in the proposed study will usea variety of experimentally measured quantitative andsubjectively reported qualitative measures of exertionand fatigue to (1) establish baseline measures of inter-mittent work capacity in young, healthy workers, (2)compare measures of intermittent work capacity inhealthy older workers to those of young adults, and (3)determine the consistency and repeatability of severalmeasures or predictors of work capacity and fatigue.Successful completion of these projects will provide newdata for the fundamental characterization of age-relatedchanges in muscle performance and will aid in industrialreevaluation and design of existing age-related changesin muscle performance and will aid in industrial reevalu-ation and design of existing work-place tasks. The quan-

tification of intermittent work capacity is an importantfirst step towards effective risk assessment, job evalua-tion, and reduction of economic and medical costs asso-ciated with workplace injuries.

Sustained Work Indicators of OlderFarmers

Investigator: Deborah Reed, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Kentucky

Lexington, Kentucky Telephone: (859) 257–9636Keywords/Phrases: Aging farmers, work patternsPurpose:To characterize the work practices of older family farm-ers, identify factors that determine whether they contin-ue farming, and assess health and working conditionsthat increase the risk of illness or injury.AbstractThis prospective panel study will focus on the most rap-idly aging workforce in the United States—the familyfarmer. This special population is known to suffer one ofthe highest rates of occupational injury and mortality.Farmers rarely retire from their vocation and work longpast usual retirement age. A longitudinal design will beused for this study. The specific aims of this study are to(1) identify factors that influence the sustained work ofolder farmers, (2) develop health profiles (includingphysical and mental indicators) of older male and femalefarmers, (3) develop exposure profiles for tasks related toagricultural work of older farmers, and (4) explore thesociocultural, family, and economic factors that influ-ence the work practices and health of older farmers. Thisresearch will utilize a partial sample from the KentuckyFarm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance Study(data collected 1994–1996) and their spouses (n=914)and an oversample of African-American farmers andspouses (n=914) for a total of 1,828 persons enrolledfrom Kentucky and South Carolina. Measures on socio-cultural, health and behavioral, and work environmentfactors will be collected through 6 waves of mailed sur-veys over 50 months. Focus groups of male farmers,farm women, and farm couples will address items notconducive to survey research. Attachment to farm lifeand the land, farm enterprise transfer, and the meaning ofwork will be explored in 18 focus group sessions.Findings from the study will be used to design occupa-tional counseling appropriate to age, gender, race, andhealth and safety programs for aging farmers.

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Extramural Projects

Worker Genetic Susceptibility toMutagenic Risk

Investigator: Paul Brandt-Rauf, M.D.Affiliation: Columbia University

New York, New YorkTelephone: (212) 305–3959Keywords/Phrases: Mechanism, carcinogenic effects,

vinyl chloridePurpose:To evaluate the biologic mechanism underlying differen-tial sensitivity to the carcinogenic effects of exposure tovinyl chloride (VC).AbstractSpecial populations at risk for workplace-related healtheffects include workers with genetic susceptibility to themutagenic effects of occupational exposures due toinherited variants of metabolizing enzymes. The investi-gators have previously demonstrated that workersexposed to VC experience an increased frequency of bio-markers of mutagenic damage (mutant ras-p21 or mutantp53) in a dose-dependent fashion. At any given dose,however, workers can experience none, one, or both ofthese biomarkers of mutagenic damage, suggesting thatinherited differences may exist in VC-metabolizingenzymes that could account for these differences ineffect from presumed similar exposures. In fact, geneticpolymorphisms in VC-metabolizing enzymes haverecently been related to an increased sister chromaticexchange frequency, a nonspecific indicator of DNAdamage, in VC-exposed workers. The purpose of the cur-rent study is to see if genetic polymorphisms in VC-metabolizing enzymes are also related to the more spe-cific biomarkers of mutagenic damage (mutant ras-p21and/or mutant p53) in VC-exposed workers. Restrictionfragment length polymorphism techniques will be usedto analyze DNA from subgroups of VC-exposed workerswith none, one, or both biomarkers of mutagenic damagebut with similar demographic and exposure characteris-tics for genetic polymorphisms in VC-metabolizingenzymes. Prevalences of the polymorphisms will becompared among the subgroups. Workers with the poly-morphisms are anticipated to be more likely to have thebiomarkers of mutagenic damage than similarly exposedworkers without the polymorphisms and thus will bemore likely to suffer from the subsequent carcinogenicand other health effects of VC exposure. If this proves tobe correct, then such special populations at risk could betargeted for more stringent interventions to help preventthe occurrence of VC-related occupational diseases.

Evaluation of North American Guidelinesfor Children’s Agricultural Tasks (NAG-CAT) Using Case Series of Injuries

Investigator: Barbara Marlenga, Ph.D.Affiliation: Marshfield Medical Research &

Education FoundationMarshfield, Wisconsin

Telephone: (715) 389–3021Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance, child agriculture,

injury preventionPurpose:To analyze a case series of injuries and fatalities in orderto evaluate the North American Guidelines for Children'sAgricultural Tasks (NAGCAT).AbstractNAGCAT was developed to help parents and othersassign appropriate and safe jobs to children 7 to 16 yearswho are living and/or working on farms across NorthAmerica. The proposed research aims to build on theNAGCAT project by providing a field test of theGuidelines for relevance, applicability, and effective-ness. The purpose of the proposed study is to systemati-cally apply NAGCAT to case descriptions of fatal andnonfatal farm injuries experienced by children to deter-mine whether their application may have prevented theinjury occurrence. Specifically, the investigators proposeto assemble a large case series of traumatic childhoodfarm fatalities and injuries in the United States andCanada using existing surveillance data, coroner/medicalexaminer records, case investigation reports, and nation-al survey data. Once this unique database on childhoodfarm injuries has been assembled, NAGCAT will be sys-tematically applied to these case descriptions. The use ofreal life childhood farm injury cases will provide someevidence of the extent to which application of NAGCATmay have reduced the occurrence of these injuries andalso highlight common injury mechanisms/circum-stances that may not be covered by NAGCAT.

Using the Agricultural Safety and HealthBest Management Practices (ASHBMP)Manual as a Tool to Reduce Farm Hazards

Investigator: Malcom Legault, Ph.D.Affiliation: Pennsylvania State University

University Park, Pennsylvania Telephone: (814) 865–7151Keywords/Phrases: Intervention, child agriculture,

work practices

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Extramural Projects

Purpose:To develop and evaluate a youth-oriented version of theAgricultural Safety and Health Best ManagementPractices (ASHBMP) manual.AbstractThis project will include working with two audiences:youth and their parents. Both work on farms and both areexposed to the same farm hazards. It is postulated thatyouth may influence their parents in reducing farm haz-ards. This project will allow an evaluation of this postu-late. A previous study, the adult ASHBMP study, showedthe original adult ASHBMP manual to be effective inreducing hazards when used by adult farmers. This studywill investigate the use of the concept of the ASHBMPManual by 12- to 15-year-old farm resident youth toreduce farm hazards. The adult ASHBMP manual has areading level of Grade 11. A youth ASHBMP manualwill be developed that will have a reading level of Grade6. The research objectives for this developmental projectare to (1) determine the effect of the adult and youthASHBMP manuals and youth-parent interaction aboutsafety topics in modifying safety behaviors on the farm,(2) determine the effects of using the visually-orientedASHBMP as a hazard audit tool for reducing hazards onfarms, (3) determine the relative effectiveness of youthuse of the adult ASHBMP manual compared with adults,and (4) evaluate inter-rater reliability and internal con-sistency of the adult and youth ASHBMP manuals as anauditing tool for use by youth. Before the evaluativeprocess can be accomplished, the youth ASHBMP man-ual must be developed. Also, in this study safety factsheets are used for the control measure. These fact sheetsare the ones used in the adult ASHBMP study. Youth-ori-ented fact sheets will be developed, as a second controlmeasure, and used in the evaluation of the youthASHBMP manual. The last objective of this study is todevelop the youth ASHBMP manual into a CD-ROM.

Adapting North American Guidelines forChildren’s Agriculture Tasks NAGCAT forEthnic Communities: A Research Model

Investigator: John Shutske, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Minnesota

St. Paul, Minnesota Telephone: (612) 626–1250Keywords/Phrases: Evaluation, child agriculture,

interventionPurpose:To adapt the North American Guidelines for ChildhoodAgricultural Tasks (NAGCAT) to farm families fromethnic minority communities in the United States.

AbstractThis research will (1) develop a set of evaluation criteriaby which the cultural appropriateness and the effective-ness of the existing NAGCAT guidelines when used witha cultural minority group can be measured and (2)describe a process for the adaptation of future guidelinesthat are tailored to the needs of ethnic communities.

The five specific aims are to (1) examine the extent andnature of child agricultural labor in farm families ofHmong origin in the upper midwest (the Hmong,refugees from Laos in the 1970s and 1980s, constitutethe second largest ethnic minority in Minnesota), (2)investigate culture-specific health behavior patterns andculturally appropriate health promotion methods forfarm families of Hmong origin, (3) evaluate the NAG-CAT for applicability and appropriateness for farm fam-ilies of Hmong origin, (4) produce recommendations foradapting the guidelines to be more culturally appropriateto Hmong farm families, and (5) design a health educa-tion vehicle that presents at least three of the NAGCATguidelines through messages and in media tailoredspecifically for Hmong audiences. The research designfor this nonexperimental evaluation study combinesquantitative and qualitative research methods.

Teaching Kids Safety on the Farm: WhatWorks

Investigator: Anne Gadomski, M.D.Affiliation: Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital

Cooperstown, New York Telephone: (607) 547–3169Keywords/Phrases: Injury prevention, evaluation, child

agriculturePurpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of the North AmericanGuidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT)in preventing childhood agricultural injuries.AbstractThe Teaching Kids Safety on the Farm: What Worksstudy will determine the impact of the active dissemina-tion of the NAGCAT to farm families on the rates ofchildhood agricultural injury. These guidelines weredeveloped to help parents select age-appropriate farmtasks for their children and promote farm safety for chil-dren through increased awareness, simple behavioralchanges, and increased adult supervision. This researchwill use a population-based design. Nine hundred farmhouseholds with child residents or employing childrenwill be randomized to a NAGCAT intervention group orto a control group. Outreach educators will visit eachintervention farm household to explain, review, and

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leave a copy of the NAGCAT guidelines with the parentor adult employer. Two months later, parents or adultemployers will receive a NAGCAT knowledge, attitudes,and behavioral intention survey (NAGCAT KAB) andwill begin a 2-year period of injury surveillance.Telephone surveillance will be conducted every twomonths for both intervention and control farms. Sevencounties in the northern Appalachia region of New YorkState will be included in this study. The TrainingIntervention Effectiveness Model (TIER) will be used toorganize the large number of modifying, intervening, orconfounding variables that may affect the dependentvariables (i.e., change in NAGCAT KAB and incidenceof childhood agricultural injury potentially attributableto the independent variables) receipt of NAGCAT train-ing at home.

Evaluation of a School-Based AgriculturalHealth and Safety Curriculum

Investigator: Allen Williams, M.D.Affiliation: Minnesota Department of Health

Minneapolis, MinnesotaTelephone: (612) 676–5105Keywords/Phrases: Evaluation, curriculum, farm safetyPurpose:To evaluate the Work Safe Work Smart health and safetycurriculum in rural schools. AbstractAgriculture is one of the most hazardous occupations inthe United States, and rural adolescents are at significantrisk of agricultural injury. According to U.S. CensusBureau estimates, approximately 100,000 adolescentsbetween 14- and 18-years old reside in rural Minnesotacounties. The purpose of this proposed study is to evalu-ate the Work Safe Work Smart health and safety curricu-lum in rural Minnesota schools. The aims are to (1) eval-uate changes in students' knowledge, attitudes, andbeliefs regarding agricultural/work-related safety behav-iors due to the inclusion of the Work Safe Work Smartcurriculum into existing school curricula, (2) identifyfactors critical to incorporating agricultural/work healthand safety training (i.e., Work Safe Work Smart) intoschool curricula, and (3) establish ongoing statewidesupport for incorporating agricultural/work health andsafety curricula within rural schools. To assist in meetingthese aims, an advisory group consisting of professionalsin public health, agricultural education, health education,and school administration will develop the recruitmentand implementation strategies. Using a group-random-ized, nesting cohort design, a sample of rural schools willbe recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention

(Work Safe Work Smart curriculum) or control group(standard curriculum). The impact of the curriculum willbe measured using data collected from questionnairesadministered to all 9th grade students in both interven-tion and control groups before the intervention, 2 weeksafter the intervention, and again 6 months later. Processevaluation throughout the study will help to clarify thesuccesses and impediments in recruitment, intervention,and evaluation.

Evaluating Teen Farmworker Education

Investigator: Robin BakerAffiliation: University of California

Berkeley, California Telephone: (510) 642–5507Keywords/Phrases: Intervention, education, child

agriculturePurpose:To evaluate the effect of teaching teen farmworkersabout agricultural health and safety through school-based English as a Second Language (ESL) class.AbstractUsing a pretest and posttest quasi-experimental design,this study will evaluate whether exposure to an existingschool-based curriculum increases agricultural safetyand health knowledge and skills among young farm-workers and whether community-based educationalactivities provided in addition to the curriculum increasethese outcomes further. Data from pretests and posttestscollected from students in the intervention and compari-son regions will be analyzed to assess differencesbetween these two groups of students. The interventionregions will be split in two, one that will receive only theschool-based program and the other that will also receivea community education component. Differences inknowledge, attitudes, and behaviors between the twointervention groups will be compared. A followup surveyof students in the intervention and comparison commu-nities administered 4 months following delivery of thecurriculum in the intervention communities will alsodetermine whether there has been a change in the num-ber of students who report work-related injury, illness, ornear misses during their summer work experience. At theend of the third year, all ESL teachers within the threestudy regions will be offered support and an opportunityto integrate the curricula into their ESL classes.

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Extramural Projects

An Evaluation of the North AmericanGuidelines for Children’s AgriculturalTasks

Investigator: Sue Wright, Ph.D.Affiliation: Eastern Washington University

Cheney, Washington Telephone: (509) 359–4817Keywords/Phrases: Intervention, child agriculture,

evaluationPurpose:To analyze and modify the existing North AmericanGuidelines for Children's Agriculture Tasks (NAGCAT)based on investigating the decision making processes ofparents who are choosing what age is appropriate toinvolve their children in agriculture tasks.AbstractTo help reduce agricultural injuries and fatalities on fam-ily farms, the National Center for Rural AgriculturalHealth and Safety has developed age guidelines as a sig-nificant tool to help parents make appropriate choicesregarding engaging children in farm tasks. However, asignificant discrepancy continues between the guidelinesand parents’ actual practices concerning the age-appro-priate engagement of children in farm tasks. By deter-mining what variables besides age enter into parents’decision making processes to first involve their childrenin farm tasks and by providing information about parents;training, supervision practices, and role modeling behav-ior, the investigators can begin to evaluate why or whynot the NAGCAT might be effective. Quantitative andqualitative approaches will be combined to analyze datacollected on parents' attitudes toward the NAGCAT andparents’ practices and attitudes in regard to the employ-ment, training, and supervision of their children in farmtasks. Role modeling and gender issues will especially beevaluated as factors. Interventions will be designed basedon research findings, at the center of which will be a pro-posed demonstration project designed to modify andexpand the language and presentation of the NAGCATwith the purpose of increasing their effectiveness in pre-venting injuries and fatalities to farm children.

Biomechanics of Human Reactions to SlipEvents

Investigator: Cham Dit Tham Rakle, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaTelephone: (412) 647–8050Keywords/Phrases: Falls, older workers, biomechanics

Purpose:To reduce slip-precipitated falls in the workplace, espe-cially among older workers.AbstractSlips and falls accidents have been recognized to be ofmajor importance in occupational health.Epidemiological studies have reported this problembeing even more serious among older workers, especial-ly female workers. In light of the aging dynamics of thelabor force, the long-term goal of this proposed study isdirected at reducing slip-precipitated falls among olderadults. Specific aims are (1) investigate the differences ingait biomechanics relevant to recovery responses follow-ing a slipping perturbation between young/older andmale/female adults and (2) examine the effect of slipperysurfaces warnings on slip-fall potential and biomechan-ics of recovery responses. Sixty subjects equally dividedby gender and into two age groups will be recruited inthis study:

Biomechanics of Slips in Older Adults

Investigator: Cham Dit Tham Rakle, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaTelephone: (412) 647–8050Keywords/Phrases: Slip/falls, biomechanical recovery,

risk factorsPurpose:To assess the effects of age, gender, low extremitystrength, and postural stability on the biomechanicalrecovery profiles of people during slip/fall events.AbstractSlips and falls are among the leading generators ofinjuries in the workplace, especially among older adultsand even more seriously in the female labor force. Theaging dynamics of the workforce and increasing partici-pation rate of female workers have motivated the long-term goal of this proposed study, that is to reduce slip-precipitated falls among older adults, including olderfemale workers. The aims are ( 1) compare the differ-ences in the biomechanics of human reactions betweenslip-recovery and slip-fall trials, (2) investigate theimpact of age/gender on recovery biomechanics follow-ing a slip, (3) examine the effect of slippery surfaceswarnings on slip potential and biomechanics of recoveryresponses, and (4) investigate the effect of postural sta-bility and lower-extremity physical strength capabilitieson recovery biomechanics. Sixty subjects equally divid-ed by sex and into two age groups will be recruited inthis study.

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Extramural Projects

Pilot Study of Agriculture-Related InjuriesImpacting Amish Community

Investigator: William Field, Ed.D.Affiliation: Purdue University

West Lafayette, IndianaTelephone: (765) 494–1191Keywords/Phrases: Farm injuries, interventions, AmishPurpose:To gain knowledge regarding the nature of farm injuriesand interventions among Old Order Anabaptist groups. AbstractOld Order Anabaptist groups, such as the Amish and OldOrder Mennonites, are a rapidly expanding agriculturalminority with a long-standing presence in the U.S. farm-ing community. However, few consolidated efforts havebeen identified that document the nature and extent offarm work-related injuries among these groups oraddress the best injury prevention strategies to impactthese communities. This absence of information is par-ticularly problematic because the unique farming prac-tices and socioreligious customs of Old Order groupsrender many conventional farm safety efforts ineffective.An additional concern that is raised by preliminary stud-ies by the principal investigator indicates a much higherthan average percentage of Old Order Anabaptist farmfatalities involving children. The purpose of thisexploratory project is to expand the knowledge baseregarding the nature of farm injuries and best-practiceinterventions among Old Order Anabaptist groups. Toachieve this, the project team will enlarge Purdue's exist-ing database of farm fatalities among the target popula-tion through the use of conventional surveillance meth-ods and a nationwide surveillance of Old Order weeklypublications. Purdue will subcontract with MessiahCollege (Grantham, PA), a leading institution forAnabaptist studies, to review weekly Anabaptist publica-tions that frequently contain farm-related injury reportsand to profile the types of agricultural technologies beingused in Amish communities. Once sufficient data havebeen gathered, the project team will construct statisticalmodels and conduct a comparative analysis betweenfarm injuries among the target population and thoseamong the overall farming population. The project teamwill use the database, comparative analysis, and inputfrom the project's consultant committee, comprised ofindividuals with extensive experience working with OldOrder Anabaptist groups, to identify technological andsocioreligious factors that contribute to farm injuries,especially to children. As a means of identifying best-practice intervention strategies, the project will again usethe consultant committee and will facilitate a nationalsymposium on injuries in Old Order communities.Outcomes, in addition to baseline injury data and poten-

tial intervention strategies, will include injury preventioninformation with application to the growing cottageindustry within these communities.

Childhood Agricultural Trauma EvaluationSystem

Investigator: Debora Boyle, Ph.D.Affiliation: Minnesota Department of Health

Minneapolis, Minnesota Telephone: (612) 676–5765Keywords/Phrases: Child agriculture, asthma, injuriesPurpose:To develop new surveillance methods that will facilitateidentification and evaluation of agricultural injuries andasthma among high school students. AbstractAgriculture is one of the most hazardous occupations inthe United States, and rural adolescents are at significantrisk of agricultural-related and work-related injury andasthma. The aims of this study are to (1) determine themagnitude and scope of agricultural injuries and asthmaamong 9th to 12th-grade students in four different agri-cultural regions in Minnesota, (2) describe the change inrural work exposures in these adolescents in terms oftotal work hours and hours worked between agribusi-ness, traditional family farming, and non-farm work, (3)evaluate the reliability of adolescent self-reported infor-mation about agricultural and work exposures and injuryexperiences, and (4) use a cohort analysis to calculaterisk factors for injuries and to facilitate planning forfuture prevention activities. An advisory group consist-ing of professionals in public health, agricultural educa-tion, school administration, and others will assist inmeeting these aims. Using a stratified cluster design withagricultural region as strata and schools as the cluster, asample of 32 rural schools will be selected and recruitedto participate in this study. Data on demographics, workhours and hazards, and injury risk factors will be collect-ed from the entire student body through a self-completedquestionnaire administered to each student a total of fourtimes over a 2-year period. Injury incidence and asthmaprevalence rates will be calculated to determine thedegree of variability on both a seasonal and yearly basis.Information will also be collected to determine the num-ber and type of agricultural and work-related injuries thatoccur to rural adolescents across a spectrum of farmingactivities. Data will be used to analyze this open (dynam-ic) cohort for potential risk factors.

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Health Disparities Among Health Workers

Investigator: Craig Slatin, Sc.D.Affiliation: University of Massachusetts

Lowell, Massachusetts Telephone: (978) 934–3291Keywords/Phrases: Injuries, socioeconomic, health

care workersPurpose:To determine how job-related physical and psychosocialfactors combine to produce disparity in occupationallyrelated musculoskeletal injuries and illnesses betweenraces and socioeconomic classes.AbstractSocioeconomic position (class, sex, and ethnicity) isinversely associated with risk of morbidity and mortalitydue to various conditions. Some of these are not imme-diately life threatening but have a major impact on healthquality of life, affecting the physical and social function-al capacity of a substantial proportion of the population.These include musculoskeletal disorders, various typesof acute injury (both intentional and unintentional), andmental health conditions. All three of these have beenassociated with environmental conditions in the work-place, which themselves show a marked socioeconomicgradient because of widespread occupational segrega-tion. The investigators propose to examine the workenvironment as a primary mediator of the effect ofsocioeconomic position on population health. The studywill involve a combination of quantitative and qualita-tive data and will support a contextual analysis, set with-in a broader ecological and political theoretical frame-work. Multiple data sources will be used to evaluate jobfeatures, such as physical load (e.g., heavy lifting), shift-work, high psychological job demands coupled with lowdecision autonomy, and threat of interpersonal violence.Facility-wide characteristics, such as adequacy ofstaffing, management commitment to occupational safe-ty and health programs, and policies concerning sex andracial discrimination and sexual harassment will beassessed. Morbidity will be assessed by survey instru-ment as well as from facility records of absenteeism,work-related injury and illness, and compensationclaims. In a series of three panel surveys, the investiga-tors will seek to maximize the number of subjectsresponding more than once to permit longitudinal analy-sis. An outcomes sub-study will sample employeesreporting health problems at baseline. Additional infor-mation about their health and employment status will besought about two years later. By conducting the study inmultiple facilities and job groups, it will be possible tocompare the effects of job- and worker-specific expo-sures as well as the effect of different management poli-cies and workplace climates. These have the potential to

determine the magnitude and impact of hazardous expo-sures. The study will be conducted within the health careindustry, which employs a large proportion of the work-ing population in Massachusetts (and nationally) and isan increasingly important employer of minority workers.This workforce has substantial variability in socioeco-nomic status, sex, and ethnicity and is exposed to a vari-ety of known health and safety hazards at work. This set-ting should provide an adequate multidimensional rangeof facts to permit a meaningful examination of physicaland social/behavioral risks and the complex pathwaysthat produce disparities in population health status.

Effects of Aging on the Biomechanics ofSlips and Falls

Investigator: Thurmon Lockhart, Ph.D.Affiliation: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia

Telephone: (540) 231–9088Keywords/Phrases: Falls, special populationsPurpose:To investigate changes in walking and the ability torecover from slips associated with increasing age. AbstractInjuries associated with slips and falls pose a significantproblem to industry, both in terms of human sufferingand economic losses. An experiment is proposed tomeasure how deterioration of lower extremity muscularstrength/activation rate and sensory functions amongolder individuals affect several biomechanical parame-ters under normal and abnormal conditions. Independentvariables for the experiment include age groups (18–35years, 40–60 years, and 65 years or older) and floor sur-faces (oily vinyl tiles and outdoor carpet).Biomechanical parameters include hamstrings muscleactivation rate, horizontal heel contact velocity, frictiondemands, slip distances, and the joint reactive moments(ankle, knee, and hip). Before the experiment, a sensoryorganization test (SOT) and muscle control test (MCT)will be performed on all subjects to obtain informationconcerning the proprioceptive, visual, and vestibularfunctions and muscle control (reaction) times. Isometricand isokinetic tests will be performed to evaluate legstrength. Older adults’ musculoskeletal and sensorydegradation is hypothesized to constrain the counterbal-ancing joint reactive moments to reduce segmentalmotion during recovery from slips and falls and exposeolder persons to a higher likelihood of slips and falls.This information will allow engineers to design betterwork environments and jobs to reduce the incidence of

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slips and falls for an aging workforce. Additionally, itwill provide information about possible interventionstrategies (muscle strengthening and balance exercises)for improving dynamic equilibrium in older workers.

Aging Effects on Intermittent WorkCapacity

Investigator: Maury Nussbaum, Ph.D.Affiliation: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia

Telephone: (540) 231–6053Keywords/Phrases: Injury mechanisms, ergonomics,

overexertionPurpose:To investigate changes in walking and the ability torecover from slips associated with increasing age. AbstractInjuries associated with slips and falls pose a significantproblem to industry, both in terms of human sufferingand economic losses. Existing evidence has identifiedseveral aging effects related to slips and falls, yet has notexplained determining causes of older persons’ higherlikelihood of slips and falls. In this proposal, intrinsicchanges associated with aging, such as gait adaptation,musculoskeletal and sensory degradation, and its effecton the initiation, detection, and recovery processes ofslips and falls will be evaluated. These assessments willanswer the question of why older adults are exposed to ahigher likelihood of slip-induced falls. An experiment isproposed to measure how deterioration of lower extrem-ity muscular strength/activation rate, and sensory func-tions among older individuals affect several biomechan-ical parameters under normal and abnormal conditions.Independent variables for the experiment will includeage groups (3 levels: 18–35 years, 40–60 years, and 65years or older) and floor surfaces (2 levels: oily vinyltiles and outdoor carpet). Biomechanical parametersmeasured will include hamstrings muscle activation rate,horizontal heel contact velocity, friction demands, slipdistances, and the joint reactive moments (ankle, knee,and hip). Before the experiment, a sensory organizationtest and muscle control test will be performed on all sub-jects to obtain information concerning the propriocep-tive, visual, and vestibular functions as well as musclecontrol (reaction) times. Isometric and isokinetic testswill be performed to evaluate leg strength. Older adults'musculoskeletal and sensory degradation are hypothe-sized to constrain the counterbalancing joint reactivemoments to reduce segmental motion during recoveryfrom slips and falls and expose older persons to a higherlikelihood of slips and falls. This information will allow

engineers to design better work environments and jobs toreduce the incidence of slips and falls for an aging work-force. Additionally, it will provide information on possi-ble intervention strategies (muscle strengthening andbalance exercises) for improving dynamic equilibrium inolder workers.

Casa a Campo: Pesticide Safety forFarmworkers’ Families

Investigator: Thomas Arcury, Ph.D.Affiliation: Wake Forest University

Winston-Salem, North Carolina Telephone: (336) 716–9438Keywords/Phrases: Pesticides, farm families, educationPurpose:To develop culturally and linguistically appropriate edu-cational materials and programs that will promote ways toprevent or reduce exposure among farmworker families.AbstractAn estimated 4.2 million seasonal and migrant farm-workers and their dependents work across most of theUnited States. This population is largely minority (90%Hispanic), medically underserved, and at risk for a vari-ety of environmental health problems. Casa a Campobuilds on a community-university partnership that hasworked to reduce one environmental health risk—pesti-cide exposure—among farmworkers in North Carolina.The activities proposed here will expand the scope ofwork to include members of farmworker families andenlarge the partnership to include providers of healthcare to farmworker families and farmworker advocacyand educational organizations. The Casa a Campo part-nership will address four aims: (1) conduct research todocument knowledge and beliefs about pesticide expo-sure, document exposure of young children, and docu-ment other environmental health concerns of farmwork-er families; (2) develop culturally appropriate materialsand programs to reduce pesticide exposure among thesefamilies; (3) develop materials and programs to betterprepare health care providers to recognize, treat, and pre-vent pesticide exposure of farmworker families; and (4)increase the capacity of community-based organizationsto involve the community in the identification, assess-ment, and reduction of environmental health risks intheir own communities. These efforts will be structuredby a multimode, multidomain model of community par-ticipation developed previously by this group. The modelis proactive, designed to encourage and develop commu-nity participation in different domains (consultation,strategic planning, implementation) through differentmodes (partnership Junta Directiva, advisory committee,

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community forums, research, training of communitymembers, and educating college students from farm-worker families).

Surveillance Research Methods

Worker and Worksite Factors in DenverInternational Airport Construction Injury

Investigator: Judith Glazner, M.Sc.Affiliation: University of Colorado

Denver, Colorado Telephone: (303) 315–7939Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance, injuries, constructionPurpose:To identify causes of work-related injury and focus pre-vention on costly risk factors.AbstractConstruction workers not only have high rates of work-related injuries but they are also among the most likelyworkers to experience serious occupational injuries. Forthis study, the combination of information from injuryreports with an administrative database containingclaims, demographic information, and hours worked willprovide a rich source of information for describinginjuries and the factors contributing to them. The utilityof these data will then be evaluated to test hypothesesabout factors differentially associated with differenttypes of injury and different levels of injury severity. Thedata will also be used to determine direct costs of injuryfor high-risk groups of workers and factors contributingto injury. Together, these outputs are designed to identifycauses of work-related injury and focus preventionefforts on more costly risk factors. Study aims will beaccomplished by coding and analyzing data from stan-dardized First Reports of Injury (FRI) and AccidentInvestigation Reports (AIRs), linked with an administra-tive database for the Denver International Airport con-struction project containing information about more than4,600 workers’ compensation claims, payroll and demo-graphic data on 32,081 workers who worked more than31 million hours on the project, and company character-istics for 769 contractors. The results should provideinformation that will be useful in focusing preventionefforts for construction, but the methods developed willhave applicability to data for other occupational groups.

Evaluation of a Surveillance RadiographStandards Set

Investigator: Scott Barnhart, M.D.Affiliation: University of Washington

Seattle, Washington Telephone: (206) 731–3134Keywords/Phrases: X-ray, pneumoconiosis, surveillancePurpose:To validate a screening tool for pneumoconioses as partof an existing surveillance program. AbstractPneumoconiosis due to coal, silica, and asbestos exposureremains a substantial threat to public health worldwide.Rates of pneumoconiosis have dropped in the industrial-ized world but remain high in the industrializing world.This research aims to develop a tool that can overcomelimitations of the existing tool used for pneumoconiosissurveillance. If validated, this tool could be used for pop-ulation-based analyses and for identifying persons at riskfor progression of disease. Surveillance for pneumoco-niosis requires a test with reasonable sensitivity andspecificity coupled with preventive interventions for theindividual worker as well as the workplace in general.The current system requires the use of 22 films, for whichaccess is limited because of the cost of reproduction, dis-tribution, and the complexity of the system, whichrequires investments in training and application.Increasingly, the industrialized and industrializing worldneeds a simple, easy-to-use, cost-effective tool to classifyradiographs for pneumoconiosis. This investigation aimsto validate the use of a simple set of seven radiographs asa Surveillance Radiograph Standards Set (SRSS) to clas-sify small opacity profusion, size, and shape. Because thisis a tool for pneumoconiosis surveillance, the validationwill be not just for classifying radiographs but also to testthe field application of the SRSS as part of surveillanceexercise. The investigation also seeks to develop and val-idate a model training curriculum and examination todevelop and test the knowledge, skills, and competenciesof physicians using the surveillance test set. Ultimately,improved surveillance methods will help reduce morbid-ity and mortality due to pneumoconiosis.

Surveillance Methods for Healthcare andRelated Workers

Investigator: John Dement, Ph.D.Affiliation: Duke University

Durham, North Carolina Telephone: (919) 286–3232Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance, healthcare workers

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Purpose:To develop a model surveillance system that uses popu-lation-based and case-based methods to monitor health,injury, and hazards among health care workers.AbstractNIOSH has identified health care workers as a specialpopulation at high risk of occupational disease andinjury. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates thatmore than eight million workers are employed in UnitedStates health care industries. Health care workers areinvolved in very diverse functions and duties that mayexpose them to many hazards, such as toxic chemicals,infectious agents (e.g., bloodborne and body substanceexposures to bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites),latex, ergonomic hazards, workplace violence, work-related stress, and physical agents. Relatively little injuryand disease surveillance data exists on health care work-ers. The major objective of this research is to develop acomprehensive system for health, injury, and hazard sur-veillance of health care workers. This will be accom-plished through the combination of population-based andcase-based data. A job-exposure matrix will be devel-oped for hazard surveillance and for estimation of indi-vidual exposures through linkage with each worker's jobhistory. The surveillance system will use analytical toolsfor cohort data to study the incidence and causes ofwork-related injuries and health conditions, the identifi-cation of high risk populations, and appropriate preven-tion measures. These data will be supplemented by theuse of case-based data, allowing more detailed followupof a group of sentinel health events of concern for healthcare workers. Conditions to be addressed by case-basedsurveillance will include patient lifting and handlinginjuries, other noninfectious occupational injuries, latexallergy, occupational asthma, and work-related stress.The surveillance system will be implemented for 5 yearsusing a cohort of more than 10,000 health care workersemployed by Duke University Health Systems, whichincludes Duke University Medical Center, a large teach-ing hospital, and Durham Regional Hospital, a commu-nity-based hospital. Other components of the health sys-tems include 20 clinics located in eight North Carolinacounties, triangle Hospice, and the Duke Infusion Center.Although the investigators will evaluate the utility of thesystem in this setting, the goal of the project is to defineelements and performance characteristics of a model sur-veillance system that could be used in other health careinstitutions. Results of the case-based surveillance effortalso will have broad application to health care workers.

Partnerships in Surveillance andPrevention

Investigator: Linda McCauley, Ph.D.Affiliation: Oregon Health Sciences University

Portland, Oregon Telephone: (503) 494–2501Keywords/Phrases: Information systems, databases,

surveillancePurpose:To assess the feasibility and potential utility of workers’compensation claims data from multiple insurers into acommon database for monitoring all types of workers’compensation claims. AbstractThis proposal is based on a collaboration between theCenter for Research on Occupational and EnvironmentalToxicology at Oregon Health Sciences University, theEnvironmental, Occupational, and Injury EpidemiologySection of the Oregon Health Division, and major insur-ers for workers' compensation in Oregon. The study willaddress the disparities in data available in the State-man-dated workers’ compensation system and those availablein the databases held by private insurers and self-insuredcompanies. This common database will provide a broadview across insurers, indicate the need for taxonomydevelopment and standardization to facilitate the mergingof data, and provide the mechanism to compare illnessand injury claims in relation to key variables. Upon suc-cessful merging of data from multiple insurers, this proj-ect will determine differences in the disabling and med-ical-only claims among different insurers according totype of injury/illness, age and sex of claimants, type ofindustry, and occupation. Comparisons will be made inthe profile of occupational injury and illness available inState workers’ compensation databases and the profileavailable in data from insurers. This project will demon-strate the utility of complete insurer databases in moni-toring clusters of illness and injury, trends and patterns ofclaims, and identifying new intervention opportunities asthey emerge. The information generated from this sur-veillance can then be used to communicate to insurers thebenefit of the surveillance for their loss prevention andthe ultimate goal of improving worker safety and healthand decreasing workers’ compensation claims costs.

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Evaluation of a Statewide EmergencyDepartment Injury Surveillance Systemfor Occupational Injury Surveillance

Investigator: Letitia Davis, Sc.D.Affiliation: Massachusetts Department of Public

HealthBoston, Massachusetts

Telephone: (617) 624–5621Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance, feasibility

assessment, databasesPurpose:To evaluate the feasibility of using this comprehensiveinjury surveillance system for surveillance of occupa-tional injuries. AbstractNonfatal occupational injuries are a significant publichealth problem in the United States, imposing substantialhuman and economic costs. Surveillance of these injuriesat the State and national levels is essential to set researchpriorities and to target and evaluate prevention efforts.The study will (1) evaluate the sensitivity, specificity,and predictive value of the indicators of work-relatedinjury in the Emergency Department Surveillance andCoordinated Injury Prevention (ED SCIP) database, (2)assess the extent to which employment information isincluded in the medical record and electronic data sys-tems of participating hospitals and the feasibility of rou-tinely obtaining this information, (3) evaluate the qualityof e-codes for occupational injuries, (4) evaluate twoproposed alternative injury coding protocols for occupa-tional injury surveillance, and (5) generate a descriptiveepidemiology of occupational injuries treated in emer-gency departments and compare them with findings fromtraditional occupational injury data sources inMassachusetts to identify potential biases in these datasystems. The first four tasks will be accomplished bycomparing information obtained through systematicchart reviews with information contained in the ED SCIPdatabase for a sample of ED SCIP cases and interviewswith medical records personnel. Comparison of ED SCIPand traditional data sources will be based on summaryfindings and focus on patterns of occupational injury byage, sex, cause, nature of injury, and distribution byoccupation and industry. Findings will be widely dis-seminated to data providers and users.

Capture-Recapture Estimates ofWorkplace Injury Rates

Investigator: Leslie Boden, Ph.D.Affiliation: Boston University

Boston, MassachusettsTelephone: (617) 638–4620Keywords/Phrases: Capture-recapture methods,

occupational injury and illness, datasources

Purpose:To use capture-recapture methods to improve estimatesof occupational injury and illness using two differentsources of data in eight States.AbstractThis study will use the two most widespread and com-prehensive sources of occupational injury and illnessreporting to evaluate the completeness of reporting ineach and factors that affect differential reporting. Thesetwo sources are State workers' compensation data and theSurvey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) con-ducted annually by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It willalso provide improved estimates of the overall annualincidence of occupational injuries and illnesses for eightStates. For the selected period, the investigators willcompare reported injuries from these two sources match-ing individual injuries and illnesses in eight states:Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Florida,Texas, Minnesota, and West Virginia. The study willaccount for differential capture by employer, injury, andworker characteristics by using logistic regression. Thisalso will enable the research team to identify factorsassociated with underreporting. On the basis of findingsof the capture-recapture analysis, the investigators willsuggest changes in reporting programs that wouldimprove data collection. Finally, they will compare thedegree to which the two data systems appear to captureoccupational injuries and illnesses in the States studied. Ifcapture is relatively uniform across States, capture ratesestimated from the studied States will be applied to Statesoutside the study population to provide improved nation-al estimates of the incidence of injuries and illnesses.

Regional Rural Injury Study (RRIS) II:Agricultural Injury Surveillance

Investigator: Susan Gerberich, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota Telephone: (612) 625–5934Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance, injuries, child

agriculture

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Purpose:To identify critical risk factors for farm-related injuriesto children, as well as the incidence and consequence ofinjuries.AbstractAgricultural operations involve persons of all ages,including children, who are at particular risk for injury.The proposed effort, to strengthen occupational safetyand health surveillance, focuses on this high-risk indus-try and can provide a better understanding of the magni-tude and scope of childhood agricultural injuries as wellas methods to improve occupational surveillance. Toaccomplish this, the 1999 Regional Rural Injury Study-II(RRIS-II) will serve as the basis for this surveillanceeffort. The 1999 RRIS-II was designed to determine theetiology and consequences of agricultural injury inMinnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota, andNebraska. These States are characteristic of the majortypes of agricultural production in the United States andare among the leading producers of crops and livestockin the Nation. The new cohort will be selected in thesame manner as the 1999 cohort, using a random sam-pling procedure from the lists of farm operations in eachState, maintained by the United States Department ofAgriculture. This new cohort will consist of approxi-mately 17,000 persons and include an estimated 8,600children age 19 and under. Unique methods will beapplied for collecting quality data for both incidence andconsequences of agricultural injuries as well as types andamounts of exposures, pertinent to the farming operationand environment. Using a computer-assisted telephoneinterview (CATI) system and instruments speciallydesigned for the 1999 RRIS-II, a nested case-controldesign will be used to identify critical risk factors forfarming-related injuries to children, as well as the inci-dence and consequences of injuries. This design, whichalso allows for the collection of exposure information,provides an efficient and optimal method for identifyingrisk factors that cannot be accomplished through tradi-tional surveillance efforts. Participants will be contactedevery 6 months over a period of 1 year (2001) to identi-fy persons who were injured (cases) in the previous 6-month periods. All cases and controls (approximately3:1) (identified through an algorithm encoded into theCATI system using the density method of control selec-tion) will be interviewed to obtain relevant exposuredata. The analyses, both univariate and multivariate, willbe conducted using analytic procedures comparable tothose incorporated in the 1999 RRIS-II baseline effort.The ability to identify incidence rates, information perti-nent to the injury events, the consequences of injury, andrelevant exposures and risk factors, through ongoing sur-veillance, is critical to provide sound scientific data fordeveloping focused intervention strategies and pertinent

evaluation. This is essential to reduce morbidity andmortality from injuries in the agricultural communityand can serve as a model for other regions in the Nation.

Linking Occupational Injury and IllnessDatabases

Investigator: Kenneth Rosenman, M.D.Affiliation: Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan Telephone: (517) 353–1846Keywords/Phrases: Databases, evaluation, surveillancePurpose:To link nine work-related injury and illness surveillancesystems to develop more efficient methods for conduct-ing occupational surveillance.AbstractThe current national surveillance for work-relatedinjuries and illness is an employer-based system. Thesystem is widely acknowledged to provide incompleteestimates for both occupational injuries and illness. Theinvestigators propose to link nine work-related injuryand illness surveillance systems for Michigan-relateddata: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of LaborStatistics (BLS) Annual Survey of Occupational Injuriesand Illnesses, U.S. Department of Labor OccupationalSafety and Health Administration Injury and IllnessSurvey, First Injury and Illness Reports to the MichiganBureau of Workers’ Disability Compensation (BWDC),Occupational Disease Reports to the MichiganDepartment of Consumer and Industry Services(MDCIS), Michigan Hospital Inpatient/Outpatient DataBase and Michigan Census of Fatal OccupationalInjuries (CFOI), Michigan Adult Blood LeadEpidemiologic Surveillance (ABLES), U.S. Departmentof Labor Occupational Safety and Health IntegratedManagement Information System, U.S. Department ofLabor Mine Safety, and Health Injury and Illness data-base. The researchers will assess the degree of overlap. Amore comprehensive surveillance system would be use-ful for better documenting what percent of public healthresources should be allocated to occupational safety andhealth. Also, the data would be useful to prioritize, target,and evaluate both public health and enforcement activi-ty. The research project consists of an interdisciplinaryteam consisting of an occupational health physician, epi-demiologists, a biostatistician, and a computer program-mer. The investigators have arranged access to all ninedata systems.

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Occupational Health Surveillance of LowIncome, Minority Populations ThroughCommunity Health Centers

Investigator: Letitia Davis, Sc.D.Affiliation: Massachusetts Department of Public

HealthBoston, Massachusetts

Telephone: (617) 624–5621Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance, socioeconomic,

special populationsPurpose:To collect and evaluate occupational health informationfrom low-income minority workers attending communi-ty health clinics and to promote clinic-based interventionactivities.AbstractLittle is known about the occupational health experienceof low-income minority populations, including whereand how much they work, the hazards they face, and theincidence of work-related injuries and illnesses.Information is especially elusive for these populationswithin the contingent workforce of temporary, part-time,and contract workers who may not have access to tradi-tional workplace interventions that protect workers onthe job or to benefits such as workers’ compensation. Theresearch will (1) develop a survey instrument and proto-col to collect demographic, employment, and occupa-tional health information through patient interviews con-ducted by community health workers at communityhealth centers in Massachusetts, (2) conduct the surveyand analyze data to describe the occupational health andsafety experience of low-income minority populationsreceiving services at community health centers and toevaluate this method of data collection, (3) assess theextent to which information about employment is rou-tinely collected at community health centers to determineif these data can be used or improved to conduct occupa-tional health surveillance at the community level, and (4)provide site-specific feedback and technical assistance tocommunity health centers to increase awareness of theoccupational health needs of the communities they serveand promote local prevention activities.

