National market analysis for Enlarging Solar Thermal ... · Table 1: Ownership structure (Source:...
Transcript of National market analysis for Enlarging Solar Thermal ... · Table 1: Ownership structure (Source:...
National market analysisfor Enlarging Solar Thermal Systemsin Multi-Family-Houses and Hotels in Europe
Italy
National market analysis for CSTS – Italy
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Part A: Information on respondents...................................................................................4
1. Responsible contact person .............................................................................................4
Part B: Information on national structure of the housing and multi family housing sector........................................................................................................................5
1. Information on the existing building stock.........................................................................5 2. Information on used heating systems in multi family houses ...........................................6 3. Information on refurbishment and new construction activities in the multi family housing
sector ................................................................................................................................8 4. Information on actors in the housing sector......................................................................9 5. Conclusion for SOLARGE ..............................................................................................10
Part C: Information on national structure of the hotel sector........................................11
1. Information on the existing hotel building stock..............................................................11 2. Information on heating systems......................................................................................11 3. Information on refurbishment and new construction activities........................................11 4. Information on actors in the hotel sector ........................................................................12 5. Conclusion for SOLARGE ..............................................................................................12
Part D: Information on the national CSTS market development in the past.................13
1. Market background and history of solar thermal market and the CSTS segment ..........13 2. Market size, market share and market growth of CSTS.................................................14 3. Conclusion for SOLARGE ..............................................................................................14
Part E: Information on the economic and legislative framework for CSTS..................15
1. Energy prices .................................................................................................................15 2. Capital market terms in the housing and in the hotel sector...........................................15 3. Conditions for refurbishment by housing sector .............................................................16 4. Building sector regulations relevant for the CSTS market..............................................17 5. Conclusion for SOLARGE ..............................................................................................18
Part F: Information on national energy policy framework for CSTS.............................19
1. Overview: national strategy and framework for solar thermal systems and CSTS promotion........................................................................................................................19
2. National incentive systems for CSTS installations in the housing and hotel sector .......20 3. Conclusion for SOLARGE ..............................................................................................22
Sources .................................................................................................................................23
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Part A: Information on respondents
1. Responsible contact person
Organisation name: Ambiente Italia
Contact person: Marco Calderoni
Address: via Poerio, I-39 Milano
Phone: +39 02 27744 230
Fax: +39 02 27744 222
Internet: [email protected]
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Part B: Information on national structure of the housing and multi family housing sector
1. Information on the existing building stock
Number, structure and age of buildings The total number of dwellings in Italy is 21,500,000. Figure 1 shows the share of buildings
versus their structure and their age.
Figure 1 Share of buildings versus their structure and their age (Source: ISTAT, 2001)
Figure 2 shows the rate of flats in the different types of buildings.
Figure 2 Rate of flats in different types of buildings (Source: ISTAT, 2001)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
STRUCTURE AGE
single family6.900.000
2 flats2.000.000
3-15 flats1.800.000
>15 flats 200.000
<19463.500.000
1946-19611.650.000
1961-19813.950.000
1981-19911.300.000
>1991800.000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
[%]
> 15 flats
3 - 15 flats flats
2 flats
single flat
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Private-rented dwellings Figure 3 shows the ownership structure of houses in Italy.
90 %
1 % 1 %
4 % 0 %2 %
1 % 1 %
0 %
Private
Bank
Building or real estate
Other
Building
State, regions, provinces, municipalities Department of social
Social Housing (IACP)Other
Total: 19,736 million
Figure 3 Ownership structure of the Italian building stock (Source: ISTAT, 1991)
About 75 % of the population own the apartment where they live, which means about 15
million flats. MFH are therefore mostly multi ownerships called condominium (condominio),
with in average of 20 to 30 flats. A condominium is usually administrated by an external
company (or often by a single person), who deals with the maintenance and management of
the building.
There are about 5.3 million dwellings, which are not occupied.
2. Information on used heating systems in multi family houses
Figure 4 shows the number of centralised and autonomous heating systems in Italian
apartments.
Autonomous heating systems are very common in Italy. Among these there are also systems
which provide for the heating of only part of the flat/single family house.
Speaking of MFH, centralised DHW-heating systems are rare in Italy. The most common
habit is to install a centralised space heating system and small, autonomous boilers for DHW
in every single apartment. Sometimes the hot water preparation is split in two different plants,
one for the kitchen and one for the bathroom.
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Figure 4 Total number of autonomous and centralised heating systems
(Source: ISTAT, 2001)
Figure 5 shows the share of different types of fuels concerning space heating and DHW. The
figures are referred to the whole building stock, including both, SFH and MFH. This is the
reason for the high values of plants providing both, space heating and DHW.
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
heating and DHW in one plant heating and DHW separated
gas, lpg and gasoline
12.100.000
solid fuel 1.400.000
electricity 260 000
electric DHW
4.650.000
non electric DHW
3.870.000
Figure 5 Share of different types of fuels in DHW-preparation of Italian apartments
(Source: ISTAT, 2001)
Figure 6 shows the share of natural gas, LPG and gasoline in the heating of residential
buildings.
Average consumption rates for space heating may be estimated to 200 kWh/ (m2living area a).
The average consumption for DHW adds about 700–800 kWh/ a per person, which means
(by 37 m2 per inhabitant in average, ISTAT 2001) 20 kWh/ (m2living area a).
0
5.000.000
10.000.000
15.000.000
20.000.000
25.000.000
autonomouscentralised
21.200.000
4.700.000
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Figure 6 Share of different types of fuels in space heating plants of Italian apartments
(Source ENEA, 2004)
3. Information on refurbishment and new construction activities in
the multi family housing sector
Over 720,000 buildings were refurbished after 1991. About 430,000 refurbishments where
made on the structures or the plants.
The trend is moving towards autonomous heating plants, especially in the social housing
sector: in this way, the social housing companies do not have to pay the utilities for the fuel
and then wait for the inhabitants to pay.
Figure 7 Refurbishment activity (Source ISTAT, 2001)
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
[%] lpggasolinenatural gas
6,5
18,5
75
0200.000
400.000
600.000
800.000
1.000.000
1.200.000
1.400.000
1.600.000
1.800.000
2.000.000
1972 - 1981 1982 - 1991 after 1991
building plants
1.600.000
216.000
117.000
787.000126.000
306.000
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Figure 7 shows the refurbishment activity between 1972 and 2001, concerning refurbishment
on buildings and plants (meaning all the plants in a building, not only heating plants).
4. Information on actors in the housing sector
4.1 Information about the ownership structure of the national housing sector
% of the whole housing stock
Number in total on national level [flats]
Condominium ownership included in private owned houses
n. a.
Non profit (social) housing associations
4 860,000
Commercial MFB ownership 1.5 305,000
Private owned houses and flats (including condominium ownership)
91.7 19,800,000
Public owners (state, region, province, city)
1.8 396,000
Others 1 220,000
Total 100 21,581,000
Table 1: Ownership structure (Source: ISTAT, 2001)
All the figures in the table refer to the housing sector in general. We did not find any statistic
referring to the MFH sector in particular. Therefore the row ‘Condominium ownership’ is not
filled in. Besides, the row ‘Private owners of MFH’ refers to houses in general.
4.2 Important associations or organisations in the national housing sector
The ANCE association (Associazione Nazionale Costruttori Edili, www.ance.it) represents
about 20,000 private building companies.
Concerning the social housing sector, some of the most important actors are represented by
Federcasa (www.federcasa.it) with over 110 members.
Important cooperatives are Federabitazione (3,300 members, www.abitacoop.it) and Ancab
(almost 1,000 members, www.ancab.it).
Federcasa, Federabitazione and Ancab where asked to take part in the European project
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‘Solhas – marketing of solar water heaters for housing associations’. Only Federabitazione
and Ancab, however, actively worked for it (mainly by answering questionnaires and
promoting the project towards their members).
5. Conclusion for SOLARGE
In Italy a large share of dwellings are situated in MFH. A lot were built between 1960 and
1980 and in fact, the refurbishment rate is high. Heating systems, however, are mostly
autonomous and the majority of the flats is privately owned by the inhabitants. The
installation of CSTS is therefore hindered by technical problems and those concerning
decisions.