Occupational Surveillance Modules forPrevention

Investigator: David Bonauto, M.D., M.PH.Affiliation: Washington Department of Labor and

IndustriesOlympia, Washington

Telephone: (360) 902–5664

Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance, model Purpose:To demonstrate the application of a comprehensive occu-pational surveillance program.AbstractThe Safety and Health Assessment and Research forPrevention (SHARP) program will demonstrate theapplication of a comprehensive occupational surveil-lance program that can be adapted by other States. Toallow for adaptability, SHARP proposes development ofa modular approach that demonstrates several approach-es to outcome-based surveillance, hazard-based surveil-lance, and subsequent prevention activities. The pro-posed project will address the following aims: (1) con-duct a survey of State-based occupational surveillanceprograms to determine currently employed approaches tosurveillance and prevention, program capabilities, andprogram opinion leaders, (2) demonstrate a modularapproach to occupational surveillance that will encom-pass the use of different data sources for priority condi-tions selected by an individual program, (3) developmodules for the creation, dissemination, and evaluationof prevention efforts, (4) conduct an employer/employeesurvey to further identify etiologic agents or practices inone identified industry, (5) develop an Internet-basedlibrary of surveillance modules and prevention materials,(6) produce and disseminate three surveillance reportsfor Washington State priority conditions per year, and (7)produce and disseminate two prevention reports toemployers or employees per year. Through the proposedproject, SHARP will demonstrate the use of several datasources for the surveillance of occupational diseases andhazards. Further, SHARP will demonstrate the analysisof such data, the creation of simple public health inter-ventions using surveillance data, the implementation ofinterventions, and the evaluation of interventions usingsurveillance data. Finally, SHARP will produce a Web-accessible library of materials detailing the methodologyof the various components of the surveillance program,including prevention materials that may be modified anddisseminated in other States.

Core Occupational Health Surveillance inMassachusetts

Investigator: Letitia Davis, Sc.D.Affiliation: Massachusetts Department of Public

HealthBoston, Massachusetts

Telephone: (617) 624–5621Keywords/Phrases: Occupational health surveillance,

prevention, model

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Purpose:To develop, implement, and evaluate a core occupation-al health surveillance program to promote prevention atthe State and local levels that can serve as a model forother States.AbstractWork-related injuries and illnesses are a significant pub-lic health problem in the United States, imposing sub-stantial human and economic costs. Surveillance ofwork-related illnesses, injuries, and hazards is essentialto establish research priorities and to target, design, andevaluate prevention efforts. Surveillance is needed at theState and local as well as national levels. The core pro-gram will include surveillance of multiple occupationalhealth/hazard endpoints. The aims of the proposed proj-ect are as follows:Sentinel event surveillance:(1) refine the list of high priority occupational healthconditions that should be placed under sentinel case sur-veillance in all States, (2) develop surveillance protocolsfor high-priority conditions and implement surveillancein Massachusetts, (3) evaluate prevention impact of sen-tinel event surveillance activities, and revise modelcore program. Population-based surveillance:(1) describe existing population-based sources of data onhealth conditions, hazards, and the worker populations-at-risk that may be used for occupational health surveil-lance at the State and local levels, (2) conduct analyses ofpriority data sets; prepare and disseminate surveillancereports, (3) assess the relative utility of these differentpopulation-based approaches to surveillance and proposeschedule of core population-based surveillance activities.Intervention and prevention: (1) continue and expand working relationships with pre-vention partners to promote use of surveillance findingsfor public health action at the State and local levels and(2) develop mechanisms to improve dissemination anduse of surveillance findings. Regional collaboration:work with other States in the Northeast to obtain theirinput in defining core occupational health surveillancefunctions and to promote the development of State occu-pational health surveillance capacity and (2) produce aset of written "surveillance tools" that can be used oradapted by other States working to build core programs.

MDPH will work with NIOSH State OccupationalSurveillance Consortium in developing a final report andset of consensus recommendations regarding core occu-pational health surveillance activities in the States.

Improving Data Quality in PesticideIllness Surveillance

Investigator: Lynden BaumAffiliation: Washington State Department of Health

Olympia, WashingtonTelephone: (360) 236–3361Keywords/Phrases: Pesticide illness surveillance,

intervention, investigationPurpose:To increase the value of the information generated by thepesticide illness surveillance system.AbstractWashington State has required investigation of all report-ed suspected pesticide-related illnesses since 1970.While Washington has successfully initiated severaleffective interventions based on this data, the usefulnessof the data for developing such interventions has beenlimited because of weaknesses of the data and of the datamanagement system. Increasing the value of the infor-mation produced by Washington's occupational pesticideillness surveillance system must be based on a systemat-ic evaluation and enhancement of data quality, data col-lection procedures, and data analysis and interpretation.The aim of this project is to increase the value of theinformation generated by the pesticide illness surveil-lance system to formulate and evaluate more effectiveintervention efforts to protect workers from pesticideexposures and illnesses. This project will (1) evaluateand improve the quality of data collected by the surveil-lance system by assessing the quality of data producedby each of its components data sources, investigating thedegree and determinants of underreporting through focusgroups and a review of outpatient records, and develop-ing a system for incorporating incident data into aGeographic Information System, (2) improve the func-tionality and compatibility of the database managementsystem by incorporating functions to analyze and exportdata using NIOSH variable definitions, coding, and for-mat, and (3) enhance the analysis of the surveillance dataand expand the dissemination of program and policy-rel-evant information derived from surveillance data bygathering input from stakeholders about questions thatneed to be addressed, developing short, focused reportsabout these topics, evaluating the usefulness of thesereports, and institutionalizing those analyses and reportsthat generate information that directly helps to developand evaluate intervention policies and programs.

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The Youth Employment Training PilotProgram

Investigator: Henry Anderson, M.D.Affiliation: State of Wisconsin

Madison, WisconsinTelephone: (608) 266–1253Keywords/Phrases: Model, youth, injury surveillancePurpose:To develop and implement a new model for youth occu-pational injury surveillance.AbstractThe new model developed through this research will linkinjury surveillance with the Wisconsin youth work per-mit system. Within the next 2 to 3 years, the WisconsinDepartment of Workforce Development plans to com-puterize the current child work permit system. The initialcomputerization planning process is an opportune timeto develop a surveillance component that can be incor-porated into the work permit application system. Uponsuccessful completion, the proposed pilot study couldaffect the statewide implementation of the Department ofWorkforce Development program and expand the linkedinjury surveillance and the work permit application sys-tem to all of the public high schools in Wisconsin. Noyouth suveys have been conducted to determine the inci-dence of occupational injuries in Wisconsin. Existingdata comes from workers' compensation claims.Currently, no comprehensive occupational safety train-ing program exists for working Wisconsin youth, nor isthere easy youth access to safety information or a mech-anism for getting questions answered. The projectwill (1) develop a computerized youth work permitapplication, (2) develop and maintain a computerizedwork permit database to make sure that jobs are not pro-hibited by State or Federal rules or that persons whosepermits have been revoked do not receive another,(3) develop a computerized safety training program forworking minors, (4) develop a computerized survey forworking minors that can be administered during school,and create a Web site/hotline to address student worksafety concerns. Data from the anonymous school-basedsurveys will be used to determine whether youth whohave obtained a work permit are less likely to experiencea work-related injury.

Connecticut Occupational DiseaseSurveillance Enhancement Project

Investigator: Mary Lou Fleissner, Dr.P.H.Affiliation: State of Connecticut Department of

Public HealthHartford, Connecticut

Telephone: (860) 509–7740Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance, event reporting,

occupational diseasePurpose:To improve occupational disease event reporting.AbstractThe primary objective of the Connecticut OccupationalDisease Surveillance Enhancement Project is to improvethe overall completeness, timeliness, and continuity ofoccupational disease event reporting in the State. Thisenhancement in surveillance capacity will allow for thedevelopment of improved interventions targeted at theprimary prevention of occupational diseases inConnecticut workplaces. This primary objective will beachieved through activities focused on addressing theaims of the proposed research, which are to (1) assess thecompleteness of reporting for occupational asthma,burns, and skin disease within the State through compar-ison with existing data sources, (2) assess the knowledge,attitudes, and practices of primary care physicians andselected specialists, as they relate to occupational dis-eases and reporting requirements and to target interven-tions to stimulate more complete reporting of occupa-tional diseases from primary care physicians to theConnecticut Department of Public Health, (3) assessinternal and external capacity for future developmentand implementation of a NEDSS-compliant electronicreporting system for occupational diseases, (4) identifyfactors that influence the continuity of disease reportingfrom occupational health clinics to the Department ofPublic Health and develop interventions aimed at ensur-ing continuity of reporting from individual clinics, and(5) enhance processes for disseminating occupationaldisease information to appropriate clinicians and pub-lic/private sector decision makers and identify andaddress ongoing and emerging occupational health issuesaffecting the State through formation of an interagencycommunications committee and the ConnecticutOccupational Health Advisory Board.

In general, activities to address these aims will involvecomparison of existing Department of Public Healthoccupational health data with existing data from othersources (i.e., hospital discharge, workers’ compensation,Connecticut Department of Labor) to identify barriers tocomplete and timely reporting of occupational diseaseevents. The proposed activities will also involve collect-

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ing new data in the form of surveys to assess physicians'knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to occupa-tional diseases and their willingness to report completeand timely data. Subsequently, interventions incorporat-ing outreach and training will be developed and tested totarget factors identified as adversely affecting timely,complete and continuous reporting. Qualitative andquantitative methods of evaluation will be used to iden-tify significant factors affecting reporting and to assessthe effectiveness of interventions. Intervention activitieswill focus initially on smaller areas, with the goal ofexpanding targeted conditions and effective interven-tions to larger areas throughout the State toward the endof the study period. In addition, the ConnecticutOccupational Health Advisory Board and an interagencycommunications workgroup will be assembled to identi-fy targets for current and future occupational health sur-veillance and intervention activities and to implementprocesses for disseminating occupational disease surveil-lance data and other information originating fromConnecticut Department of Public Health.

Traumatic Injuries

Surveillance Research Methods inConstruction Injury

Investigator: Judith Glazner, M.S.Affiliation: University of Colorado

Denver, ColoradoTelephone: (303) 315–7939Keywords/Phrases: Prospective surveillance, database,

constructionPurpose:To develop a prospective surveillance database on occu-pational injuries and hazards from a long-term commer-cial construction site.AbstractConstruction workers have among the highest rates ofoccupational injury, yet there are significant challengesin understanding their work exposures and the injuriesassociated with them for a number of reasons that areclosely associated with the way they work. Constructionworkers are mobile and work for multiple contractors,which makes them difficult to enumerate. Their job sitesare constantly changing as are the associated hazards.The work is often done by multiple trade groups on sitewith different responsibilities, different immediatesupervisors, potentially different safety priorities andtraining requirements, and usually different compensa-

tion carriers. Yet the work of one group of workers hasgreat potential to affect the health and safety of otherworkers. In recent years, the U.S. economy has support-ed much construction; consequently, the constructiontrades have attracted Latino workers, presenting newchallenges associated with language and cultural differ-ences to the safety and health of workers. The investiga-tors propose to assess occupational injuries and hazardson a long-term commercial construction site in theDenver area with a diverse workforce. The study willtake place through collaboration with the University ofColorado's “rolling owner-controlled insurance plan.”This arrangement provides a unique opportunity to deter-mine the amount of time workers in various trade groupsare exposed to risk and to document their work injuries,the circumstances surrounding those events, and thechanging hazards associated with different stages of con-struction. Data will be collected through a combinationof quantitative and qualitative methods that will allowboth case-based and rate-based analyses. The resultshould be improved understanding of the injury experi-ence of workers as well as the context in which injuriesoccur on complex construction projects, which will beuseful for guiding prevention efforts.

Auditory Motion and Pedestrial-MotorVehicle Collisions

Investigator: John Neuhoff, Ph.D.Affiliation: College of Wooster

Wooster, MassachusettsTelephone: (330) 263–2475Keywords/Phrases: Vehicle collisions, pedestrians,

hearingPurpose:To study auditory motion and pedestrian-motor vehiclecollisions.AbstractThis study identifies the specific acoustic conditions thatmaximize the perceptual bias to hear looming soundsources as closer than actual (the margin of safety effect)and the conditions that allow the earliest possible per-ception of looming auditory motion (early detection).

Adolescent Farmwork, Fatigue, andInjuries in Colorado

Investigator: Lorann Stallones, Ph.D.Affiliation: Colorado State University

Fort Collins, ColoradoTelephone: (970) 491–6156

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Keywords/Phrases: Injury, fatigue, farm youthPurpose:To study high injury rates in adolescents residing onfarms.AbstractThis study will describe (1) attitudes and behaviors amongadolescents 13–18 years of age related to work practices,(2) sleep patterns among adolescents, (3) the injury pat-terns of 600 adolescents, and (4) the relationship betweeninjuries and adolescent attitude, behaviors, work practices,and fatigue among adolescents residing on Coloradofarms. Fatal and nonfatal injuries among adolescents havebeen reported to be higher on farms than in other environ-ments. Reasons for higher injury rates among adolescentsresiding on farms are multifaceted and often unclear.Recent research has focused on identifying parental atti-tudes and behaviors, which place children and adolescentson farms at high risk of injury. Parents directly influencefarmwork practices among children and adolescents, andstudies to understand parental motivation are important indesigning effective educational programs to reduceinjuries among adolescents on farms. Further work isneeded to address the issue of adolescent behaviors andattitudes, which influence the risk of farm injuries. Otherfactors contributing to increased risk of injuries on farmsmust also be considered in the design of a comprehensiveeducational program to reduce injuries. One such area isthe relationship between fatigue in adolescents and therisk of injuries. It has been documented that fatigue due tosleep deprivation leads to a diminished capacity to func-tion effectively in adults. One study focusing on sleep lossin adolescents showed that sleep deprivation in adoles-cents was also related to the decline in performance.Despite obvious implications such observations may haveon farm-related injuries in adolescents, very little work hasbeen done to assess levels of fatigue in adolescents resid-ing on farms.

Workplace Violence Risk in Home HealthWorkplace

Investigator: Jane Lipscomb, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Maryland

Baltimore, MarylandTelephone: (410) 706–7647Keywords/Phrases: Violence, home health care, risk

factorsPurpose:To study the risk of violence in the home health workplace.AbstractWorkplace violence is recognized as a significant occu-pational hazard in the health care sector, however, little

is known about the magnitude of the problem and effec-tive prevention strategies in the home health care work-place. Home health care workers are exposed to many ofthe same hazards associated with workplace violence astheir counterparts in the hospital environment, but theyface additional risk related to the nature of their work.Their work is often highly unpredictable and they havelittle or no control of the physical work environment.Also, the differing social role of caregiver and client(family or domestic partners) when in the client's homemay place these workers at increased risk of assault-related injury. The overall objective of this exploratoryresearch project is to collect pilot data to inform studydesign, sampling strategy, and measurement of work-place violence in the home health workplace. The pilotproject will develop measures for risk factors, threats,and assaults. This pilot project will provide a conceptualand methodological blueprint for a large-scale investiga-tion of workplace violence in home health care via thefollowing aims: (1) develop valid and reliable measuresof risk factors for workplace violence in the home healthworkplaces with a focus on organization of work factors,(2) ascertain empirical sampling parameters of the rele-vant dependent variables, threats, and assaults to calcu-late sample size and power estimates for future studyexamining the association of identified risk factors andassault in home health care, (3) describe the frequencyand severity of threats and assault in a sample ofMaryland home health workplaces, and (4) developmeasures to assess current violence prevention strategiesin home health care and their relationship to OSHAguidelines for a comprehensive violence prevention pro-gram. Valid and reliable measures of workplace violencein home health care workplaces will be developedthrough the use of focus groups and a self-administeredsurvey of direct-care providers and administrators fromtwo Maryland home health agencies. Focus group notesand transcripts will be analyzed for the purpose of devel-oping survey questions. Content validity of the instru-ment will be established by convening a panel of vio-lence experts to rate items for adequacy and relevancy.The survey will then be piloted with a sample of direct-care providers from the two agencies. Survey results willbe analyzed to measure the validity and reliability ofmeasures of risk factors for threats and assaults. In addi-tion, the validity of these measures in the home healthworker population will be ascertained to develop anempirical sampling strategy for future work. Focusgroups will assess the type of preventive strategies in usein home health care. Measurement items based on theframework for OSHA' s 1996 violence prevention guid-ance for community health workers employers will bedeveloped. Strategies for contacting and conducting

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future research among a larger population of home healthcare workers will be explored.

Risks for Workplace Violence in Long-Haul Truckers

Investigator: Debra Anderson, Ph.DAffiliation: University of Kentucky

Lexington, KentuckyTelephone: (859) 257–3410Keywords/Phrases: Risk factors, violence, truckersPurpose:To identify risk factors associated with workplace vio-lence among long-haul truckers.AbstractThe research will investigate the incidence and distribu-tion of workplace violence among female and male long-haul truck drivers and the effects of violence on theirmental health. Homicide is the leading cause of deathamong U.S. women in the workplace and depending onthe geographic area, the first, second, or third leadingcause of death among all workers. Sixteen percent ofworkplace homicides are perpetrated by an intimate part-ner [NIOSH 2001]. The aims of this project are to (1)identify the types of violence that women and men expe-rience while working as a long-haul truck driver, (2)identify risk factors that contribute to violence againsttruckers and between truckers, (3) differentiate the risksof work-related stress among distinct sociodemographicgroups of truckers as they relate to exposure experiencesby long-haul truck drivers, (4) determine the prevalenceof domestic violence experienced by long-haul truckdrivers when their driving partner is their intimate part-ner, and (5) identify work environment factors that placetruck drivers' safety at risk. The project focuses on riskfactors related to workplace violence in the long-haultrucking profession. A cross-sectional, noninterventiondesign using both quantitative and qualitative methodswill be used to collect data. A quantitative survey will beconducted on violence-related variables (e.g., harass-ment, weapons, assault, rape, robbery, worksite security,fatigue, psychological strain, and substance abuse).Qualitative data on violence at the worksite will be col-lected via 60 phone questions about workplace violence.The findings will assist in the development of interven-tions to decrease the risk of exposure to violence in thelong haul trucking industry. A sequential and stagedapproach to the analysis of the data will be used.

Evaluation of California Initiatives toReduce Violence in Healthcare Settings

Investigator: Corrine Peek-Asa, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Iowa

Iowa City, IowaTelephone: (319) 335–4895Keywords/Phrases: Workplace, violence, health care Purpose:To evaluate two initiatives to decrease the workplaceviolence in health care facilities.AbstractIn response to a growing awareness of violence againsthealth care workers, the State of California implementedtwo initiatives to reduce violence in health care facilities.The first initiative was Cal/OSHA's 1993 release ofGuidelines for Security and Safety of Health Care andCommunity Service Workers. These Guidelines describeelements of a comprehensive security program for thehealth care setting. The second initiative was theCalifornia Hospital Safety and Security Act (AssemblyBill 508), which required licensed acute care and psychi-atric facilities to implement a comprehensive securityprogram by July 1995. The combination of these two ini-tiatives is unique among States, and no formal evaluationof either of these initiatives has been conducted. Theoverall goal of this proposed research is to apply a quasi-experimental study design to evaluate the simultaneouseffects of these two initiatives. The first objective is toconduct an impact evaluation to determine whether theinitiatives led to improve security programs in Californiahospitals. The second objective is to conduct an outcomeevaluation to determine the effects of the two initiativeson incidence rates of violent events in hospitals.Psychiatric and Acute Care Hospitals in California willconstitute the intervention population and those in NewJersey will constitute the comparison population. NewJersey was chosen as the comparison state because theyfollow Federal OSHA guidelines and have no State-basedinitiatives regarding hospital security programs. At least150 intervention and 50 comparison hospitals will besampled using a stratified random sampling method torepresent urban safety program material and interviewswith the nurse mangers, risk mangers and an average ofthree staff members within each unit. The security assess-ment will evaluate environmental modifications, workpractice changes, policies and practices implemented,training, security services, management commitment, useof risk assessment, and violent event surveillance.Incident rates of violent events in participating facilitieswill be the main outcome measure. An interrupted time-series analysis will be used to determine whether the ini-tiatives led to decreases in rats when compared with thecomparison hospitals. The relationship between different

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components of the security programs and violent eventrates will also be examined. This proposal is a uniqueopportunity to examine the impact of State-based pre-vention initiatives and to identify the most effective com-ponents of hospital security programs.

Organizational Factors Affecting PoliceVictimization

Investigator: Lori Ann Fridell, Ph.D.Affiliation: Police Executive Research Forum

Washington, DCTelephone: (202) 454–8318Keywords/Phrases: Violence, police, prevention

strategiesPurpose:To assess lethal and nonlethal violence sustained bypolice and recommend relevant prevention strategies.AbstractLaw enforcement officers are second only to taxicab driv-ers in terms of the rates at which they are murdered on thejob. Their rate of nonfatal violent victimizations exceedsthat of taxi drivers and all other occupational groups.Despite the seriousness and importance of the problem ofviolence against the police and despite considerablechanges within agencies over recent years geared towardimproving officer safety, surprisingly little is knownabout the impact of various law enforcement agency ini-tiatives on the level of violence against their personnel.The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) proposesa project to identify law enforcement agency policies,practices, and training that reduce the incidence ofassaults and murders of on-duty police officers. The proj-ect will produce policy relevant information for lawenforcement agencies that can be used to safeguard policeon the streets. The investigators will use multivariate sta-tistical analyses to identify the factors both internal andexternal to law enforcement agencies that impact on therate at which police are assaulted/murdered. The depend-ent variable will be the rates at which officers are assault-ed/murdered. The two sets of independent variables willrepresent (1) factors internal to the agency that mightimpact officer safety (e.g., training, policies, practices,equipment) and (2) factors external to the agency thatmight impact the rate at which officers areassaulted/killed (e.g., violent crime rate, poverty level).The second set of variables (external variables), selectedbased on prior research, are necessary control variablesthat will enable the investigators to effectively identifythe impact of the organizational variables. In addition to atechnical report for the funding agency, the investigatorswill produce a practical guide for law enforcement offi-cers and executives summarizing the findings and outlin-

ing recommendations based on the results that can pro-mote the safety of officers on the streets.

Spokane Workplace Domestic ViolenceInitiative

Investigator: Christopher Blodgett, Ph.D.Affiliation: Washington State University

Spokane, WashingtonTelephone: (509) 358–7679Keywords/Phrases: Domestic violence, workplacePurpose:To identify and reduce domestic violence in the workplace.AbstractDomestic violence is a leading cause of preventableinjury and death. Workplace domestic violence is underidentified, and programs in the workplace are needed toidentify and intervene in domestic violence. This pro-posal will (1) increase the identification of domestic vio-lence in the workplace, (2) increase the capacity oforganizations to prevent workplace violence incidentsthrough preventive policies and early intervention prac-tices, and (3) increase the effectiveness of responses toworkplace domestic violence through a coordinatedcommunity response to improve the quality of businessresponse, victim supports, and law enforcement inter-vention. The proposed initiative uses employee andmanagement education, business policy development,the creation of incident reporting strategies to increasethe identification of domestic violence in the workplaceand a continuing relationship with the intervention teamto improve programs over time. A second principalobjective of this initiative is to develop the organization-al development strategies, management and employeeskills, and followup strategies to assure that policiesresult in effective practices in the workplace. In this ini-tiative, the investigators propose a coordinated commu-nity response to assess and reduce the emerging threat,protect the persons at risk, reduce the risk of re-victim-ization, and reduce the disruption to the mission of theaffected business. Key to this coordinated response is themelding of victim support and safety and law enforce-ment response with businesses' obligations to aid theiremployees and pursue their mission as organizations.The research team will conduct a longitudinal, random-ized outcomes study of the effectiveness of a domesticviolence in the workplace intervention that integratesthese educational, organizational development, and crisisresponse components.

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Evaluation of Workplace ViolencePrevention Intervention

Investigator: Jane Lipscomb, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Maryland

Baltimore, MarylandTelephone: (410) 706–7647Keywords/Phrases: Violence, social service workplace,

prevention programsPurpose:To conduct a comprehensive assessment of risk factors forviolence and occurrences of violence in social serviceworkplaces and to develop and implement a comprehen-sive violence prevention program in these workplaces.AbstractWorkplace violence is pervasive in the social service andhealth care setting. Washington State workers' compen-sation assault injury data for 1995–2000 ranks SocialServices as the highest risk major industry (142.0 per10,000 workers) followed by Health Services (74.6 per10,000 workers). Within Social Services, ResidentialCare ranked second among industries with a rate of 301per 10,000 workers. The program will be developed inconcert with Federal OSHA guidelines for violence pre-vention. Management commitment and employeeinvolvement are inherent in the design of the proposedstudy and include the formation and work of joint labor-management advisory groups. A worksite analysis willinclude focus groups, a pre-intervention survey, andwalk-through evaluations. Hazard prevention and controlwill be accomplished by implementing recommenda-tions from the walk-through survey and focus groups.The advisory groups in consultation with project staffwill review and make recommendations for necessarychanges to policies and procedures. Training and educa-tion will take place in year three of the study. Formativeevaluation of the project will be ongoing. The impact ofthe intervention on staff assault experience will be eval-uated one year following implementation of the program.The aims of the proposed five-year project are as fol-lows: (1) describe environmental, organizational, andbehavior/interpersonal risk factors for workplace vio-lence present in the social service workplace, (2) assessthe assault experience of staff in these workplaces,(3) examine the relationship between organizational fac-tors and staff assaults in this sample of workplaces, (4)design and implement a violence prevention interventionwithin these workplaces, and (5) conduct a process andoutcome evaluation of the intervention in sample work-places one year following program implementation.

Work-Related Motor Vehicle Crashes:Reducing the Burden

Investigator: Pamela Peele, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261Telephone: (412) 624–2743Keywords/Phrases: Database, record linking,

employees, motor vehicle crashesPurpose:To extend analyses of cost and frequency of work-relat-ed injuries and illnesses data for motor vehicle crashesamong Philadelphia city employees. AbstractMotor vehicle crashes are the single major occupationalcause of death for American workers. A great deal hasbeen learned about preventing motor vehicle crashes inthe general public. However, little is known about theunderlying causes and effective preventive strategies forwork-related motor vehicle crashes. This project propos-es to (1) create a comprehensive database of municipalemployees and their work-related motor vehicle crashessuitable for risk factor analysis. Existing data on munic-ipal workers in the city of Philadelphia will be used,including a broad range of information about all citydrivers and vehicles that focuses on the morbidity andeconomic impacts of crashes and provides the founda-tion for an ongoing crash surveillance system, (2) devel-op predictive models to define the determinants of work-related motor vehicle crashes by examining risk factorsrelated to driver characteristics, vehicle factors, andcrash factors using retrospectively collected data on thecity’s workforce and vehicles, and (3) test and validatepredictive models of work-related motor vehicle crashesby using prospectively collected data on the city’s work-force and vehicles.

Trucking Firm Characteristics, DriverInjury, and Outcome

Investigator: Arthur Oleinick, M.D.Affiliation: University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan Telephone: (734) 764–3238Keywords/Phrases: Traumatic injuries, truck drivingPurpose:To identify factors associated with the incidence of losttime occupational injuries and illnesses in the truckingindustry.AbstractTruck drivers had the highest number of occupationalinjuries and illnesses causing time away from work from

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1992 to 1997 and the third highest rates. Except for backinjuries, almost no information is available about riskfactors for such injuries. Neither the role of personal fac-tors nor that of motor carrier (trucking firm) operatingcharacteristics and vehicle features is understood. Thisstudy will (1) calculate incidence rates by motor carrieroperating characteristics, fleet size, and truck configura-tion, (2) estimate medical care use in different medicalcare settings by social-demographic, truck firm, andmedical diagnosis and models using logistic or Poissonregression, (3) model outcomes measured by lost worktime using logistic, Poisson, and Cox models, and (4)calculate the predictive value of the resulting models byappropriate methodology. The compensation informationwill be obtained from a major industrialized State work-ers’ compensation bureau. The study population willconsist of about 12,000 workers who had work-relatedinjuries or illnesses occurring from 1996 to 1998. Motorcarrier operating characteristics and vehicle features willbe obtained from federal or state regulatory agencies.Truck crash information will also be obtained fromFederal or State sources.

Occupational Injuries Among CommercialFishers

Investigator: Dana Loomis, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, North Carolina Telephone: (919) 966–2251Keywords/Phrases: Injury prevention, fishing, injuriesPurpose:To identify the injuries, musculoskeletal disorders, andrisk factors that could reduce injury to workers in thefishing industry.AbstractThis is a prospective cohort study of occupational injuriesamong commercial fishers that seeks to (1) measure theincidence of nonfatal occupational traumatic injuries andmusculoskeletal disorders, (2) characterize the types andseverity of occupational traumatic injuries and muscu-loskeletal disorders, (3) describe and characterize thework processes, equipment, and environmental condi-tions, and (4) identify risk factors that could be modifiedto reduce the risk or severity of injury. The study will becarried out via an intensive 2-year prospective followupof a cohort of commercial fishers in eastern NorthCarolina. The cohort will be characterized in detail byclinical evaluations conducted at the beginning and every6 months thereafter. Incident injuries will be ascertainedprospectively by telephone interviews conducted weeklyduring the fishing season. This followup strategy will

ascertain injury occurrence in a population that is ordi-narily hard to study because of its geographic dispersaland irregular work schedules of participants.

A New Method for Yield Pillar Design toControl Coal Bumps

Investigator: Syd Peng, Ph.D.Affiliation: West Virginia University

Morgantown, West Virginia Telephone: (304) 293–7680Keywords/Phrases: Mining, hazards, engineeringPurpose:To study the various factors and mechanisms that couldinduce cascading pillar failures in underground mines andto develop and promulgate guidelines for mine design andoperations that prevent cascading pillar failure.AbstractIn underground room and pillar mines extracting tabularmineral deposits, blocks of mineral deposit called pillarsare left to support the required spaces for a safe andhealthful working environment for the miners. However,numerous cases of rapid and often violent failure of pil-lars in a large area with very little or no apparent precur-sory warnings have been reported in underground evapo-rate, coal, and metal mines worldwide. This type of pillarfailure is termed cascading pillar failure (CPF) oftenaccompanied with devastating effects, such as air blasts,inrush of harmful gases, seismic events, etc. Though aCPF event often has catastrophic effects on the minestructures and production, it poses even greater safety andhealth risks to the miners. Reported CPF events in theUnited States so far have not resulted in serious injuriesor death. However, CPF events still occur. Therefore, aproactive approach should be adopted to reduce theoccurrence of such CPF events and their safety and healthconsequences. In the development of such a proactiveapproach, it is necessary for the researchers to understandthe mechanism involved in the creation of favorable con-ditions for, and the initiation and propagation process of,the reported CPF events. The geological, geomechanicaland mining factors leading to these types of events shouldbe identified. Once these factors are identified and under-stood, guidelines for designing the mine layout and min-ing operation can be developed and promulgated.

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Evaluation of Traumatic Injuries inHealthcare Workers During Surgery

Investigator: Denise Korniewicz, D.N.Sc.Affiliation: University of Maryland

Baltimore, Maryland Telephone: (410) 706–7250Keywords/Phrases: Health care workers, AIDS, hazardsPurpose:To investigate the factors associated with needlestick/sharps injury during a surgical episode.AbstractTwenty two percent of all needlestick injuries have beenreported by surgical personnel. Thirty-three percent ofthe injuries occur in the surgical field and 25% occur atthe surgical site. Fifty-nine percent occur with the non-dominant hand. An alternating block design (four

6-month blocks) is proposed to (1) investigate the factorsassociated with needlestick/sharps injury during a surgi-cal episode and (2) evaluate surgical factors (length ofsurgery, surgical instrumentation, handedness, use ofindicator gloves for needlestick/sharps injury, sequenceof surgical cases) that impact on the rate of traumatic(needlestick/sharps) injury among health care workersduring surgery. During a 24-month data collection peri-od, all operating room personnel involved in the studywill be trained to use an indicator glove and medicaldevices (blunt suture needles and retractable scalpels)engineered to reduce the rate of needlestick/sharpsinjuries. Data will be collected by circulating room nurs-es for type of surgery health care worker identification,role of health care worker, surgical instruments used dur-ing a surgical episode, and numbers of glove changesduring the episode. Following the surgical event, allgloves will be collected, visually inspected for defects,cuts, and holes, and tested for barrier integrity via thestandardized FDA waterleak test method (1000cc/2 min).

A Strong Construction Injury PreventionIntervention at the Subcontractor Level

Investigator: Pete Stafford, M.S. Affiliation: Center to Protect Workers’ Rights

Silver Spring, Maryland Telephone: (301) 578–8500Keywords/Phrases: Intervention, construction, injuriesPurpose:To develop and evaluate a method that can be used tolower injury rates in the construction industry.

AbstractThe goal of this proposal is to lower injuries in construc-tion, using methods that are easily applicable to theentire construction industry. The proposal aim is to showthat introducing strong injury prevention methods simi-lar to those used at industry-leading companies (at thelevel of the subcontractor) can improve safety practiceand lower injuries. The methods to be used to achievethis goal are (1) collect best practice safety programs anddevelop the intervention safety program, (2) recruit 40medium to large contractors from four geographic areas(more than 50 full-time equivalent construction workers)who are willing to institute a strong safety program butdo not currently have one, (3) develop and implement theprogram at each of the 40 contractors, (4) perform a safe-ty visit to a worksite for each company every 2 monthsto ensure that the company is following its safety policy,(5) perform control safety visits to matched sites—simi-lar in size, trade and craft, work type, and location tocontractors not in the study, to determine the presentstate of safety practice throughout the length of the studyperiod, and (6) gather injury data (OSHA 200 logs andconstruction work hours) and calculate injury rate andlost-time injury rate for the study group. Control groupinjury data will be sought from OSHA logs and workerhours of the companies seen at control sites. The expec-tation is that the 40 companies will significantly improvetheir safety practice over the background safety practiceand will lower their injury rates.

Wisconsin Dairy Traumatic OccupationalInjury Intervention

Investigator: Larry Chapman, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of Wisconsin

Madison, Wisconsin Telephone: (608) 262–7408Keywords/Phrases: Agriculture, traumatic injuries,

interventionPurpose:To implement and evaluate the effectiveness of an inter-vention in agriculture intended to prevent and reducetraumatic agricultural injuries.AbstractThe investigators plan to build on ongoing interventionamong the 21,000 dairy operations in Wisconsin thatconstitute 20% of the Nation’s operations and employmore than 73,500 workers. Since no effective workplacesafety regulation exists for most of this industry, thisintervention strategy focuses on encouraging the adop-tion of production practices that are more profitable aswell as safer. The principal outcome measures are thosethat monitor the intervention’s success at the population

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level (i.e., what percent has adopted each innovation,what percent is aware). In this application, theresearchers plan to accomplish three aims: (1) Continue,for 3 additional years, a community-based, information-dissemination intervention among Wisconsin dairy pro-ducers that will reduce traumatic injuries by persuadingoperation managers to adopt safer and more efficientwork methods. The investigators will reduce hazards(and thereby injuries) by improving information flow todairy operation managers to persuade them to adopt pro-duction methods that are both safer and more profitable.The research will continue the intervention in the firstyear of this application when other funding ends. (2)Conduct annual, large-sample, questionnaire evaluationsby mail of the information dissemination interventionthat include both process and outcome measures. Theinvestigators intend to determine whether (a) our materi-als are reaching the target audience and which interven-tion aspects are most effective, (b) dairy producer adop-tion and awareness of each production method haveincreased, and (c) dairy farmer perceptions of each haz-ard-reducing production method’s relative safety or prof-it advantages are improving. (3) Add one or two trau-matic injury-reducing production methods to the inter-vention in each of the 3 additional intervention years.The researchers will seek out reports from farmers andothers about emerging production methods that couldimprove both safety and profits and add one or more ofthe new production methods to the intervention to pro-mote statewide at the start of year 6, year 7, and year 8.

2 Cooperative Agreements

Allergic and Irritant Dermatitis

Assessing Latex Avoidance onOccupational Sensitization

Investigator: Robert Brown, M.D.Affiliation: Johns Hopkins University

Baltimore, MarylandTelephone: (410) 955–3612Keywords/Phrases: Diagnosis, latex allergy, hospital-

based

Purpose:To develop, institute, and validate a program for hospi-tal-based occupational latex allergy diagnosis, monitor-ing, and prevention that can also be used by other healthcare facilities.AbstractThe hypothesis of this proposal is that substitution ofpowdered latex gloves is sufficient to protect unsensi-tized but predisposed employees from becoming sensi-tized and to prevent allergic symptom induction in healthcare workers who have already become sensitized to nat-ural rubber latex allergens. Using state-of-the-art serolo-gy, skin testing, and glove provocation testing the inves-tigators propose to (1) determine the initial prevalence oftype I latex sensitization in high risk operating roomhealth care workers all exposed to latex aeroallergenexcept in one group of workers who have instituted per-sonal avoidance of latex exposure by substituting nonla-tex examination gloves compared with another groupwho continue to use sterile powdered natural rubber latexgloves, (2) assess the effectiveness of the avoidanceintervention to convert the hospital to a latex-safe work-place with longitudinal measurements in latex-sensitizedworkers and assessment of occupational latex exposurein the operating rooms by measuring the extractable andairborne latex allergen concentrations in natural rubberlatex gloves used by the surgeons and nurses, (3) identi-fy potential genetic markers for latex allergy, and (4)develop a generic protocol to facilitate conversion of anyhospital to a latex-safe environment. The investigatorsbelieve that this project of validating a program for hos-pital-based occupational latex allergy diagnosis, moni-toring, and prevention will provide a framework for hos-pitals throughout the United States to help them convertto a latex-safe environment.

Infectious Diseases

Surveillance of Bloodborne Pathogens

Project Director: Janice HuyDivision: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841–4245Project ID: 9277298Keywords/Phrases: Health care workers, human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV), surveillancePurpose:To collect and analyze data on health care worker expo-sure to bloodborne pathogens.

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Cooperative Agreements

AbstractThis project will collect data related to exposure tobloodborne pathogens among health care workersemployed in nonhospital settings through two coopera-tive agreements, an analysis of bloodborne pathogenexposure data collected through CDC's NaSH surveil-lance system and the development and implementationof CDC's NaSH-lite surveillance system. The expectedoutcome is the identification of the major risk factors andpotentially identifying factors for future interventionactivities to reduce bloodborne pathogen exposures.

Intervention EffectivenessResearch Methods

Effectiveness of Interventions forCustomer Service Work

Investigator: Robert Spear, Ph.D.Affiliation: University of California

Berkeley, CaliforniaTelephone: (510) 642–0761 Keywords/Phrases: Arm and hand pain, ergonomic

interventions, computer-based customerservice

Purpose:To determine whether ergonomic and work organization-al interventions can reduce arm and hand pain, reducelost time, and improve hand function in computer-basedcustomer service work.AbstractComputer-based customer service work (e.g., call cen-ters) is one of the most rapidly expanding occupations inthe service sector, in health care, banking, retail trades,and finance. The work ranges from telephone and com-puter-based nursing advice to health insurance inquiriesto billing collection services. According to industry fig-ures, there are 60,000 call centers in the United States.Musculoskeletal discomfort and disorders of the neck,shoulder, arm, wrist, and hand are the most commonoccupational health problems reported in these occupa-tions and account for the majority of work-related losttime. This is a 12-month, group-randomized interventionstudy with three treatment arms: (1) ergonomic worksta-tion modifications, (2) work organizational interventionto increase job control, and (3) a combination of (1) and(2). A total of 255 subjects will be recruited to the study.The outcome measures are monthly: upper extremitypain severity, hand function scores, lost time, and pro-

ductivity. In addition, intervention costs will be assessed.A baseline questionnaire will assess possible co-variates(e.g., gender, age, home activities, etc.); the role of sig-nificant covariates will be assessed in the data analysis.The study has the potential to identify workplace inter-ventions that can improve the health of workers per-forming computer-based customer service work.

Evaluation of Exposure Control in theAutobody Industry

Investigator: Sue Ann Sarpy, Ph.D.Affiliation: Tulane University

New Orleans, LouisianaTelephone: (504) 584–1774Keywords/Phrases: Exposure control matrix, risk

decrease, automotive body shopsPurpose:To assess the efficacy and effectiveness of the exposurecontrol matrix in risk reduction in automotive body shops.AbstractIn 1995, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),the Occupational Health and Safety Administration(OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safetyand Health (NIOSH), and members of the automotiverefinishing industry formed the Voluntary ProductStewardship Partnership. The primary objective of theefforts was to pursue feasible and effective approaches toreducing the risk to the environment and to the safety andhealth of workers during automotive refinishing opera-tions. On the basis of the problems identified, NIOSHdeveloped recommendations for the automotive refinish-ing industry involving respiratory protection, engineer-ing controls, and types of spray equipment use for con-trolling worker exposure to air contaminants in the facil-ities. NIOSH concluded the auto refinishing industry wasat a high level for health, safety, and environmental con-cerns. In conducting this research program, a systematicevaluation of the exposure control matrix will be con-ducted by (1) describing and developing a baseline ofcurrent recommended exposure reduction work practicesin the New Orleans metropolitan area for painters inautomotive body shops and (2) implementing the expo-sure control matrix recommendations in selected largeand small automotive body shops in the New Orleansmetropolitan area and assessing the effectiveness andefficacy of the exposure control matrix intervention inreducing health risks and enhancing painter safety.

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Cooperative Agreements

Low-Back Disorders

Home Health Care: Identifying andReducing Work

Project Director: Traci GalinskyDivision: DARTTelephone: (513) 533–8150Project ID: 9278030Keywords/Phrases: Health care workers, research,

ergonomicsPurpose:To quantify the frequency of the occurrence and theseverity of resultant illness and injuries caused by homehealth care work hazards.AbstractThis research will evaluate interventions to reduce homehealth care hazards, focusing on reducing musculoskele-tal strain during patient lifting. Existing interventionssuch as gait belts and transfer boards will be evaluated,and a new intervention comprising a mechanical patientlift customized for home health care workers will bedeveloped and evaluated. Data will be obtained fromthousands of home health care workers across the UnitedStates. Data sources will include (1) worker compensa-tion records, (2) workers’ reports of hazards, injuries,and illnesses, and (3) worksite job analyses and safetyassessments conducted by safety and health experts.Results will provide information regarding the useful-ness of existing and new interventions and suggest direc-tions for future research.

Mixed Exposures

Initial Respiratory Responses in WeldingApprentices

Project Director: Nancy BollingerDivision: HELDTelephone: (304) 285–6121Project ID: C9277103Keywords/Phrases: Mixed exposures, chronic

pulmonary obstructive disease, infectionsdisease

Purpose:To provide new epidemiologic evidence of the associa-tion between exposures to welding fumes and acute res-piratory disease.

AbstractDespite some inconsistencies in study results, evidenceof an association between welding fume exposure andoccupational asthma has been growing over the past 15years. Most of the earlier epidemiological studies con-cerning welding exposures and respiratory effects havebeen limited by their cross-sectional study design, theselection of study populations with extensive weldingexperience, and limited information on the timing andnature of exposures to welding fumes. The investigatorspropose a study of 200 welding apprentices in which air-way reactivity and acute respiratory responses will bemeasured early in the apprentices' careers, within6 months of their first welding exposure. Since welderswho experience respiratory problems due to welding areless likely to stay in the welding field longterm, a studyof welding apprentices who are just entering the field hasthe advantage of including workers who experience res-piratory problems early on. The study design focuses onshort-term changes in pulmonary function parameterswith simultaneous extensive exposure assessment thatwill include real time measurements of particulates, and(on a subsample) NOx. Average exposure concentrationsduring the training session will be provided for thesevariables and for fluoride. Recent evidence suggests anacute respiratory response 15 minutes after first dailyexposure to welding, so pulmonary function and respira-tory symptoms will be measured before the start of awelding training session, 15 minutes after the first weld,and at hourly intervals throughout the welding ses-sion. The real time personal exposure measurements willbe used to identify peak concentrations and all measureswill contribute to measuring average exposures in thespecified time intervals above. These exposure variableswill be examined in relation to respiratory responses, andairway reactivity will be measured by response to metha-choline before and after apprentices have learned toweld. In addition, determinants of welding exposureswill be identified by considering factors such as ventila-tion, type of welding work, and worker habits. This studywill provide insights into the nature of the associationbetween welding exposures and acute respiratoryresponses. Recommendations will be made for the mosteffective respiratory and exposure variables to use in epi-demiological assessments.

Assessment of determinants of exposure will also be use-ful for consideration of exposure control options.

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Cooperative Agreements

Musculoskeletal Disorders of theUpper Extremities

Exposure Response Relationship in HandArm Vibration

Project Director: Martin CherniackDivision: HELDTelephone: (860) 679–4916Project ID: C9277083Keywords/ Phrases:

Vibration, musculoskeletal disorders,exposure assessment

Purpose:To study four cohorts of workers exposed to vibration intheir jobs in Europe and North America to characterizeexposures and identify hand-arm vibration as one ofthree foci of the Musculoskeletal Disease Consortium.AbstractExposure to vibrating tools produces several characteris-tic disorders affecting tissues of the upper extremity,which collectively are termed the hand-arm vibrationsyndrome. NIOSH has recognized the importance ofexposure and response relationships in hand-arm vibra-tion by identification as one of three foci of theMusculoskeletal Disease Consortium. This proposal rep-resents the combined plan of investigators from Canada,Finland, Sweden and the United States to study fourvibration exposed cohorts in Europe and North America.These cohorts include the Suomossalmi forest workercohort in Finland, the Volvo truck cab assembly work-force in Umea, the Electric Boat shipyard workforce inConnecticut, and Connecticut dental hygienists exposedto high frequency vibration. Dental hygienists appear toexperience rapid onset injuries to mechanoreceptors inthe fingers. The three industrial cohorts have been stud-ied. Their restudy reflects the intent to use existing expo-sure data, and to assure cohort participation where healtheffects have been quantified and where there are usableprior studies. The latter point is important because theproposed study period may be too brief to appreciateintra-subject change. Worksite selection reflects expo-sure variation and inclusion of impact (Volvo) and highfrequency vibration (dental hygienists). Medical tests(laser Doppler, cold challenge plethysmograpy, multi-frequency vibrometry, and fractionated digital nerve con-duction) are sophisticated and reflect physiologic under-standing. Exposure assessment is the most complex com-ponent of this study. It includes vibratory and biome-chanical assessment of cohort representatives and indi-vidual monitoring of daily work routines using individu-alized data loggers and sensor gloves. This level of

detail, which has not been previously applied, reflects thenecessity of assessing daily real-time exposure correctedfor biomechanical variables.

Program for the Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

Project Director: Susan BurtDivision: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841–4594Project ID: 9277328Keywords/Phrases: Musculoskeletal disorders,

epidemiology, ergonomicsPurpose:To describe exposure-response relationships betweenphysical job stressors and the prevalence and incidenceof upper limb and low-back musculoskeletal disorders,and to further develop practical exposure assessmentmethods including the NIOSH lifting index.AbstractStrong evidence exists of causal relationships betweencombined job physical stressors and musculoskeletal dis-orders (MSDs), but more quantitative information todescribe exposure-response relationships would be help-ful. The predictive power of the lifting index will be fur-ther evaluated and data will be used to further describethe shape of the exposure-response curve. Further, devel-opment of methods to evaluate upper limb exposures willbe beneficial to promote the use of standard, practical,and valid tools for identifying and prioritizing jobs forintervention and for assessing the effectiveness of inter-ventions to reduce physical job demands. The anticipatedimpact of this project is that practitioners in occupationalhealth fields will be able to use these methods to easilyand accurately discriminate job tasks that represent low,moderate, and high risk for upper limb and low backMSDs, resulting in more effective job design changes orinterventions in existing jobs to prevent these disorders.

A two-year prospective cohort study of 4000 employeesin approximately 40 workplaces in the service and man-ufacturing industries will evaluate exposure-responserelationships between physical job stressors and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Four projects com-prise this program: The first focuses on carpal tunnelsyndrome (CTS), hand-wrist tendinitis, and epicondyli-tis. The second project focuses on hand-arm vibrationsyndrome. The third project focuses on low back pain.The fourth project will evaluate the effectiveness of engi-neering interventions in a subset of jobs included in theexposure-response studies. Data from some participantsmay be utilized for more than one of these projects.Health outcomes will be defined based on physical

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examinations including nerve conduction studies, a bat-tery of sensorineural, circulatory, and neurobehavioraltests for hand-arm vibration syndrome; and question-naires. Exposure assessment includes videotape analysisof each participant's job tasks, calculation of the NIOSHlifting index, and measurement of hand-transmittedvibration. State-of-the-art exposure assessment methodswill be used to assess hand activity level, forceful exer-tion, and other upper limb stressors. FY01 accomplish-ments include: (1) Obtained OMB approval of study pro-posal. (2) Completed exposure and health assessmentprotocols and obtained Human Subjects Review Boardapproval for them. (3) Completed pilot studies testingthese protocols. (4) Finalized protocols accordingly. (5)Recruited and selected companies that meet study crite-ria to participate in the study. (6) Conducted baselinedata collection at 4–8 sites. Expected accomplishmentsinclude continue recruiting and selecting companies intothe study; continue site visits to conduct initial job eval-uations to determine whether jobs are suitable for thestudy; and conduct baseline data collection at 16 sites.

Surveillance Research Methods

Occupational Surveillance Modules forPrevention

Investigator: David Bonauto, M.D., M.P.H.Affiliation: Washington Department of Labor and

IndustriesOlympia, Washington

Telephone: (360) 902–5664Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance model, occupational

conditionsPurpose:To develop and implement a comprehensive model occu-pational surveillance program for priority conditionsincluding work-related asthma, adult blood-lead poison-ing, upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders, low-back disorders, dermatitis, hospitalized burns, traumatichead and brain injuries, and assaults.AbstractThrough surveillance of several NORA, Healthy People,and Washington State Department of Labor andIndustries priority conditions including occupationalasthma, adult lead poisoning, musculoskeletal disordersof the upper extremity, low-back disorders, dermatitis,hospitalized burns, traumatic head and brain injuries, andassaults, the Safety and Health Assessment and Researchfor Prevention (SHARP) program will demonstrate the

application of a comprehensive occupational surveil-lance program. Through demonstration of the proposedsurveillance program, SHARP will create a systematicmodel for adoption by other States. To allow for adapt-ability, SHARP proposes development of a modularapproach that demonstrates several approaches to out-come-based surveillance, hazard-based surveillance, andsubsequent prevention activities. The proposed projectwill address the following aims: (1) conduct a survey ofState-based occupational surveillance programs to deter-mine currently employed approaches to surveillance andprevention, program capabilities, and program opinionleaders, (2) demonstrate a modular approach to occupa-tional surveillance that will encompass the use of differ-ent data sources for priority conditions selected by anindividual program, (3) develop modules for the cre-ation, dissemination, and evaluation of preventionefforts, (4) conduct an employer/employee survey to fur-ther identify etiologic agents or practices in one identi-fied industry, (5) develop an Internet-based library ofsurveillance modules and prevention materials, (6) pro-duce and disseminate three surveillance reports for WAState priority conditions per year, and (7) produce anddisseminate two prevention reports to employers oremployees per year. Through the proposed project,SHARP will demonstrate the use of several data sourcesfor the surveillance of occupational diseases and hazards.Further, SHARP will demonstrate the analysis of suchdata, the creation of simple public health interventionsusing surveillance data, the implementation of interven-tions, and the evaluation of interventions using surveil-lance data. Finally, SHARP will produce a Web-accessi-ble library of materials detailing the methodology of thevarious components of the surveillance program, includ-ing prevention materials that may be modified and dis-seminated in other States.

Improving Data Quality in PesticideIllness Surveillance

Investigator: Lynden Baum Affiliation: Washington State Department of Health

Olympia, WashingtonTelephone: (360) 236–3361Keywords/Phrases: Pesticide illnesses, quality of data,

surveillancePurpose:To enhance the utility and linkages to prevention of thepesticide illness surveillance system in Washington State.AbstractWashington State has required investigation of all report-ed suspected pesticide-related illnesses since 1970.Although Washington has successfully initiated several

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Cooperative Agreements

effective interventions on the basis of this data, the use-fulness of the data for developing such interventions hasbeen limited because of weaknesses of the data and ofthe data management system. Increasing the value of theinformation produced by Washington’s occupational pes-ticide illness surveillance system must be based on a sys-tematic evaluation and enhancement of data quality, datacollection procedures, and data analysis and interpreta-tion. The aim of this project is to increase the value of theinformation generated by the pesticide illness surveil-lance system as a means of formulating and evaluatingmore effective intervention efforts to protect workersfrom pesticide exposures and illnesses. This project will(1) evaluate and improve the quality of data collected bythe surveillance system by assessing the quality of dataproduced by each of its components data sources throughinvestigation of the degree and determinants of underre-porting through focus groups and a review of outpatientrecord, and development of a system for incorporatingincident data into a geographic information system, (2)improve the functionality and compatibility of the data-base management system by incorporating functions toanalyze and export data using NIOSH variable defini-tions, coding, and format, and (3) enhance the analysis ofthe surveillance data and expand the dissemination ofprogram and policy relevant information derived fromsurveillance data. This will be accomplished by gather-ing input from stakeholders on questions that need to beaddressed, developing short-focused reports on thesetopics, evaluating the usefulness of these reports, andinstitutionalizing those analyses and reports that generateinformation that directly helps to develop and evaluateintervention policies and programs.

The Youth Employment Training PilotProgram

Investigator: Henry Anderson, M.D.Affiliation: State of Wisconsin

Madison, WisconsinTelephone: (608) 266–1253Keywords/Phrases: Youth occupational injury,

surveillance, computerizedPurpose:To develop and implement a new occupational surveil-lance model for targeting youth injuries.AbstractDespite decades of protective legislation and enforce-ment, working children continue to be exposed to injuryon the job. No youth surveys have been conducted todetermine the incidence of occupational injuries inWisconsin. Existing data comes from workers’ compen-sation claims. This project will develop and implement a

new model for youth occupational injury surveillance inWisconsin. This model will link injury surveillance withthe Wisconsin youth work permit system. Within thenext two to three years, the Wisconsin Department ofWorkforce Development plans to computerize the cur-rent child work permit system. Now, during the initialcomputerization planning process, is an opportune timeto develop a surveillance component that can be incor-porated into the work permit application system. Uponsuccessful completion, the proposed pilot study couldaffect the statewide implementation of the Department ofWorkforce Development program and expand the linkedinjury surveillance and the work permit application sys-tem to all of the public high schools in Wisconsin.Currently, no comprehensive occupational safety train-ing program exists for working Wisconsin youth nor isthere easy youth access to safety information or a mech-anism for getting questions answered. The project will(1) develop a computerized youth work permit applica-tion, (2) develop and maintain a computerized work per-mit database to make sure that jobs are not prohibited byState or Federal rules, or that persons whose permitshave been revoked do not receive another, (3) develop acomputerized safety training program for workingminors, (4) develop a computerized survey for minorswho are working that can be administered during school,and (5) create a Web site/hotline to address student worksafety concerns.

Core Occupational Health Surveillance inMassachusetts

Investigator: Letitia Davis, Sc.D.Affiliation: Massachusetts Department of Public

HealthBoston, Massachusetts

Telephone: (617) 624–5621Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance, prevention,

occupational endpoints Purpose:To develop, implement, and evaluate a core occupation-al health surveillance program to promote prevention atthe State and local levels that can serve as a model forother States.AbstractWork-related injuries and illnesses are a significant pub-lic health problem in the United States, imposing sub-stantial human and economic costs. Surveillance ofwork-related illnesses, injuries, and hazards is essentialto establish research priorities and to target, design, andevaluate prevention efforts. Surveillance is needed at thestate and local as well as national levels. This core pro-gram will include surveillance of multiple occupational

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health/hazard endpoints. The aims of the proposed proj-ect are as follows, falling into four major categories: Sentinel event surveillance: (1) refine the list of high priority occupational healthconditions that should be placed under sentinel case sur-veillance in all States, (2) develop surveillance protocolsfor high priority conditions and implement surveillancein Massachusetts, and (3) evaluate prevention impact ofsentinel event surveillance activities, and revise modelcore program. Population-based surveillance: (1) describe existing population-based sources of data onhealth conditions, hazards, and the worker populations atrisk that may be used for occupational health surveillanceat the State and local levels, (2) conduct analyses of pri-ority data sets; prepare and disseminate surveillancereports, (3) assess the relative utility of these differentpopulation-based approaches to surveillance and proposeschedule of core population-based surveillance activities. Intervention and prevention: (1) continue and expand working relationships with pre-vention partners to promote the use of surveillance find-ings for public health action at the State and local levelsand (2) develop mechanisms to improve disseminationand use of surveillance findings. Regional collaboration: work with other States in the Northeast to obtain theirinput in defining core occupational health surveillancefunctions and to promote the development of State occu-pational health surveillance capacity and (2) produce aset of written “surveillance tools” that can be used/adapt-ed by other States working to build core programs.

The Massachusetts Department of Public Health willwork with the NIOSH State Occupational SurveillanceConsortium in developing a final report and set of con-sensus recommendations regarding core occupationalhealth surveillance activities in the states.

Connecticut: Occupational DiseaseSurveillance Enhancement Project

Investigator: Mary Lou Fleissner, Dr.P.H.Affiliation: State of Connecticut Department of

Public HealthHartford, Connecticut

Telephone: (860) 509–7740Keywords/Phrases: Occupational disease, event

reporting, interventionPurpose:To improve the overall completeness, timeliness, andcontinuity of occupational disease event reporting.

AbstractEnhancement in surveillance capacity will allow for thedevelopment of improved interventions targeted at theprimary prevention of occupational diseases inConnecticut’s workplaces. The primary objective of thisproject will be achieved through activities focused onaddressing the aims of the proposed research, which areto (1) assess the completeness of reporting for occupa-tional asthma, burns, and skin disease within the state,through comparison with existing data sources, (2)assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of primarycare physicians and selected specialists as they relate tooccupational diseases and reporting requirements and totarget interventions to stimulate more complete reportingof occupational diseases from primary care physicians tothe Connecticut Department of Public Health, (3) assessinternal and external capacity for future developmentand implementation of a NEDSS-compliant electronicreporting system for occupational diseases, (4) identifyfactors that influence the continuity of disease reportingfrom occupational health clinics to the ConnecticutDepartment of Public Health and develop interventionsaimed at ensuring continuity of reporting from individualclinics, and (5) enhance processes for dissemination ofoccupational disease information to appropriate clini-cians and public/private-sector decision makers and toidentify and address ongoing and emerging occupationalhealth issues affecting the state, through formation of aninteragency communications committee and theConnecticut Occupational Health Advisory Board.

In general, activities to address these specific aims willinvolve comparison of existing occupational health datawith existing data from other sources (i.e., hospital dis-charge, workers’ compensation, Connecticut Departmentof Labor) to identify barriers to complete and timelyreporting of occupational disease events. The proposedactivities will also involve collection of new data in theform of surveys to assess physicians’ knowledge, atti-tudes, and practices related to occupational diseases andtheir willingness to report complete, and timely data.Subsequently, interventions incorporating outreach andtraining will be developed and tested to target factorsidentified as adversely affecting timely, complete andcontinuous reporting. Qualitative and quantitative meth-ods of evaluation will be used to identify significant fac-tors affecting reporting and to assess the effectiveness ofindividual interventions. Specific intervention activitieswill focus initially on smaller areas, with the goal ofexpanding targeted conditions and effective interven-tions to larger areas throughout the state toward the endof the study period. In addition, the ConnecticutOccupational Health Advisory Board and an interagencycommunications work group will be assembled to identi-fy targets for current and future occupational health sur-

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veillance and intervention activities and to implementprocesses for disseminating occupational disease surveil-lance data and other information originating fromConnecticut Department of Public Health.

3 Intramural Projects

Allergic and Irritant Dermatitis

Hazard Identification Core

Project Director: Barbara Meade, Ph.D., D.V.M.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277361Keywords/Phrases:Latex, allergies, immunotoxicologyPurpose:To provide a centralized core to the NORA projectDeveloping Dermal Policy Based on Lab and FieldStudies that will yield data to the program investigatorson the potential for a chemical/mixture to induce irritantdermatitis or allergic sensitization in workers. Abstract:This project will use validated and other publishedassays to provide hazard identification and dose responsedata on the potential for a chemical/mixture to cause irri-tant dermatitis or allergic sensitization. To accomplishthis, the chemicals/mixtures will be applied topically tothe rodent ear, and ear swelling will be measured as anindicator of irritation; the proliferation of draining lymphnode cells will serve as an indication of chemical sensi-tization potential, and the type of cells in the draininglymph node will provide information to differentiatecontact sensitizers from IgE producing sensitizers. Thiscore data will provide basic information necessary forthe development of dermal policy.

The Role of Dextran Powder in LatexHypersensitivity

Project Director: Barbara Meade, Ph.D., D.V.M.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121

Project ID: 9278984Keywords/Phrases: Latex, allergies, immunotoxicologyPurpose:To investigate the role of dextran powder found in latexgloves in developing latex allergy.Abstract:Studies to date have evaluated the mitogenicity of dextranglove powder and determined that although naive dextrandoes not induce a proliferative response from naivesplenocytes, powder removed from the inside of latexgloves does demonstrate mitogenic activity. Glove pow-der is contaminated with endotoxin, and this has beenshown to have an immunomodulatory effect on the pro-duction of latex-specific IgE by inducing a class switch toIgG2a. Studies are currently evaluating the cytokine mod-ulation induced by endotoxin to determine the mecha-nism of this effect. A new inhalation exposure chamberfor exposure to dextran powder has been designed andmanufactured by members of the Engineering ControlTechnology Branch (ECTB). Because of the limitedamount of latex proteins available, a surrogate protein,ovalbumin, has been chosen to conduct preliminary stud-ies on the potential adjuvancy of dextran glove powder.Once the model is established, including the concentra-tions of powder to be used, a single study will be con-ducted with latex proteins and glove powder.

The Role of the Route of Exposure in theDevelopment of Latex Hypersensitivity

Project Director: Barbara Meade, Ph.D., D.V.M.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278985Keywords/Phrases: Models, mechanisms, latex allergyPurpose:To develop animal models of latex allergy, to investigatemechanisms underlying latex sensitization, and to pro-vide models for testing intervention strategies.Abstract:Models will be developed to reproduce the hypothesizedconditions by which health care workers (topical and res-piratory) and spina bifida patients (subcutaneous to rep-resent surgical exposure) are exposed to natural rubberlatex (NRL) proteins. Animal models will be used todetermine levels of NRL proteins required for sensitiza-tion (development of total and latex-specific IgE) fol-lowing different routes of exposure, and pulmonary reac-tivity will be evaluated in these animals following respi-ratory challenge.

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Intramural Projects

Can One Assay Identify PotentialAllergies and Irritants and DistinguishType 1

Project Director: Barbara Meade, Ph.D., D.V.M.Division: HELDTelehone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278986Keywords/Phrases: Allergies, immunotoxicology,

hazardsPurpose:To develop methods for the identification and differentia-tion of chemicals with the capacity to elicit irritation, IgEmediated, or T cell mediated hypersensitivity responses. Abstract:This research will combine the parameters of an earswelling assay for irritation with phenotypic analysis ofthe lymph nodes draining the sites of chemical exposureusing flow cytometry; these methods have the potentialto significantly reduce the number of animals used andtime and expense required for chemical testing. As partof an international effort, these assays are being modifiedto evaluate the potential for chemicals/drugs to inducesystemic immune responses. Gene array analysis and RT-PCR are being used to identify candidate genes that aredifferentially expressed following different chemicaltreatments and can be used as an alternative endpoint fordifferentiating chemicals with irritancy or sensitizingpotentials. This data may also provide new insights intomechanisms of chemical-induced hypersensitivity.Although developed for use in hazard identification, withrefinement these methods may prove useful in riskassessments for occupational hazards.

The Percutaneous Absorption of LatexProteins

Project Director: Barbara Meade, Ph.D., D.V.M.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278989Keywords/Phrases: Latex, skin, health, servicesPurpose:To investigate the role of the skin in the development oflatex allergy. Abstract:The researchers have developed an in vitro percutaneouspenetration model to conduct this research. Studies withhuman surgical tissue and hairless guinea pig skin havedemonstrated that hairless guinea pig skin is a good sur-rogate for human skin. Latex proteins have been shown

to penetrate the skin with approximately 1% penetratingintact skin and up to 30% penetration seen when the skinis abraded. Investigations are currently under way todetermine the correlation between individual proteinpenetration and the differential serum recognition amongvarious exposure groups. Studies are also under way toevaluate the effects of contaminants found in the healthcare environment on the skin barrier and the way thisaffects latex protein penetration. Information gainedfrom in vitro and in vivo penetration experiments will beuseful in developing intervention strategies to preventlatex sensitization.

Effect of Mixed Dusts on Asthma andPulmonary Infectivity

Project Director: Barbara Meade, Ph.D., D.V.M.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278181Keywords/Phrases: Mixed dusts, immune-suppresive

effects, infectionPurpose:To evaluate the immune-suppressive effects of threemixed dusts (welding fume, diesel exhaust particles, andboiler bottom ash).Abstract:The hypotheses to be tested is that mixed dusts containcomponents (organic compounds and metals) that lead toimmune suppression and enhanced susceptibility toinfection. The aims of this project include the following:(1) determine the potential effects of mixed dusts oninnate immunity by measuring the number and functionof natural killer cells in the spleen and blood, (2) evalu-ate cell-mediated immune status by measuring the num-ber and function of T lymphocytes using flow cytometryand the mixed lymphocyte response in the spleen andblood, (3) evaluate humoral immunity by measuring thenumber and function of B lymphocytes using flowcytometry and the IgM antibody response to the Tdependent antigen sheep erythrocytes, (4) for any givenalteration in the immune system, perform a reversibilitystudy by assessing the same parameters after a 2-weekperiod without exposure, and (5) determine the effects ofmixed dusts on the in vitro IgM antibody response usinga metabolic activation system. If data derived from thisin vitro system is consistent with the results from the invivo studies, the assay can be used on fractionation stud-ies to rapidly determine the active chemical compo-nent(s). For the in vitro test system, the Mishell-Duttonassay will be used to assess the immune response in thepresence of asphalt fumes' condensate or condensate

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fractions. The results will significantly advance theunderstanding of mixed dust exposures from a mecha-nistic and dosimetric perspective.

Developing an Engineering ControlKnowledge Base

Project Director: Ronald Mickelson, B.S.Ch.E, M.S.,P.E.

Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278164Keywords/Phrases: Skin, dermatitis, interventionPurpose:To provide engineering assistance for current and emerg-ing dermal absorption problems. Abstract:This project will evaluate work processes in a holisticfashion to determine whether chemical substitution,process modification, work practice modification, orengineering controls can reduce skin exposure. Theinvestigators will make recommendations based on eval-uations of which control scenario will best fit the processin question. The investigators will also implement andevaluate the effectiveness of the control scenario. Thisprocess will be conducted at four to five sites to demon-strate the significance and applicability of this controlapproach. Reports for each site will be completed andpeer-reviewed papers will be submitted for publication.NIOSH policy will be developed regarding engineeringcontrols for these dermal hazards.

NORA DERM: Development of Decision-Making Procedures and Documents

Project Director: Heinz Ahlers, J.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302 Project ID: 9278009Keywords/Phrases: Dermatitis, hazard recognition,

exposure assessmentPurpose:To develop a series of documents to inform workers andemployers and to set forth NIOSH recommendations forclassifying substances as contact or allergic dermatitisagents or systemic toxins due to dermal exposure.Abstract:The documents developed through this project will setforth NIOSH recommendations for classifying substancesas contact or allergic dermatitis agents or systemic toxins

due to dermal exposure. Methods for hazard recognitionand exposure assessment and the effectiveness of poten-tial exposure-reduction approaches also will be discussed.NIOSH will convene conferences in support of the pro-gram. In FY01, the investigators developed scientificjournal publications and have completed a draft NIOSH-numbered publication on the identifications and controlof dermal hazards. In FY02, an international conferenceon occupational dermal hazards was convened inWashington, DC. A series of NIOSH-numbered publica-tions on the identification and control of the dermal haz-ards is being developed. Publications will be completedon skin decontamination, and identifying dermal hazardshas been completed. A contract for collecting data oncompounds with NIOSH "skin" notation was completed.In FY03, the NIOSH skin notation will be updated.

Developing Healthy and Dermatitis SkinAbsorption Models

Project Director: Sidney Soderholm, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277084Keywords/Phrases: Skin, exposure assessmentPurpose:To develop and evaluate two skin model systems(healthy and dermatitis skin) at their in vivo and in vitrolevels and use the models to investigate the disposition of11 chemicals in the body. Abstract:This laboratory-based dermal project will investigate thebehavior of skin surface penetrants. Skin penetration, tis-sue distribution, skin metabolism, dermal absorption,and systemic disposition will be fully characterized. Fullmass balance studies will ensure data reliability and rel-evant application in occupational risk assessment.Advanced skin bioengineering, analytical chemistry, cel-lular biology/immunohistology, and computerized phys-iologically based toxicokinetic modeling will be used.The result will be a uniquely valuable set of data that willguide the development of recommendations for avoidingskin overexposures and harm in the work place.

Quantitative Structure-ActivityRelationship Modeling

Project Director: Eugene Demchuk, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121

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Project ID: 9277095Keywords/Phrases: Dermatitis, skin, computerPurpose:To develop quantitative structure-activity relationships(QSARs) for occupational dermal exposures.Abstract:The project will improve existing QSARs for absorptionof chemicals across healthy skin, new QSARs for dis-eased skin, and QSARs for allergic contact dermatitis.These goals are achieved by using standard QSAR meth-ods augmented by original and innovative nonlinear andnonparametric techniques. The project makes intense useof internal and external data and provides a deeperunderstanding of the mechanisms by which chemicalspenetrate the skin or trigger dermatitis. This capabilitywill allow predictions to be made of the biological activ-ities of chemicals that have not been dermally tested.

Developing Dermal Policy Based on Laband Field Studies

Project Director: Sidney Soderholm, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277096Keywords/Phrases: Dermatitis, skin, industrial hygienePurpose:To coordinate and communicate information concerningdermal exposure research to researchers, external part-ners, and stakeholders.Abstract:Many workers in the United States are potentiallyexposed to chemicals that can be absorbed through theskin. Dermal exposure can lead to dermatitis or systemictoxicity; however, NIOSH has few recommendations foridentifying and controlling occupational overexposuresand disease of the skin. In response to this situation,NIOSH established a research program to develop scien-tifically based dermal policy based on laboratory andfield studies. This Coordinating Core project is intendedto provide a focal point for communication and coordi-nation among program researchers and for communica-tion with external partners and stakeholders. The intend-ed result is an effective research program, adoption ofimproved policies by NIOSH, and successful tracking ofthe program's impact on employers, workers, regulatoryagencies, and others.

Mechanisms of Toxicity of RedoxReactive Intermediates in Skin

Project Director: Choudari Kommineni, Ph.D., D.V.M.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278092Keywords/Phrases: Dermal toxicology, oxidants, skin

cancerPurpose:To study mechanisms of toxicity of redox reactive inter-mediates during enzymatic metabolism of phenols andorganic hydroperoxides to elucidate involvement of freeradical pathways in cutaneous toxicity and skin disorders.Abstract:Although phenolic compounds are known to cause sev-eral types of dermatitis, leukoderma, and cancer promo-tion, the underlying mechanisms of these toxic effectsare unknown. The enzymic oxidation of phenols is aneffective metabolic pathway that will be studied in thisproject.

Results from these studies will provide mechanisticinformation that can be used in risk assessment.

Chemical Activation of Innate Immunity inContact Dermatitis

Project Director: Sally Tinkle, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278100Keywords/Phrases: Dermatitis, skin, immunotoxicologyPurpose:To undertand the chemical-cellular interactions of work-place toxicants and the skin.Abstract:Elucidating chemical-induced skin irritation and the rela-tionship between cutaneous innate and specific immuni-ty in the development of irritant and allergic dermatitiswill improve the evaluation of the irritant and sensitizingpotential of new chemicals and set protective workplaceexposure concentrations. It is hypothesized that theinnate immune response provides information aboutdose and type of antigen to the immune response and isinvolved in initiation of the inflammatory/irritantresponse to occupational chemicals. An understanding ofthe mechanism through which chemicals induce irritantand allergic dermatitis will provide critical informationnecessary to develop improved strategies for preventionand treatment of disease.

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Develop and Demonstrate the Use ofColorimetric Indicators

Project Director: Evanly Vo, Ph.D.Division: NPPTLTelephone: (412) 386-6111Project ID: 927PP13Keywords/Phrases: Chemicals, exposure, preventionPurpose:To develop colorimetric indicators to provide a methodfor field validation testing for chemical protective glovesand clothing to protect against skin exposure to aldehy-des and glycol ethers.Abstract:Colorimetric indicator pads will be created to provide amethod for conducting field validation testing of chemi-cal protective gloves and clothing that protect againstskin exposure to aldehydes (formaldehyde and glu-taraldehyde) and glycol ethers (2-butoxyethanol).Aldehyde, ether, and alcohol pads will be fabricated andtested in this project. The results of this research will beuseful in allowing workers to determine when their pro-tective gloves have been compromised so that theywould be better able to protect themselves from chemi-cal skin exposures. The use of colorimetric indicatorpads in conjunction with existing dermal exposure pre-vention techniques is expected to further reduce the num-ber and severity of chemical dermal injuries.

Asthma and Chronic ObstructivePulmonary Disease

The Occupational Burden of ChronicObstructive Pulmonary Disease

Project Director: Eva Hnizdo, Ph.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9277415Keywords/Phrases: COPD, cooperative agreement,

epidemiologyPurpose:To support the development of pilot projects related tochronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in addi-tion to supporting the development of cooperative agree-ments to conduct studies to estimate the populationattributable risk percent due to occupational factors inCOPD and to explore and assess various methodologies

for utilizing longitudinal spirometry data for epidemio-logical and screening applications.Abstract:COPD is a common and costly chronic medical condi-tion and a major contributor to mortality and morbidity.Occupational factors associated with COPD have beenunderstudied and methodologies for the assessment oflongitudinal changes in pulmonary function in exposedworkers have not been well developed. Further researchis required to improve the understanding of the contribu-tion of work exposures to the overall population burdenof COPD, as well as to better understand the types,severity, and distribution of occupational exposures thataccelerate lung function loss. This project will consist ofseveral components. The first component will supportthe development of cooperative agreements to estimatethe population attributable risk percent due to occupa-tional factors in COPD, focusing on occupational expo-sures not yet well studied, especially relating to mixedexposures and exposures falling within the rubric of par-ticles not otherwise regulated or classified. The secondcomponent is to explore and assess various methodolo-gies to evaluate accelerated lung function loss for longi-tudinal spirometry data in epidemiological and screeningapplications. For this purpose the investigators willlocate and purchase a comprehensive industry-basedscreening dataset, as well as employ some existing in-house datasets. The third component is to support thedevelopment of new pilot research projects related toCOPD. This project supports research funded under acooperative agreement between the CDC Public HealthPractice Program Office and the Association ofAmerican Medical College with research conducted atthe University of California, Los Angeles, and TulaneUniversity School of Medicine.

Medical Monitoring for Workers UsingIsocyanate

Project Director: Edward Petsonk, M.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9277079Keywords/Phrases: Asthma, isocyanate, screening

methodsPurpose:To describe the optimal science-based program for med-ical screening during working with diisocyanates. Abstract:This project builds on an established dialogue amongworker representatives, academic occupational healthpersonnel, and representatives of industries that produce

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and use diisocyanates to describe an optimal science-based program for medical screening during work withdiisocyanates. Descriptors of existing health screeningdata from diisocyanate workers will be obtained and thefeasibility of assessing current medical screening prac-tices determined. If feasible, current screening practicesand program effectiveness will be assessed, and a modelprogram described for medical screening during workwith diisocyanates. The model program will be pilot test-ed, evaluated, and ultimately discussed at a workshop,with the goal of describing an optimal science-basedmedical screening program. Such a program would rep-resent an important advance in strategies for preventionof occupational asthma due to diisocyanates.

Research for Occupational AsthmaReduction/Coordination Core

Project Director: Janet Hale, B.S.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9277074Keywords/Phrases: Asthma, indoor air quality,

isocyanatePurpose:To provide guidance for all occupational asthma investi-gations at NIOSH. Abstract:The Coordination Core of the Research for OccupationalAsthma Reduction (ROAR) program provides the ongo-ing coordination, oversight, reporting, data entry sup-port, and continuing evaluation needed to assure an inte-grated high-quality program able to respond to both chal-lenges and opportunities that arise in the course of con-ducting any of the projects. This Core will assure ongo-ing communication among all asthma investigators inNIOSH and will serve as an incubator for idea develop-ment and formative/feasibility research.

Workplace Exacerbation of Asthma

Project Director: Paul Henneberger, Sc.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9277077Keywords/Phrases: Asthma, epidemiology spirometryPurpose:To investigate the frequency, causes, and consequencesof the increase in asthma in the workplace.

Abstract:Workplace exacerbation of asthma can have serious con-sequences. This has been ignored by researchers in theUnited States. Given the diversity of workplace agentsand processes associated with asthma, a population-based rather than industry-based approach will be used toinvestigate the frequency, causes, and consequences ofworkplace exacerbation of asthma. The findings of thisstudy could be used by regulatory agencies to set newstandards for exposures to asthmatic agents that wouldprovide greater protection to susceptible persons.

Work-Related Asthma in School andOffice Buildings

Project Director: Kathleen Kreiss, M.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9277078Keywords/Phrases: Asthma, indoor air quality,

exposure assessmentPurpose:To acquire information and to test hypotheses related tothe identification and prevention of work-related asthmaand other respiratory-related outcomes in offices andschool buildings.Abstract:The study will be conducted using requests to theNIOSH, Health Hazard Evaluation and TechnicalAssistance (HETA) program. The principal aim is to iden-tify risk factors for work-related asthma and to quantifyexposure-response relationships between work-relatedasthma and indices of exposure, including moisture andbioaerosols. Subsidiary aims are directed towards devel-oping and testing environmental and medical methodshaving application to indoor air quality and lung disease.

Longitudinal Follow-Up of Food FlavoringExposed Workers

Project Director: Greg Kullman, Ph.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9278117Keywords/Phrases: Respiratory diseases, Chronic

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, exposureassessment

Purpose:To investigate an outbreak of bronchiolitis obliterans in apopcorn plant.

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Abstract:In May 2000, an occupational medicine physician inKansas City contacted the Missouri Health Departmentto report that he had seen medical records of 9 formerworkers at a small popcorn plant who had severe lungdisease. Four of these workers were awaiting lung trans-plant. This outbreak was determined to be bronchiolitisobliterans, a particularly severe form of chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which fixed airwaysobstruction arises, sometimes within weeks. This projectsupports the following activities: (1) animal studies ofsuspected agents (organic gases from the flavorings), (2)longitudinal followup of the workers in the microwavepopcorn plant to describe the natural history of the occu-pational bronchiolitis and the effectiveness of engineer-ing and respiratory protection interventions now beingput in place, and (3) determination of the extent of simi-lar exposures and disease occurrence in both themicrowave popcorn industry and in the related food fla-vorings industry through the survey of additional pop-corn and flavorings facilities.

Feasibility Study of Occupational AsthmaIncidence

Project Director: Paul Henneberger, Sc.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9278207Keywords/Phrases: Asthma, epidemiology, cooperative

agreementPurpose:To estimate the frequency of both work-related exacerba-tion of asthma and new-onset occupational asthma (OA). Abstract:This project has two parts. In Part A, the estimate ofwork-related exacerbation of asthma will be accom-plished by analyzing data collected during surveys. Asecond goal of Part A is to estimate the frequency of asth-ma among workers exposed to particulates not otherwiseclassified and irritant gases in the pulp and paper indus-try. This part of the project is internal to NIOSH. In PartB, the estimate of the incidence of new-onset OA will beaccomplished by providing assistance to two cooperativeagreement recipients. The outcomes of this project willbe estimates of the frequency of OA that are virtuallynonexistent in the United States. The findings will helpinform future research and intervention activities.

Occupational Asthma IdentificationMethods

Project Director: Edward Petsonk, M.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9278213Keywords/Phrases: Asthma, allergies, isocyanatesPurpose:To examine the different asthma screening approaches assurveillance tools for workers at risk and to characterizethe occurrence of, and risk factors for, occupational asth-ma (OA)in various high-risk settings.Abstract:OA has emerged as the most prevalent occupational res-piratory disease. This project addresses important knowl-edge gaps relevant to prevention of OA. The resultsshould be useful in improving tools for recognition,monitoring, and surveillance of OA. In addition, risk fac-tors for OA will be further delineated, which will assistin targeting OA prevention strategies for agricultural andother workers.

Lab Core for the Research ofOccupational Asthma Reduction Program

Project Director: Daniel Lewis, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277082Keywords/Phrases: Asthma, indoor air quality,

analytical methodsPurpose:To provide laboratory support to the Research ofOccupational Asthma Reduction (ROAR) Programresearch programs.Abstract:This core laboratory program will ensure that laboratorydata are collected in a valid, reproducible manner for theentire course of the ROAR study. The core laboratoryprogram will also evaluate the utility of new technolo-gies in the performance of epidemiological studies. Thisprogram will work closely with other NIOSH investiga-tors to conduct systematic evaluations of work environ-ments in which occupational asthma is occurring withemphasis on the nonindustrial workplace, such as officebuildings and schools.

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Epithelial Trandsduction in AirwayHyperreactivity

Project Director: Jeffrey Fedan, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277265Keywords/Phrases: Asthma, respiratory disease,

toxicologyPurpose:To understand the mechanisms leading to airway inflam-mation and hyperreactivity.Abstract:This project will develop new techniques for characteriz-ing cellular transduction pathways, in particular kinasecascades and ion channels, in respiratory epithelium thatare associated with the production and effects of epitheli-um-derived relaxing factor (EpDRF) and evaluatechanges occurring in animal models of occupational asth-ma (OA). EpDRF is thought to play a role in the develop-ment of airway hyperreactivity in OA because its effectsare altered in animal models of OA. Through the use ofinhalation exposure of animals to agents such as toluenediisocyanate, cell culture of airway epithelial cells, meas-urement of bioelectric/ion channel events in epithelium,and characterization of related kinase pathways, the inves-tigators will gain understanding of the molecular mecha-nisms of action of inhaled asthmagens and the mecha-nisms by which they induce airway hyperreactivity.

Gene Environment Interaction inOccupational Diseases

Project Director: Ainsley Weston, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277388Keywords/Phrases: Biomarkers, genetics, cancerPurpose:To identify and evaluate biomarkers of susceptibility andbiomarkers of exposure that signal altered risk of occu-pational disease.Abstract:This program project seeks to further identify occupa-tional disease risk factors, understand their biologicalbasis, and provide a foundation for improved preventionand intervention strategies as well as genome-basedoccupational risk assessment. Many of the fundamentaltools have been assembled and include worker cohorts,normal human epithelial cell strains, and new analyticmethods. Three interrelated core projects form the nucle-us of this environmental and genetic research program.

They include chemical carcinogenesis, chronic berylliumdisease, and occupational asthma. To understand gene-environment interactions as they pertain to the occupa-tional disease process, molecular epidemiology and com-plementary basic biological models are being investigat-ed in concert.

Noninvasive Measures of Small AnimalResponse to Inhalation Exposure

Project Director: Jeffrey Reynolds, B.S.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278073Keywords/Phrases: Method development, exposure

assessment, asthmaPurpose:To develop noninvasive methods to measure the physiolog-ical response of small laboratory animals exposed to air-borne toxins and workplace dusts known to cause asthma.Abstract:Methods to be developed for this research project includeestimates of airway resistance, analysis of breathing pat-tern from the whole body plethysmograph, analysis ofcough sounds of small animals exposed to asthma-caus-ing agents, and improved direct calorimetry for laborato-ry animals. The techniques developed and the informa-tion obtained from this project will be implemented inmany of the laboratory animal studies of possible air-borne toxins encountered in the workplace. This projectwill enhance the general research capability to addressoccupational health issues associated with the exposureof workers to airborne pathogens.

Identification of Occupational Allergens

Project Director: Daniel Lewis, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278147Keywords/Phrases: Allergy, asthma, exposure

assessmentPurpose:To address concerns about the role of immunologichypersensitivity reactions through the development oftechniques that detects immune reactions before clinicaloutcomes and identifies occupational allergens.Abstract:Exposure to substances that can cause immunologichypersensitivity reactions is recognized as an importanthazard in certain work environments and is thought to

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play a role in some forms of occupational lung diseases,such as asthma and allergic alveolitis. This project isintended to assess these concerns through the develop-ment of improved techniques for the detection of suchimmune reactions before adverse clinical outcomes occurand the development of improved techniques for thedetection and identification of occupational allergens.The project will involve the analyses of clinical samples,environmental bulk samples, and environmental aerosolsamples. Successful completion of these investigationsshould lead to the development of effective preventionstrategies for occupational allergies and asthma.

Cough Sounds and Aerosols as aPredictor of Respiratory Disease

Project Director: David Frazer, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278981Keywords/Phrases: Respiratory disease, chronic

obstructive lung disease, asthmaPurpose:To develop a new, noninvasive method for detecting lungdisease in workers based on voluntary cough soundanalysis.Abstract:In this research project, workers will voluntarily coughthrough a mouthpiece and concatenated tube system. Thecough signal is decomposed into two parts representingthe sound generation process within the lungs and thechange in sound with respect to time as it travels throughthe respiratory system. Initial studies indicate thatobstructive lung diseases can be distinguished by charac-teristic alterations in the generation of a cough sound andits sound transmission path. Restrictive diseases alsoshow distinct differences in cough sound composition.The development of an easily administered early detec-tion technique for identifying obstructive and restrictivelung disease in workers will enhance occupational healthby enabling earlier implementation of primary and sec-ondary prevention.

Cancer Research Methods

A Cytogenetic Study of Markers ofCosmic Radiation Exposure and EffectsAmong Pilots

Project Director: Lee Yong, Ph.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277129Keywords/Phrases: Aviation, radiation, biomarkersPurpose:To assess genetic biomarkers and possible damage toflight attendants exposed to radiation. Abstract:This study will measure chromosomal aberrations asmarkers of cosmic radiation exposure and damage inflight attendants, estimated to have high cosmic radiationexposure based on flight histories, and referents with lit-tle flying history. Fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH) will be used to estimate cumulative radiationexposure damage in this study. FISH detects stable (sym-metrical) aberrations, which are transferred to daughtercells in cell division. Chromosomal aberrations havebeen shown to be associated with the subsequent devel-opment of cancer. The findings of this project will beused to determine (1) whether flight crews are atincreased risk of cytogenetic damage and cancer, (2) theneed for future cytogenetic marker studies in flightcrews, and (3) the need for intervention on flight crewexposures.

Molecular Mechanisms of Ultraviolet-Induced Carcinogenesis

Project Director: Min Ding, Ph.D., M.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277385Keywords/Phrases: UV, transcription factors, skin cancerPurpose:To conduct research that will clarify the molecular mech-anisms of ultraviolet (UV)-induced carcinogenesis.Abstract:This research is concerned with workers in agriculture,construction, and other sectors that work outdoors andare exposed to sunlight. It will conduct laboratory stud-ies to understand the molecular mechanisms of UV-induced carcinogenesis. The mechanistic investigations(gene mutation, activation of transcription factors, ROS

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generation) will explain the events of UV-induced tumorinitiation, promotion, and progression. Determining themechanisms involved in UV-induced carcinogenesis inparallel with the manipulation of target signaling couldprovide insights for the development of possible preven-tion strategies for UV-induced diseases. Such informa-tion would be used to develop early diagnostic tests forUV-induced skin diseases and help the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration set exposure standards.

Potential Occupational Etiology of BreastCancer

Project Director: Ainsley Weston, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277387Keywords/Phrases: Organochlorines, cancer, geneticsPurpose:To investigate agricultural exposures and the potentialgenetic interactions that may influence the developmentof breast cancer. Abstract:Agricultural chemicals have been implicated in breastcancer. This is a study of gene-environment interactionswith respect to cell cycle control, agricultural exposures,and risk of breast cancer through (1) in vitro studies usingnormal human cells to examine the immediate/earlyeffects of occupational chemical exposures in relation togenotypes will provide a basis to evaluate chemicals incurrent and future use and (2) two breast cancer case-con-trol studies (n=510 and 1,052) will evaluate the role ofgenetic polymorphisms in cell cycle control genes, occu-pational exposures, and their interaction. Measures ofblood pesticides, DNA-adducts, and other work expo-sures are being collected. An understanding of gene-envi-ronment interaction at a basic level will provide a broadbase for development of strategies for breast cancer pre-vention that may benefit working women.

Molecular Mechanisms of CadmiumCarcinogenesis

Project Director: Tong Man Ong, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278102Keywords/Phrases: Cancer, early detection, biomarkers

Purpose:To determine the factors responsible for cadmium car-cinogenesis and changes in cancer-related genes that canbe useful biomarkers in epidemiology studies.Abstract:Approximately 20,000 cancer deaths each year are attrib-uted to occupational exposure in the United States. Thegoal of this project is to test the hypotheses that overex-pression of the two novel genes, translation initiationfactor (TIF), and eukaryotic translation elongation factor1 delta sub-unit (TEF) are responsible for Cd carcino-genesis and that changes in the methylation patterns ofcancer-related genes, including p16, are potentially use-ful as a biomarker for molecular epidemiology studies.Using cellular and molecular analyses, the nature ofoverexpression of TIF and TEF and changes in methyla-tion patterns of cancer-related genes will be character-ized. This project will provide important informationregarding mechanism(s) of cadmium carcinogenesis andthe usefulness of DNA methylation as a potential bio-marker for molecular epidemiology studies and earlydetection of occupational cancer.

Control Technology and PersonalProtective Equipment

Personal Dust Monitor

Project Director: Jon C Volkwein, M.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: G921AO13Keywords/Phrases: Mining, dust, aerosol, assessmentPurpose:To investigate dust measurement technologies for appli-cation in mining.Abstract:Assessment of particulate in mines is currently time con-suming and expensive. The personal dust monitor (PDM)is a near real time quantitative and qualitative mass basedsensor for cal mine use that offers an improved approachto monitoring respirable dust and which provides work-ers’ with timely feedback of dust exposures, thus enablingaction to protect worker health. This work is being con-ducted in partnership with labor, industry, and academia.The successful outcome of the work will result in severalnew tools and approaches to particulate monitoring inmining to protect worker health.

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Control of Disease Transmission inCommerical Aircraft Cabins

Project Director: Jennifer Topmiller, M.S.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277306DKeywords/Phrases: Engineering controls, infectious

disease, ventilationPurpose:To address the problem of in-flight disease transmissionon commercial aircraft. Abstract:In this project, the ventilation conditions in aircraft cab-ins will be assessed to determine factors that affect thepotential for disease transmission. Studies to investigatecabin air quality have been conducted to determine con-centrations of air contaminants present in aircraft cabins.Limited research has been done in the area of diseasetransmission in aircraft.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and NIOSHare collaborating to study this issue. Because a direct epi-demiological approach was not feasible, an engineeringstudy was planned to indirectly address this issue. The pri-mary objective of this study is to understand the dispersaland removal of aerosols in the aircraft environment.

Demonstration of Quality Control andMaintenancePrograms for EnvironmentalCabs

Project Director: William Heitbrink, Ph.D., B.S.Ch.,M.S., C.I.H.

Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277403Keywords/Phrases: Agriculture, tractors, control

technologyPurpose:To demonstrate that low-cost optical particle counterscan be used in quality control and maintenance programsfor environmental enclosures.Abstract:Environmental enclosures are used to protect workersfrom pesticide spray mists, dusts generated during otheragricultural activities, and silica exposures during sur-face mining activities involving drilling and earth mov-ing. To ensure that all workers using these vehicles con-tinue to receive exposure reduction, manufacturers andusers need to operate quality control and maintenanceprograms. This project will be conducted in collabora-

tion with a custom pesticide applicator and a manufac-turer of environmental enclosures. These programs areneeded to ensure that all workers who use these enclo-sures receive adequate protection from pesticide expo-sures. The investigators will incorporate the measure-ment of aerosol penetration into the manufacturer's qual-ity control plan and user's maintenance plan. The opticalparticle counter will measure the concentration of ambi-ent aerosol inside and outside the enclosure. The ratio ofconcentration inside to that outside is the aerosol pene-tration into the enclosure. These enclosures are expectedto provide at least a 50-fold reduction in exposure (i.e.,penetration under 0.02).

Engineering Development Research forOccupational Health

Project Director: John Sheehy, Ph.D., P.E., C.I.H.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278165Keywords/Phrases: Control technology, research,

ventilationPurpose:To develop and evaluate engineering controls to be usedin the workplace.Abstract:This project incorporates a number of short-term medi-um-size occupational health engineering developmentresearch studies.This project will focus on the followingfour areas: (1) perchloroethylene vapor degreasers, (2)Immigration and Naturalization Service and customagents exposures to vehicle emissions, (3) health careworker exposures to pharmaceuticals, and (4) advancedventilation techniques, (e.g., fluctuating flow). It willinclude both laboratory and field research. The latterthree research efforts will incorporate computation fluiddynamics (CFD) modeling. In addition, new real-time/video monitoring and telemetry technology will bedeveloped. Technical support, equipment maintenance,calibration, and repair for EPHB field and laboratorystudies will be conducted.

Control Technology in Small Business

Project Director: Keith Crouch, Ph.D., A.B.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278167Keywords/Phrases: Small business, engineering

controls, airborne contaminants

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Purpose:To identify small business sectors requiring assistance incontrolling occupational safety and health exposures.Abstract:This project will identify small business sectors thatrequire assistance with the control of occupational safetyand health issues. Small businesses often do not have theresources to commit to occupational safety and healthprograms nor do they have access to a trained profession-al to take care of these needs. In conducting this research,industries will be chosen based on the number of workersexposed and establishments involved, the severity ofworker exposure, and the likelihood that a feasible inter-vention could be implemented. Following the selection ofindustries to be studied, representative establishmentswill be contacted for potential site visits. During the sitevisits, safety and health hazards will be assessed. Aftersurveys at a number of businesses, appropriate engineer-ing and administrative controls will be designed forindustry processes. Follow-up surveys will be conductedto implement the controls and test their effectiveness.Recommendations will be disseminated to the small busi-ness owners on ways to reduce employee exposures, andthey will be given contacts that can assist them.

Reduction of Silica Exposures inConstruction

Project Director: Michael Gressel, Ph.D., C.S.P.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278169Keywords/Phrases: Silica, control technology,

constructionPurpose:To develop cost-effective engineering controls to reducesilica exposure.Abstract:Although research has been conducted in the construc-tion industry, silica exposures remain a major occupa-tional health problem. Samples collected in a recentstudy found 43% of the silica samples from the con-struction industries exceeded the NIOSH recommendedexposure limit (REL). This project seeks to develop cost-effective engineering controls for the reduction of silicaexposures in the construction industries. Four main areasof work include development of cost-effective dust col-lectors, research on fundamental control strategies,research to control silica exposures in specific construc-tion processes, and promotion and dissemination ofresearch findings. The overall goal of the project is toreduce and eliminate silica exposures in the construction.

Permeation Study for Hazardous Drugs

Project Director: Guy Burroughs, Ph.D., C.I.H.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278175Keywords/Phrases: Protective equipment, control

technology, health care workersPurpose:To measure the permeability of glove and gown materi-als in the health care sector, which will help controloccupational exposure to hazardous drugs.Abstract:The testing procedures selected for measuring perme-ability of protective clothing materials are established bythe American Society for Testing and Materials. Thisproject will ensure consideration of the control hierar-chy—engineering and administrative controls and per-sonal protective equipment (PPE)—and relates to aNIOSH goal for the evaluation of PPE. Dermal exposurehas been reported by several studies and is considered byone to be the most significant routes of exposure in thehealth care setting. To evaluate the effectiveness of PPE,a determination of the permeability of various glove andgown material to hazardous drugs will be conductedunder contract. All of the common antineoplastic phar-maceuticals as well as drugs defined as hazardous by theAmerican Society of Healthcare Pharmacists will beevaluated in this testing. The results from this projectshould inform selection of the most protective PPE forpharmacy and nursing staff to prevent dermal exposure.

New Methods for Assessing Exposure toRadiofrequency Communication

Project Director: Gregory Lotz, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278320Keywords/Phrases: Control technology, radiofrequency,

RF, telecommunication towersPurpose:To develop new exposure assessment methods and deter-mine the effectiveness of control strategies and personalprotective equipment for workers exposed near radiofre-quency (RF) communication sources. Abstract:This project will compare existing and new equipmentfor measuring exposures to workers who are exposed tonear RF radiation-emitting communication sources. Inaddition, the effectiveness of RF protective suits and per-sonal exposure monitors to reduce exposure from RF

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communication sources will be determined. NIOSH fieldtesting will determine whether the new equipment andtechniques are effective and will help regulatory agen-cies, workers, and occupational health specialists to eval-uate, regulate, and reduce hazardous RF exposures.

Noise Reduction Characterization ofNonlinear Hearing Protection Devices

Project Director: William Murphy, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278339Keywords/Phrases: Hearing, protective equipment,

method developmentPurpose:To develop instrumentation and methods necessary toassess and rate the protection provided by nonlinearhearing protectors (NLHPs). Abstract:In certain occupational settings, traditional hearing pro-tectors block noise that might be necessary for job safe-ty and proficiency (i.e., alarms or tool noise). Newerhearing protection devices, which modify the noise get-ting through to the wearer while protecting the ear, arecalled NLHPs. In this project, the performance charac-teristics of the major types of NLHPs will be determined,and these characteristics will be correlated with the hear-ing needs of specific jobs. The new information about theprotectors’ performance will allow consumers to makean informed choice of NLHPs to achieve the best mix ofhearing protection and ability to understand speech andwarning signals in a noisy environment. These new lab-oratory methods will be published to provide informa-tion for NLHP manufacturers, workers testing laborato-ries, and relevant standard setting groups.

Field Hearing Protector Testing Methodsand Rating

Project Director: John Franks, Ph.D., M.A., B.A.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278344DKeywords/Phrases: Hearing, protective equipment,

ratingPurpose:To develop instrumentation and methods necessary toassess and rate the protection provided by hearing protec-tion devices, both in the laboratory and at the work-site.

Abstract:Key parameters will be determined for both laboratoryand work-site test methods that allow accurate character-ization of the attenuation of hearing protectors. It isanticipated that rating adjustment factors may be neces-sary to make the two methods equivalent and that theserating adjustment factors may need to be applied to lab-oratory data for each class of hearing protector or evenfor each hearing protector. Thus, it should be possible toselect an appropriate protector based on the new labora-tory data or based on the work-site test.

Control of Exposures DuringConstruction

Project Director: Leo Blade, B.S.Ch.E., M.S.E.E., C.I.H. Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278389Keywords/Phrases: Asphalt, engineering controls,

constructionPurpose:To investigate the availability of engineering controls forconstruction processes that will reduce occupationalexposures.Abstract:The use of engineering controls within the constructionindustry is dramatically inadequate. This projectresponds to identified construction processes that willbenefit from the application of engineering controls toreduce occupational exposures. Where existing controlsare not commercially available, this project designs andassists equipment manufacturers in the design of engi-neering solutions to reduce occupational exposures.Since inception, this project has applied engineering con-trols research toward drywall sanding, rebar tying,asphalt paving equipment, asphalt-roofing kettles, andcoal tar construction products.

Computational Fluid Dynamics in ControlTechnology

Project Director: James Bennett, Ph.D., B.S.E., M.S.P.H.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278404Keywords/Phrases: Control, control exposure, fluid

mechanicsPurpose:To validate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelresults through laboratory and field studies.

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Abstract:Exposure to potentially hazardous airborne material isone of the major problems in the workplace. Fluid trans-port phenomena fully determine the fate of airborne con-taminants in the (occupational) environment. CFD pro-vides a powerful, new, analytical tool to understand thefactors that lead to exposure and to design appropriatecontrols for airborne contamination. It also providesinsight regarding exposure assessment and accuracy ofmeasurement devices or simple exposure models.NIOSH will continue to use CFD in parametric studies toevaluate ventilation effectiveness and exposure measure-ment accuracy. CFD will be applied to the control ofexposure to silica, welding fume, bioaerosols, and gasphase contaminants. Five journal articles or technicalreports are expected to be published this year.

Control of Refractory Ceramic Fibers

Project Director: Kevin Dunn, B.M.E., M.S.E.E., C.I.H.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278406Keywords/Phrases: Control technology, cancer, fibersPurpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of current engineering con-trol strategies to limit exposure to refractory ceramicfibers (RCFs). Abstract:This ongoing project has evaluated the effectiveness ofengineering control strategies to limit exposures toRCFs. Additional surveys planned for FY 2002 will eval-uate engineering controls in manufacturing, primarily inend-user factories for job categories shown to have thehighest exposures—such as sanding, grinding, sawing,and drilling. One engineering control evaluation con-ducted at the NIOSH Pittsburgh Research Laboratory onengineering controls for belt and disc sanding resulted inreduced personal airborne fiber concentrations of greaterthan 99%. In addition to a presentation at the 2000American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Expositionand scientific journal articles, NIOSH and the RefractoryCeramic Fiber Coalition (RCFC) will jointly develophazard control documents based on workplace sampledata collected over a 5-year period.

Generation and Control of AerosolEmissions from Arc Welding

Project Director: Anthony Zimmer, Ph.D., P.E., C.I.H.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278442Keywords/Phrases: Welding, control technology,

respiratory disease Purpose:To determine factors that influence the particle-size dis-tribution in a typical arc welding process, determine howefficiently particles can be deposited within the lungs,and determine the efficiency of low-cost engineeringcontrol techniques to remove aerosols. Abstract:For this study, the fume generation/aerosol samplingchamber has already been designed, built, and validated.Experiments were performed to evaluate the role of var-ious welding parameters on the formation of weldingaerosols. Additionally, experiments have been conductedto determine the efficacy of a commercially available air-cleaning device in removing welding aerosols from thegas stream. Several peer review manuscripts have beenwritten and are in different stages of publication.

Assessment of Asphalt Fume Exposurefrom Roofing Kettles

Project Director: David Marlow, B.S.Ch.E.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278492Keywords/Phrases: Asphalt, engineering controls,

small businessPurpose:To evaluate existing engineering controls to reduce work-er exposures to asphalt fumes during roofing operations. Abstract:In conducting this research, the control systems to beevaluated include an air filtering system, an afterburnerand safety loading door system, and low-fuming asphalt.Results and recommendations will be disseminated tothis widely dispersed industry, and the impact will bemeasured in subsequent years.

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Environmental Tractor Cab SystemIntegrity

Project Director: Ernest Moyer, Ph.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9278113Keywords/Phrases: Agriculture, tractor cabs, silicaPurpose:To develop and incorporate aerosol test methods forevaluating all phases of cab manufacturing/design, audit-ing, and routine maintenance.Abstract:Environmental cab enclosures are used to protect agri-cultural workers during pesticide spray operation andagricultural, heavy construction, and mining operationsin which dust generating operations such as drilling andearth-moving operations are routine. This project willprovide a critical link in the process of determining thecause(s) of hazardous exposure within enclosed environ-mental tractor cabs. Testing methodology that has beenused to evaluate particulate filter efficiency and aerosolparticle counter to identify leak sites and evaluate totalcab integrity will be used. Equipment manufacturers,custom pesticide applicator's and NIOSH researcherswill collaborate to incorporate the measurement ofaerosol penetration into environmental enclosures. Allphases from manufacturing and design through audits toroutine maintenance applicability will be evaluated andappropriate aerosol test methodology incorporated toprovide for total/cab performance program.

Industrial Ventilation Systems Research

Project Director: Steve Martin, M.S.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9278116Keywords/Phrases: Ventilation, engineering controls,

researchPurpose:To determine the efficacy of industrial ventilation filtersand sorbent materials against various aerosol and/orvapor exposure scenarios.Abstract:This research will assess the overall performance andefficacy of these environmental ventilation systemsagainst particulates and organic vapors, as well as look ataerosol/vapor interactions that could affect overall venti-lation system performance. Field evaluations will beconducted to study the efficacy of entire ventilation sys-tems over time, focusing on the use, care, and mainte-

nance of the system, the sorbent and filter replacementschedules, and the performance of the old system filtersand sorbent beds in targeted industries, such as agricul-ture, construction and food processing and flavoring.Models of the performance of industrial ventilation fil-ters and sorbent materials and models for predicting fil-ter/sorbent breakthrough and establishing more reliablereplacement schedules will be developed.

New Technology to Increase RolloverProtective Structures Used on Tractors

Project Director: John Etherton, Ph.D.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9277178Keywords/Phrases: Injury prevention, rollover

protectors, tractorsPurpose:To increase the number of tractors equipped with rolloverprotective devices.Abstract:This safety engineering project will organize similartechnical skills and instrumentation to work on a com-mon injury prevention problem: too many tractors stilldo not have rollover protective structures (ROPS). Morethan 60% of tractors in use do not have ROPS installed.Targets of the research are a simpler, more economicalROPS design for retrofitting older tractors, field tests ofa structure that deploys when overhead clearance isrestricted, field tests of a sensor that detects an imminentrollover and can initiate deployment of a self-raisingstructure, and analysis of composite materials to reducethe weight of adjustable structures and improve the cor-rosion resistance of ROPS in general. As a result of thisproject, U.S. industry and tractor owners will be provid-ed with capabilities to equip significantly more tractorswith ROPS.

Radio Frequency Safety System toProtect Workers from Caught-In Injury

Project Director: John Powers, Jr., B.S.E.E.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9277241Keywords/Phrases: Agriculture, traumatic injuries,

control technologyPurpose:To design a radio frequency-based safety system that pro-tects workers from machinery-related caught-in incidents.

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Abstract:The detection system for this study consists of a smallworker-worn low-power radio frequency (RF) transmit-ter to transmit a modulated RF signal throughout theworker’s body and an RF receiver with two proximitysensing antennas mounted in parallel around a woodchipper’s feed chute. By analyzing the relative strengthof the RF signals from the antennas, the receiver recog-nizes the worker’s proximity to the chute and initiates thealarm shutdown or feed-roll reversal. The system alsoprovides redundant lockout protection during repair andmaintenance. This low cost (less than $100) proximityprotection system could be easily applied to variousgrinding, chopping, stamping, and press-type machinesto effectively reduce machinery-related caught-in trau-matic injuries.

Footwear for Improved Balance Controlin Construction Work

Project Director: Peter Simeonov, Ph.D.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278066Keywords/Phrases: Falls, construction, traumatic

injuriesPurpose:To study the effects of different shoe types and shoecharacteristics on workers' balance control and potentialfor fall initiation.Abstract:Standing and walking balance will be assessed in simu-lated work conditions, including narrow and sloped sur-faces and reduced visual cues. The information from theproject will provide the scientific basis for optimal selec-tion and design of safety footwear to improve balancecontrol in construction work. The study results willdirectly benefit construction workers by reducing therisk of traumatic injury associated with falls due to lossof balance incidents.

Evaluation of Head Reactions to ObjectsDirected to Eyes

Project Director: Douglas Ammons, B.S. Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278068Keywords/Phrases: Eye injury, computer, method

development

Purpose:To use virtual reality technology to determine how for-eign particles get around protective eyewear. Abstract:Test subjects will take part in a computer-simulated workenvironment in which they will be performing a worktask such as hammering, grinding, or sawing. During thetime they are working on the task, a small piece of virtu-al debris will be propelled toward their eyes. This eventwill simulate what occurs during an eye injury. Duringthe simulated traumatic event, researchers will measuremovement of the subject and the virtual particle to deter-mine whether the eye was struck by the simulated parti-cle. This study will help researchers determine whetheran eye injury could have been prevented by using a dif-ferent type of eyewear, and the results will be providedto eyewear makers to improve protective eyeweardesign.

Improved Equipment Design throughApplied Anthropometry

Project Director: Janes Spahr, M.P.H.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278110Keywords/Phrases: Protective equipment, method

development, traumatic injuriesPurpose:To improve fit assessments and the design of personalprotective equipment (PPE) and work environments forreducing the occurrence of traumatic injuries in theworkplace.Abstract:Methods for assessing fit for designing better fitting pro-tective gloves will be developed and techniques to eval-uate coverage provided by safety eyewear will be rec-ommended from this research effort. The third portion ofthis project will examine the protective volume requiredaround an operator in the event of tractor rollover. Thiswill help designers of rollover protectors determine thesize and degree of inflexibility required in these struc-tures. The researchers will work with trade groups andstandards organizations to ensure that the results of thisresearch are appropriately disseminated.

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Anthropometry of Construction andAgriculture Populations

Project Director: Hongwei Hsiao, Ph.D.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278933Keywords/Phrases: Construction, agriculture,

protective equipmentPurpose:To study the 3-D human form of construction and agri-culture workers for evaluating the interaction of workerswith their personal protective equipment, machinery, andworkplaces.Abstract:The three major efforts for this study are (1) developingmethodologies for quantifying 3-D shapes and sizinginformation for personal protective equipment designapplications, (2) establishing a sizing system for thedesign of fall-protection harnesses and formulating ananthropometric guide to aid users in the selection of theappropriately sized fall-protection harness for their work,and (3) formulating anthropometric criteria for thedesign of farm tractors and rollover protective structuresto increase safety of farm tractor operators.

Life Support and Survival

Project Director: John Kovac, M.B.A., M.S., M.A.Division: NPPTLTelephone: (412) 386-6111Project ID: 927PP30Keywords/Phrases: Underground mining, respirators,

emergency respondersPurpose:To ensure that deployed self-contained self-rescuers(SCSRs) function properly.Abstract:This project will develop the technology to increase thechances for escape of miners surviving a mine fire,explosion, gas outburst, or water inundation and toimprove the safety and effectiveness of mine rescue,recovery, and fire fighting. The project focuses onimprovements on the design and use of a closed-circuitbreathing apparatus such as the SCSR.

Performance Test for High AssignedProtection Factor Respirators

Project Director: Ziqing Zhuang, Ph.D.Division: NPPTLTelephone: (412) 386-6111Project ID: 927PP07Keywords/Phrases: Protective equipment, respirators,

biological monitoringPurpose:To develop a validated respirator performance test for theNIOSH certification program.Abstract:This project will validate the six currently available quan-titative fit-test methods. Specifically, fit factors obtainedusing the six quantitative fit-test methods will be com-pared with an exposure dose of Freon. Full-face pieces,negative pressure respirators and loose-fitting poweredair-purifying respirators will be tested on a panel of 30male and female subjects. Correlation coefficients will bedetermined between fit factors and challenge vapor expo-sure dose. Two hypotheses will be tested: (1) that fit fac-tors from each method are significantly correlated with theexposure dose when wearing high assigned protection fac-tor (high-APF) respirators and (2) that one method is thebest predictor of exposure when wearing high-APF respi-rators. The expected outcome will be (1) demonstration ofcorrelation between fit factors and exposure dose and (2)incorporation of performance tests for high APF respira-tors into the NIOSH certification program.

Development of Computer-Aided Face FitEvaluation Methods

Project Director: Ziqing Zhuang, Ph.D.Division: NPPTLTelephone: (412) 386-6111Project ID: 927PP09Keywords/Phrases: Respirators, control technology,

protective equipmentPurpose:To establish fit-test panels to be incorporated into theNIOSH certification program. Abstract:This project will establish an anthropometric database ofabout 4,000 workers with traditional measurements and500 subjects using 3-D scanning technology. Fit-test pan-els will then be developed to be incorporated into theNIOSH certification program. A new design approachusing 3-D data will be developed and compared with thetraditional approach using only facial dimensions to seewhether it will improve face fit. Shape statistics will also

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be used to capture the variability in the actual shape of thefaces. Methods for using these statistics for product designwill be developed. The expected outcomes of the researchwill be (1) establishment of new fit-test panels for work-ers, (2) incorporation of these panels into NIOSH stan-dards, and (3) demonstration of better fit from respiratorsdesigned with 3-D data.

Assess Respirator Fit to ImproveProtection Against Tuberculosis

Project Director: Christopher Coffey, Ph.D.Division: NPPTLTelephone: (412) 386-6111Project ID: 927PP11Keywords/Phrases: Respirators, tuberculosis, health

care workersPurpose:To evaluate a new donning procedure and the simulatedworkplace performance of N95 respirators.Abstract:The donning procedure will be evaluated using two setsof 25 people. One set will use the current method and theother will use a mirror and another subject to check theposition of the respirator before fit-testing. The numberof people in each group passing the fit-test will be com-pared. The simulated workplace performance (i.e., 95th-percentile of total penetration) will be measured with andwithout fit-testing for thirty-five respirators on 25 peo-ple. The expected outcomes will be a new donning pro-cedure and a listing of respirators with an assessment oftheir performance characteristics.

Development of Air-Purifying RespiratorCO2 Test Using an Automated BreathingMetabolic Simulator

Project Director: Nina Turner, Ph.D.Division: NPPTLTelephone: (412) 386-6111Project ID: 927PP12Keywords/Phrases: Respirators, control technology,

regulatory activitiesPurpose:To develop an automated breathing and metabolic simula-tor(ABMS)-based test for measuring average inhaled car-bon dioxide concentrations for all classes of respirators.Abstract:This study will design ABMS test protocols, which arevalid and relevant for each respirator class and test rep-

resentative respirators to characterize their performance(carbon dioxide [CO2] concentrations). The computer-controlled ABMS produces CO2 at fixed rates, minuteventilation, and tidal volumes to simulate human meta-bolic processes. The anticipated outcomes are a validCO2 test performed on the ABMS, which can be incor-porated into the certification process and a characteriza-tion of average inhaled CO2 concentrations in currentlyavailable NIOSH-approved air-purifying respirators. Thetest procedure will be written in draft rule/standard lan-guage and format for future incorporation into the rulemaking process.

Investigation of Technology for HearingLoss Prevention

Project Director: David Byrne, B.A.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P008Keywords/Phrases: Hearing, mining, protective

equipmentPurpose:To identify methods to improve the audibility of haz-ard/warning signals in the mining environment whileminimizing the risk of developing a noise-induced hear-ing loss.Abstract:It is well known that noise attenuation provided by hear-ing protectors as they are worn during everyday use isusually quite different (i.e., worse) than when testedunder laboratory conditions. The availability of optimal-ly selected hearing protectors will provide a degree ofprotection and safety beyond what is currently attained inmost mining environments. This investigation willdevelop practical health communication messages/prod-ucts that contain clear statements about the ability to hearwarnings while using hearing protective devices.Further, recommendations can then be offered to themining community regarding correct earplug/earmuffusage that maximizes recognition of hazard/warningsounds while adequately protecting the miners’ hearing.

Dust Control in Surface Coal Mining

Project Director: Jeffrey Listak, B.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P014Keywords/Phrases: Control technology, dust, mining

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Purpose:To provide a broad-based approach toward the reduction ofsilica exposure in surface mining operations through iden-tification of dust sources, evaluation of current control tech-nologies, and development of new control technologies.Abstract:The Mine Safety and Health Administration dust exposuredata show that highwall drill operator is the occupation atsurface coal mines that most frequently exceeds the per-missible exposure limit (PEL) for respirable dust. NIOSHfield studies have shown that many surface drills havedust containment and capture problems at the shroudeddrill table above the hole. For this project, laboratory andmine-site development work for improving the highwalldrill’s primary dust collection system and investigationsinto improving quality control methods to ensure theintegrity of enclosed environmental cabs are planned.Additional efforts will focus on interactions betweendrilling parameters and overburden lithology and how thisinteraction affects respirable dust generation. Thisresearch will identify effective dust control technologiesfor surface coal mining operations to improve coal min-ers’ health protection from silica dust exposure.

Silica Dust Control in Metal/NonmetalMIning

Project Director: Andrew Cecala, M.B.A., B.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P017Keywords/Phrases: Mining, silica, control technologyPurpose:To reduce silica dust exposure of workers at both under-ground and surface metal/nonmetal mining operations.Abstract:Although the health hazards from silica dust have beendocumented for many years, the problem of overexpo-sure still persists for a number of job occupations in bothunderground and surface metal/nonmetal mining opera-tions. Several occupations havebeen identified as beingchronically exposed to excessive quantities of dust. Dustsurveys will be conducted in both underground and sur-face mining operations to identify sources of dust gener-ation and exposure for high-risk occupations. Researchwill be performed to develop effective control technolo-gies that can be implemented toreduce the exposure ofthese workers to excessive concentrations of silica dust.

Reducing Injuries from Jolting/Jarring onMobile Equipment

Project Director: Dean Ambrose, B.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P031Keywords/Phrases: Mining, agricultural, ergonomicsPurpose:To reduce workers' risks from exposure to mining, con-struction, and agricultural machinery.Abstract:Ultimately, this project will reduce injuries to the work-force related to human interaction with machinery,through the application of human factors design consid-erations and engineering interventions. The research willuse a multifaceted approach. The methodology beingemployed includes human factors design considerations,computer modeling and simulation, collaboration withequipment manufacturers, and field and laboratory teststo validate engineered interventions. The primary equip-ment to be investigated by PRL includes mine shuttle carhaulage vehicles and farm tractors (SRL will investigateconstruction equipment). Expected outputs are the fieldvalidation of several improved seat designs and suspen-sion systems. Outcomes of the project are recommenda-tions and findings to assist in the reduction of backinjuries and musculoskeltal disorders of the upperextremities from operating mobile equipment used inmining, construction, and agricultural industries.

Overhead Power Line Contact Alarm forMobile Equipment

Project Director: James Cawley, M.B.A., B.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P125Keywords/Phrases: Control technology, mining,

vehiclesPurpose:To develop and test alarm technology to warn vehicleoperators and nearby workers whenever high reachingmobile equipment accidentally contacts an overheadpower line.Abstract:In conducting this research, measuring current across asingle-plane pivoting joint via a shunt connected sensorcable has proven reliable on four vehicles tested to date.The remainder of the test program will establish the per-formance limits on this technique and produce a proto-type device. An electrostatic means of overhead power

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line contact detection has been found worthy of furtherinvestigation as a supplemental means of protection.Two private sector firms have expressed interest in com-mercializing such a device when it is completed.Successful implementation of this concept could reduceelectrocutions involving high-reaching, mobile equip-ment by up to 50% in mining and 20% in construction.

Select and Evaluate Diesel EmissionControls on Mine Equipment

Project Director: George Schnakenberg, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P135Keywords/Phrases: Mining, diesel, airborne

contaminantsPurpose:To make selection, bench test, and field evaluation ofdiesel emission control technology suitable for deploy-ment in underground mines and usable without alterationon diesel powered surface mining and constructionequipment.Abstract:In doing this project a transportable engine anddynamometer will be employed to provide a test benchfor evaluating the effectiveness of the technologythrough tailpipe and ambient measurements. The tech-nology of choice is the combination of a reduced emis-sion engine, ultra-low sulfur fuel, a diesel oxidation cat-alyst, and a particle filter with a fuel additive to promoteauto-regeneration of the filter, but other combinations arepossible. The coal partnership will be providing suitablefield sites and vehicles to field test for effectiveness androbustness as well as integration into the mine opera-tions. This project will also develop instrumentation ormethods to determine the effectiveness of the controltechnology in the field as a part of a routine maintenanceprocedure. It is hoped that, once the technology is proveneffective, mines will adopt it for use on all vehicles inoutby coal mine locations as well as all undergroundmetal/nonmetal mines. Significant reductions in currentworker exposures to diesel exhaust (especially particu-late matter) are expected. Control technology, for inbycoal mine diesels, is not being addressed in this project.

Dust Control for Longwall Mining

Project Director: Jay Colinet, M.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602

Project ID: 927P082Keywords/Phrases: Underground mining, coal mine

dust, control technologyPurpose:To reduce respirable dust exposure of mine workers atlongwall mining operations. Abstract:A multitasked research program is being conductedusing laboratory testing to evaluate optimum operatinglevels for existing control technologies, respirable dustentrainment in high-velocity airstreams, and the feasibil-ity of implementing advanced control techniques onlongwalls. Mine site evaluations of control technologieswill be conducted as technology is developed and coop-erating longwalls are secured. Research results willallow longwall operators to select control technologiesthat are most appropriate for their operating conditionsand offer alternatives to traditional control techniques.

Control of Silica Dust Exposures inUnderground Coal Mining

Project Director: Gerrit Goodman, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P120Keywords/Phrases: Silica, coal mine dust, miningPurpose:To develop and/or improve control technology to reduceworker exposure to high concentrations of silica.Abstract:Exposure data collected by Federal mine inspectors in1999 showed that more than 25% of their samples at roofbolting and mining machine occupations exceeded theMine Safety and Health Administration limit for res-pirable silica of 100 µg/m3. Excessive occupationalexposure to respirable silica continues in the under-ground coal mining industry. To control silica exposuresat roof bolting occupations, a smaller-sized air tube isbeing evaluated, as well as various means of cleaning thedust box on the machine. Other work will include assess-ments of various spray system designs for controllingrespirable dust and face methane concentrations at con-tinuous mining machines. Research will also be conduct-ed to characterize silica liberation from rock surroundingthe coal seam. Control technology developments will bereported to the mining industry through appropriate pub-lications and presentations.

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Extended-Cut Air Deliver Systems

Project Director: Charles Taylor, B.A.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P121Keywords/Phrases: Prevention, exposure assessment,

underground miningPurpose:To prevent dangerous accumulations of methane at themining face and monitor methane concentrations at theface to assure control measures are working properly andregulatory standards for methane concentrations are notexceeded.Abstract:In this research, the effects of redirecting scrubber flowtoward the face will be evaluated as a technique for fur-ther improving the dilution of methane at the face toimprove face airflow for methane control while reducingturbulence that can increase airborne dust concentrationsdue to roll back. Methane concentrations will be moni-tored at the face and at locations on the model miningmachine to establish guidelines for using machine-mounted methane monitors to predict face methane con-centrations. A three-axis sonic anemometer will beinstalled in the full-scale test gallery to generate airflowpatterns (velocity profiles) for a variety of mining meth-ods and equipment. The effects of repeated exposures todust and moisture on catalytic sensor response time willbe measured, and recommendations will be made forroutine maintenance and field testing.

Enhanced Spray Dust Capture forImproved Dust

Project Director: John Organiscak, M.B.A., B.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P124Keywords/Phrases: Control technology, dust, miningPurpose:To develop enhanced spray dust capture principles forimproving water droplet collection efficiency of res-pirable silica dust.Abstract:Water application is one of the primary means used inmining to control dust generation and liberation. The ini-tial laboratory phase of the project will measure spraydroplet characteristics of various spray nozzle types,study geometric spray nozzle layout enhancements forimproving water droplet to air induction performance,and measure airborne dust capture or removal rates of

these particular geometric spray nozzle layouts and dustparticle interaction. The second phase will further devel-op the application of these enhanced spray technologiesand principles into existing mining systems for improv-ing silica dust suppression from mining, crushing,screening, and milling processes.

New Technology to Increase RolloverProtective Structures

Project Director: Timothy Lutz, B.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P137Keywords/Phrases: Injury prevention, rollover

protective structures, tractorsPurpose:To increase the use of rollover protective structures(ROPs) on tractors that originally did not have ROPsinstalled from the factory.Abstract:This safety-engineering project will organize similar tech-nical skills (mechanical, electrical, and safety engineers)and instrumentation to work on a common injury preven-tion problem relating to tractors that do not have ROPsinstalled. More than 60% of tractors in use do not haveROPs installed. Targets of the research include (1) a sim-pler, more economical ROPs design for retrofitting oldertractors, (2) field tests of a structure that deploys during aroll that is of benefit for work in which overhead clear-ance is restricted, (3) field tests of a sensor that detects animminent rollover and can initiate deployment of a self-raising structure, and (4) analysis of several compositematerials to reduce the weight of adjustable structures andimprove the corrosion resistance of ROPS. The expectedoutcome of this project is improved ROPs technology forU.S. industry and tractor owners that will allow signifi-cantly more tractors to be equipped with ROPs.

Improving Ventilation Technology in LargeOpening Mines

Project Director: Roy Grau, B.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P140Keywords/Phrases: Underground mining, ventilation,

dieselPurpose:To develop effective, practical methods to improve ven-tilation in the large, low-velocity airways common to the

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working areas of metal/nonmetal mines (undergroundstone mines).Abstract:Underground stone mining operations create airbornecontaminants that are distributed throughout the mine inthe ventilation airflow. Improving ventilation will reduceworker exposure to these harmful substances. The expo-sure time of the contaminants in the ventilation airflowbefore exiting the mine is dependent on the travel distanceand ventilation practices and characteristics. Currently,the underground stone industry relies on intuition andtrial-and-error methods to address ventilation problems.The ventilation strategies developed as part of thisresearch effort will be disseminated to industry to improvethe workplace environment for underground miners.

Preventing Injuries from Falling Rock inUnderground Coal Mines

Project Director: Christopher Mark, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P142Keywords/Phrases: Underground mining, roof support

systems, ground controlPurpose:To reduce the risk of injury from minor rock and rib fallsin underground coal mines by removing the barriers thatlimit the use of surface control technology. Abstract:Minor roof and rib falls that result in more than 800injuries a year occur from the surface of the mine open-ing, and therefore the protection systems are called sur-face control. Surface controls can be in the form ofinstalled support systems or incorporated into equipmentdesign. If surface control technology is more widelyadapted by the mining industry, potentially up to 80% ofall ground fall injuries could be eliminated.

Lockout/Tagout, Jammed and MovingMachinery Controls

Project Director: Gary Mowrey, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P148Keywords/Phrases: Engineering controls, injury pre-

vention, mining

Purpose:To develop low-cost, practical monitoring, warning, andinterlock devices that industry can license and furtherdevelop into commercially available safety products forconveyor, baler, and compactor equipment. Abstract:This safety engineering project will design devices towarn employees of their proximity to a potentially haz-ardous work area and, if necessary, shut down the equip-ment. The research team will ensure that any interestedstakeholders become aware of the capability of this newtechnology through Open Industry Briefings, trainingworkshops, and publications in peer-reviewed journals.Licensing agreements and cooperating product develop-ment efforts will be vigorously pursued with appropriatevendors. Both fatalities and nonfatalities from workersbecoming caught in moving conveyors are expected todecline in industries in which this technology is success-fully implemented.

Surface Blasting Safety and Health

Project Director: Marcia Harris, B.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P158Keywords/Phrases: Blasting, explosives, miningPurpose:To investigate flyrock related fatalities over the last 10years.Abstract:Since 1988, 11 incidents occurred in which it is suspect-ed that blast-generated CO migrated through the ground,resulting in CO poisoning. In 10 of these cases, the blast-ing was part of a construction project at a strip mine. Inall, 23 people were hospitalized and treated for CO poi-soning, with one fatality. Blasters need to know how toprotect against CO poisoning. Every blast is associatedwith fragmentation and often the projection of rocks.Flyrock and blast area security dominate blasting-relatedaccidents in surface mining. The objectives of this taskare to (1) determine the causes of flyrock-related fatali-ties in the construction industry during the past decade,(2) publish the results of the mining and constructionindustry studies, and (3) approach the InternationalSociety of Explosives Engineers and the Institute ofMakers of Explosions about jointly producing a trainingvideo to enhance the reduction of flyrock fatalities.

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Mobile Mining Equipment WarningSystems

Project Director: John Owens, M.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S352Keywords/Phrases: Mining, rollover, control technologyPurpose:To reduce the number of injuries and deaths of workerswho operate or work near forklift trucks at mining oper-ations.Abstract:A common danger in the mining industry occurs whenmobile mining equipment is unknowingly operated inunstable configurations and dangerous conditions. Suchinstabilities can be initiated through both operator errorand changing terrain and can result in equipmentrollovers and deaths of workers. Despite the fact thatforklift trucks have evolved into very safe vehicles overthe last 50 years, provided they are operated within theirspecialized design limitations, many accidents continueto occur. About 100 workers die each year in forklifttruck accidents in the United States and 34,000 workersare injured. More than 650 forklift truck accidentsoccurred at mining operations during 1995-1999. A sen-sor-based monitoring system will be developed to moni-tor continuously the critical operating parameters (i.e.,pitch, roll, yaw, lift weight, and height) of forklift trucksto (1) alert the operator when the vehicle is being operat-ed unsafely and (2) be used as a training tool to evaluateand improve the operating competency of forklift truckdrivers. Some of the benefits of installing a sensor-basedmonitoring system on forklift trucks include reducedforklift truck accidents and fatalities, improved drivinghabits, enhanced compliance with Mine Safety andHealth Administration safety standards, reduced forklifttruck maintenance costs, reduced storage rack and prod-uct damage, safer and more productive workplace, andongoing forklift truck training to keep operators at thepeak of their abilities.

Reducing Diesel Particulate Exposures inWestern Mines

Project Director: David Denton, B.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000 Project ID: 927S380Keywords/Phrases: Mining, diesel, airborne

contaminants

Purpose:To reduce current exposure of workers in western minesto potentially dangerous concentrations of exhaust fromdiesel engines. Abstract:Products from this research include information andtools that the mining industry can use to help meetFederal mandates and reduce worker exposures. Theresearch will identify various interventions and rigorous-ly evaluate the technical and financial feasibility of each.The program hopes to significantly reduce current expo-sure to diesel particulates.

Identification and Control of Rock BurstHazards

Project Director: Jeffrey Whyatt, Ph.D.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S917Keywords/Phrases: Underground mining, ground

control, rock burstsPurpose:To examine adverse geologic conditions that createincreased rock burst hazards in mines, study methods foridentifying these conditions, develop analytical methodsfor assessing their impact on workplace safety, and devel-op alternative methods for evaluating alternative measures. Abstract:Miners are subjected to widely varying incidences ofrock bursts. Highly hazardous areas are often created byadverse geologic conditions. The presence of these con-ditions in portions of mines in one district have beenassociated with a rate of rock burst fatalities in the dis-trict that is eight times greater than the industry averagefor all causes of death. The main hypothesis of this proj-ect is that rock burst hazards are controlled by localizeddeviations from average, expected conditions.Experienced personnel have become quite adept at antic-ipating and responding to average conditions. However,the location and characteristics of unusual conditionsthat may be encountered in the course of mining often lieoutside the realm of their experience and are more diffi-cult to incorporate in a ground-control plan. The goal ofthis project is to demonstrate this hypothesis and devel-op methods for assessing rock burst hazards. This projectwill examine the types of adverse geologic conditionsthat create pockets of increased rock burst hazards with-in mines, study methods for identifying these conditions,develop analytical methods for assessing their impact onworkplace safety, and develop analytical methods forevaluating alternative measures.

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Emerging Technologies

Smart Fire Sensors

Project Director: John Edwards, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P058Keywords/Phrases: Fires, miningPurpose:To investigate the development of sensors that will detectfire in mines.Abstract:To protect miners in the workplace from hazardoussmoke and combustion gases associated with mine fires,improved mine fire detection technologies are to beinvestigated in this research project. These technologiesresult in the development of smart mine fire sensorscapable of discriminating between a mine fire and dieselemissions, determining the stage of fire growth, anddetermining the fire combustion source. There is anincreased need for early and discriminating mine firedetection as advanced mining technology rapidlyincreases the underground mine region occupied by min-ers to be monitored. This project uses the unique researchexpertise and mine facilities at NIOSH. During FY01mine fire detection experiments with fuel sources of coaland conveyor belt in the presence of diesel emissionswere conducted. Additional experiments will be con-ducted to provide a database for a neural network analy-sis of fires in the presence of nuisance alarms fromdiesels and welding and cutting operations. The effect ofmultiple type in-mine fire sensors for mine fire detectionand discrimination will be examined. An in-mine evalu-ation of mine fire discrimination technology at a batterycharging station will be conducted at an operating mine.The quantitative results of this research will be providedto the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)and will assist the implementation of underground minefire sensor deployment strategies.

Exposure Assessment MethodsDevelopment

NIOSH Manual of Analytical MethodsCooperative Research

Project Director: Paul Schlecht, B.S., M.B.A.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277066Keywords/Phrases: Analytical methods, sampling

methods, method development Purpose:To develop new analytical methods to be published in theNIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAN).Abstract:Collaborating laboratories having expertise not currentlyavailable within NIOSH will be given financial and tech-nical assistance to develop methods for the determina-tion of hazardous substances in the workplace. Thesecollaborators will thoroughly evaluate methods alreadyin use in their laboratories. The methods will be added toNMAM, when the methods have been shown to meetNIOSH evaluation criteria. NMAM is used by industrialhygiene and environmental laboratories, universities,State and Federal agencies, libraries, and the private sec-tor to assess hazard evaluations, industry studies, and theeffectiveness of engineering controls. Each year, one ormore new monitoring methods developed by cooperatinglaboratories will be added to NMAM. The priority ofnew methods will be determined from a survey of indus-trial hygiene laboratories.

Screening Methods for Airborne Metalsin Construction

Project Director: Kevin Ashley, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277331Keywords/Phrases: Construction, screening methods,

method developmentPurpose:To develop methods for screening metals in the workplace.Abstract:Because of the hazardous nature of exposures to toxicmetals, methods are needed that can rapidly provideinformation about worker exposures in the constructionindustry. This project will provide field-evaluated meth-ods for on-site screening of metals in workplace samples

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to allow the assessment of worker exposure and effec-tiveness of control measures. This project will entail (1)the development and evaluation of new methods formetal species not previously investigated, (2) field eval-uations of metals screening methods, and (3) technologytransfer efforts to commercialize and publicize new fieldscreening methods for metals monitoring in the con-struction industry.

Development of the Fine ParticleCharacterization and MonitoringMethods

Project Director: Andrew Maynard, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277399Keywords/Phrases: Aerosols, exposure assessment,

sampling methodsPurpose:To develop electron and scanning probe methods to fullycharacterize ultrafine aerosols produced in workplacesand also methods to monitor exposure to quantities, suchas particle number and surface area. Abstract:There is evidence that the toxicity of very fine work-place-related particles may be more closely associatedwith number or surface area than their mass. Validationof this hypothesis is limited by a lack of suitable charac-terization and monitoring methods. The problem is par-ticularly acute for particles below 100 nm in diameter(ultrafine particles) in which aerosol characteristics aredominated by surface area and particle number. The twoapproaches combined together will provide the tools toenable a greater understanding of toxicologically-rele-vant particle characteristics to be developed and willallow exposure monitoring against relevant metrics.

Health Assessment of Workers Exposedto Bromopropane

Project Director: Dennis Lynch, B.A., M.S.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277400Keywords/Phrases: 1-bromopropane, biomarkers,

solventsPurpose:To conduct a multifaceted biomarker study of workersexposed to 1-bromopropane (1-BP; n-propyl bromide).

Abstract:1-BP is a widely used industrial solvent, yet human tox-icological data are lacking and no occupational exposureguidelines currently exist. Significantly, several HealthHazard Evaluations conducted by NIOSH have revealedthat workers are being exposed to 1-BP at concentrationsknown to cause adverse effects in laboratory animals. Inthis research, biomarkers of exposure, effect of exposure,and susceptibility will be evaluated using blood, urine,and semen obtained from workers. Workplace and per-sonal breathing zone concentrations of 1-BP will bemeasured. Study results should serve as a basis for thedevelopment of an occupational exposure limit for 1-BPand may identify opportunities to reduce worker expo-sures through implementation of engineering controlsand/or improved work practices.

Use of Liquid Chromatography/MassSpectrometry to Identify IsocyanateExposure Hazards

Project Director: Robert Streicher, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277402Keywords/Phrases: Analytical methods, exposure

assessment, isocyanatePurpose:To develop a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry(LC/MS) method for the analysis of complex mixtures ofisocyanates generated in workplace environments bythermal breakdown of polyurethane or other precursormaterials.Abstract:An analytical method previously developed by the inves-tigators will be modified for this project to be made com-patible with MS detection. If successful, a collaborativeeffort between laboratory and field researchers couldinvestigate workplaces in which concentrations of iso-cyanates formed by thermal breakdown are expected tobe high. Expected products of this project are a publica-tion in a peer-reviewed journal and a working method toanalyze complex mixtures of isocyanates.

Antineoplastic Drug Exposure:Effectiveness of Guidelines

Project Director: Thomas Connor, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277449

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Keywords/Phrases: Health care workers, biomarkers,exposure assessment

Purpose:To evaluate the exposure of nurses and pharmacists toantineoplastic drugs to determine whether these healthcare workers are being exposed.Abstract:For the proposed project, air and surface concentrationsof antineoplastic drugs will be measured with a numberof internal biological measurements. The intent is todetermine whether chronic low-level exposure to anti-neoplastic agents may cause health effects and if biolog-ical markers would be useful as early indicators of effectto aid in intervention efforts.

Biomarker Development for HumanExposure Assessment

Project Director: Debra Debord, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278005Keywords/Phrases: Biomarkers, genetics, exposure

assessmentPurpose:To develop and apply biomarker methods for occupa-tional toxicants to assess exposure, effect of exposure,and susceptibility.Abstract:Biomarkers have been developed and used in field stud-ies to assess worker exposure and effects of exposurehost susceptibility factors to the following compounds:roofing asphalt, perchloroethylene, JP-8 jet fuel,nitrosamines. These biomarkers would have applicationfor human field studies. For epidemiological and healthhazard studies, it is imperative that biomarkers for inter-nal dose, biologically effective dose and early effects beevaluated so that exposure and effects of exposure can bemore accurately determined. It also addresses a need torelate exposure markers to markers of early effects and todetermine which markers may best reflect exposure ordisease. Studies continue to evaluate biomarker use indetermining exposure and effect of exposure of occupa-tional agents, such as secondhand cigarette smoke, JP-8jet fuel, and roofing asphalt. This is the fifth year of thisproject. Because of the development of two biomarkersfor DNA damage for asphalt fumes, this project provid-ed a springboard for the initiation of a project to evaluateexposure, early DNA damage, and gene environmentfactors in roofing asphalt workers. In the past, this proj-ect received additional funds from the ConstructionSteering Committee when a feasibility study to assess

genotoxicity of asphalt fumes was integrated into thisproject. This past year, one book chapter, one manu-script, and three poster presentations were publishedfrom the results of this project.

Biomonitoring Analyses for Studies ofDermal Exposures

Project Director: Kenneth Cheever, M.S.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278034Keywords/Phrases: Biological monitoring, analytical

methods, exposure assessmentPurpose:To develop and apply biomarker methods for occupa-tional toxicants to assess exposure, exposure effect, andsusceptibility. Abstract:Biomarkers have been developed and used in field stud-ies to assess worker exposure, effects of exposure hostsusceptibility factors to the following compounds: roof-ing asphalt, perchloroethylene, JP-8 jet fuel,nitrosamines. Studies continue to evaluate biomarker usein determining exposure and effect of exposure of occu-pational agents, such as second-hand cigarette smoke,JP-8 jet fuel, and roofing asphalt.

Aerosol Measurement Research

Project Director: Paul Baron, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278155Keywords/Phrases: Aerosols, exposure assessment,

fibersPurpose:To investigate the air velocities and flow patterns nearthe nose and mouth of a breathing manikin and comparethese results with similar flows near a human subject. Abstract:This project will address several issues in aerosol sam-pler accuracy. Inhalable sampler performance will betested in relation to human aerosol inhalation. Comparedwith current practice, sampler performance will be meas-ured more directly through a particle imaging velocime-ter (PIV) system. Techniques for evaluating new samplerperformance will be developed. Investigation into cur-rent techniques for testing thoracic and respirable aerosolsamplers will result in more accurate and comparableresults from these devices. A generation and fiber-length

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classification system for fibers will be evaluated andimproved to perform nose-only inhalation studies.

Development of Analytical Methods forMetalworking Fluids

Project Director: Robert Glaser, B.S., M.S.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278157Keywords/Phrases: Analytical methods, aerosols,

metalworking fluidsPurpose:To refine and extend the applications of a method formetalworking fluids (MWF).Abstract:This project will continue to refine and extend the appli-cations of a NIOSH/American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM) method for MWF. It is imperative thatthe method be fully evaluated and refined to improvedata collection used in other research situations? epi-demiological surveys, for example.

Measurement of Group-Based Log KOWsfor Solvent Mixture Components

Project Director: Robert Glaser, B.S., M.S.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278158Keywords/Phrases: Analytical methods, feasibility

assessment, solventsPurpose:To assess whether the dermal absorption of one solventis affected by the presence of other solvents. Abstract:Because octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW) pro-vide an indication of the dermal uptake of a given solvent,the octanol-water partition coefficient will be computedfor neat solvents and then blends of the same solvents inthis research project. Evidence of increased dermal uptakeof mixture components will be apparent if the computedvalues of KOW in the mixture are substantially greaterthan comparable measurements for the neat matrix.

Pesticides by Gas ChromatographyAtomic Emission Detection

Project Director: Mary Birch, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278159Keywords/Phrases: Analytical methods, pesticides,

child agriculturePurpose:To provide screening and quantitative methods for pesti-cides.Abstract:Screening and quantitative analytical methods for abroad range of pesticides in different matrices (e.g., air,dust, wipes, clothing) will be developed. Pesticide use iswidespread and are hundreds are being used, some ille-gally. This project will employ a specialized analyticaltechnique that is not routinely available. The technique isparticularly useful for pesticide analysis because it candetect a wide variety of pesticides and has the high selec-tivity required for complex samples. New methods forextraction of pesticides from different matrices will beinvestigated. The analytical methods developed will sup-port epidemiological studies, surveillance activities,evaluation of mitigation measures, and confirmation ofpesticide-related illness.

Technical Support for NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods 5040

Project Director: Mary Birch, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278160Keywords/Phrases: Analytical methods, diesel,

particulatesPurpose:To provide quality assurance data and technical supportfor a recently developed, analytical method (NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods [NMAM] 5040) fordiesel particulate matter. Abstract:Quality assurance results from samples collected duringprevious field surveys will be submitted for journal pub-lication. Preparation techniques for an analytical refer-ence material and other measurement issues will beexamined. NMAM 5040 is being used for environmentaland occupational monitoring, and new air standardsrecently have been proposed by the AmericanConference of Government Industrial Hygienists, the

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Mine Safety and Health Administration, and the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.

Screening of Metalworking Fluids UsingLiquid Chromatography/MassSpectrometry

Project Director: Jack Pretty, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278161Keywords/Phrases: Analytical methods, mixed

exposures, metalworking fluidsPurpose:To screen metalworking fluids for hazardous speciescontent.Abstract:This project will use syringe-pump infusion or liquidchromatography with mass spectrometric detection toassess metalworking fluids for hazardous species con-tent. The presence of suspected sample constituents maybe confirmed by comparing data parameters, such aschromatographic retention time, isotope ratios, andmolecular fragmentation patterns, with values obtainedfor standards of the known compounds. Informationabout the molecular formulae and molecular structuresof unknown species in metalworking fluids is also pro-vided by mass spectrometric detection, providing sup-port for identification of these unknowns. Screeningmethods that result from this research will allow morecomplete understanding of metalworking fluid contentand in-house methods for identification of hazardouscomponents and semiquantitative measurement of theirconcentrations.

Control Technology and ExposureAssessment for Sub-MicrometerBeryllium Particle

Project Director: Alan Echt, B.S., M.P.H, C.I.HDivision: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278166Keywords/Phrases: Beryllium, control technology,

small businessPurpose:To identify industries in which sub-micrometer berylli-um particle control is an issue, to characterize exposurewithin these industries and assess applied control meth-

ods, and to evaluate the gaps in current control methodsto reduce exposure.Abstract:This research will begin by identifying industries inwhich beryllium particles are generated or used. AnOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)database will be used to identify those industries inwhich sampling for beryllium was conducted by OSHAcompliance officers and consultants to target appropriateindustry segments (by four digit Standard IndustrialClassification [SIC]code) in which beryllium exposuresoccur. Although the IMIS data will be slanted towardindustry segments thought to be problematic in terms ofexposure, this data is one comprehensive source of infor-mation in which beryllium is used. Next, a series ofwalkthroughs will be performed. Among the facilitiesselected for walkthroughs will be those in which processequipment has been designed to control exposures tosub-micrometer and larger beryllium particles. The iden-tification of design concepts and control strategies thatcan be applied to other similar processes will be empha-sized. In-depth exposure characterization will then beconducted at approximately 20 sites over the course ofthe project to collect indicative measurements of expo-sure to particle number, surface area, mass, and particlesize distribution in relevant industries and to determinethe control parameters and their effectiveness in reducingexposures. Side-by-side measurements will be per-formed that consist of traditional air sampling, particlesize measurement, and advanced sampling techniquesthat are being developed in a related beryllium project.The reports from these in-depth studies will be used as abasis for making control recommendations in NIOSHpolicy documents and to prepare technical reports andjournal articles on the effective control of sub-microme-ter particles. This information will be available to healthprofessionals, equipment manufacturers, and others tofacilitate the development of effective control measuresin the workplace.

A Method for Simultaneous Analysis ofMultiple Pesticides

Project Director: Raymond Biagini, Ph.D., D.A.B.T.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278314Keywords/Phrases: Biological monitoring, biomarkers,

exposure assessmentPurpose:To develop a new urinary biological monitoring technolo-gy called fluorescence microbead immunosorbent assays.

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Abstract:The new urinary biological monitoring technology, fluo-rescence microbead immunosorbent assays, developedthrough this project will measure concentrations of sev-eral pesticides simultaneously in urine. Professional pes-ticide applicators apply many different types of pesti-cides during a typical work week. Urinary biologicalmonitoring is an essential exposure assessment tool forthese workers since skin absorption is a common route ofexposure. Typically, an accurate estimate of total pesti-cide exposure for these workers requires separate, costly,and time-consuming analyses for each individual pesti-cide. Successful application of this multi-analyte tech-nology will allow for a more complete and cost-effectivecharacterization of workplace exposures, which, in turn,should allow for enhanced intervention measures to pre-vent future exposures.

Exposure Assessment Methods forEvaluating Electric and Magnetic FieldHealth Effects

Project Director: Joseph Bowman, Ph.D., C.I.H.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278342Keywords/Phrases: Electric and magnetic field, EMF,

cancer, cardiovascular diseasePurpose:To conduct research on new methods for assessing expo-sure and risk from occupational electric and magneticfields (EMF). Abstract:This project will conduct measurements of worker expo-sures to biologically based magnetic field metrics withthe Multiwave III, a new personal waveform monitor.This instrument will be used in an epidemiologic studyof the diseases previously associated with EMF expo-sures in electric utility workers (brain cancer, leukemia,and Alzheimer’s disease). In FY2002, the investigatorswill be conducting pilot measurements with theMultiwave III at electric utilities and developing the pro-tocol for the full exposure assessment and risk analysisof EMF-related diseases in a population in which healthoutcomes have already been determined.

Validation Studies in OccupationalImmunotoxicology

Project Director: Raymond Biagini, Ph.D., D.A.B.T.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278345DKeywords/Phrases: Latex, allergies, hypersensitivityPurpose:To assess exposure to latex proteins and fungus S. char-tarum.Abstract:This occupational immunotoxicology project focuses onworker exposure to latex proteins and the fungus S. char-tarum. In this “real-world”' problem, persons who aresensitive to latex will be exposed to latex proteins bypuncture skin tests to determine which proteins are mostimportant for the production and elicitation of latex aller-gy. Successful identification of the proteins will make itpossible to develop better in vitro tests, identify whichproteins should be removed from latex gloves, giveinsight into therapeutic intervention (desensitizationinjections), and allow for enhanced intervention meas-ures to significantly lower the incidence of latex allergy.Finally, a major new effort will evaluate bakers for asth-ma and hypersensitivity (an underreported disease), aswell as evaluate genetically modified grain as an occu-pational allergen (a newly emerging risk).

Biomonitoring Methods for AgriculturalExposures

Project Director: Cynthia Striley, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278351Keywords/Phrases: Biological monitoring, agriculture,

pesticidesPurpose:To develop new enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays toanalyze pesticides.Abstract:Millions of pounds of pesticides are applied each year,putting a large number of workers at risk for exposure topotentially toxic chemicals. NIOSH currently has sever-al studies investigating exposures to organophosphateinsecticides and the herbicide metolachlor. These sur-veillance and intervention studies require sensitive andaccurate methods to assess exposure of workers. Sincemuch of their exposure is through the skin, biologicalmonitoring is needed to complement sampling of air,clothing, etc. Because conventional biomonitoring meth-

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ods are relatively slow and expensive, new biomonitor-ing methods enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays(ELISAs) for pesticides azinphosmethyl, phosmet, andpiperalin are being developed and will be used to analyzespecimens collected in the NIOSH studies. These newmethods will be cheaper and easier to use than conven-tional assays, thereby allowing for quicker identificationand correction of exposure risks.

Biological Monitoring Research andSupport

Project Director: John Snawder, Ph.D., D.A.B.TDivision: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278378Keywords/Phrases: Biological monitoring, analytical

methods, herbicidesPurpose:To develop new biological-monitoring analytical meth-ods and provide biological-monitoring analyses forNIOSH field investigations. Abstract:Currently, the in-house effort regarding this researchfocuses on development of (1) an improved method fordetermining a urinary biomarker of exposure to the pesti-cide diazinon and (2) a method for biological monitoringfor exposure to the herbicides alachlor, metolachlor, ace-tochlor, atrazine, and cyanazine via urinalysis for theirmercapturic acid conjugates. Biological monitoring resultsare used to demonstrate (1) the existence of an exposureproblem so that it can be corrected and (2) the adequacy ofcontrol technologies and intervention strategies.

Physical Characterization of UltrafineParticles

Project Director: Andrew Maynard, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278417Keywords/Phrases: Aerosols, exposure assessment,

particulatesPurpose:To develop and evaluate novel methods for characteriz-ing and quantifying workplace ultrafine particulate expo-sures in terms of aerosol surface-area.Abstract:There is growing evidence that current occupationalexposure limits may not adequately protect all workers

exposed to low-solubility particles typically smaller than100 nm in diameter (ultrafine particles). Surface-area isimplicated as an important exposure metric in a numberof studies; however, no validated methods for measuringaerosol surface-area exposure in the workplace exist cur-rently. New and existing exposure measurement methodswill be evaluated. Research will also examine the behav-ior of ultrafine particles in the workplace and followinglung deposition, further explore the relevance of alterna-tive exposure metrics. The proposed research will pro-vide a basis for re-evaluating current exposure standardsand monitoring methods.

Beryllium Disease Surveillance Research

Project Director: Kathleen Kreiss, M.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9278208Keywords/Phrases: Beryllium, genetics, exposure

assessmentPurpose:To extend a well-characterized beryllium-exposed cohortfor cumulative incidence of beryllium disease, geneticand other risk factors, and exposure-response relationsusing new measurement techniques.Abstract:NIOSH researchers conduct exposure assessment andanalyze questionnaire interviews, screening blood testsfor beryllium allergy and clinical diagnostic informationfrom a beryllium company with genetic analyses andexposure reconstruction from NIOSH divisions.Understanding the level of beryllium exposure thatresults in disease among workers with increased geneticsusceptibility can guide prevention efforts.

Applied Monitoring Studies

Project Director: David Bartley, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278456Keywords/Phrases: Respiratory disease, sampling

methods, screening methodsPurpose:To conduct a targeted program of research for monitoringworker and workplace exposures to toxic substances anddevelop fast, inexpensive, sampling and analytical meth-ods to detect fungi in soil and bird and bat droppings.

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Abstract:The methods developed for this research must have suf-ficient sensitivity to detect small numbers of fungi. State-of-the-art molecular bioanalytical techniques will beused to identify pathogenic fungi from construction andagricultural workplaces. This research will provide theoccupational safety and health community with informa-tion, training, and the capacity through instrumentationto prevent occupational diseases. This project will resultin valuable information about monitoring, which wouldotherwise be unavailable to Federal agencies and to safe-ty and health practitioners.

Methods Development for Field Research

Project Director: Donald Dollberg, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278484Keywords/Phrases: Sampling method, analytical

methods, method developmentPurpose:To develop sampling and analytical methods in supportof NIOSH projects, which require the assessment ofworkplace exposures to new chemicals. Abstract:Short-term sampling and analytical methods will bedeveloped in support of NIOSH researchers upon requestand is an integral part of a project that involves exposureassessment or control technology evaluation. Methodsare developed that follow established protocols con-tained in the NIOSH Guidelines for Air Sampling andAnalytical Method Development and Evaluation. Theshort-term method development process consists of a lit-erature review, sampling system selection, instrumentaloptimization, establishment of limits of detection andquantitation, and determination of analyte recovery andstability. These methods are used to monitor exposures tonew chemicals found in the workplace atmosphere andare published in the NIOSH Manual of AnalyticalMethods and scientific literature.

Analysis of Silica Polymorphs

Project Director: Rosa Key-Schwartz, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278497Keywords/Phrases: Aerosols, silicosis, sampling and

analytical methods

Purpose:To improve analytical methods and standardize laborato-ry practices for measurement of crystalline silica.Abstract:Research into improvement of analytical methods andstandardization of laboratory practices for measurementof crystalline silica will provide better accuracy and pre-cision in the assessment of occupational exposure tocrystalline silica and a step towards the elimination ofsilicosis. A detailed survey of lab practices for laborato-ries participating in the Proficiency Testing Program(PAT) for crystalline silica showed that in addition tostandard lab practices, an important factor in accuracyand precision of crystalline silica measurement was cali-bration, which is the use of a certified StandardReference Material (SRM) and the availability of work-ing standards on filters. Research into the deposition ofcrystalline silica SRM onto filters will be conducted witha goal of availability of several levels of working stan-dards, which will provide PAT silica laboratories withadditional standards for routine calibration.Demonstration of the improvement in the precision ofcrystalline silica analyses will be accomplished by mon-itoring PAT results after standard laboratory practices,improved methods, and required calibration standardshave been put into place.

Summary of Blood Lead MonitoringEvaluation Project

Project Director: Lauralynn Taylor, M.P.H.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278572Keywords/Phrases: Lead, biomarkers, exposure

assessmentPurpose:To field validate an anodic stripping voltammetry fieldinstrument that rapidly analyzes capillary and venousblood lead levels.Abstract:The anodic stripping voltammetry field instrument hasonly been used with children whose blood lead levels aresignificantly lower than in occupationally exposed adults.The instrument's expeditious analysis makes it potential-ly valuable to occupational health professionals duringon-site investigations. To conduct the instrument evalua-tion, the investigators propose to evaluate this instrumentin at least two highly exposed adult populations at lowand high altitudes and to compare these results to splitsamples analyzed according to a reference graphite fur-nace atomic absorption spectrometry method. This sam-

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pling and analytical technique is less invasive and canprovide quicker results than current methods, rapidlyguiding efforts to reduce lead exposures.

Pesticide Exposures of GreenhouseWorkers

Project Director: Wayne Sanderson, Ph.D., C.I.H.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278578Keywords/Phrases: Pesticides, organophosphate

pesticide, agriculturePurpose:To evaluate pesticide exposures of workers while apply-ing pesticides and harvesting roses. Abstract:Greenhouse workers are exposed to a variety of pesti-cides with a broad range of health effects, including der-matitis, respiratory irritation, neurologic dysfunction,increased cancer risk, and death caused by acute poison-ing. In the initial phase of this study, workers’ exposureto selected pesticides, use of personal protective equip-ment, and the effectiveness of training techniques wereevaluated. Based on the results of these cross-sectionalevaluations, interventions will be designed and imple-mented. Follow-up evaluations will determine the effec-tiveness of the interventions to reduce workers’ pesticideexposures and potential health effects.

Immunologic Methods for theAssessment of Workplace Exposure toNatural Rubber Latex

Project Director: David Weissman, M.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277049Keywords/Phrases: Latex, exposure assessment,

allergiesPurpose:To develop standardized approaches to measure naturalrubber latex (NRL) allergens in the environment. Abstract:NRL allergy has become a major occupational illness ofhealth care workers and a significant problem for heavi-ly exposed patient populations such as children withspina bifida. The disease can have significant conse-quences for affected persons. Fortunately, the potentialexists to prevent this disease by limiting exposure toNRL allergens. To set recommended exposure limits and

monitor the effectiveness of measures to prevent expo-sure, it is necessary to have a standard, reproducible wayto measure exposure. Thus, the main purpose of thisproject is to develop NRL allergen measurements suit-able for environmental monitoring. In addition, thesemeasurements will be used to assess the potential useful-ness of decontamination procedures.

Portable Analysis of Multiple AirborneMetals (Mining)

Project Director: Nicholas Lawryk, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277100Keywords/Phrases: Exposure assessment, emerging

technology, airborne contaminantsPurpose:To develop new standard methods for analyses of multi-ple airborne metals using portable technologies that areuser-friendly, rugged, and relatively inexpensive.Abstract:The methods developed through this research will be mostuseful in workplaces in which airborne metals pose healthhazards. Workers in mining, construction, welding, refin-ing, and related industries are potentially exposed to air-borne contaminants such as silver, lead, nickel, man-ganese, chromium, and zinc, which can cause health prob-lems ranging from metal fume fever and asthma to cancerand parkinsonism. Recently, field-portable screeningmethods for measuring airborne metals have been devel-oped. Unfortunately, they are not widely used because oftheir expense, complexity, and relative inaccuracy.Refinement and extensive field testing of existing portablemethods combined with method development for emerg-ing technology can lead to rugged, more accurate, and rel-atively inexpensive instruments that can quickly screennumerous airborne metals in the workplace. Such instru-ments will permit rapid exposure assessment and evalua-tion of engineering controls and interventions, therebyreducing airborne metal exposures and possible illnesses.

Evaluation of New Technologies forBioaerosol Screening

Project Director: Teh-Hsun Chen, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277249Keywords/Phrases: Bioaerosols, exposure assessment,

indoor air quality

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Purpose:To examine the applicability of emerging technologiesfor detection and quantitation of total and airbornemicroorganisms at worksites in which bioaerosols are ahealth hazard.Abstract:The number of reported indoor air quality problems israpidly increasing and includes such problems as irrita-tion and immunologic and infectious diseases. There is aneed to develop real-time monitors that identify airbornemicroorganisms in workplaces. Airborne microorgan-isms are suspected of causing illness in “sick” buildings,worksites using contaminated metal working fluids,some agricultural exposure situations, and health carepatient rooms. This project will examine the applicabili-ty of each of several emerging technologies as an expo-sure assessment screening tool for identifying airbornemicroorganisms in workplaces by applying technologiesbeing developed by the Department of Defense to detectbioaerosols. The main focus has been on polymerasechain reactions (PCR) techniques. Success in this projectwill lead to production of transportable devices to beused for identifying problematic airborne microorgan-isms in workplaces.

Gas and Vapor Monitoring

Project Director: Chun-Sing Orr, Ph.D., D.V.M.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277251Keywords/Phrases: Airborne contaminants, exposure

assessment, industrial hygienePurpose:To evaluate and develop a portable sensor for monitoringnitrous oxide in dental offices. Abstract:The sensor developed in this project will allow dentalpersonnel to make real-time measurements of nitrousoxide in the ambient air inside the dental office. This willallow dental personnel to make immediate corrections tosituations in which overexposure to nitrous oxide isoccurring. Because of its significant effects in the med-ical, industrial, agricultural, and environmental areas, theresults of this project will be valuable to industrialhygienists or safety and health personnel to improve thesafety and health of workers in other occupations. Thetechnology developed will also be applicable to other gasor vapor types. Commercialization of sensor design andtechnological approaches is likely.

Computational Fluid DynamicsSimulations

Project Director: Aaron Bird, M.S.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277376Keywords/Phrases: Aerosols, exposure assessment,

computerPurpose:To examine the feasibility of using computational fluiddynamics (CFD) simulations to model airflow aroundworkers and evaluate computational simulations of airsample collection efficiency of worker-mounted sam-ples.Abstract:Evaluation of the accuracy and precision of computa-tional simulations for monitoring airborne exposures isessential before the results of such simulations can beused. Previously, research on air sampling devices hasusually been conducted in wind tunnels or calm-airchambers. However, recent advances in computationalpower and modeling capabilities make it possible to sim-ulate flow fields and shed more light on the physical phe-nomena associated with air sampling. This project hasdemonstrated that computational models of the flowfields around the human torso are possible and will eval-uate the accuracy and precision of simulations of airsampling devices mounted on manikins as well as theability to model aerosol capture by the sampling device.If successful, improved sampler designs will be possiblein the future based on simulation results and limitedexperimental evaluation.

Predicting Skin Penetration: Model andExperiments

Project Director: H. Frederick Frasch, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278075Keywords/Phrases: Skin, exposure assessment,

dermatitisPurpose:To improve the ability of mathematical/computer model-ing to predict both steady- and nonsteady-state penetra-tion of chemicals through human skin.Abstract:The underlying hypothesis is that dermal penetration canmost appropriately be predicted using a random walkapproach to account for the heterogeneous structuralproperties of stratum corneum (SC) that govern skin per-

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meation. In vitro penetration and diffusion studies willbe performed using excised human cadaver skin. Theproposed research involves a novel application of amathematical description of the diffusion process at itsmost basic level to realistic anatomic skin structuresbased on microscopic analysis. The model will be vali-dated with data from in vitro dermal diffusion studies.Expected outcomes are peer-reviewed publications andincorporation of the mathematical model into NIOSH'sdermal evaluation procedures. The investigators expectthe model to become the sine qua non for the estimationof dermal exposure from workplace chemicals. Such atool will be vital to NIOSH in the area of quantitativerisk assessment of dermal exposure.

Particle Surface Program: DustCharacterization

Project Director: William Chisholm, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278077Keywords/Phrases: Particulates, analytical methods,

pneumoconiosisPurpose:To determine the surface elemental composition andstructure of respirable particles involved in hazardousoccupational exposures.Abstract:Surface analysis methods are being developed that useNIOSH-invented modifications of scanning electronmicroscopy—X-ray spectroscopy in combination withcomplementary scanning, auger spectroscopy for detailedsurface elemental and structural analysis of selected indi-vidual respirable particles, and other novel or unique lab-oratory analyses for a wide variety of parameters on a par-ticle-by-particle basis. These are developed and tested foruse to identify heretofore unrecognized or difficult todetect properties of respirable dusts that are controllingtoxicity and may be predictive of disease risk. Field sam-ples from workplaces in which there are anomalies in dis-ease risk assessment based on conventional industrialhygiene exposure characterizations will be analyzed.

Particle Surface Program: ChemistryCharacterization

Project Director: David Murray, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278079

Keywords/Phrases: Particulates, chemistry, silicosisPurpose:To develop and apply spectroscopic and other analyticalmethods to identify insoluble respirable particle surfacechemical functional groups that control the expression oftoxicity and that predict the risk that particle exposurespose for occupational respiratory disease.Abstract:Knowledge of the mechanisms by which inhaled, insolu-ble particles cause lung disease will increase the abilityto assess the hazard of breathing a variety of dusts. Thisproject will develop and apply modern spectroscopic andother surface chemistry research methods to model dust-lung interactions at the biochemical and molecular lev-els. The initial focus will be on pulmonary surfactantinteractions with both strongly pathogenic (quartz) andnon-strongly pathogenic (kaolin) dusts to model surfacechemistry interactions controlling the initial expressionof insoluble mineral particle toxicity in the lung.Methods and information developed will be applied toother respirable particulate materials and biologicalinteractions. Identification of surface properties control-ling toxicity will provide a basis for more complete char-acterization of workplace dust exposures for improvedpneumoconiosis risk assessment.

Imaging and Grading OccupationalDisease or Injury

Project Director: William Wallace, Jr. , Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278090Keywords/Phrases: Pneumoconiosis, musculoskeletal

disorders, neurotoxicologyPurpose:To develop advanced spectroscopy-based imaging meth-ods for noninvasive detection and measurement of bio-logical responses to occupational exposures.Abstract:Initial methods under study for this project are positronemission tomography (PET)-scanning and magnetic res-onance imaging (MRI) applied to animal models of pul-monary response to fibrogenic dusts and to models ofmusculoskeletal response to repetitive motion and vibra-tion exposures. Applications to neurotoxicology researchwill be explored. Initial results of studies have beenencouraging. Success would provide bases for field andclinical methods to complement industrial hygiene meas-ures of occupational exposures for improved medicalsurveillance and epidemiological identification of occu-pational health hazards, and for more rapid evaluation of

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prevention measures and medical management for man-ifest disease or injury.

Field Testing and Refinement of LocalPositioning System

Project Director: Jennifer Hornsby-Myers, M.S. Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278091Keywords/Phrases: Industrial hygiene, exposure

assessment, engineeringPurpose:To field test the effectiveness of the outdoor prototypepersonal location units to identify occupational safetyand health hazards. AbstractThis research will field test the new outdoor prototypepersonal location units in conjunction with environmen-tal sensors in outdoor workplaces to elucidate occupa-tional safety and health hazards. Software will be writtenthat allows the safety and health professional to easilydetermine when, where, and how much a worker isexposed to a hazard if a portable real-time sensor isavailable for that hazard. This will be particularly usefulin identifying locations with high exposures, assigningaverage exposures to tasks that are performed in adefined area, and assessing exposure variability. Theindoor prototype will be developed, field tested, andrefined. The expected outcome of this project is a tech-nology transfer of the indoor and outdoor personal loca-tion devices to the general public.

Dermal Particle Exposure andGranulomatous Lung Disease

Project Director: Sally Tinkle, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278111Keywords/Phrases: Particulates, beryllium, geneticsPurpose:To investigate the role of skin exposure in the develop-ment of pulmonary granulomatous disease.Abstract:Chronic beryllium disease is a debilitating occupationallung disease. The metal and its alloys are indispensablein the nuclear, aerospace, ceramics, and telecommunica-tions industries, and its use has expanded to include themanufacture of fire fighting tools, dental implants, spe-

ciality golf clubs, and bicycle frames. Workers whomanufacture any of these products are at risk. Successfulcompletion of these studies will provide biological sup-port for the development of skin-specific engineeringcontrol strategies in work environments with elevatedparticulates. The physical characteristics of particles thataffect penetration into the skin will be determined andparticle toxicity confirmed in human skin cell lines andmurine skin exposure. The data will also assist OSHA inits reevaluation of the beryllium worker exposure limit.

Diesel Engine Emissions MeasurementAnalysis

Project Director: George Schnakenberg, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P016Keywords/Phrases: Mining, diesel, sampling methodsPurpose:To focus on the application of NIOSH Method 5040 fordetermining the workplace concentrations of diesel par-ticulate matter (DPM) in metal and nonmetal mines. Abstract:The Mine Safety and Health Administration recom-mends NIOSH NMAM 5040 for curtailing diesel partic-ulate matter (DPM), but industry has presented evidence(May 1999) that mine atmospheres present overwhelm-ing interferences. This project addresses these issues bya systematic investigation of the effects of nondieselmine aerosols on the determination of diesel exhaust par-ticulate matter when NIOSH NMAM 5040 is used.NIOSH NMAM 5040 determines the organic and ele-mental carbon fractions of a workplace aerosol samplecollected on a filter. Ore dusts containing carbonate oilmists cause positive interference in the organic carbon,and graphite and other carbon containing dusts causepositive interference in elemental carbon. Acidificationof the sample can reduce or eliminate the carbonate inter-ference. Size-selective sampling, which limits theaerosol collected on the filter to 0.8 micrometer size orsmaller, can effectively eliminate both carbonate and ele-mental carbon interferences owing to the size differencebetween diesel and ore dusts. This research will investi-gate the validity of these techniques or develop alterna-tive approaches to mitigate interferences.

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Assessment of Personal ParticulateExposure

Project Director: Jon Volkwein, M.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P019Keywords/Phrases: Mining, dust, silicaPurpose:To investigate fundamental dust measurement technolo-gies for application in mining. Abstract:Assessment of particulate in mines is currently time-con-suming and expensive. New tools and approaches formonitoring respirable dust are required to provide timelyfeedback of dust exposures to workers to protect workerhealth. This project is developing near real-time quanti-tative and qualitative mass and pressure-based sensorsfor coal mine use. Basic research tasks will investigatediesel particulate matter measurements based on lightscattering angular ratios, ion trap, and differential pres-sure technologies. Much of this work is being conductedin partnership with industry and academia. The success-ful outcome of the work will result in several new toolsand approaches to particulate monitoring in mining toprotect worker health.

Portable Monitors for Airborne Metals atMining Sites

Project Director: Pamela Drake, M.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 2927S346Keywords/Phrases: Mining, exposure assessment,

engineering controlsPurpose:To use existing and emerging technologies and methodsfor rapid measurement of multiple airborne metals atmining and processing sites.Abstract:This project will use existing and emerging technologiesand methods for rapid measurement of multiple airbornemetals at mining and processing sites to design andimplement engineering controls to reduce exposures andpossible illnesses. The outcome of this project will be theacceptance and use of field-portable instruments andmethods by the mining industry to measure airbornemetal concentrations and subsequently implement con-trol measures to reduce exposures.

Longitudinal Surveillance/Beryllium

Project Director: Christine Schuler, Ph.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9278423Keywords/Phrases: Beryllium, surveillance, exposure

assessmentPurpose:To understand the key risk factors predicting beryllium-related health outcomes so that preventive strategies canbe implemented and evaluated. Abstract:This project will establish a way of measuring workerexposure to beryllium that alerts workers and companiesto hazards of beryllium disease, determine whether keep-ing beryllium off the skin prevents development of animmune reaction to beryllium, ascertain safe concentra-tions of beryllium exposure for those persons with inher-ited genes that predispose them to contract beryllium dis-ease, and see whether workers are better off if they leaveberyllium employment. The research relates berylliumsensitivity and disease occurrence to new measures ofexposure, skin protection, genetic analyses, and leavingberyllium work. This work contributes to prevention ofberyllium disease by showing which beryllium workenvironments are hazardous, what preventive measureswork, and how to prevent beryllium disease in all work-ers, regardless of genetic characteristics.

Fertility and PregnancyAbnormalities

Identification of Workers CohortsExposed to Reproductive Toxicants

Project Director: William Moorman, M.S.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277401Keywords/Phrases: Reproductive hazards, feasibility

assessment, fertilityPurpose:To initiate worksite studies to characterize exposure andhealth effects of chemical hazards identified through theNational Toxicology Program (NTP) testing and subse-quently prioritized through a tripartite process.

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Abstract:This research requires the identification of exposedworkers, gaining industry cooperation to evaluate healtheffects, and communicating the findings. This project isestablishing methods to initiate worksite reproductivestudies. Using the hazard identification information pro-vided by NTP and the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), the workers exposed to reproductive tox-icants that have not been investigated are located.Additionally, the investigators have expanded our priori-tization process to include pesticides and have met withEPA to obtain their pesticide toxicity database.

Methods Assessing Male ReproductiveToxicity

Project Director: Steven Schrader, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278278Keywords/Phrases: Reproduction, sexual dysfunction,

geneticsPurpose:To implement new technologies and clinical methods forassessing physiological sites to measure toxic effectsfound in occupational field studies. Abstract:Male reproductive hazards have been shown to attack atleast one of four major sites (endocrine system, thetestes, the accessory glands, and sexual function). Thisproject will implement new technologies and clinicalmethods for assessing these sites to measure toxic effectsfound in occupational field studies. Validated, state-of-the-art methods are required to accurately assess workersand provide the regulatory agencies accurate and objec-tive reproductive assessment data.

Field Application of Male ReproductiveHealth Biomarkers

Project Director: Steven Schrader, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278281DKeywords/Phrases: Reproduction, sexual dysfunction,

endocrinePurpose:To assess the reproductive health of men exposed topotential occupational hazards.

Abstract:The project will continue to provide important data onworkers' reproductive health in various exposure scenar-ios. Equally important, this research also provides muchneeded data on the versatility and utility of the malereproductive health profile to a spectrum of suspectedreproductive hazards. These field investigations arebeing conducted with an external partner to study thereproductive effects of nickel exposure. The reproduc-tive health of bicycling policemen is also being studied.State-of-the-art research methods in assessing malereproductive function are being implemented in theseoccupational field studies.

Methods to Evaluate ReproductivePotential of Women

Project Director: James Kesner, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278287DKeywords/Phrases: Biological monitoring,

reproductive hazards, women’s health Purpose:To develop specific and sensitized methods to identifyfemale reproductive toxicants in population studies.Abstract:This project addresses women’s reproductive health bydeveloping methods to biologically monitor the repro-ductive health of women exposed to chemicals, radia-tion, physical exertion, stress, and other forms of occu-pational hazards. Results from this research will helpidentify workplace hazards, isolate the hazards frompotential victims, and reduce the social, economic, andpersonal cost imposed by reproductive disorders.

Risk for Adverse Reproductive OutcomesAmong Nurses

Project Director: Christina Lawson, Ph.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277460Keywords/Phrases: Health care workers, reproductive

hazards, work organizationPurpose:To better understand the impact of shift work and physi-cal demands on female nurses with regard to reproduc-tive health, especially spontaneous abortion, pretermdelivery, and infant birth weight.

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Abstract:Female nurses may be at increased risk of adverse repro-ductive outcomes through exposure to a wide variety ofknown and potential reproductive hazards. The studypopulation will be the ongoing Harvard Nurses’ HealthStudy (NHS), which has collected very little occupation-al information from participants to date. An occupation-al supplement will be mailed to a subset of the NHScohort who have reported at least one recent pregnancy.Data collection will be conducted in FY2001–2002.Analysis will begin in FY2003, and results will bereported in scientific journals.

Exposure Screening and Identification ofa Cohort for a Reproductive Health Study

Project Director: Cynthia Hines, C.I.H., M.S.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278427Keywords/Phrases: Phthalate exposures, human

reproduction, developmental effectsPurpose:To measure phthalate exposures among workers in avariety of industries to identify populations for epidemi-ologic research on the possible effects of phthalate expo-sure on human reproduction and developmental effects. Abstract:Exposures to certain phthalate diesters are associatedwith reproductive and developmental effects in animals.Phtalates are also suspected endocrine disruptors.NIOSH and the National Toxicology Program have iden-tified research on possible human health effects due tophthalate exposure as a high priority. Phthalates are usedas plasticizers and solvents in a wide range of consumerand industrial products. Virtually no published data areavailable on the extent of phthalate exposures amongworking populations who use or are exposed to thesechemicals. Estimates of the number of workers exposedto phthalates is unknown; however, given the widespreaduse of phthalates in commercial and consumer products,tens to hundreds of thousands of workers may beexposed. Until recently, phthalate exposures have beendifficult to determine accurately since phythalate diestersare ubiquitous in the environment. A novel method hasbeen developed to measure phthalate monoesters inurine, thereby minimizing problems due to environmen-tal contamination. This research will ascertain exposuresto the phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, di-n-dibutylphthalate, and diethyl phthalate to identify possible occu-pational populations for epidemiologic research, toexamine the glucuronidation of the monoesters across a

range of exposures, and to provide phthalate exposureinformation to a NIOSH study on birth defect andparental exposures. A 3-year screening study of 300workers (100 workers per phthalate) in a variety ofphthalate-exposed jobs is planned for this research proj-ect. Biomonitoring will be conducted for the phthalatemonoesters in urine. Descriptive data will also be col-lected on the monitored jobs.

Birth Defects and Parental OccupationalExposures

Project Director: Christina Lawson, Ph.D.

Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278428Keywords/Phrases: Exposure assessment, birth

defects, occupational exposuresPurpose:To provide detailed exposure assessment data for theNational Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) thatwill allow for examination of the link between occupa-tional exposures and birth defects.Abstract:The ongoing NBDPS, which began collecting data in1997, is a population-based case-control study that coversan annual birth population of 482,000 and includes casesidentified from birth defect surveillance registries in eightStates (or Centers). We are proposing to collaborate withthe Centers to conduct a detailed exposure assessment ofmaternal and paternal occupational exposure data, pro-viding a unique and timely opportunity to analyze muchneeded data on occupational exposures and birth defects.The study will (1) identify candidate exposures of inter-est, (2) use industrial hygiene expertise to assess exposureto chemicals from occupation, industry, and job descrip-tion data, and (3) examine the link between parental occu-pation and risk of specific birth defects. The Centers com-prise some of the Nation’s leading birth defectsresearchers. In addition, investigators from NIOSH willprovide expertise in occupational reproductive epidemi-ology. The results of this project will be used to generatemultiple papers on various etiologic hypotheses, such asexposure to solvents, metals, and pesticides with severaldefect groups and exposure to phthalates and risk of malereproductive tract defects. The exposure assessment com-ponent of the project will be completed within 3 years,with data analyses and manuscript development begin-ning at the end of the third year.

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Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace

Project Director: Christina Lawson, Ph.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278528Keywords/Phrases: Reproductive hazards, chemicals,

dioxinPurpose:To provide much needed data on potential reproductivehazards in the workplace. Abstract:The epidemiological studies included in this projectfocus on exposure of workers to reproductive hazards.Although more than 1,000 workplace chemicals haveshown reproductive effects in animals, most have notbeen studied in humans. In addition, most of the 4 mil-lion chemical mixtures in commercial use remain untest-ed. The inadequacy of current knowledge coupled withthe growing number of chemical and physical workplaceexposures pose a potentially serious public health prob-lem. We are conducting three studies: (1) a study toexamine the birth defects among offspring of menexposed to dioxin, (2) a birth defects cluster investiga-tion among steel workers, and (3) exposure assessmentfor phlalates. Results of these studies may be used byFederal agencies to regulate occupational and populationexposures to reproductive toxicants.

Reproductive Health Study of FemaleFlight Attendants

Project Director: Elizabeth Whelan, Ph.D.

Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278626DKeywords/Phrases: Radiation, reproduction, aviationPurpose:To evaluate the reproductive health effects of femaleflight attendants. Abstract:Workplace exposures that may contribute to adversereproductive outcomes include cosmic ionizing radiationand alterations of circadian rhythm. Two studies areunder way: (1) a questionnaire study to examine pastreproductive outcomes (7,000 women) and (2) a feasibil-ity study of ovulatory function among flight attendants.Teachers are serving as a comparison population for bothstudies. With the support of Federal AviationAdministration funding, data collection for a biomoni-toring feasibility study was conducted and data analysis

is in progress. These studies will provide useful healthinformation to the 142,000 flight crew members, as wellas frequent fliers, shift workers, and workers exposed toionizing radiation.

Reproductive State, Xenoestrogens, andWork

Project Director: Linda Huffman, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277262Keywords/Phrases: Women’s health, endocrine

disruption, inhalation toxicology Purpose:To study endocrine factors that may alter inflammato-ry/immune responses of workers following exposures toworkplace hazards and to elucidate mechanisms underly-ing these effects. Abstract:The foci of this proposal are (1) female reproductive hor-mones such as estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin and(2) chemicals that can mimic the action of estrogen (i.e.,xenoestrogens). The proposed research will expand theknowledge and clarify relationships between reproduc-tive hormone status and inflammatory/immune responsesto occupational hazards. This research could potentiallybe used to improve the identification of conditions or sit-uations that may pose a substantial risk to worker health.

Testicular Toxicity of OccupationalChemicals

Project Director: Eisuke Murono, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277264Keywords/Phrases: Endocrine, fertility, reproductionPurpose:To assess chemicals reported to have an adverse effect ontesticular functioning in reproduction. Abstract:This project will evaluate the effects of various agricul-tural or industrial chemicals (including pesticides andsurfactant additives to detergents), which have beenreported to disrupt reproductive (endocrine) functions inhumans and various wildlife species on testicular func-tions. The test chemicals will be administered in wholeanimals to determine whether the in vitro observationswill be duplicated following in vivo exposure. Specific

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mechanism(s) of action of each chemical using culturedSertoli and Leydig cells from rat testes of different ageswill also be identified. It is anticipated that the results ofthese studies will identify occupational chemicals thathave the potential to adversely affect reproduction inhumans (leading to reduced fertility and/or developmen-tal abnormalities) and determine whether this sensitivityis influenced by reproductive age.

Hearing Loss

Hearing Loss Intervention for Carpenters

Project Director: Mark Stephenson, Ph.D., CCC-ADivision: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277325DKeywords/Phrases: Hearing loss, training, interventionPurpose:To determine the effectiveness of a hearing loss preven-tion program (HLPP) to promote carpenters’ worksitehearing health behaviors.Abstract:The comprehensive HLPP for carpenters, designed tocultivate behaviors to reduce the incidence of occupa-tional hearing loss, will field-test HLPP and collect sur-vey and observational data to assess the program's effec-tiveness in promoting carpenters' worksite hearing healthbehaviors. Measures to be evaluated include factorsrelated to cost-effectiveness and feasibility of the pro-gram, as well as knowledge gained by participantsthrough training, behavioral intentions of participants,and correlations with workplace behaviors. The resultsof this effort will contribute directly to a reduction innoise-induced hearing loss among construction workers.The model approach used in this program may also beapplicable to a wide range of occupationally noise-exposed workers.

Hearing Loss Prevention StrategiesProgram Coordination

Project Director: Mary Lynn Woebkenberg, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277448Keywords/Phrases: Noise, hearing loss, control

technology

Purpose:To provide the core coordination for the NIOSH programto identify effective hearing loss prevention strategies. Abstract:This noise program expands NIOSH research studiesthat develop gap filling information for standards andregulators groups. It also augments the NIOSH noiseprogram by adding research information about noisecontrol to improve and disseminate information abouthearing loss prevention program strategies and manage-ment. The program will focus on assessing the status ofnoise exposure and hearing loss (cross-sectional and lon-gitudinal surveillance) and noise exposure control tech-nology (including hearing protection) primarily in theconstruction and mining sectors. The effectiveness ofstrategies (personal protection, engineering controls,etc.) for preventing hearing loss will be noted as part ofthe assessment/surveillance activities.

National Surveillance of Noise Exposureand Hearing Loss

Project Director: John Franks, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277450Keywords/Phrases: Noise, hearing, exposurePurpose:To develop methods for the collection of hearing andnoise information that will support NIOSH surveys andother noise and hearing projects. Abstract:Although the present infrastructure available at NIOSHcan support the National Hazards Survey (NHS), therehas been no optimization for the efficient collection andanalysis of data. Thus, the tools of Signalator and HearSaf2000 have not yet been used to full fruition. In addition,since the NHS will add an interview with workers, some-thing which both the National Occupational HazardSurvey of the 1970s and the National OccupationalExposure Survey of the 1980s lacked, it is critical to makesure that interview information is collected in a mannerconsistent with HearSaf 2000 or that HearSaf 2000 beadapted to manage the interview information.

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Accommodation of Noise-Exposed,Hearing-Impaired Workers

Project Director: Thais Morata, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277451Keywords/Phrases: Hearing loss, noise, interventionPurpose:To develop an assessment protocol that will allow hear-ing conservation professionals to recommend appropri-ate accommodations for noise-exposed, hearing-impaired workers.Abstract:This project proposes to develop standard evaluation andintervention procedures to be recommended for theaccommodation of noise-exposed, hearing-impairedworkers. This will allow these workers to continue to per-form their jobs safely and prevent additional hearing loss.Workers with hearing impairment face special problems,especially when working in hazardous noise environ-ments. Standard hearing conservation practices do nottake into account the special problems encountered bynoise-exposed, hearing-impaired workers. Initial researchefforts will be directed toward investigating the factorsthat affect a hearing impaired worker in noisy environ-ments. Subsequently, intervention strategies for the hear-ing health community will be developed and evaluated.

Definition and Assessment of EngineeringNoise Controls

Project Director: Charles Hayden, B.S.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277452Keywords/Phrases: Engineering, noise, constructionPurpose:To conduct a survey of the use of engineering noise con-trols in the mining and construction industries.Abstract:Over 3.3 million miners and construction workers areexposed to noise that is harmful to hearing. Studies ofcoal miners, metal/nonmetal miners, and carpenters haveshown that hearing loss begins early, by age 50, in theirworking careers, and 90% of the coal miners and 50% ofthe carpenters have hearing impairment. Because noisecontrol is the best way to prevent noise-induced hearingloss, this project will conduct a survey of the availabilityand effectiveness of engineering noise controls to befound in mines and on construction sites, assess the lack

of noise controls, develop a noise-control prioritizationfor mining and construction, develop best practice work-shops, and prepare publications for dissemination in printand electronically. As a result of this project, it should bemore feasible to deploy engineering noise control in min-ing and construction, thus reducing the present noise bur-den carried by miners and construction workers.

Audiometric Assessment in NHANES IV

Project Director: Christa Themann, M.A.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project Id: 9278346Keywords/Phrases: Hearing loss, noise, epidemiologyPurpose:To assess risk and monitor progress in prevention.Abstract:This project seeks to develop sound baseline data onhearing and balance through support of audiometric andbalance testing in the National Health and NutritionExamination Survey (NHANES). NHANES collectsnationally representative data on the health and nutri-tional status of U.S. residents through interviews andphysical examinations. To date, hearing and balance datahave been collected on more than 2,000 survey partici-pants. All audiometric data is reviewed, technician train-ing is monitored and maintained, and other technicalassistance is provided. In FY02, an analysis plan will bedeveloped, based on data collected so far; actual analysisand publication of results will begin after 3 years of datacollection have been completed and the samples can beconsidered nationally representative.

Noise Sampling Strategies and ExposureResponse Models

Project Director: Mary Prince, Ph.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277101Keywords/Phrases: Noise, exposure assessment,

sampling methodsPurpose:To develop an exposure-response model to evaluate thesynergistic effects of impulsive noise and continuousnoise in predicting hearing loss.Abstract:Evidence exists that impulsive noise may affect hearingloss more than continuous noise exposure at the same 8-

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hour time-weighted average (TWA). This project willimprove on existing noise and hearing loss exposure-response analyses by determining the most accurate wayof estimating the TWA and incorporating the combinedeffect of impulsive and continuous noise. Two mainapproaches to estimating TWA noise exposure will becompared: (1) task-based assessment (noise levels asso-ciated with each task in a given job, combined with time-at-task) and (2) dosimetry (full-shift personal monitor-ing). Additionally, repeated measures of noise over sev-eral points in time on persons and jobs will permit anevaluation of how the precision of the exposure assess-ment approach affects the exposure-response analysis(manufacturing only). The study will collect noise expo-sure data at the study sites, obtain updated audiometricand noise survey data from the plants, begin analysis onimpulsive noise data, and data previously collected at themining and auto plant sites.

Factors Affecting Hearing ConservationProgram

Project Director: Mary Prince, Ph.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278613Keywords/Phrases: Effectiveness research, noise,

hearing lossPurpose:To develop methods for evaluating hearing conservationprograms.Abstract:This study will develop methods for program evaluationand will identify factors having the most impact on theeffectiveness of hearing conservation programs (HCPs).Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) can be preventedwhen good hearing conservation practices are adhered toin the workplace; however objective, systematic meas-ures of the effectiveness of HCPs must be developed totrack whether prevention of NIHL is successful. Thisproject involves three studies in which HCP evaluationmethods are tested in populations, which vary in theextent and level of data available for identifying compo-nents with the greatest impact on effectiveness. Theresults will be used to develop criteria for evaluation ofHCPs and identify program components most likely tobe associated with an effective prevention program. Anevaluation of impact/impulse noise will also be exam-ined for two plant sites.

Noise-Control: Web-Based Outreach toConstruction and Mining

Project Director: Carol Stephenson, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9277076Keywords/Phrases: Information systems, hearing loss,

Web sitePurpose:To develop and maintain information systems dedicatedto translating research findings from the NORA noiseprogram of research into usable recommendations for theconstruction and mining industries.Abstract:Through this project, NIOSH will work with noise teamscientists to synthesize their peer-reviewed publicationsand research results into both technical and lay docu-ments packaged for Web distribution. Writers, editors,Web experts from the NORA noise program, graphicartists, and other NIOSH staff will collaborate to producea constant stream of dynamic and timely Web documentsthat will educate and inform interested stakeholdersregarding noise control and hearing loss prevention.Effectiveness and impact of the Web site will be assessedby tracking use of the site, user satisfaction with the Website and the information provided, and targeted queriesexamining workplace changes implemented as a result ofinformation dissemination. Formative research was eval-uated with small business owners.

Cross-Sectional Survey: NoisePatterns/Sources Exposure

Project Director: Eric Bauer, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P081Keywords/Phrases: Hearing loss, research, exposure

assessmentPurpose:To establish representative noise exposure profiles forthe various mining occupations that will be used todevelop appropriate engineering control measures.Abstract:This is a comprehensive study combining the efforts ofpast research studies incorporating worker noise expo-sure characterization studies and equipment/activity-related noise data. The resultant database will be an up-to-date, comprehensive profile of noise exposures to themining population as a function of equipment and activ-ity-specific measures. This study is a crucial component

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in the NIOSH effort to develop engineering noise con-trols because it will define the sources of miners’ dosagesand the characteristics of those sources. Once this crucialinformation is available, efforts can be focused on thedevelopment and application of appropriate engineeringcontrol measures. Surface and underground coal andmetal/nonmetal mines will be included in the studyalthough initial efforts will emphasize underground andsurface coal and coal preparation plants.

Coordination of the Engineering Noise-Control Projects

Project Director: Gerald Finfinger, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P145Keywords/Phrases: Hearing loss, engineering controls,

noisePurpose:To coordinate the efforts of three NIOSH laboratories in thedefinition and assessment of engineering noise controls.Abstract:Recognizing that noise control is the best way to preventnoise-induced hearing loss, this project will conduct asurvey of the availability and effectiveness of noise con-trols to be found in the mines and on construction sites,assess the lack of noise controls, develop a noise-controlprioritization for mining and construction, and developbest practice workshops and publications for dissemina-tion in print and electronically. As a result of this project,it should be more feasible to deploy noise control in min-ing and construction and reduce the present noise burdencarried by miners and construction workers.

Hearing Loss Prevention StrategiesProgram Coordination

Project Director: Jeffrey Kohler, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P150Keywords/Phrases: Hearing loss, noise, control

technologyPurpose:To provide for the core coordination of the NIOSH programto identify effective hearing loss prevention strategies. Abstract:This noise program expands the current NIOSH noiseresearch studies that develop gap-filling information for

standards and regulatory groups and also augments theNIOSH noise program by adding research in noise con-trol to the efforts to improve and disseminate informationabout hearing loss prevention program strategies andmanagement. This program will focus on assessing thestatus of noise exposure and hearing loss (cross-section-al and longitudinal surveillance) and noise exposure con-trol technology (including hearing protection) primarilyin the construction and mining sectors. The effectivenessof strategies (personal protection, engineering controls,etc.) for preventing hearing loss will be noted as part ofthe assessment/surveillance activities.

Noise Sampling Strategies and Exposure-Response Models

Project Director: Eric Bauer, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P152Keywords/Phrases: Noise, exposure assessment,

sampling methodsPurpose:To create an exposure-response model to evaluate thesynergistic effects of impulsive noise and continuousnoise in predicting hearing loss.Abstract:Evidence exists that impulsive noise may affect hearingloss more than continuous noise exposure at the same 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA). This project willimprove on existing noise and hearing loss exposure-response analyses by determining the most accurate wayof estimating the TWA and incorporating the combinedeffect of impulsive and continuous noise. Two mainapproaches to estimating the TWA noise exposure will becompared: (1) task-based assessment (noise levels asso-ciated with each task in a given job, combined with time-at-risk) and (2) dosimetry (full shift personal monitor-ing). Additionally, repeated measures of noise over sev-eral points in time on persons and jobs will permit anevaluation of how the precision of the exposure assess-ment approach affects the exposure-response analysis(manufacturing only). The study will focus on field workinstrumentation/methods, data analysis of dosimetry, andtask-based observations.

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Definition and Assessment of EngineeringNoise Controls

Project Director: Patrick Hintz, M.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S164Keywords/Phrases: Mining, noise, engineering controlsPurpose:To conduct a survey of the availability of noise controlsat western metal mines.Abstract:Researchers at NIOSH will conduct a survey of availablenoise controls in western metal mines. This work will bedone in support of the mining venue of the largerDefinition and Assessment of Engineering NoiseControls project. Because of the size of the equipmentthat is used in metal mining and the environment inwhich it is operated, mine workers are exposed to noisethat is harmful to hearing. Studies of both coal minersand metal/nonmetal miners have shown that hearing lossbegins early, by age 50, in their working careers, and90% of mine workers have hearing impairment. Becausenoise control is the best way to prevent noise-inducedhearing loss, this project will conduct a survey of theavailability and effectiveness of noise controls at themine sites, assess the lack of noise controls through peer-review manuscripts, develop a noise-control prioritiza-tion, and develop best practice workshops and publica-tions for dissemination in print and electronically. As aresult of this project, it should be more feasible to deploynoise control in the mining industry and reduce the pres-ent noise burden carried by mine workers.

Indoor Environment

Investigation of Indoor Air QualityProcesses,Instrumentation, andInterventions

Project Director: Christopher Coffey, Ph.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9278114Keywords/Phrases: Indoor air quality, ventilation,

chemicals

Purpose:To determine the performance of portable direct readingmeasuring instruments used to measure particulatesindoors under varying environmental factors.Abstract:The indoor environment has a significant impact onhuman health. The higher chemical concentrations andthe tendencies for people to spend most time indoorscombine to increase human exposures to potentiallyharmful chemicals. NIOSH has identified the characteri-zation and measurement of indoor pollutants as a priori-ty research need. This study will determine indoor envi-ronmental quality (IEQ) instrumentation performanceand the efficacy of engineering controls. The results ofthis study will yield data that will improve understandingof the impact of indoor environments on human health,the performance of various instruments used to assessIEQ, develop alternate means of determining IEQ, anddevelop and evaluate interventions to improve the quali-ty of indoor air of commercial buildings.

Monitoring Bioaerosols in CommercialAircraft Cabins

Project Director: Lauralynn Taylor, M.P.H.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278178DKeywords/Phrases: Cabin air quality, bioaerosols,

infectious agentsPurpose:To monitor bioaerosols (bacteria and fungi) during com-mercial aircraft flights and to explore the utilization ofunique exposure assessment techniques (such as poly-merase chain reaction) to monitor infectious agents suchas Mycobacterium tuberculosis or other viral aerosols.Abstract:Approximately 142,000 flight personnel, includingpilots, flight attendants, and other flight crew members,are potentially exposed to infectious diseases broughtinto the enclosed aircraft environment by passengers.This research will monitor indoor cabin air contaminantsand physical parameters including carbon dioxide, tem-perature, and relative humidity. This sampling will beinitiated before takeoff and terminated at or after land-ing. Viable biological sampling will be conducted duringmultiple isolated sampling periods during the flight:boarding, takeoff, midflight, landing, and deboarding.The intention of this biological monitoring is to deter-mine baseline levels for total colony-forming units ofbacteria and fungi on Boeing 767 aircraft. Althoughinfectious agents have significant interest and relevance

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in cabin air quality, exposure methods are not well devel-oped for airborne viral aerosols. This research also willinvestigate the utilization of unique exposure assessmenttechniques (such as polymerase chain reaction) to moni-tor infectious agents such as Mycobacterium tuberculosisor other viral aerosols.

Development of an ImmunologicalApproach for Measuring Fungi in IndoorEnvironments

Project Director: Detlef Schmechel, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277372Keywords/Phrases: Indoor air quality, exposure

assessment, bioaerosolsPurpose:To develop an immunometric method to identify andquantify allergenic and toxigenic airborne fungi inindoor environments with molecular detection tech-niques based on monoclonal antibodies.Abstract:Fungal spores are easily aerosolized and are of concern ina number of occupational environments. Allergic andtoxic reactions may result from exposure to fungalaerosols, but the significance of these observations toindoor air quality concerns is unclear. The correlationbetween airborne fungal biomass and adverse healtheffects has been difficult to determine. Current techniquesto estimate fungal biomass in air samples have severe lim-itations. There is need for sensitive, specific assays thatwill provide accurate determination of fungal spores in airsamples. This project will evaluate sampling techniquesmatched to the analytical procedure and will evaluate theuse of highly specific immunoassays as the analytical pro-cedure. It is hoped that the application of these techniqueswill permit more accurate determination of the role offungi in indoor air quality. The results of these studiesmay have relevance to other occupational environments,such as the agricultural work site, in which adverse healtheffects from fungal exposures are suspected.

Gas-Phase Chemistry of IndoorEnvironments

Project Director: John Wells, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278177

Keywords/Phrases: Indoor air quality, airbornecontaminants, chemistry

Purpose:To understand indoor environment chemical processes. Abstract:The investigation of the gas phase and indoor surfacereactions of volatile organic compounds found in indoorenvironments will be used to more clearly define theindoor exposure, and provide insight into importantchemical and surface structure(s) that influence indoorair quality and highlight potential analytical/samplingneeds. The research direction will be influenced by datagenerated from Health Hazard Evaluations (HHEs) andby other identified gaps in indoor environment research.The research results will also address indoor pollutantcharacterization and measurement. The research resultswill technically transition to more accurate exposureassessment, better analytical tools for HHE sampling,and improved engineering control methods to reducechemical contaminants.

Infectious Diseases

Characterization of Tuberculosis BacillusAerosols and Implications on Controls

Project Director: Ernest Moyer, Ph.D.Division: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9277430Keywords/Phrases: Health care workers, respirators,

tuberculosis bacillus, TBPurpose:To study research gaps in tuberculosis bacillus (TB)aerosols.Abstract:This project addresses three research gaps identified dur-ing the NIOSH TB strategic planning process. First, theaerosol size distribution of cough aerosols, which havebeen characterized in both laboratory and field studies,will be reproduced in the bioaerosol chamber. Second,laboratory studies will be conducted to evaluate theeffectiveness of surgical masks in preventing wearersfrom generating aerosol-containing viable TB bacteria.Third, through laboratory studies, field studies, and com-puter simulations, the efficacy of using 95% efficient fil-ters in ventilation systems of health care facilities will beevaluated. The results will be used by health care work-ers, health professionals, the Occupational Safety andHealth Administration, the World Health Organization,

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correctional facility workers, and others to identify, mod-ify, and implement appropriate preventive measures.

Genetic Variation in Metabolism of AZT

Project Director: Ainsley Weston, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277007RKeywords/Phrases: Human immunodeficiency virus,

HIV, genetics, infectious diseasePurpose:To determine the correlations between thymidine kinase,thymidylate kinase, pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphatekinase, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genotypes andtoxic and mutagenic endpoints in 300 AZT treated persons. Abstract:In the event of occupational exposure to a source ofblood-borne pathogens, caregivers, medical technicians,public safety workers, and others receive chemoprophy-laxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionin the form of AZT or other antiviral agent. Blood cellDNA AZT levels, chromosomal aberration, hypoxan-thine-phosphoribosyl-transferase (hprt) and glycophorin-A (GPA) mutations, AZT glucuronidation, and phospho-rylation in persons treated with AZT vary widely. Geneticpolymorphisms in thymidine kinase, thymidylate kinase,pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and UDP-glu-curonosyltransferase are likely responsible for these vari-ations. This research will try to make correlations betweenthe genotypes and toxic and mutagenic endpoints in 300AZT-treated persons. This knowledge will help cliniciansmake more informed risk/benefit decisions about AZT usein prophylaxis and tailor treatment to persons followingaccidental occupational exposures.

New Approaches to Medical Screeningfor Latent Tuberculosis Bacillus

Project Director: David Weissman, M.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277014Keywords/Phrases: Tuberculosis bacillus, TB, health

care workersPurpose:To evaluate the usefulness of a laboratory test to detectlatent tuberculosis infection by measuring cell-mediatedimmunity to tuberculosis.

Abstract:Latent tuberculosis bacillus (TB) infection occurs when aninfected person has controlled the infection and is asymp-tomatic but has not eliminated the infection. Without treat-ment, latent infection can progress to active infection andthe ability to infect contacts by cough aerosol.Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy can prevent progres-sion to the active disease. There is considerable need forbetter ways to screen for latent TB infection in populationsat risk. The tuberculin skin test is suboptimal for a varietyof reasons. In conducting this research, features of theimmune response to TB, mounted by peripheral bloodcells in vitro, will be characterized and used in efforts tofurther improve test performance. In aggregate, these stud-ies will facilitate improved approaches to medical screen-ing and surveillance for latent TB infection that can beused to prevent the occupational transmission of TB.

Intervention EffectivenessResearch Methods

Work Organization Intervention in IRSService Centers

Project Director: Paula Grubb, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277044DKeywords/Phrases: Work organization, intervention,

servicePurpose:To assess the success of an intervention to improve thework climate, employee satisfaction, health, and well-being and suggest preventive measures to decrease per-sonnel stress levels. Abstract:NIOSH assisted the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) indeveloping a survey to measure the extent to whichenhanced supervisory practices are being used in cus-tomer service call centers and their effects on employeehealth and well-being. Baseline surveys were adminis-tered in FY1999 and FY2000. Three post-interventionsurveys will be administered at 6-month intervals afterthe intervention implementation (6-month, 12-month,and 18-month followups). NIOSH is performing analy-ses comparing pre-intervention survey data to post-inter-vention data. Survey data are also being linked toemployee performance measures and other job outcomevariables provided by IRS at the site level. NIOSH is

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reporting the findings to IRS and the National TreasuryEmployees Union after each round of data collection andis making recommendations for refining and furtherimplementing the enhanced supervisory practices inter-vention model.

Cross-Cutting Research and Interventionin Hazardous Work Environments

Project Director: Frederick Scharf, Jr. , Ph.DDivision: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277060Keywords/Phrases: Intervention, work organization,

work practicesPurpose:To implement and evaluate safety and health interven-tions that reduce workload or workplace hazards, reor-ganize work, or provide new information to change theway workplace hazards are managed. Abstract:This project will undertake interventions with cross-cut-ting potential for the agriculture, construction, and min-ing industries. As interventions are tested, an interdisci-plinary team will monitor the progress, evaluate eachintervention for potential improvement, and recommendadditional testing as needed. The results from this inter-disciplinary effort are expected to lead to (1) interactivetools for workers in the industries under study, (2)improved communication and collaboration amongNIOSH scientists and other safety and health profession-als working in hazardous environments, and (3) an ongo-ing exploration of cross-cutting approaches to commonproblems in these industries.

Hearing Loss Prevention: Putting Theoryinto Action

Project Director: Thias Morata, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278012Keywords/Phrases: Hearing loss, noise, interventionPurpose:To evaluate the implementation of a model hearing lossprevention program in a manufacturing setting. Abstract:This research project has developed a comprehensiveprogram with zero tolerance for occupational noise-induced hearing loss to replace the study site’s earlier

compliance-driven hearing conservation program. Keyfeatures of the model program incorporating newlydeveloped methods and technologies include intensiveone-on-one worker education and training to motivateworkers and optimize selection and use of appropriatedevices. This training will take place during the annualaudiometry and fit-testing of hearing protection. Whenfully implemented and evaluated over the succeedingyears, this project will provide a detailed and timelyassessment of the real-world barriers to, and the effec-tiveness of, this approach in a typical industrial setting.

Long-Term Study of Alternative KeyboardEffectiveness

Project Director: Evan Jones, B.S.E.E.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278324Keywords/Phrases: Computer, musculoskeletal

disorders, interventionPurpose:To assess the use of alternative keyboards in preventingor reducing musculoskeletal disorders among employeesusing keyboards.Abstract:This project is the first comprehensive, long-term assess-ment of the efficacy of alternative keyboards in prevent-ing or alleviating musculoskeletal disorders among key-board users. The project is being conducted in collabora-tion with an external partner in the insurance industry.Several alternative keyboards will be assessed over aperiod of 1- to 2-years. Outcome measures include med-ical assessment of symptoms, job/task and workstationassessments, stress/discomfort/fatigue, worker percep-tions of the psychosocial work environment, and a rangeof physical and physiological indicators of muscu-loskeletal risk factors (i.e., postural analyses, elec-tromyography [EMG], etc.). The projected outcomeswill result in recommendations regarding effective key-board designs.

Evaluation of a High-Risk WorkerNotification of Dry Cleaners Exposed toPerchloroethylene

Project Director: L. Barbara Connally, M.S.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277126D

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Keywords/Phrases: Communication, communicationresearch, worker notification

Purpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of high-risk worker notifi-cation about the risk of exposure to dry cleaning sol-vents.Abstract:The worker notification program was initiated inresponse to concerns by citizen groups, unions, andCongress that workers included in studies of exposureshould be informed of the results of the studies (i.e.,informed of their risk for cancer or other diseases). Thereis a dearth of research about the impact and effectivenessof such efforts. Efforts to comply with the ethical respon-sibility to report what is known must be supported bysound evaluation of the way these communicationsimpact workers. Evaluation of primary or secondaryintervention strategies to reduce exposures and mitigatesafety and health risks are also goals of this activity.

Evaluation of State-Based WorkplaceViolence Prevention

Project Director: Eleanor Jenkins, M.A.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894 Project ID: 9277120Keywords/Phrases: Violence, effectiveness research,

evaluationPurpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of State-based approaches toworkplace violence prevention, including State-specificoccupational safety and health regulations and other regu-latory activities that impact workplace violence prevention. Abstract:This projects seeks to (1) develop a model for evaluatingState-based workplace violence prevention strategieswith emphasis on both process and outcome evaluationusing California Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration guidelines for violence prevention inhealth care settings as the initial effort, (2) compile aninventory of all State-based regulations that impactworkplace violence prevention, and (3) conduct evalua-tions of at least three additional State-based approachesto workplace violence prevention, including at least onethat is a “nontraditional” occupational safety and healthapproach (i.e., Florida regulations for training and envi-ronmental and administrative control in conveniencestores that are administered through the State AttorneyGeneral’s office).

Evaluating the Effectiveness of a LoggerSafety Training Program

Project Director: Jennifer Bell, Ph.D.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894 Project ID: 9277123Keywords/Phrases: Logging, training, injury preventionPurpose:To determine the effectiveness of a logger safety trainingprogram in reducing logging-related injuries and todetermine which types of injuries are most affected aftertraining.Abstract:In this research investigation, injury rates from severalyears preceding training will be compared with post-training injury rates in each company. The injury experi-ence of companies not enrolled in the training programwill be evaluated as a reference group, and trends for theindustry as a whole will be determined. The expectedimpact of this proposed evaluation study would be to beable to make a definitive statement about the usefulnessof the logging safety-training program in reducing log-ging injuries.

Evaluating Toolbox Training inConstruction/Mining

Project Director: Herbert Linn, M.S.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894 Project ID: 9277142Keywords/Phrases: Construction, effectiveness

research, trainingPurpose:To evaluate the toolbox talk approach to workplace train-ing.Abstract:This project will (1) identify and review existing tool-box/tailgate training materials and programs, (2) preparenew toolbox talks series for high-risk mining and con-struction sectors based on injury and fatality investiga-tion reports, (3) evaluate the effectiveness of these tool-box talks series, as well as existing toolbox talks materi-als and programs in small construction and mining com-panies, (4) using evaluation research results, expandtoolbox series and distribute widely to target sectors, and(5) evaluate the impact of toolbox training programs intarget sectors. This project will fill gaps in currentknowledge regarding the effectiveness of short, on-siteworkplace training sessions for work crews, and the crit-

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ical elements, formats, and approaches of such trainingsessions that contribute to desired results.

Intervention Strategies for Taxi CabDrivers

Project Director: James Collins, Ph.D.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894 Project ID: 9277166Keywords/Phrases: Violence, fatalities, interventionPurpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of crime prevention strate-gies developed to protect taxi cab drivers. Abstract:The homicide rate of 22.7 per 100,000 taxi drivers peryear is 30 times higher than the homicide rate for allworkers. Bullet-resistant partitions between the front andback seat, panic buttons that pinpoint the location of ataxi, and video surveillance cameras mounted near therear view mirror have been implemented on large fleets oftaxis in everal urban areas in the United States. Trainingprograms that teach drivers how to avoid and respondwhen confronted with a hazardous situation have alsobeen implemented on a large scale basis in several U.S.urban cities. This project will measure the effectivenessof these prevention strategies for reducing the risk of rob-bery, assault, and homicide to taxi cab drivers.

Evaluating U.S. Adaptation of a EuropeanMachinery Risk Reduction Program

Project Director: John Etherton, Ph.D.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894 Project ID: 9278061Keywords/Phrases: Effectiveness research, injury

prevention, risk assessmentPurpose:To evaluate of the new American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI) B11-TR3 Machinery Risk Assessment/Risk Reduction (RA/RR) guideline and training for its use. Abstract:In 1995, a U.S. safety standards consensus subcommittee(TR3) was formed under the auspices of the ANSI B11Machine Tool Safety Standards Committee. The sub-committee has labor, machine builder, machine user,government, and safety consulting representatives. Theirpurpose was to develop a technical guidance documentto bring machine tool risk assessment practice in the

United States up to or above the level now required byEuropean standard EN 1050 "Safety of Machinery: RiskAssessment." The European standard mandates that aprocess be followed that ensures that safety measures areappropriate to the risks in machine operation and servic-ing tasks. The ANSI B11 TR3 document became avail-able for general use in November 2000. In conductingthis research, the TR3 intervention will be introducedinto 12 companies on two machinery systems in eachcompany. An active partnership to conduct this evalua-tion research jointly with a qualified private sector part-ner will be implemented in FY02. Evaluation measureswill include avoided injuries, reduced exposure tomachinery hazards, pretest and posttest knowledgedemonstration, assessment of group processes followingtraining, correct implementation of the guidelines, anddegree to which risk reduction recommendations areimplemented. The application of the validated riskassessment methodology will guide machinery design-er/user teams to implement effective protective measuresappropriate to the risk, with a resultant reduction inmachinery-related injury.

Small Business Interventions

Project Director: Richard Niemeier, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9277233Keywords/Phrases: Small business, intervention,

hazardsPurpose:To develop and implement an intervention to reducemorbidity and/or mortality among high-risk small busi-ness industries.Abstract:In partnership with various trade/industry/labor/insurancegroups, this project will develop and implement one ormore interventions targeted at reducing hazards identifiedwithin a selected high-risk small business industry. Theprocess will include literature searches, site visits, inter-views, focus groups, targeted job analyses, interventiondesigns, and implementation. A key to the success of theproject will be the development of interventions in part-nership with the industries affected. The solutions will bethose that are both acceptable and affordable to smallbusiness owners in high-risk industries. As well as moretraditional methods of disseminating information, a smallbusiness site on the NIOSH Web site will be developed todeliver hazards information, training materials, and solu-tions (substitution, engineering controls, work practices,etc.) targeted to the high-risk small business segmentsincluded in the pilot intervention. The success of the pilot

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intervention will be evaluated to determine which com-ponents/strategies were most effective in bringing aboutchange in the targeted industries and should be used infurther programs targeted at reducing injuries and illness-es among high-risk small business industries.

Evaluation of Model Training Program forFood Service Industry

Project Director: Raymond Sinclair, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9277353Keywords/Phrases: Evaluation, training, injuriesPurpose:To determine the impact of a new worker safety andhealth training curriculum.Abstract:NIOSH is helping the National Restaurant Associationconduct an evaluation of the effectiveness of occupation-al safety and health training involving three differentcompanies and internal controls. The NIOSH researchteam is participating in the study by assisting with (1) thedesign of the study, (2) the design and testing of knowl-edge and attitude measurement instrument, (3) review oftraining curriculum, (4) collection of post-training meas-ures of effectiveness, (5) data analysis, and (6) prepara-tion of reports of study results. Data was collected fromall stores on employee knowledge, attitudes, and behav-iors. Participating companies were asked to provide ill-ness and injury data and other demographic data for allstudy participants. The study will evaluate the effective-ness of the training in changing employee knowledge,attitudes, and behaviors toward working safely andassessing any reductions in injuries and illnesses. Studyresults will add to the knowledge base on safety andhealth intervention effectiveness, training methods, andfield study methods.

Impact Evaluation of NIOSH-NumberedPublications

Project Director: Vern Anderson, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9278008Keywords/Phrases: Publications, evaluation

communication

Purpose:To determine the value and utility of NIOSH-numberedpublications through a survey of health professionalorganizations.Abstract:In collaboration with the respective professional associa-tions, NIOSH will survey members of the AmericanIndustrial Hygiene Association, the American Society ofSafety and Engineers, the American Association ofOccupational Health Nurses, and the American Collegeof Occupational and Environmental Medicine to ascer-tain their perception of the value and utility of NIOSH-numbered publications. This 36-month effort will gener-ate a report that describes how these occupational safetyand health professionals use NIOSH-numbered publica-tions in influencing workplace safety and health prac-tices and policies. In addition, lessons learned from thissurvey will direct future NIOSH communication effortsaimed at these customers regarding their preferred publi-cation format, design, and delivery systems.

Hearing Loss Intervention for Carpenters

Project Director: Carol Stephenson, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9278013Key Words/Phrases: Hearing loss, intervention, effec-

tiveness researchPurpose:To determine the effectiveness of a Hearing LossPrevention Program (HLPP) in promoting better work-site hearing health practices in carpenters.Abstract:NIOSH has developed a comprehensive hearing lossintervention program for carpenters that is designed tocultivate behaviors that will reduce their incidence ofoccupational hearing loss. Carpenters are known todevelop occupational hearing loss early, becoming sub-stantially impaired by middle age. This project will col-lect survey and observational data to assess the HLPP’seffectiveness in promoting carpenters’ worksite hearinghealth behaviors. It will expand on existing partnershipsbetween NIOSH and labor-management organizationswithin the construction industry to field-test and evaluatethis program. Measures to be evaluated include factorsrelated to the feasibility of program adoption as well asknowledge gained by participants, behavioral intentionsof participants, and correlations with actual workplacebehaviors. The results of this effectiveness research willcontribute directly to a reduction in noise-induced hear-ing loss among construction workers. The model

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approach used in this program may also be applicable toa wide range of occupationally noise-exposed workers.

Evaluating Training Interventions forSmall Business

Project Director: Carol Stephenson, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9278422Keywords/Phrases: Training, small business,

interventionPurpose:To develop, deliver, and evaluate training modules (sixare planned) targeting hazards selected by external part-ners as most relevant to injuries occurring among smallbusiness workers in Ohio.Abstract:This intervention program of research will follow thetraining intervention effectiveness research (TIER)model to systematically develop and evaluate effectivetraining materials and mediums (i.e., print, electronic,audiovisual). Feedback regarding the new programs willbe obtained from small business operators and workersreceiving the training. Injury rates for small businesscompanies participating in the new training interventionwill be compared with those of companies continuingwith their current level of training activity for the select-ed hazards. Results will be published in peer-reviewedliterature, and training products will be made availablefor widespread distribution.

Effectiveness of Training and Controls inNursing Homes

Project Director: Robert Park, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9278435Keywords/Phrases: Engineering controls, injury

prevention, interventionPurpose:To evaluate programs for injury prevention in a sampleof nursing homes in the State of Ohio.Abstract:This research project, will evaluate engineering controls,training, and information dissemination programs forinjury prevention in a sample of nursing homes in theState of Ohio. Injury experience will be derived fromworkers’ compensation claims. The Bureau of Workers’

Compensation in Ohio makes available intervention pro-grams for targeted industries, including nursing homes,but lacks resources to evaluate their effectiveness.Workers’ compensation, Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration-related, and other interventions thatemployers have implemented will be classified anddescribed, as will their workers’ compensation claimrates and costs over time. The purpose will be to estimatewhat effects various intervention programs have had onreducing workers compensation claims and costs.

Evaluation of CD-ROM HAZMATRefresher Training

Project Director: Carol Stephenson, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 927N001Keywords/Phrases: Training, firefighters, evaluationPurpose:To compare classroom instruction by an expert toFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)developed hazardous materials (HAZMAT) computer-based training for firefighters that is supplemented byaccess to an “expert performer” onsite.Abstract:Computer-based or on-line instruction for OccupationalSafety and Health Administration (OSHA)-requiredHAZMAT refresher training was selected as a criticalneed for firefighters. NIOSH will partner with FEMA todevelop and evaluate computer-based HAZMAT trainingincorporating performance-based measures. The effec-tiveness of the computer-based training will be comparedwith that of traditional classroom instruction. The cur-riculum plan calls for 80 lessons. Evaluation will beginin New York when the first seven instructional units arecompleted. FEMA and the OSHA Training Institute willcollaborate with NIOSH researchers to conduct the eval-uation. The International Association of Fire Fighterswill assist in securing and tracking the New York fire-fighters who will participate in the evaluation.

Preventing Latex Allergy Among Non-Health-Care Workers

Project Director: Donald Eggerth, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277254

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Keywords/Phrases: Latex, allergies, communicationresearch

Purpose:To develop a health intervention that (1) effectively com-municates the NIOSH recommendations for preventinglatex allergy to the appropriate, at-risk non-health-careworker occupations and (2) promotes the use of the rec-ommendations through corresponding attitude andbehavior change.Abstract:The current study will first determine the level of gloveusage and prevalence of atopic, dermatological, andlatex allergy symptoms in a sample of workers from fivenon-health-care occupations. It will then (1) assess theeffect of history of atopy or latex allergy/reaction on thereceiver’s level of message processing and (2) analyzethe effectiveness of message framing in developing themost appropriate health intervention message that effec-tively changes behavior (increased nonlatex gloveusage).

Testing Theory-Based Alerts

Project Director: Nancy Bollinger, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277257Keywords/Phrases: Communication research,

effectiveness research, publicationsPurpose:To identify the characteristics of NIOSH Alerts that pro-duce the strongest levels of receiver awareness, compre-hension, acceptance, and use. Abstract:This project proposes to conduct a systematic, theory-based, long-term series of field experiments with exist-ing NIOSH Alerts targeted with appropriate occupation-al populations. The project will conduct a systematic,theory-based, long-term series of field experiments withexisting NIOSH Alerts targeted with appropriate occupa-tional populations. The research will apply the conceptsof the elaboration likelihood model across all studies anduse the knowledge created in earlier studies to guide thelater study’s design and execution. After completion ofthe research program, investigators expect to be able tohave a theory-based and empirically-tested “design tem-plate” that can be used in the future to create maximallyeffective Alerts.

Applying Schema Matching to LatexAllergy Prevention

Project Director: Donald Eggerth, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277377Keywords/Phrases: Latex, intervention,

communication researchPurpose:To investigate whether application of schema correspon-dence theory will increase the effectiveness of occupa-tional safety and health information brochures discussingallergy to natural rubber latex. Abstract:This project will incorporate occupational group-specif-ic information from the U. S. Department of LaborOccupational Information Network database into exist-ing NIOSH natural rubber latex allergy informationbrochures. This should increase the relevance of safetyand health messages for the targeted audiences, leadingto more careful processing of the messages, and toincreased persuasion and behavior change. Thesebrochures will be tested on occupational groups repre-senting a broad range of work settings and activities. Ifproven successful, this approach could be used toincrease the effectiveness of NIOSH occupational safetyand health communications intended for any of a widerange of occupational groups.

Tailoring NIOSH Messages to IndividualHealth Construals

Project Director: Jennifer Welbourne, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277378Keywords/Phrases: Communication research, health

care workers, computerPurpose:To examine the impact of message tailoring to individualconstruals via the Web. Abstract:First, this project will assess the evaluation processesunderlying needlestick safety behaviors for nurses whoconstrue this issue in terms of “maintaining one’s health”versus those who construe it as “illness prevention.” In asecond study, participants will be randomly assigned to aWeb communication (based on the NIOSH Alert entitled“Preventing Needlestick Injuries in Health careSettings”) that uses gain and loss framed argumentsdesigned to match or mismatch their understanding of

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this issue. It is expected that message tailoring on thisvariable (matching message to construal) will result inenhanced attitude and behavioral compliance with rec-ommendations provided in the NIOSH communication.

A Model Hearing Conservation Programfor Coal Miners

Project Director: David Byrne, B.A.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P022Keywords/Phrases: Hearing loss, underground mining,

noisePurpose:To develop and implement a hearing conservation pro-gram specifically for coal miners that can serve as amodel for all other similar mining operations. Abstract:This research is being conducted at a working under-ground coal mine in collaboration with a university part-ner under a cooperative agreement. The resulting ModelHearing Conservation Program (HCP) will incorporatethe best practices of well-run programs in other indus-tries while identifying and overcoming any obstaclespresent in this particular industry. The effectiveness ofthe Model HCP will be evaluated over a 5-year period.Toward the end of this project, one or more industry-wide workshops will be conducted in which all coal mineoperators are encouraged to adopt and implement aneffective HCP at their mine sites.

Ergonomics Interventions in Mining

Project Director: Fred Turin, M.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P107Keywords/Phrases: Mining, ergonomics,

musculoskeletal disorders Purpose:To assess mine workers’ exposure to risk factors to eval-uate the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions. Abstract:This research is planned as a two-phase effort. The firstphase consisted of exposure assessments at four minesites. The results of these assessments are being used toestablish safety and health baseline data and identifygeneral means to reduce hazard exposures. The secondphase will involve development, implementation, andevaluation of ergonomics interventions at one or two

cooperating mine sites. The results of this work willdemonstrate the effectiveness of ergonomics interven-tions in reducing mine worker exposure to risk factorsand the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorder injuries.

Role of Emotion in Hearing LossPrevention Among Miners

Project Director: Charles Vaught, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P136Keywords/Phrases: Communication research, hearing

loss, miningPurpose:To assess the comparative effectiveness of positive andnegative emotion in motivating coal miners to adopthearing loss prevention behaviors using the ExtendedParallel Processing Model. Abstract:NIOSH research found that 80% of coal miners havemoderate to profound hearing loss by age 64, comparedwith only 20% of those nonoccupationally exposed tonoise. In this research, using the extended parallel pro-cessing model, coal miners will be randomized to partic-ipate in one of five groups (four treatment and one con-trol) using a 2 x 2 factorial design comparing positiveand negative emotion. The expected outcome is that neg-ative and positive messages will be nearly equal in theireffectiveness, an important finding when attempting tomotivate behavior change among workers in fields withhigh mortality and morbidity.

Definition and Assessment of EngineeringNoise Controls

Project Director: Efrem Reeves, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P147Keywords/Phrases: Hearing loss, engineering control,

noisePurpose:To conduct a survey of the availability of noise controlsin mining.Abstract:Because of the size of the equipment used in mining andthe environment in which it is operated, mine workersare exposed to noise that is harmful to hearing. Becausenoise control is the best way to prevent noise-induced

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hearing loss, this project will conduct a survey of theavailability and effectiveness of noise controls to befound at the mines sites, assess the lack of noise controls,develop a noise-control prioritization as well as developbest practice workshops, and publications for dissemina-tion in print and electronically. As a result of this project,it should be more feasible to deploy noise control in themining industry and thus reduce the present noise burdencarried by mine workers.

Evaluating Roadway Construction WorkZone Intervention

Project Director: Todd Ruff, M.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S163Keywords/Phrases: Construction, injury prevention,

effectiveness researchPurpose:To evaluate interventions that will decrease injuriesinvolving equipment at roadway construction sites.Abstract:This multidisciplinary project involves laboratory andfield development, demonstration, and evaluation ofselected interventions that construction contractors canuse to protect their workers from being struck by con-struction vehicles and equipment operating inside workspaces of roadway construction projects. Internal trafficcontrol plans and a variety of proximity warning devicesare promising yet are unproven interventions for pre-venting fatalities and injuries associated with construc-tion vehicles and equipment. If proven to be effective,adoption of these interventions throughout the construc-tion industry could substantially reduce exposure ofworkers to moving construction vehicles and equipment,thus reducing fatalities and injuries related to vehiclesand equipment.

Evaluating Toolbox Training inConstruction and Mining

Project Director: Christine Boldt, M.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8006Project ID: 927S386Keywords/Phrases: Mining, construction, trainingPurpose:To evaluate the toolbox talks approach to workplacetraining.

Abstract:This project will (1) identify and review existing tool-box/tailgate training materials and programs, (2) preparetoolbox talks series for high-risk mining and construc-tion sectors based on injury and fatality investigationreports, (3) evaluate the effectiveness of these toolboxtalks series and existing toolbox talks materials and pro-grams in small construction and mining companies, (4)use evaluation research results, expand toolbox seriesand distribute widely to target sectors, and (5) evaluatethe impact of toolbox training programs in target sectors.This project will fill gaps in current knowledge regarding(1) the effectiveness of short, on-site workplace trainingsessions for work crews and (2) the critical elements, for-mats, and approaches of such training sessions that con-tribute to desired results (increased safety and healthawareness, knowledge, behaviors, reduced risk, etc.).The project could ultimately provide an effective, cost-efficient option to help small construction contractorsand mining operators meet their safety training needs.This could translate into more attention to safety andhealth issues in some small companies and reduced riskand injuries. Potentially, the toolbox talks series could beexpanded in scope (and NIOSH interdivisional participa-tion) to include other areas related to construction andmining hazards.

Low-Back Disorders

Technology Investment Agreement withAdvanced Technology Institute

Project Director: Stephen Hudock, C.S.P. , Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278490DKeywords/Phrases: Ergonomics, intervention,

musculoskeletal disorders Purpose:To study a variety of construction, repair and recyclingprocesses in the shipyard industries, and work processeswithin the marine cargo handling industries to assess jobrisk factors, and devising and implementing cost-effec-tive ergonomic controls. Abstract:Because of the number of multifaceted job tasks per-formed by the various trades in the ship construction,repair, and recycling industries, there is a perception thatfitting the job to the worker may not be practical orapplicable. Additionally, ergonomic engineering controls

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employed in general industry, or even construction ormanufacturing sectors, are not unilaterally employablebecause of the diverse job activities in the shipyardindustries. It is imperative that research be undertaken tobetter understand musculoskeletal disorders and associ-ated job risk factors. Once this association is betterunderstood, effective ergonomic intervention strategiescan be developed to prevent such disorders.Dissemination of best practices will be accomplishedthrough NIOSH partners such as the Maritime AdvisoryCommittee on Occupational Safety and Health(MACOSH), Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA), shipyard companies, and laborunions. OSHA has exempted the maritime industriesfrom the proposed Ergonomics Program Standard forgeneral industry while further information specific tothese industries can be collected. This project addressesthe collection of some of this missing information. Thisstudy will be conducted in three phases. The tasks of thefirst phase, which is near completion, include conductingwalk-through surveys of a number of domestic shipyardsites to (1) examine trade or department injury and ill-ness rates for the past 5 years, (2) conduct qualitative jobrisk factor assessments of the various trades or jobprocesses, and (3) determine if the individual shipyardsare willing to cooperate in the collection of the data andthe implementation of pilot ergonomic interventions.The objectives of the second phase are (1) to quantify jobrisk factors by utilizing exposure assessment tools forselected job processes in selected shipyards, (2) to rec-ommend unique ergonomic engineering and administra-tive controls to reduce the exposure to the risk factorsassociated with the specific job processes, and (3) toimplement pilot ergonomic interventions for the specificjob processes. The third phase of the project will takeplace in the final year of the project. The final year willbe used to evaluate the effectiveness of the pilotergonomic interventions and to disseminate the results ofthe study to the public. The dissemination will take theform of best practices with respect to ergonomics, aseries of workshops to report on the effectiveness of theinterventions and in a Web site devoted to ergonomicsolutions for job processes within the shipyard indus-tries. The broader application of the developed ergonom-ic interventions will be used to transfer the lessonslearned in the specific shipyards to other shipyards,boatyards, and other industries such as manufacturingand construction.

Manual Lifting and Low-Back Pain:Division of Applied Research andTechnology Component

Project Director: Thomas Waters, C.P.E., Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277404Keywords/Phrases: Low-back disorders, lifting

equations, ergonomicsPurpose:To provide epidemiological data to better define the rela-tionship between the physical demands of manual liftingas described by the NIOSH lifting index (LI) and the inci-dence and severity of lifting-related low-back disorders.Abstract:This research will provide additional epidemiologicaldata to better define the relationship between the physi-cal demands of manual lifting as described by the LIobtained from the NIOSH lifting equations and the inci-dence and severity of lifting-related, low-back disorders.It will also provide information regarding the utility ofthe NIOSH lifting equation as a practical, yet valid, toolfor identifying and prioritizing jobs for interventions.This project is parallel to a project in the Division ofSurveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies.

Reducing Injury Risk from Jolting/Jarringon Mobile Equipment in Construction

Project Director: Thomas Waters, C.P.E., Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277324Keywords/Phrases: Low-back disorders, interventions,

vibrationsPurpose:To determine the impact of jarring and jolting from oper-ation of heavy mobile equipment on the risk of workersdeveloping low-back disorders. Abstract:In conducting this research project, acceleration dataobtained from mobile mining, agriculture, and construc-tion equipment will be input into a biomechanical modelto determine the kinematic and kinetic responses on thehuman body. The joint reaction forces and moments willbe compared with known human tolerance limits todetermine risk of low-back disorders. Interventions willbe developed and implemented to reduce jarring and jolt-ing. Post-intervention acceleration data will be collectedand compared with the pre-intervention data to deter-

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mine the effectiveness of the interventions to reduce therisk of low-back disorders.

Control Technology Assistance for theConstruction Industry

Project Director: Cheryl Estill, P.E., M.S.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278419Keywords/Phrases: Control technology, intervention,

musculoskeletal disordersPurpose:To determine engineering controls that will reduce theincidence of musculoskeletal disorders among construc-tion industry workers.Abstract:This research will determine which engineering inter-ventions reduce workers’ exposure to physical risk fac-tors for back injuries. The project will involve meetingwith affected leaders (companies, unions, and associa-tions) and determining a plan for developing engineeringcontrols for the reduction of back injuries. Ten or moresites will be visited representing many of the construc-tion sectors. The focus will be on documenting engineer-ing controls that are already in use. Jobs with the highestphysical risk factors will be identified by the affectedleaders and from the initial site visits. Eventually, con-trols will be developed, applied, and tested for thoseoccupations and tasks identified during the first year ashaving one of the highest levels of physical risk factors.Quality and production information corresponding to useof the engineering control will also be collected. Thefinal product will be a compendium of engineering con-trol interventions for the construction industry.

Mixed Exposures

Effect of Mixed Dusts on Asthma andPulmonary Infectivity

Project Director: Barbara Meade, Ph.D., D.V.M.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278181Keywords/Phrases: Welding fume, diesel exhaust

particles, boiler bottom ash

Purpose:To evaluate the immune-suppressive effects of threemixed dusts: welding fume, diesel exhaust particles, andboiler bottom ash.Abstract:This project will (1) determine the potential effects ofmixed dusts on innate immunity by measuring the num-ber and function of natural killer cells in the spleen andblood, (2) evaluate cell-mediated immune status bymeasuring the number and function of T lymphocytesusing flow cytometry and the mixed lymphocyteresponse in the spleen and blood, (3) evaluate humoralimmunity by measuring the number and function of Blymphocytes using flow cytometry and the IgM antibodyresponse to the T-dependent antigen sheep erythrocytes,(4) for any given alteration in the immune system, per-form a reversibility study by assessing the same parame-ters after a 2-week period without exposure, and (5)determine the effects of mixed dusts on the in vitro IgMantibody response using a metabolic activation system. Ifdata derived from this in vitro system is consistent withthe results from the in vivo studies, the assay can be usedon fractionation studies to rapidly determine the activechemical component(s). The hypothesis to be tested isthat mixed dusts contain components (organic com-pounds and metals) that lead to immune suppression andenhanced susceptibility to infection.

Asphalt Fume Chemical Characterizationand Hazard Identification

Project Director: Larry Olsen, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278467Keywords/Phrases: Asphalt, hazard identification,

analytical methodsPurpose:To identify compounds or compound classes in asphaltfumes that may cause irritation or genotoxicity. Abstract:This research will be integral to sampling and analyticalmethod development that assesses exposures to asphaltfumes and to irritants and genotoxins. It will provide lab-oratory research that will be useful in the design of bet-ter worker exposure protocols, in the identification ofbiomarkers to assess a worker's true exposure, and in thedesign of animal studies to evaluate physiological andtoxicological effects associated with exposure.

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Feasibility Assessment of CohortMortality Study Among Asphalt RoadPavers

Project Director: Kevin Hanley, M.S.P.H., C.I.H.,R.E.H.S./R.S.

Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277131Keywords/Phrases: Asphalt, polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons, feasibility assessmentPurpose:To evaluate the feasibility of conducting a cohort mortal-ity study of asphalt paving workers. Abstract:In the United States, about 4,000 hot mix asphalt facili-ties and 7,000 paving contractors employ nearly 300,000employees. The currently available data from studies onasphalt are too limited to draw conclusions about the car-cinogenic hazard for asphalt paving workers. The feasi-bility study will determine whether it is possible to iden-tify a population of sufficient size, minimal exposure toother carcinogens and adequate work history, and expo-sure records to conduct a mortality study. If a mortalitystudy is feasible, it will fill an important gap in under-standing chronic health effects, including cancer, in thislarge occupational group.

Environmental Causations of Allergiesand Asthma

Project Director: David Weissman, M.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277081Keywords/Phrases: Mixed exposures, chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease, infectiousdisease

Purpose:To understand the role of contaminating metals or organ-ic chemicals in the induction of obstructive lung diseaseor enhancement of susceptibility to pulmonary infection.Abstract:Boilermakers, sheetmetal workers, and garage mechan-ics are cohorts exposed to mixed dusts. A collaborativeeffort among scientists at NIOSH, an external partner,and the Department of Defense affords unique expertiseto allow this problem to be addressed from the molecu-lar (radical generation, transcription, etc.), cellular (pro-duction of oxidants and cytokines, phagocytosis, bacter-ial killing), animal (infectivity, production of antimicro-bial agents, biomarkers of injury and inflammation), and

human (pulmonary function, susceptibility to infection,biomarkers) levels. Results will provide mechanistic anddosimetric information concerning pulmonary reactionsto mixed dusts and be useful for risk assessment

Effects of Dusts on Asthma andPulmonary Infectivity (mining)

Project Director: Vincent Castranova, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277103Keywords/Phrases: Mixed exposures, chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease, infectiousdisease

Purpose:To understand the role of contaminating metals or organ-ic chemicals in the induction of obstructive lung diseaseor enhancement of susceptibility to pulmonary infection. Abstract:Boilermakers, sheetmetal workers, and garage mechan-ics are cohorts exposed to mixed dusts. A collaborativeeffort among scientists at NIOSH, academia, and theDepartment of Defense affords unique expertise to allowthis problem to be addressed from the molecular (radicalgeneration, transcription, etc.), cellular (production ofoxidants and cytokines, phagocytosis, bacterial killing),animal (infectivity, production of antimicrobial agents,biomarkers of injury and inflammation), and human(pulmonary function, susceptibility to infection, bio-markers) levels. Results will provide mechanistic anddosimetric information concerning pulmonary reactionsto mixed dusts and be useful for risk assessment.

Vibration Effects on PulmonaryResponses to Toxic Agents

Project Director: David Frazer, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277247Keywords/Phrases: Vibration, exposure assessment,

respiratory diseasePurpose:To investigate whole body vibration effects, both directand indirect, on pulmonary functions of laboratory rats,mice, and guinea pigs exposed to toxic aerosols and gases. Abstract:Pulmonary functions under investigation in this projectwill be breathing patterns, particle deposition, cellular

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response, endocrine function, metabolic function, andairway resistance. Vertical vibration will be used toobtain a detailed effects study. The expected results ofthis multiyear project are recommendations to minimizethe risks to workers of whole body vibrations on theirpulmonary functions and/or change existing exposurelimits for workers who are simultaneously exposed tovibration and toxic aerosols and gases.

Molecular Mechanism of DiseaseDevelopment with Mixed Dusts

Project Director: Velayudhan Vallyathan, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277261Keywords/Phrases: Cancer, disease, researchPurpose:To investigate the effect of different metal ions deposit-ed on crystalline silica during sandblasting of metal ionsand the interaction of trace metals with mixed dust inanimal models.Abstract:The relationship between crystalline silica exposure andlung cancer remains unknown. Epidemiological studies ofcancer risk vary considerably in populations exposed todifferent sources of crystalline silica. It is possible that insome occupations, mixed exposures, particularly one withtrace metal contaminants, may be associated with highincidence of lung cancer. Synergistic interactions of tracemetals and crystalline silica could be important inenhanced toxicity and carcinogenicity by enhanced gener-ation of reactive oxygen species. This study will investi-gate the effect of different metal ions deposited on crys-talline silica during sandblasting of metal plates, and thestudy will tease out the independent and synergistic inter-action of trace metals associated with mixed dust exposurein vitro and in vivo animal models. Studies on biomarkersassociated with these studies may provide some positiveidentification of high-risk exposure groups.

Particle-Induced Lung Injury in MixedExposures

Project Director: Ann Hubbs, Ph.D., D.V.M.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277263Keywords/Phrases: Mixed exposures, lung cancer,

pneumoconiosis

Purpose:To evaluate human lungs for an association between dustexposures, fibrosis, preneoplastic changes, lung cancer, andCYP1A1 activity and investigate whether coal dust decreas-es CYP1A1 dependent processes in the lungs of animals. Abstract:Some epidemiological studies show a surprising lowerthan normal risk of lung cancer in coal miners.Interpretation of these studies is complicated by the highpercentage of smokers in many mining populations.Additional studies have shown an association betweenhigh levels of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and thedevelopment of lung cancer in man. Studies indicate thatsilica dust decreases the chemical induction of CYP1A1in the lungs of rats. These studies will help explain theepidemiological findings and improve risk assessmentfor mixed exposures.

Susceptibility to Lung Infection AfterMixed Dust Exposure

Project Director: James Antonini, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277383Keywords/Phrases: Infectious disease, welding,

construction, mixed exposures Purpose:To determine the mechanisms that make workers whoinhale metal-containing particles of mixed compositionmore susceptible to infection by assessing differencesafter exposure with infectious agents together with weld-ing fumes or fly ash.Abstract:Little is understood about how construction workers whoare exposed to metal-containing particles of mixed com-position (such as welders) become more susceptible toinfectious diseases. Evidence verifying a potential linkand an understanding of the mechanisms by whichexposed workers could become susceptible to infectionis incomplete or absent. This project will develop a data-base for in vivo studies designed to assess the mecha-nisms by which particles such as residual oil fly ash andwelding fumes increase worker susceptibility to lunginfections. In addition, particle-exposed rats will beexposed to bacterial infection, and the antimicrobialcapacity of alveolar macrophages, the spread of pul-monary infection, and the general immune status of theexposed animals will be evaluated. An explanation ofthese mechanisms will enable us to protect and educateworkers exposed to these mixed dusts and potentiallyprevent adverse health effects.

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Particle Surface Program: BiologicalInteractions

Project Director: Michael Keane, M.S.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278088Keywords/Phrases: Particulates, diesel, toxicologyPurpose:To determine the characteristics of hazardous dusts asthey relate to biological systems and the disease process.Abstract:Most pneumoconiosis cases have resulted from exposuresto mixed dust for which the toxic properties are unknown.In this project, the characteristics of respirable mineralparticles, hardmetal particles, diesel exhaust particles,and fibers that have been characterized for composition,surface nature and composition, and other physical andchemical characteristics will be related to interactionswith biological systems (in vitro and in vivo). Toxic par-ticles will be studied, in native form and after interactionwith simulated pulmonary surfactant, to closely simulateactual inhalation exposures. These studies will use invitro cellular and genotoxicity assays to assess the impor-tance of the particle/surfactant interaction in the initiationof disease processes. Successful studies will pinpoint crit-ical characteristics of hazardous dusts that will allowimproved exposure assessment and more precise identifi-cation of exposures requiring controls.

Pulmonary, Systemic, and Dermal Effectsof Welding Fume Inhalation Exposure

Project Director: James Antonini, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278425Keywords/Phrases: Welding fumes, mixed exposures,

pulmonary diseasePurpose:To design an inhalation welding fume exposure systemand characterize particles generated using a toxicologicalanalysis to provide information on welding fume exposure. Abstract:Epidemiology studies indicate that large numbers ofwelders experience adverse health effects. Little infor-mation exists about the causality, dose-response, andpossible underlying mechanisms of exposure to weldingfumes and the health of welders. Moreover, short-termand long-term toxicology studies using animals to assessthe effects of welding fumes are incomplete. This projectwill address the problem from the design of an inhalation

welding fume exposure system and characterization ofthe particles generated to a toxicological analysis fromthe molecular to whole animal level in multiple organsystems by monitoring adverse effects on airway reactiv-ity, pulmonary infectivity, induction of carcinogenesis,and dermal irritation. Results will provide mechanisticand dosimetric information concerning welding fumeexposure and be useful for risk assessment and develop-ment of prevention strategies.

Asphalt Fumes: Inflammatory Effects andPulmonary Injury

Project Director: Jane Ma, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278917Keywords/Phrases: Asphalt, hazards, mixed exposuresPurpose:To investigate the effects of asphalt fumes on pulmonaryirritation, inflammation, airway reactivity, and lunginjury using an animal model.Abstract:Exposure to asphalt fumes during road paving operationshave been associated with airway irritation and airwayhyperreactivity in some pavers. These fumes are com-plex mixtures that contain both particulate and potential-ly toxic chemicals. Mixed exposures, such as asphaltfumes, may result in greater pulmonary injury than expo-sure to a single agent. In this research project, pulmonaryinjury will be evaluated by measuring oxidant genera-tion, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and metabolicactivities in the lung. Airway irritation will be monitoredby histological evaluation of the nasal cavity. Airwayreactivity will be evaluated by measuring pulmonaryfunction. The results of these studies should aid in betterunderstanding the potential health hazards associatedwith asphalt fumes exposure.

In the Immune System Targeted byAsphalt Fumes

Project Director: Albert Munson, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278988Keywords/Phrases: Asphalt, immunotoxicology, hazardsPurpose:To investigate target organ toxicity of asphalt fumes.

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Abstract:This project is part of a comprehensive laboratory-basedtoxicological study that will provide an exposure systemfor asphalt fumes and evaluate noncancer endpoints oftarget organ toxicity following exposure to asphaltfumes. It will also be used to establish doses of asphaltfumes that will be used by the National ToxicologyProgram to perform a chronic cancer bioassay. This partof the project addresses the immune system as a targetfor asphalt fume toxicity. Immunological assays arebeing used to assess the functions of innate, cell mediat-ed, and humoral immunity in Fischer 344 rats. In vitroassays are being used to determine which fractions ofasphalt fumes are responsible for the immune effects.Immune status data can be used to set exposure concen-trations and determine the chemicals or fractions thatpossess immunosuppressive activity. This project willprovide hazard identification and dose-response infor-mation that can be used in risk assessment.

Initial Respiratory Responses in WeldingApprentices

Project Director: David WegmanDivision: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: C9277103Keywords/Phrases: Mixed exposures, chronic

pulmonary obstructive disease, infectionsdisease

Purpose:To provide new epidemiologic evidence of the associa-tion between exposures to welding fumes and acute res-piratory disease.Abstract:Despite some inconsistencies in study results, evidenceof an association between welding fume exposure andoccupational asthma has been growing over the past 15years. Most of the earlier epidemiological studies con-cerning welding exposures and respiratory effects havebeen limited by their cross-sectional study design, theselection of study populations with extensive weldingexperience, and limited information on the timing andnature of exposures to welding fumes. The investigatorspropose a study of 200 welding apprentices in which air-way reactivity and acute respiratory responses will bemeasured early in the apprentices' careers, within6 months of their first welding exposure. Since welderswho experience respiratory problems due to welding areless likely to stay in the welding field long-term, a studyof welding apprentices who are just entering the field has

the advantage of including workers who experience res-piratory problems early on.

Musculoskeletal Disorders of theUpper Extremities

Ergonomic Exposure Assessment—Observational Accuracy

Project Director: Brian Lowe, C.P.E., Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277228Keywords/Phrases: Exposure assessment,

musculoskeletal disorders, repetitive straininjury

Purpose:To quantify the accuracy of trained ergonomists to esti-mate levels of work-related musculoskeletal disorder(WMSD) risk factors by observation and develop recom-mendations for improving observational exposureassessment methods. Abstract:In this project, laboratory instrumentation will measurerisk factors of posture, repetition, and force exertion dur-ing performance of laboratory-simulated industrial jobs.Twenty-five expert ergonomists will watch video record-ings of these selected jobs and give exposure estimates.The accuracy of the ergonomists' exposure classifica-tions will be calculated by comparing observational esti-mates to the instrumentation measurements (the goldstandard). The research results will lead to improved rec-ommendations based on the most accurate methods forobtaining observational data to quantify physical workstresses. This research may also improve on the scientif-ic understanding by delineating the limits on visualobservation accuracy in measuring physical risk factors.

Interventions for Reducing Work-RelatedMusculoskeletal Disorders

Project Director: Cheryl Estill, P.E., M.S.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277329Keywords/Phrases: Control technology, intervention,

musculoskeletal disorders

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Purpose:To determine if the implementation of engineering inter-ventions reduce workers’ exposure to physical risk fac-tors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) (hand/wrist,shoulder, or lower back). Abstract:Three different engineering interventions will be imple-mented, and two control groups, onsite and offsite, willbe used for this research project. The facilities will beself-selected from those participating in a larger expo-sure-response study. Selection of groups will be chosenfrom those that have at least 25 jobs with physical riskfactors for the intervention group. Exposure assessmentwill be conducted before the intervention is implement-ed and 6 and 12 months after the intervention is imple-mented. Quality and the production rate will also be col-lected. A compendium of engineering control interven-tions that were successful in reducing employees’ physi-cal risk factors to MSDs will be developed.

Evaluation of Tool Design Characteristicsfor Use in Construction Work

Project Director: Brian Lowe, C.P.E., Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278317Keywords/Phrases: Exposure assessment, musculo-

skeletal disorders, repetitive strain injuryPurpose:To identify and evaluate ergonomic design criteria forhand tools in construction. Abstract:A checklist for use by construction workers and supervi-sors to efficiently select the most appropriate tools hasbeen developed for this project. The next step in thedevelopment process is to conduct a laboratory study anda field study to validate the checklist. The laboratory por-tion will involve smaller studies targeting filling theresearch voids on the topics of tool handle slipperiness,compliability, contour, weight, and cross-sectional shapeand their effects on musculoskeletal loading in hand tooluse. The field portion will be an intervention study com-paring hand tools that score at the low and high ends ofthe evaluation checklist in terms of the required postureand force and subjective discomfort. The checklist shoulddiscriminate tools that minimize biomechanical demandsfrom those that require higher levels of these demands ifit is valid. Results of the laboratory and field validationstudies will be used to revise the checklist as needed.

Upper Limb Work-RelatedMusculoskeletal Disorders

Project Director: Susan Burt, Sc.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277133Keywords/Phrases: Musculoskeletal disorders,

epidemiology, ergonomicsPurpose:To describe exposure-response relationships betweenphysical job stressors and the prevalence and incidenceof upper limb muculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and todevelop and test practical exposure assessment methods. Abstract:Strong evidence exists of causal relationships betweencombined job physical stressors and upper limb MSDs.Data from this study will be used to better quantify expo-sure-response relationships. The anticipated impact ofthis project is that practitioners in occupational healthfields will be able to use these methods to easily andaccurately discriminate job tasks that represent low,moderate, and high risk for upper limb MSDs, resultingin more effective job design changes or interventions inexisting jobs to prevent these disorders.

Hand-Arm Vibration: Worker Exposuresand Health Effects

Project Director: Aaron Schopper, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277083Keywords/Phrases: Vibration, musculoskeletal

disorders, exposure assessmentPurpose:To develop enhanced hand-arm vibration-related recom-mendations for guidelines, standards, and improvedexposure and health assessment methods. Abstract:This project will include measures of vibration exposure,other ergonomic factors (i.e., force, repetition, posture,integrated videotape-based assessments of job demand),hand-arm-vibration-related symptoms, and muscu-loskeletal-related symptoms obtained from 300 users ofpowered hand tools at the beginning, middle, and end ofa 2-year period. Interim site visits will document jobchanges and dropouts. The latter will receive telephonefollow-up assessments. After data analyses, recommen-dations for improved exposure guidelines will be formu-lated, more accurate and reliable means of performingexposure and health assessments will be identified,

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enhanced injury prediction models will be developed,and better means for evaluating workplace hazards willbe provided.

Vibration Assessments of Powered HandTools

Project Director: Renguang Dong, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277143Keywords/Phrases: Vibration, musculoskeletal

disorders, exposure assessmentPurpose:To investigate the hand-transmitted vibration associatedwith powered hand tools. Abstract:This multiyear, phased project will investigate hand-transmitted vibration associated with powered hand toolsto (1) develop new methods and devices for vibrationmeasurement, evaluation, and assessment, (2) character-ize the transient or acute effects of vibration on the work-ers, (3) evaluate engineering-control and vibration miti-gating methods such as anti-vibration gloves and handlecushions, and (4) develop biomechanical models toexplain various observed phenomena and characterizehand-transmitted vibration.

Cellular Models for the Study of Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome

Project Director: William Lindsley, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277245Keywords/Phrases: Vibration, cellular effects, injury

mechanismsPurpose:To develop a cell culture model to study vascularchanges associated with occupational hand-arm vibra-tion syndrome.Abstract:Dermal microvascular endothelial and vascular smoothmuscle cells will be exposed to vibrations of various fre-quencies and acceleration levels normally produced byvibrating tools. Changes in the production of vasoactivefactors (endothelin-1, prostaglandin E2, and nitric oxide)and coagulation/fibrinolysis factors (von Willebrand fac-tor, thrombomodulin, tissue type plasminogen activator,and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) as well as expres-

sion of genes related to inflammation (intercellular adhe-sion molecule-1) and intimal hyperplasia (plateletderived growth factor-B) will be monitored to investigatethe etiology of vibration-induced injury. This work willprovide a better understanding of the injury mechanismsassociated with occupational exposure to vibration.

Animal Model for the Study of Hand-ArmVibration Syndrome

Project Director: William Lindsley, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277246Keywords/Phrases: Vibration, biomarkers, cumulative

trauma disordersPurpose:To investigate the physiological and biomechanical fac-tors associated with the development of hand-arm vibra-tion syndrome (HAVS). Abstract:HAVS occurs in workers who use vibrating tools such asgrinders, jackhammers, and chainsaws. HAVS is charac-terized by nerve damage, circulatory problems, and lossof strength in the hand and arm. Although the epidemio-logical evidence for HAVS is well-established, the phys-iological mechanism by which vibration causes tissuedamage is not clear. This lack of understanding has ham-pered efforts to reduce the incidence of HAVS. This proj-ect will provide a better understanding of the physiolog-ical and psychophysical changes that occur with vibra-tion exposure and will identify possible biological indi-cators (biomarkers) that may be used to reliably predictthe development of HAVS.

NORA Implementation

NORA Implementation

Project Director: Douglas Sharpnack, D.V.M.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278007Keywords/Phrases: Work organization, hearing loss,

exposure assessment

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Purpose:To support the Division of Applied Research andTechnology (DART) staff who are on teams developingNORA.Abstract:This project supports development of NORA, which is atop NIOSH priority, with the goal of guiding U.S. occupa-tional safety and health research in the next decade.NORA is also a primary vehicle for building partnerships.There are 21 NORA topics, each with a team dedicated toprioritizing the research needs for that topic area. DARTstaff participate on approximately 13 of the NORA teams.Each team will develop a document that describes theresearch agenda for their topic and sponsor or participatein workshops and conferences on that research topic.

NORA Exposure Assessment MethodsDevelopment Team

Project Director: Mary Woebkenberg, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278139Keywords/Phrases: Exposure assessment, NORA,

method developmentPurpose:To track the activities of the NORA ExposureAssessment Methods Team. Abstract:The Exposure Assessment Methods Team works on thedevelopment and promotion of a national research agen-da addressing research needs in exposure assessment.The team has produced a white paper, presented at meet-ings, and published proceedings. The team is planning abiomonitoring conference and writing a journal article.

NORA Musculoskeletal Disorders

Project Director: Thomas Waters, C.P.E., Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278141Keywords/Phrases: Ergonomics, musculoskeletal

disorders, low-back painPurpose:To evaluate the status and define future research needs inthe area of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).Abstract:This project provides administrative support for holdingteam meetings and sponsorship of conferences and sym-

posia directed at prevention of work-related MSDs. Theprimary products of the project will be NIOSH docu-ments and articles describing research issues discussed atthe various meetings.

NORA Organization of Work

Project Director: Steven Sauter, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278142Keywords/Phrases: Organization of work, workshops,

expert reportsPurpose:To develop and promote (via workshops, expert reports,etc.) a national research agenda addressing the changingorganization of work and the safety and health of work-ing people.Abstract:Organizational practices have changed dramatically inrecent years. To compete more effectively, many compa-nies have restructured themselves and downsized theirworkforces, increased their reliance on nontraditionalemployment practices that depend on temporary workersand contractor-supplied labor, and adopted more flexibleand lean production technologies. These revolutionarychanges in the organization of work have far outpacedthe understanding of their implications for work lifequality and safety and health on the job. Under the pres-ent project a multidisplinary team of researchers and rep-resentatives from NIOSH, industry, labor, and academiawas assembled in 1997 to develop and help implement aresearch strategy to close these knowledge gaps. Reviewof the literature and meetings with more than three dozenstakeholder groups resulted in the development of a com-prehensive research agenda to investigate and reduceoccupational safety and health risks associated with thechanging organization of work. This research agendaaddresses the need for improved surveillance of chang-ing organizational practices, increased health effectsresearch to better understand the effects of these prac-tices, and increased intervention research examiningways to reorganize work to protect worker safety andhealth. Future efforts in this project will focus on ways toleverage research addressing these priorities. This proj-ect supports efforts by NIOSH and partners in industry,labor, and academia to develop and promote (via work-shops, expert reports, etc.) a national research agendaaddressing the changing organization of work and thesafety and health of working people.

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NORA Hearing Loss

Project Director: John Franks, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278143Keywords/Phrases: Hearing loss, prevention,

interventionPurpose:To conduct activities related to the prevention of occupa-tional hearing loss.Abstract:The NIOSH NORA Hearing Loss Team has membersfrom private sector, academic, union, and governmentorganizations. The team meets at least twice annually,has developed a white paper on research needs for pre-vention of occupational hearing loss, and has held con-ferences on best practices for various topics related to theprevention of occupational hearing loss. For FY03, thetopic of the conference will be on impulsive noise.

NORA Control Technology and PersonalProtective Equipment

Project Director: Laurence Reed, B.S., M.S.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278150Keywords/Phrases: NORA, control technology,

protective equipmentPurpose:To track activities of the NORA Control Technology/Personal Protective Equipment (CT/PPE) Team.Abstract:The CT/PPE NORA Team works on the developmentand promotion of a national research agenda addressingresearch needs in engineering control technology andpersonal protective equipment. The team has conducteda workshop and produced draft proceedings on a nation-al research agenda. The team also collaborates with theNIOSH Working Group on Safe Handling of HazardousDrugs, which is developing a NIOSH Alert on occupa-tional exposures to hazardous drugs. The CT/PPENORA Team will meet once in FY03.

Implementing NORA: The DRDSContribution

Project Director: Joe Burkhart, M.S.lDivision: DRDSTelephone: (304) 285-5749Project ID: 9278089Keywords/Phrases: Asthma, mixed exposures, NORAPurpose:To promote research on asthma, coronary obstructivepulmonary disease (COPD), and mixed exposure.Abstract:In support of NORA, developed by NIOSH and its part-ners, DRDS will bring together leaders from agenciesand organizations with an interest in occupational dis-ease research to (1) develop collaborative workinggroups, (2) develop comprehensive statements ofresearch and prevention needs, and (3) cooperativelyassign resources and personnel to effectuate a coordinat-ed research and intervention plan. This project will pro-duce white papers and workshop proceedings that will beused to promote and guide new research initiatives inasthma, COPD, and mixed exposures research.

NORA Research, Development, andPlanning

Project Director: Joseph Hurrell, Ph.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278591Keywords/Phrases: Research, communication,

technology transfer Purpose:This project supports the NORA team activities of theDivision of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and FieldStudies (DSHEFS). Abstract:The information generated by research in occupationalsafety and health may also be applied to other publichealth missions. DSHEFS scientists continuously con-tribute to the implementation of NORA and to efforts ofFederal and non-Federal institutions in the developmentof standards, documents, and recommendations.DSHEFS scientists will contribute to efforts of imple-menting the research agenda for several NORA.

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Implementation of NORA Priorities

Project Director: Nancy Stout, Ed.DDivision: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278948Keywords/Phrases: Traumatic injuries, fatalities,

preventionPurpose:To implement the NORA traumatic injury research prior-ity and other NORA priority areas related to the pro-grams of DSR. Abstract:The primary focus of the project is on traumatic injuriesfor which DSR has the lead. The project also provides amechanism for DSR staff to contribute to implementa-tion efforts for other NORA priority areas, includingcontrol technology and personal protective equipment,intervention effectiveness research, surveillance researchmethods, risk assessment methods, special populations atrisk, and social and economic consequences of work-place illness and injury. The NORA traumatic injuriesteam will continue working toward implementing rec-ommendations from the Traumatic Occupational InjuryResearch Needs and Priorities report, developed and dis-seminated in 1998 to further advance research and pre-vention efforts on a national level.

NORA Bibliometric Assessment andTechnical Support

Project Director: Vernon Anderson, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9277057Keywords/Phrases: NORA, research, databasesPurpose:To evaluate NORA’s impact using bibliometrics. Abstract:Bibliometrics is a bibliographical tracking system thatprovides quantitative data for programmatic decisionmaking. The hypothesis for this project is that NORA isa catalyst for increased research productivity. The neteffect of NORA is expected to translate into increasedpublication productivity and citation rates for NORAtopic areas. The product from this project will providebibliometric data, analysis, and reports to document theimpact of NORA. During FY01, two comprehensive bib-liometric reports were completed. Bibliometric databas-es will be compiled for each NORA team to assist intracking NORA-related research activity. A NORA data-

base will be constructed and available to NORA teamson the NIOSH Intranet.

Intervention Effectiveness Team

Project Director: Raymond Sinclair, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9277113Keywords/Phrases: Interventions, evaluation, research

methodsPurpose:To develop products to be shared with researchers par-ticipating in noise programs.Abstract:This team has developed or is developing a number ofproducts to be shared with all researchers participating inthe noise program of research occupational injury and ill-ness interventions, evaluation or research methodsresearch to guide and focus future dissemination effortsthrough a targeted Web site. A conceptual paper, manual,and case study exercise are complete. An employer pam-phlet is nearly complete. A new initiative with theNational Safety Council is being pursued.

NORA Cancer Research Methods Team

Project Director: Paul Schulte, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9277176Keywords/Phrases: Cancer, NORA, exposurePurpose:To explore methods and data needs that close the gapbetween understanding the molecular events leading tocancer and using this information to prevent occupation-al cancer.Abstract:Over the past decades, major advances occurred inunderstanding the molecular events leading to cancer.The cancer research methods NORA team is focusing onmethods and data needs that might close this gap, rang-ing from current data on industrial production and usesof chemicals to techniques for screening chemicals forpotential carcinogenicity to the predictive value of inter-mediate effect markers in occupational cohorts. Animportant goal is to be able to recognize potential car-cinogens before occupational exposure manifests inexcess cancer risk.

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NORA Risk Assessment MethodologyTeam

Project Director: David Dankovic, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9277180Keywords/Phrases: Risk assessment, toxicology,

epidemiologyPurpose:This project represents an ongoing effort to support thework of the NORA risk assessment methodology team.Abstract:An interdisciplinary team (i.e., toxicology, epidemiolo-gy, and statistic) of scientists from academia, govern-ment, labor, and industry has been formed. The team hasdeveloped a tentative list of research topics that itbelieves should be high priority for future research in thisarena. This project will facilitate meetings of this team tofurther define this agenda.

Conference on Future Directions for RiskAssessment Methods

Project Director: David Dankovic, Ph.D.

Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9277182Keywords/Phrases: Risk assessment, epidemiology,

toxicologyPurpose:To help define the future research agenda for NIOSH riskassessment methodology.Abstract:A conference on “Risk Assessment Methods: CurrentState of the Science and Directions for Future Research”was held in August 2000. The conference broughttogether prominent scientists in different areas of riskassessment methodology, such as epidemiology, toxicol-ogy, and dose-response modeling to present papers onthe current state of the science within their areas.Following these presentations, the meeting was dividedinto working groups that defined areas for futureresearch in improving risk assessment methods. The rec-ommendations will be used to help define the futureNIOSH risk assessment methodology agenda and thework of other agencies and organizations involved in riskassessment. The papers and working group reports willbe published as proceedings.

NORA Implementation

Project Director: David Weissman, M.D.

Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277043Keywords/Phrases: Emerging technology, NORA,

researchPurpose:To support activities associated with the NORA emerg-ing issues technology team and other NORA-relatedactivities within the HELD.Abstract:This project will facilitate collaborative relationships,plan and coordinate meetings and conferences, and pro-mote and guide new research initiatives in emergingtechnologies.

Mine Safety and Health TechnologyAssessment

Project Director: Elaine Cullen, M.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S364Keywords/Phrases: Mining, communications,

technology transferPurpose:To consolidate the communications program at SpokaneResearch Laboratory (SRL), assess its effectiveness, anddevelop new ways to meet the needs of the customers itserves.Abstract:An active communications program is a vital part of anyresearch organization, particularly one funded by publicmoney. It is critical that all customers, suppliers, andstakeholders have access to information concerning thespecific body of knowledge included in the researchareas. This project will consolidate the communicationsprogram at SRL, assess its effectiveness, and developnew ways to meet the needs of the customers it serves.

Mine Safety and Health TechnologyAssessment

Project Director: Elaine Cullen, M.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S364

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Keywords/Phrases: Mining, communication,technology transfer

Purpose:To consolidate the communications program at theSpokane Research Laboratory (SRL), assess its effec-tiveness, and develop new ways to meet the needs of thecustomers it serves.Abstract:Provision of information is one crucial component ofcustomer service. The communication of informationrelating to safety and health research is critical to the suc-cess of a research program. Private and publicresearchers, interested government employees, industryrepresentatives, mineral industry workers, manufactur-ers, academia, consultants, entrepreneurs, and the publicin general look to government scientists to provide infor-mation and expertise about various aspects of scientificresearch. All Federal science agencies maintain activepublic information and technology transfer programs.These programs provide processes in which technicaland nontechnical products and information are accessi-ble to customers in a manner that facilitates their use. Inmany cases, the government is the only source of suchinformation. Technology Transfer is also an intra- andinter-agency process that decreases duplication andincreases research efficiency while maximizing the useof each research dollar. This project includes three majorcommunications areas: technology transfer, public infor-mation, and public outreach. Individual tasks have beendesigned to address each of those areas. Task 1, technol-ogy transfer focus, comprises three main goals: increas-ing the level of industry-based participation and feed-back in mining safety and health programs, increasingthe level of involvement of SRL researchers in activelytransferring technology, and accelerating the transfer oftechnology and knowledge between industry, State, andlocal government customers. Task 2, public informationfocus, includes the development of activities and forumsfor the dissemination of broad-based scientific informa-tion to the public. It includes cooperative relationshipswith outside groups including the mineral industry, relat-ed natural resource industries, vendors, academia, othergovernment agencies, professional groups, the media,and elected officials to maintain access to the highestquality information, and to provide it to any of SRL'scustomers. Task 3, public outreach focus, includes work-ing with targeted groups such as schools, Boy and GirlScouts, community groups, business and environmentalorganizations, etc., to help educate the public on theimportance of minerals, science, and technology ineveryday life.

Organization of Work

Work Schedule Designs to Reduce JobStrain: Evaluation of ExistingInterventions

Project Director: Thomas Waters, C.P.E., Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277045Keywords/Phrases: Work organization, stress,

effectiveness researchPurpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of changing work schedulesto reduce risk of injury or illness due to stress and fatigue. Abstract:This research will assess how effectiveness of changingwork schedules in reducing safety and health risks isassociated with job stress, high workloads, or excessivefatigue. The present project is evaluating prework andpostwork schedule designs to determine which designsare most successful in reducing risks of injuries and ill-nesses. Targeted outcomes being analyzed include safetyand health indices (e.g., work absences, visits to healthclinics, injury and incident rates, and changes in somaticcomplaints) and behavioral/psychological indices (e.g.,changes in perceived stress, fatigue, recovery, and satis-faction with domestic and other social relations).

Development Studies in WorkOrganization

Project Director: Naomi Swanson, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277046Keywords/Phrases: Minority health, work

organization, stressPurpose:To investigate work organization factors that affect thehealth and well being of workers.Abstract:This developmental project will provide support for theinvestigation of a broad range of work organization fac-tors affecting worker health and well-being (i.e., socioe-conomic factors influencing the way work is organized,work organization factors influencing minority health)through exploration of the literature and data sets.

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Work Organization, CardiovascularDisease, and Depression

Project Director: Paula Grubb, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277052Keywords/Phrases: Organization of work,

cardiovascular disease, mental stressPurpose:To investigate the relationships between specific aspectsof work organization, health, and depression among menand women in their jobs. Abstract:This study will investigate the relationships between spe-cific aspects of work organization (job stressors) anddepression among 10,000 men and 10,000 women in a 5-year prospective study. The investigators will identifyrelationships between 14 potential job stressors (as wellas perceived family-related demands and discrimination).

Changing Nature of Work

Project Director: Lawrence Murphy, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277222Keywords/Phrases: Work organization, psychosocial

risk factors, stressPurpose:To characterize the nature and extent of changes in workorganization in the United States and their safety andhealth consequences, establish baseline data for trackingtrends in work organization factors, and identify targetsfor intervention to improve worker safety and health.Abstract:Outcomes from this project will include national estimatesof the nature and scope of changes in the modern work-place and the ways in which these changes influence work-er safety and health. These data will represent the bestestimates of how work is changing and the effects of suchchanges on worker safety and health since 1977 and willserve as benchmarks for researchers over the next decade.

Work Organization Predictors ofDepression in Women

Project Director: Naomi Swanson, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462

Project ID: 9277453Keywords/Phrases: Women’s health, mental stress,

work organizationPurpose:To examine the relationship between nontraditional workorganization, traditional job stressors, and levels ofdepression in working women.Abstract:The relationship between nontraditional job stressors(i.e., work-family conflicts, harassment, discrimination),traditional job stressors (i.e., demands, control), and lev-els of depression in working women will be studied.Additionally, the moderating effects of specific work-place policies, practices, and procedures that may atten-uate the effects of work organization stressors on depres-sion will be investigated. It is anticipated that findingsfrom this study will enhance our knowledge of work-place antecedents of depression among working womenand provide a better understanding of which, if any,workplace policies, programs, and procedures mightreduce depression prevalence among working women.

Work Organization, CardiovascularDisease, and Depression in the NationalHealth and Nutrition Examination Survey

Project Director: James Grosch, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277454Keywords/Phrases: Mental stress, cardiovascular

disease, work organizationPurpose:To link data from the National Health and NutritionExamination Survey (NHANES III) with a governmentdatabase containing information about occupations.Abstract:Data from NHANES III, a large national health survey,will be linked to the O*NET, a government-sponsoreddatabase containing detailed information about a broadspectrum of occupations. Analysis of NHANES III datawill examine occupational differences in cardiovasculardisease (CVD) and depression that can be compared withfindings from previous research. In addition, analysis ofthe linked database will identify work organization vari-ables from O*NET that are associated with CVD anddepression outcomes. These variables are similar tothose studied in the work organization literature but aredetermined independently of the data gathered inNHANES III. Finally, knowledge gained from thisanalysis will help to develop specific questions about

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work organization that can be included in a future ver-sion of NHANES III.

Safety and Health Outcomes Related toWork Schedules of Nurses

Project Director: Claire Caruso, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277455Keywords/Phrases: Health care workers, work

organization, hazard identificationPurpose:To examine associations between work schedules andself-reported safety and health outcomes in registerednurses employed in acute care hospital units.Abstract:This 3-1/2-year study will use a cross-sectional design tosurvey 1,000 nurses who will be randomly selected from10 hospitals. The independent variables of interest areshift work and overtime. Outcomes will include gastroin-testinal and cardiovascular symptoms, mood, sleep prob-lems, automobile crashes, unintentional injury, near miss-es, musculoskeletal disorders, and needlestick injuries.Other risk factors will be controlled statistically. The studyresults will contribute empirical data for work scheduledesign recommendations for nurses in these settings.

Work Organization and WorkplaceViolence

Project Director: Paula Grubb, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278418Keywords/Phrases: Workplace violence, organization

of work, intervention, evaluation researchPurpose:To provide data on workplace violence prevention pro-grams and policies in various industries through a nation-wide organizations survey. Abstract:An expert panel at NIOSH will develop a workplace vio-lence module to be added to the National OrganizationsSurvey (NOS) through an existing InteragencyAgreement with the National Science Foundation (NSF).NIOSH will also collaborate on pilot work to develop aworkplace violence intervention and evaluation processthat could then be used by other organizations as an aidin developing their own workplace violence prevention

strategies. NIOSH has longstanding interest and expert-ise with regard to workplace violence research and pre-vention. For example, NIOSH first published data in1988 indicating that homicide was among the leadingcauses of workplace injury death. More recently, NIOSHfunded a workshop sponsored by the University of Iowa(April 2000) that brought together leading researchers,industry and labor representatives, government agencies,and others to identify the most pressing needs in work-place violence prevention research. The recommenda-tions from this workshop were published by theUniversity of Iowa in “Workplace Violence: A Report tothe Nation” in February 2001. This report provides aframework on which to build and enhance both extramu-ral and intramural research efforts in this area The inves-tigators are actively pursuing a range of opportunities toenhance knowledge with regard to workplace violenceand to engage new partners in this important occupation-al safety and health research arena.

Work Organization, CardiovascularDisease, and Depression: National Healthand Nutrition Examination Survey

Project Director: Toni Alterman, Ph.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277099Keywords/Phrases: Work organization, heart disease,

depressionPurpose:To analyze data from the third National Health andNutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) to deter-mine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease anddepression by occupation and industry. Abstract:NHANES III was conducted from 1988 to 1994 on anational probability sample of the noninstitutionalizedpopulation of the United States. Data from NHANES IIIwill be linked to the O*NET, a government-sponsoreddatabase containing detailed information about a broadspectrum of occupations. Analysis of the linked databasewill identify work organization variables from O*NETthat are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD)and depression outcomes. Knowledge gained from thisanalysis will help to develop specific questions aboutwork organization that can be included in a future ver-sion of the NHANES III or other surveys.

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Work Organization, CardiovascularDisease, and Depression

Project Director: Joseph Hurrell, Ph.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277459Keywords/Phrases: Work organization, depression,

cardiovascular diseasePurpose:To explore the relationship between work organizationfactors, cardiovascular disease, and depression in menand women.Abstract:This 5-year prospective study investigates the relation-ship between work organization factors (job stressors)cardiovascular disease (CVD), and depression among10,000 working men and 10,000 working women. Itseeks to identify relationships among 14 job stressors,depression, hypertension, angina, and myocardial infarc-tion (heart attack). The study will use employee medicalrecords, blood samples, and questionnaire and worksiteassessments of stressful job conditions. The results of thestudy are expected to be useful in reducing work-relatedCVD and depression.

Cohort Mortality Study of AirlineWorkers Experiencing Job Loss

Project Director: Nelson Kyle Steenland, Ph.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278536Keywords/Phrases: Cardiovascular disease,

downsizing, unemploymentPurpose:To compare the mortality of employees who were invol-untarily laid off from airlines from 1979–1992 with thosewho remained employed.Abstract:This study will examine the mortality of those involun-tarily laid off at an airline from 1979–1992 (when the air-line closed) compared with the mortality of those whoremained employed. It has been hypothesized that unem-ployment, as a result of stress, lack of access to insur-ance, and/or disruption of daily circadian rhythms, mightincrease mortality. If the investigators show that invol-untary unemployment is related to higher subsequentmortality, strategies for prevention might be developed,including increased effort to find employment elsewherefor laid-off employees. Also, the effects of social classand race on heart disease mortality will be investigated.

This research will use two databases: one from theAmerican Cancer Society and one from NIOSH. In bothdata sets the research team will investigate the effects ofsocial class while controlling for race and investigatewhether race has an independent effect after controllingfor social class. The potential results of this study willquantify the degree to which social class determinesheart disease and the degree to which race contributes toheart disease independently of social class.

Risk Assessment Methods

Risk Assessment Methods for Particlesand Fibers

Project Director: Eileen Kuempel, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9278011Keywords/Phrases: Risk assessment, particles, fibers,

modelingPurpose:To develop an improved scientific basis for quantitativerisk assessment of occupational exposure to respirableparticles and fibers. Abstract:This project will be performed using traditional riskassessment methods and the development of biologicallybased models using existing data in humans, monkeys,and rats. The concordance between the animal- andhuman-based risk estimates will be evaluated. These find-ings will provide a framework for predicting disease riskin humans exposed to other types of reparable particlesand fibers for which there is rodent bioassay data butinsufficient epidemiological data. This project is expectedto provide a scientific basis for future NIOSH recommen-dations on occupational exposures to particles and fibers.

Molecular Genetics of GranulomatousDisease in Beryllium Workers

Project Director: Ainsley Weston, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9278095Keywords/Phrases: Beryllium, biomarkers, genetics

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Purpose:To study chronic beryllium disease and its relationship topolymorphisms in HLA-genes.Abstract:Beryllium (Be) became strategically important because ofits use as a trigger in atomic weapons during WWII. It isnow indispensable to modern society and is found in a mul-titude of everyday products from cell phones to sprinklers.However, a chronic and debilitating granulomatous lungdisease (chronic beryllium disease [CBD]) afflicts approx-imately 5% of beryllium workers. Despite more than 50years of control measures, chronic granulomatous lung dis-ease, precipitated by exposure, continues to be problematicto workers in the beryllium industry. The results of thesestudies will be to (1) better understand the multigenicnature of CBD, (2) better design positively directed in vivoand in vitro studies of disease mechanism, and (3) developa basis for genome-based risk-assessment (and attendantimprovements to exposure standards that protect all work-ers). Specifically, the molecular epidemiologic study willaddress the association of disease and sensitivity with poly-morphisms in HLA-genes (e.g., DP, DQ, and DR) as wellas TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha and beta. The collaborative natureof this study, involving epidemiologists, industrial hygien-ists, and toxicologists will facilitate investigations of gene-environment interactions.

Ground Stability Assessment withSeismic Monitoring

Project Director: Peter Swanson, Ph.D.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S331Keywords/Phrases: Underground mining, ground

control, rock burstsPurpose:To develop and apply seismic monitoring tools to aid inestimating and forecasting ground control hazards toreduce occupational exposures.Abstract:Underground miners are exposed to a variety of differenthazards (i.e., ground falls, coal bumps, general over-stressing, etc.) resulting from uncontrolled or unplanneddeformation of the local ground surrounding under-ground openings. This project seeks to develop inexpen-sive automated seismic monitoring tools to aid in esti-mating and forecasting such ground control hazards toreduce occupational exposures. Results will be trans-ferred to the mining industry through joint developmentand demonstration projects and information dissemina-tion activities.

Advanced Warning of Ground StabilityHazards

Project Director: Stephen Signer, B.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S392Keywords/Phrases: Ground control, instrumentationPurpose:To develop improved methods for identifying, monitor-ing, and evaluating ground stability hazards and bettertechniques for warning underground workers of groundcontrol dangers.Abstract:The Mine Safety and Health Administration statistics indi-cate a dire need to warn underground miners of unexpectedground stability hazards. Over the last 10 years, roof and ribfalls have accounted for approximately 44% of the fatalitiesin underground mines in the United States. Currently,ground control hazards are primarily monitored throughvisual observations and often go undetected. The long-termobjective of this research is to reduce the number of injuriesand fatalities associated with unexpected roof and rib fallsin underground mines by developing improved methods foridentifying, monitoring, and evaluating ground stabilityhazards and better techniques for warning undergroundworkers of imminent ground control dangers.

Social and EconomicConsequences of Workplace Illness

and Injury

Employers Workers’ CompensationSavings from Prevention Measures

Project Director: Tim Bushnell, Ph.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277119Keywords/Phrases: Economic consequence,

effectiveness research, methoddevelopment

Purpose:To develop methods for estimating the distribution ofworkers’ compensation savings available to firms in par-ticular industries that adopt a preventive measure ofknown effectiveness.

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Abstract:This project will be accomplished using commerciallyavailable insurance pricing formulas and software in con-junction with data on the distribution of industries acrossstates, size classes, insurance policy types, and informa-tion about costs per claim-by-claim type. Discretionaryadjustments to insurance premiums associated withderegulation of insurance markets and not captured instandard pricing formulas will also be analyzed for theirrelationship to the claims experience of firms. Resultswill be disseminated within NIOSH, the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration, and industrial hygieneand safety professionals for use in motivating increasedprevention activities and identifying situations in whichregulatory enforcement is most needed.

Methods and Analysis of EconomicImpact of Workplace Injury

Project Director: Elyce Biddle, M.S.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278049Keywords/Phrases: Economic consequence, fatalities,

socioeconomicPurpose:To determine the economic consequences of occupation-al fatal and nonfatal injury on workers, their families,and employers that can be used to improve programplanning, intervention evaluation, and policy analysis.Abstract:Projects for this research include using and refining amodel to measure the burden of occupational injury andfatality on the employer and improving the utility of anexisting cost of the fatal occupational injury computerprogram, assessing economic impact of violence in theworkplace, and projecting fatal work injury patterns forwomen into 2010. Results of these studies will be madeavailable through NIOSH documents, peer-reviewedjournal articles, and analytical tools.

Economic and Social Consequences atSand and Gravel Operations

Project Director: Thomas Camm, Ph.D.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 2927S374Keywords/Phrases: Mining, injuries, engineering

controls

Purpose:To study the economic and social consequences of fatal-ity or injury to safety in sand and gravel operations.Abstract:Historically, surface crushed stone and sand and gravelhave not been included in traditional mining safetyresearch. However, this segment of mining occurs inevery city, town, and construction project in the country.This project will determine the direct and indirect costsof a fatality or injury in an effort to reflect the value ofsafety on a sand and gravel pit. At present no good infor-mation exists about the true costs of a mining injury orfatality. The costs involve more than just the direct coststo the mining company or its insurer. Indirect costs canoften exceed the direct costs. Direct costs may includesuch things as medical and insurance administrationcosts. Indirect costs include lost earnings, lost home pro-duction, lost fringe benefits, employer costs of retrainingand restaffing, coworker costs of lost productivity, andtime delays. This task will collect available direct costswith assistance from various collaborators. In addition, aprotocol will be developed to measure indirect costsassociated with a worker injury or fatality. This protocolwill include a literature search, enhancement of the exist-ing system of obtaining direct and indirect costs, and col-lection of associated social and economic impactsthrough personal and professional interviews. The firstyear, a pilot study will be done of a benchmark group.The benchmark group is envisioned to be a small sandand gravel operation with six or fewer workers that hasnot necessarily experienced an accident or fatality. Thisgroup will be used to establish the methodology and testthe economic model. The benchmark model will deter-mine direct and indirect cost sources of data relevant to aserious accident. The second year, followup case studywill gather information to fleshout the benchmark modelwith actual costs. On completion of the actual case study,the methodology and cost sources will be well estab-lished, so subsequent accidents can be analyzed moreefficiently. The study group will be another small, inde-pendently-owned sand and gravel operation that hadexperienced a serious injury or fatality.

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Special Populations at Risk

Workplace Hazards to Children andAdolescents in Agricultural WorkSettings

Project Director: Thomas Waters, C.P.E., Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9277047Keywords/Phrases: Child agriculture, interventions,

musculoskeletal disordersPurpose:To quantify the risks to farm children resulting fromexcessive physical work demands and to evaluate andsuggest prevention measures to reduce injuries caused bythese hazards.Abstract:This project will (1) identify a set of jobs, tasks, andactivities performed by children and adolescents onfarms that have a high risk of musculoskeletal disorders(MSD), (2) perform an onsite job analysis of each of thehigh risk jobs to quantify the risk factors, and (3) formu-late interventions for controlling or eliminating hazardsfor high-risk jobs. To date, a comprehensive review ofthe scientific literature on agriculture-related MSDs hasbeen completed, a preliminary list of farm jobs routinelyperformed by children has been identified through focusgroups, and a physician-based surveillance methodaimed at identification of farm jobs with high risk forMSD has been developed and pilot tested. In FY2001,the onsite ergonomic evaluation of farm jobs and devel-opment of a strength model for children and adolescentswas begun. Following the ergonomic assessments, inter-ventions aimed at reducing the physical demands forhigh risk jobs for children will be formulated..

The Aging U.S. Workforce: ReducingSafety and Health Risks

Project Director: James Grosch, Ph.D.Division: DARTTelephone: (513) 533-8462Project ID: 9278387Keywords/Phrases: Special populations, work

organization, psychosocial risk factorsPurpose:To identify safety ad health risks facing older workers. Abstract:Despite an increasingly older U.S. workforce, little isknown about the occupational characteristics of older

workers and the health problems they may experience.Therefore, this project will examine safety and healthrisks affecting older workers through (1) analysis ofexisting national health databases (e.g., Health andRetirement Survey) and (2) collaboration with externalpartners (e.g., National Institute on Aging), who are cur-rently conducting research on older workers. Analyseswill be conducted of the prevalence of diseases, impair-ments, and work-related disabilities and work organiza-tion factors across industry and occupational groups.Gaining this knowledge is essential to a better under-standing of the work settings in which older workers areemployed and represents an important first step in devel-oping targeted interventions to improve working condi-tions for older workers.

Reproductive Outcomes in RadiationTechnology (RORT)

Project Director: David Utterback, Ph.D., C.I.H.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277108DKeywords/Phrases: Reproductive hazards, radiation,

epidemiologyPurpose:To assess exposures to ionizing radiation in a group ofradiologic technologists employed at medical facilities inthe United States. Abstract:To carry out this research, a model will be developed thatestimates exposure as a function of a number of predic-tor variables obtained from a set of detailed work histo-ry questionnaires. This exposure assessment will be usedto evaluate whether exposure to fractionated and pro-tracted doses of ionizing radiation are associated with anincrease in cancer incidence. The results may be used toevaluate whether radiation exposure limits, establishedby the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and theDepartment of Energy, are set at levels that adequatelyprotect worker health.

Breast Cancer Incidence Among FormerPan American Flight Attendants

Project Director: Lynn Pinkerton, M.D., M.P.H.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277124Keywords/Phrases: Aviation, radiation, breast cancer

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Purpose:To determine whether female flight attendants are atincreased risk of breast and other cancers. Abstract:This cancer incidence study will be conducted in approx-imately 10,000 former Pan American World Airwaysflight attendants. An increased risk of breast cancer wasobserved (standardized incidence ratio=1.9; 95% confi-dence interval 1.2, 2.3) among Finnish flight attendants(Pukkala et al., 1995). Exposures that may affect breastcancer risk in flight attendants include cosmic radiationand circadian rhythm disruption from traveling acrossmultiple time zones. If the findings indicate that healtheffects result from these exposures, interventions, guide-lines, or regulations may be implemented to reduce theseexposures.

Environmental and Take-Home PesticideExposures—Farm Families

Project Director: Brian Curwin, M.S.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9277421Keywords/Phrases: Child agriculture, pesticides, take-

home toxinPurpose:To evaluate the extent of take-home pesticide exposuresamong farm families, particularly children. Abstract:Pesticide exposure to younger children residing on farmsis an especially serious concern since younger childrenmay absorb pesticides through contact with contaminat-ed floors and other surfaces and may be more susceptibleto the toxic effects. This study will involve field surveysof farm family homes to measure pesticide residue atselected locations around and within the home and pesti-cide metabolite concentrations in the urine of partici-pants. It is also planned to identify potential behavioraland environmental risk factors influencing these expo-sures. The study will evaluate the extent of pesticide con-tamination within the homes of farm families and pro-vide the basis for recommendations to reduce exposure.Data collected may also provide an impetus to pesticideregulators to consider farm family exposures when eval-uating the safety of pesticides.

Studies of Breast Cancer Incidence inOccupational Cohorts Exposed toPolychlorinated Biphenyls/Ethylene Oxide

Project Director: Elizabeth Whelan, Ph.D.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278598Keywords/Phrases: Cancer, epidemiology, endocrinePurpose:To determine the incidence of breast cancer in womenexposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and ethyl-ene oxide (ETO).Abstract:Increasing numbers of women are employed outside thehome, yet few studies of breast cancer etiology haveaddressed occupational and environmental chemicalexposures. Many cancer studies of industrial cohortshave excluded women. This project will determine theincidence of breast cancer in 9,929 women exposed toETO and 13,726 women exposed to PCB compounds,which are suspected breast carcinogens. Breast cancercases will be ascertained through death certificates andquestionnaires administered to living subjects and next-of-kin of deceased subjects. The results will apply to thegeneral population exposed to PCBs and more than100,000 women who are occupationally exposed to ETOin the United States. If positive, results will be used bythe Occupational Safety and Health Administrationand/or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to for-mulate guidelines for reducing exposures.

Young Worker Regional Health EducationCenter

Project Director: Raymond Sinclair, Ph.D.Division: EIDTelephone: (513) 533-8302Project ID: 9277059Keywords/Phrases: Young workers, cooperative

agreement, trainingPurpose:To address high rates of occupational injuries amongyoung workers using a community health educationframework.Abstract:This project uses a community health education frame-work. It will be conducted in two areas of the country,the west coast and east coast, through a cooperativeagreement with NIOSH. Interventions capitalize on les-sons learned from previous young worker community

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health training intervention projects. Analysis of com-munity health education needs and opportunities willguide community-level efforts to raise the issue of youngworker health with a variety of target audiences.Evaluation data will guide further efforts to promotehealth education around young workers’ issues. A modelfor community health interventions will be developed.Study results will be published.

Parkinsonism, Pesticides, and Markers ofNeurotoxic Effect

Project Director: Cecil Burchfiel, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277244Keywords/Phrases: Parkinsonism, pesticides,

neurotoxicologyPurpose:To examine the interrelations among markers of pesti-cide exposure, quantifiable brain tissue injury, and clini-cal and pathological evidence of Parkinsonism anddementias in an established epidemiological study. Abstract:This study will integrate and increase the understandingof the issues among the disciplines of epidemiology,clinical neurology, neuropathology, and neurotoxicology.The outcome of this collaboration will establish the exis-tence of more sensitive and precise indicators of neuro-toxic damage in humans using methods validated inmore than 10 years of animal research that are directlytransferable from experimental research to clinical andepidemiological research. The findings will have signifi-cant impact on regulating chronic occupational and envi-ronmental exposure to organochlorine pesticides.

Disseminating a NIOSH Kids Web Site

Project Director: Donald Eggerth, Ph.D.Division: HELDTelephone: (304) 285-6121Project ID: 9277379Keywords/Phrases: Child agriculture, communication

research, evaluationPurpose:To explore methods of effectively providing youth withoccupational safety and health information.Abstract:Given the increased risk among youth for injury or ill-ness in the workplace and NIOSH research prioritieswith this special population, NIOSH scientists are pro-

posing a program of projects that will determine how toeffectively disseminate information about occupationalsafety and health to youth. Specifically, developing amultimedia intervention based on a NIOSH Web site forkids and teens is proposed. The objectives of thisresearch are to determine the most effective source, mes-sage, channel, and receiver characteristics that willincrease exposure, comprehension, attitude, intentions,and behavior of youth in regard to use of the Web siteand the NIOSH safety recommendations.

Surveillance Research Methods

Developing Nationally StandardizedOccupational and Industry CodingSoftware

Project Director: Suzanne Marsh, B.S.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278819Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance, epidemiology,

traumatic injuries Purpose:To encourage coding of narrative occupation and indus-try information in public health to standardized numericcodes, which will facilitate research on occupationalinjuries and illnesses. Abstract:Standardized occupational and industry coding (SOIC)software uses artificial intelligence to enable the provi-sion of comparable and consistently coded data fromoccupation and industry narratives. Development andimplementation of the software includes input from anational collaborative committee with agency representa-tives from the National Association for Public HealthStatistics and Information Systems, Bureau of LaborStatistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Bureau ofthe Census, National Center for Chronic DiseasePrevention and Health Promotion, and NIOSH. This proj-ect seeks to develop standardized occupational and indus-try (O/I) coding through integration of SOIC into Statevital records and other records systems on a nationallevel. This software and resultant coded data will be use-ful to all State, Federal, and private organizations engagedin occupational safety and health surveillance research.

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NORA Surveillance Research Methods,Communications, and DocumentDevelopment

Project Director: John Sestito, J.D., M.S.Division: DSHEFSTelephone: (513) 841-4428Project ID: 9278174Keywords/Phrases: Surveillance, public health,

strategic planPurpose:To support NORA surveillance research methods work-shops and related information dissemination activities toadvance the implementation of the strategic plan.Abstract:Public health surveillance is the ongoing systematic col-lection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essen-tial to the planning, implementation, and evaluation ofpublic health practices, closely integrated with the time-ly dissemination of these data to those who need to know.The project will (1) plan and convene two NORAWorkshops, (2) develop the first draft of Chartbook2003, (3) develop a prototype surveillance Web sitethrough the CDC\NIOSH intranet site, (4) maintain sci-entific exchanges with and provide technical consulta-tion to state-based surveillance programs, and (5) pro-vide consultation to the NIOSH SurveillanceCoordination Group.

Traumatic Injuries

Lockout/Tagout Jammed and MovingMachinery Controls

Project Director: John Etherton, Ph.D.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9277058Keywords/Phrases: Injury prevention, engineering

controls, traumatic injuriesPurpose:To develop automatic protection from hazardousmachine energy. Abstract:In U.S. workplaces, failure to control hazardous machineenergy is the primary cause of traumatic injuries such asamputations and crushing fatalities. For this research, aninjury control device will be designed, tested, and intro-duced into the workplace to automatically protect work-

ers when clearing, unjamming, and inspection work isperformed at dangerous locations. The target for theDivision of Safety Research (DSR) research componentis crushing hazards for jam-clearing with baling equip-ment common in the recycling industry. As a result ofthis project, U.S. recycling industry workplaces willhave a new machine injury prevention device that auto-matically initiates protective hazardous energy controlbefore workers conduct maintenance, unjamming, andinspection tasks.

Evaluation of Emergency Service VehicleOccupant Safety

Project Director: Paul Moore, B.S.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9277136Keywords/Phrases: Fatalities, emergency responders

and firefightersPurpose:To identify and evaluate emerging vehicle crash-relatedinjury risks for emergency service operators.Abstract:From 1992 to1997, it was estimated that the fatality ratefor emergency medical service (EMS) providers was12.7 per 100,000 workers per year, which is more thantwice the national average of five fatalities per 100,000workers per year. Transportation-related events, includ-ing ambulance crashes, were the most common causes offatalities. In contrast to the occupant protection for pas-senger vehicles, the occupant safety of ambulance vehi-cles has yet to be addressed. Unrestrained occupants riskserious injury during a crash and are an injury risk toother occupants by becoming projectiles. This projectwill provide information that is critical to the design andrecommendation of effective occupant protection sys-tems to reduce the frequency and severity of occupation-al crash-related emergency responders and firefighters.

A Study of Ergonomic Interventions in theDrywall Industry

Project Director: Christopher Pan, Ph.D.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9277242Keywords/Phrases: Construction, traumatic injuries,

safety

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Purpose:To assess current intervention to reduce the contributionof ergonomic hazards to traumatic injuries in the drywallindustry. Abstract:This project will quantify ergonomic hazards that will beidentified from both field and laboratory studies to gainbetter data on those hazardous tasks and activities asso-ciated with stilts and teamwork techniques. Results willbe used to determine the usefulness of interventions fordrywall handling to reduce ergonomic hazards and trau-matic injuries.

Thermal Imaging Cameras: ReducingDangers to Firefighters

Project Director: Steven Proudfoot, B.A.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278044Keywords/Phrases: Firefighters, injuries, firesPurpose:To examine the effectiveness of thermal imaging cam-eras (TICs) in reducing dangers to firefighters. Abstract:TICs allow firefighters to see through smoke, haze, andother conditions in which human eyes cannot. TICsdetect heat energy rather than light. The project willfocus on the areas of firefighter thermal imaging trainingand deployment and application of the cameras. Thisproject will provide a basis for determining how best toincorporate thermal imaging with fire fighting to reducefirefighter exposure to hazardous conditions?which inturn may decrease the numbers of fatalities and injuries.

Evaluating Roadway Construction WorkZone Interventions

Project Director: David Fosbroke, M.S.F.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278105Keywords/Phrases: Construction, injury prevention,

effectiveness research Purpose:To reduce construction worker exposure to moving vehi-cles and equipment operating at roadway constructionwork zones.

Abstract:This multidisciplinary project involves laboratory andfield development, demonstration, and evaluation ofselected interventions that construction contractors canuse to protect their workers from being struck by con-struction vehicles and equipment operating inside workspaces of roadway construction projects. Internal trafficcontrol plans and a variety of proximity warning devicesare promising yet unproven interventions for preventingfatalities and injuries associated with construction vehi-cles and equipment. If proven to be effective, adoption ofthese interventions throughout the construction industrycould substantially reduce exposure of workers to mov-ing construction vehicles and equipment, thus reducingfatalities and injuries related to vehicles and equipmentby nearly 50%.

Traumatic Injury Coordination Core

Project Director: Timothy Pizatella, M.S.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278104Keywords/Phrases: Injury prevention, engineering

controls, interventionPurpose:To develop and disseminate practical injury preventiondevices and knowledge in a relatively short timeframefrom the science to the prevention. Abstract:The traumatic injury research program is designed to“close the loop from science to prevention.” TheCoordination Core project has three overriding long-term goals: (1) provide the needed program coordinationand facilitate the successful completion of individualresearch projects within the program, (2) develop perma-nent methods of improved injury prevention technologytransfer within NIOSH, and (3) provide both a mecha-nism and ongoing recommendations for planning futureintegrated traumatic injury research at NIOSH.

Effectiveness of Collision WarningSystem in Large Trucks

Project Director: Guang Chen, M.D., M.P.H.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278107Keywords/Phrases: Traumatic injuries, transportation,

effectiveness research

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Purpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of a collision warning sys-tem (CWS) technology for preventing large truck high-way collisions. Abstract:Circumstances that make this study necessary are themagnitude of large truck highway collisions and thepotential preventive effect of CWS in reducing highwayforward-moving collisions. A longitudinal observationalcohort study will be conducted. Highway collision rateswill be compared between trucks with and without CWS.Determining the effectiveness of CWS for preventinglarge truck highway collisions will allow NIOSH andFederal Motor Carrier Safety Administration to makescientifically justified recommendations or regulationsregarding use of CWS as a highway collision counter-measure on heavy trucks.

Slips and Falls Prevention in Health CareWorkers

Project Director: James Collins, Ph.D.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278108Keywords/Phrases: Health care workers, falls,

effectiveness research Purpose:To develop, implement, and evaluate a slips, trips, andfalls (STF) prevention program in three hospitals. Abstract:Slip-resistant shoes, mats, waxes, prompt cleaning ofspillage and debris, keeping stairs and walkways clear,improved lighting, adding hand-holds, and clearing iceand snow have the potential to reduce STF incidents.Injured workers will be interviewed to identify risk fac-tors. A laboratory study will examine the slip-resistancecharacteristics of shoes, samples of hospital flooring, andfloor treatments. Slip-resistant shoes, aggressive house-keeping, and other countermeasures identified in the labwill be introduced into the hospital to reduce STF inci-dents. The intervention will be assessed for 36-monthspre-intervention and 36 months post-intervention for itsimpact on the frequency, severity, and cost of STF injuries.

Prevention of Violence Against Nurses:Feasibility Study

Project Director: Daniel Hartley, Ed.D. Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278109Keywords/Phrases: Violence, health care workers,

feasibility assessmentPurpose:To demonstrate the feasibility of evaluating the effec-tiveness of practices recommended for hospitals andnursing homes for reducing violence through the use oflocal health departments as liaisons for recruitment anddata collection. Abstract:This project is a feasibility study for a large, future case-control study to evaluate the Occupational Safety andHealth Administration guidelines for prevention of vio-lence against nurses, nursing aides, and orderlies. Thefeasibility study will be conducted in two metropolitanareas. Cases and controls will also be reinterviewed 3months after the assault to gather information aboutlonger lasting physical and psychological effects.

Workplace Violence Initiative: Researchand Implementation

Project Director: Eleanor Jenkins, M.A.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278313Keywords/Phrases: Assault, homicides, violencePurpose:To support and coordinate the conduct of new research inthe area of workplace violence prevention.Abstract:Workplace violence has been recognized as a significantpublic health and occupational safety and health issue,but gaps remain in our knowledge of risk factors and theeffectiveness of particular intervention strategies. Thisresearch will (1) use the capacity of the NationalElectronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) to incor-porate special topic follow-back surveys to conductinterviews with workers treated in hospital emergencydepartments for injuries related to workplace violence,(2) continue enhancements to the National CrimeVictimization Survey (NCVS) and support conversion ofindustry and occupation coding to the North AmericanIndustrial Classification System (NAICS), and (3)establish a Federal interagency task force on workplaceviolence research and prevention. This project will use

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the capacity of broad-based survey systems to incorpo-rate supplements and to fill some of the most pressingknowledge gaps.

Harness Design and Sizing Effectiveness

Project Director: Hongwei Hsiao, Ph.D.Division: DSRTelephone: (304) 285-5894Project ID: 9278426Keywords/Phrases: Falls, construction, protective

equipmentPurpose:To develop a whole-body, fall-arresting, harness-sizingscheme and design that better control hazardous energyreleased during a fall from elevation.Abstract:Human size data will be used from an existing database ofU.S. workers and three controlled laboratory studies onharness fit to construction workers, will be used.Researchers will use 3-D anthropometry information todetermine the sizing scheme and to developtorso/hip/thigh strap assemblies and rigging componentsthat best enhance the ability of the worker to select anduse the harness. The new harness system will be validat-ed for efficacy and will be introduced into the construc-tion workplace. The research will help the constructionindustry to reduce the risk of injury that results from pooruser acceptance/compliance, improper selection, and thefailure to don the protective equipment properly.

Fundamental Studies of FactorsResponsible for Falls of Ground

Project Director: Anthony Iannacchione, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 9270002Keywords/Phrases: Unstable ground, falls, techniquesPurpose:To characterize unstable ground and mitigate ground fallhazards in mining.Abstract:Because the root causes of many roof falls are poorlyunderstood, appropriate engineering and administrativecontrols have not always been fully used by the miningindustry to anticipate and mitigate their occurrence. Toovercome this problem, NIOSH will apply, and in somecases develop, advanced monitoring and modeling tech-niques to characterize the behavior of unstable ground so

that a fundamental understanding of rock failure process-es can be realized. Advanced monitoring techniques willprincipally consist of microseismic analysis. This toolwill be used to evaluate the precise failure pathwaysexhibited by actual roof falls. Geologic models will bedeveloped to catalogue the fundamental factors responsi-ble for anomalous stress fields and variations in structur-al integrity of mined strata associated with failed ground.Numerical models, such as finite difference, discrete ele-ment, and particle flow formulations, will be used to per-form parametric studies to identify controlling failuremechanisms. The advancement of our understanding ofthis complex scientific problem will help to implementviable engineering controls and thereby reduce minerexposure to falls of ground.

Laser Safety in Potentially FlammableEnvironments

Project Director: Thomas Dubaniewicz, M.S.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P149Keywords/Phrases: Injury prevention, explosions,

miningPurpose:To determine when a laser beam may be an ignitionsource for flammable materials in the mining, agricul-ture, telecommunications, and petrochemical industries. Abstract:Laser power thresholds for igniting several flammabledusts and gases will be determined experimentallythrough this research. A predictive model proposed byNIOSH will be evaluated. The delay time before ignitionwill be recorded to aid manufacturers in the design ofprotective automatic shutoff systems. A method andapparatus for laser safety in hazardous locations will bedeveloped. Knowledge gained will be transferred toindustry through an international working group ofresearchers assembled to recommend safety guidelines.

Evaluating Roadway Construction WorkZone Interventions

Project Director: Gary Mowrey, Ph.D.Division: PRLTelephone: (412) 386-6602Project ID: 927P151Keywords/Phrases: Mining, construction, traumatic

injury

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Purpose:To further the field development, evaluation, and demon-stration of interventions aimed at reducing worker expo-sure to moving vehicles and equipment operating insidethe boundaries of work zones and other work areas.Abstract:This multidisciplinary project involves laboratory andfield development, demonstration, and evaluation ofselected interventions that construction contractors andmine operators can use to protect their workers frombeing struck by mobile vehicles and equipment. Internaltraffic control plans and a variety of proximity warningdevices are promising, yet unproven interventions forpreventing fatalities and injuries associated with miningand construction vehicles and equipment. Interventioncosts, implementation problems, and worker and man-agement acceptance of these interventions will beassessed. Results will be disseminated to unions, tradeassociations, equipment manufacturers, the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration, the Mine Safety andHealth Administration, and the Federal HighwayAdministration. If proven to be effective, adoption ofthese interventions throughout industry could substan-tially reduce exposure of workers to moving vehicles andequipment, thus reducing fatalities and injuries related tovehicles and equipment by nearly 50%.

Reducing Slips and Falls

Project Director: Floyd Varley, B.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S161Keywords/Phrases: Slipping/falling injuries, surface

minesPurpose:To reduce the frequency of slips and falls on miningequipment, ladders and steps, and other structures amongan aging workforce at metal/nonmetal surface mines. Abstract:This project will (1) identify sources of slips and falls,(2) design intervention techniques to prevent slips andfalls, (3) demonstrate promising interventions, and (4)transfer research results and technologies to industry forimplementation and subsequent reduction of slippingand falling accidents. Slips and falls make up the secondlargest group of nonfatal injuries (sprains, bruises, orfractures to trunks or legs) at surface mines, accountingfor 27% of the lost-time injuries between 1992 and 1994.Expected outcomes of the research will includeimproved methods of entry and exit from equipment, less

slippery walking and stepping surfaces, and safety train-ing materials and methods.

Safety Enhancements for Off-RoadHaulage Trucks

Project Director: Todd Ruff, M.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S162Keywords/Phrases: Accidents, dump trucks, miningPurpose:To develop interventions that will reduce injuries involv-ing off-road dump trucks in surface mining operations. Abstract:This research will reduce fatalities and injuries causedwhen a truck operator cannot see all areas around theequipment from the cab and by a lack of operator train-ing or experience in adverse conditions. To reduceinjuries from dump trucks colliding with unseen obsta-cles or people and from trucks backing over the edge ofdump points, a system will be developed that will sup-plement the operator’s vision through sensors, cameras,or other means. Training methods and materials will beevaluated and recommendations will be made to improvetruck driver training in emergency conditions.

Slope Stability Hazard Recognition forMetal/Nonmetal Mines

Project Director: Jamie Girard, M.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 2927S320Keywords/Phrases: Surface mining, slope stabilityPurpose:To develop new methods for designing, monitoring, andsupporting mine slopes to minimize the hazards to mineworkers.Abstract:Highwalls, waste dumps, tailings dams, and stockpilesare examples of slopes that may fail and endanger thelives of mine workers. The mechanics of rock massmovement and rock mass strength are poorly understoodat large scales. For this project, an understanding of slopefailures related to mining and the technology available toprevent failures will assist engineers in constructing sta-ble rock structures, thereby reducing the number of fatal-ities and injuries. New methods of assessing mine slopestability and identifying hazards include radar and spec-

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tral imaging, photogrammetric change detection, andcomputer modeling of rock fall hazards. Results can betransferred to a number of other civil engineering proj-ects, including design of roadcuts, railroads, canals,refuse disposal sites, earth dams, and others.

Reducing Injury Risk from Jolting/Jarringon Mobile Equipment in Construction andAgriculture

Project Director: Fred Biggs, B.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 2927S362Keywords/Phrases: Construction/agriculture, low-back

disorders, traumatic injuriesPurpose:To reduce jolting and jarring injuries among heavy equip-ment operators in construction and agricultural industries.Abstract:This project seeks to reduce injury risk from jolting andjarring on mobile equipment in construction and agricul-tural industries through the use of engineering controls toeliminate or minimize health hazards and associatedlower back disorders. The research is designed to deter-mine whether the hazards related to jarring/jolting areassociated with lower back disorders.

Injury Prevention for Metal/NonmetalDrilling and Bolting Operations

Project Director: Robert McKibbin, B.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S372Keywords/Phrases: Mining, drilling, injuriesPurpose:To identify the root causes of injuries associated withdrilling and bolting cycles in metal/nonmetal mines anddevelop the technology needed to reduce or eliminate therisk associated with drilling and bolting. Abstract:As a first step, development of a lightweight jackleg drillwas started in FY1999. The drill, which has several com-ponents made of aluminum and titanium, is 25% lighterthan a standard steel drill. Additional improvementsunder development include a vibration damping handle,an ergonomically-shaped handle, additional nickasil-coated aluminum components, and a variety of noisemufflers. Laboratory testing of the drill started in FY99

and is ongoing. In-mine testing began in FY01 and isalso ongoing. Initial results have been favorable.

Mine Injury and Disease PreventionResearch Planning

Project Director: Michael F. Jenkins, M.S.Division: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 2927S692Keywords/Phrases: Mining, injuries, technology transferPurpose:To address short-term requests for assistance from stake-holders and to provide additional support for ongoingresearch efforts. Abstract:This project is designed to address short-term requestsfor assistance from stakeholders and to provide addition-al support for ongoing research efforts. It provides theflexibility needed to respond to requests for both specialassistance to intermural research projects and foraddressing special needs within NIOSH but outside theindividual research project plans or funding capabilities.

Assessing the Risks of Injury in Trenchingand Evacuation in the U.S.

Project Director: Thomas Brady, M.S.Telephone: SRLTelephone: (509) 354-8000Project ID: 927S231Keywords/Phrases: Trench fatalities, perceptions of

risk, cost of compliance Purpose:To determine why trench fatalities continue to occurdespite the detailed and comprehensive regulations inplace to prevent trench collapses.Abstract:This research project will explore several possible fac-tors including the perceptions of risk on the part of work-ers digging and working in trenches and the costs ofcomplying with the regulations. In addition to analysesof existing cases, the study will interview workers andexcavation firms regarding their decision-making abouttrench construction. A report will be prepared and includ-ed based on the findings and further recommendationsfor research, education, or enforcement.

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For Information onOccupational Safety and Health Concerns

Call NIOSH at:1-800-35-NIOSH (356-4674)

or visit the NIOSH Homepage at:www.cdc.gov/niosh

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2003-143