It is very important to focus on those actors who own and who build MFH. Housing
associations and building companies are therefore the most promising target group.
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Part C: Information on national structure of the hotel sector
1. Information on the existing hotel building stock
There are almost 33,500 hotels all over Italy, with 1.9 million beds in total.
The average number of visitors every year amounts to 215,000,000 and the rate of
occupancy is 44 %.
Most of the hotels are located in the regions of Trentino Alto Adige (18 %) and Emilia
Romagna (15 %). Other 10 % are sited in the region of Veneto, while Lombardia and
Toscana both share about 9 % of the total hotels. In general, most hotels are in the north and
middle of Italy, while only a small share is located in the south.
Top class hotels are in average bigger than low class hotels (189 beds for top class, 23 for
low class hotels).
2. Information on heating systems
The only available data refer to the cities of Venice and Mestre.
The average consumption for space heating amounts to 250 kWh/ (m2living area a), the one for
DHW to 55 kWh/ (m2living area a).
The most common heating system is the centralised one for both, space heating and DHW.
Almost every hotel uses natural gas for this purpose.
In southern Italy also autonomous heating systems and lpg are used.
In the islands (Sicily and Sardegna) also electric DHW heaters are common.
3. Information on refurbishment and new construction activities
21 of 29 of the analysed hotels in Venice and Mestre where refurbished between 1995 and
2001 (72 %). The year of construction is not representative, since a lot of hotels in Venice
are located into very old buildings.
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4. Information on actors in the hotel sector
4.1 Information about the ownership structure of the hotel sector
Among the 500 hotels of the biggest companies in Italy, about 25 % are in ownership, 5 %
are rented, 25 % are in franchising and over 45 % are members of consortiums.
4.2 Important associations or organisations in the national hotel sector
Federalberghi is the association of Italian Hotels. It has 126 members (regional
associations), representing 33,000 hotels all over Italy. It has not yet been involved in solar
thermal programmes.
Hotels in southern Italy seem to be more and more interested in solar thermal plants.
The main hotel companies in Italy are Best Western (118 hotels), Space (94 hotels), Jolly (41
hotels), Six Continents (35 hotels), Starwood (29) and Accor (28).
National companies are usually owners of their hotels, while big international companies
mainly manage the hotels in franchising. In order to compete with such big groups, besides,
a lot of smaller companies joint in ‘consortiums’.
One further peculiarity of the Italian market is the big share of local, well-established family-
companies, which manage their hotels in a very efficient way.
5. Conclusion for SOLARGE
The Italian hotel sector shows a high technical potential of application of solar thermal.
Nevertheless there are two major reasons why solar thermal develops rather moderately in
this sector: Firstly energy prices are subsidised for hotel owners, who, secondly are used to
make only investments with very short payback-times.
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Part D: Information on the national CSTS market development in the past
1. Market background and history of solar thermal market and the
CSTS segment
General market characteristics
After a first boom in the late 70’s and the early 80’s, the Italian solar heating market almost
collapsed in 1987 after the phasing out of a subsidy programme managed by ENEL, the
national electricity utility. For the following decade, annual collector sales remained below
15,000 m2. The large number of malfunctioning plants installed during the first boom is
largely responsible for the solar heating industry's lingering poor image in Italy. The new
reality of solar thermal products though is beginning to correct these remaining
misconceptions.
A considerable yearly market growth of about 25 % could be observed in average over the
past seven years. It is estimated that 444,000 m2 (311,000 kWth) of solar collectors are
installed in Italy.
Supply side There were about 60 suppliers of solar heating systems in Italy in 2002. Some 20 national
manufacturers covered about 20% of the domestic market. The sector directly employed
about 300 people and generated in the year 2000 a turnover of 24 million Euros.
The majority (> 90%) of solar heating plants installed in Italy are small systems used for
residential hot water supply. In northern Italy, there is a certain trend towards combined solar
systems, which provide both hot water and space heating. In central and south Italy mostly
compact thermosyphon systems are used.
Missing knowledge of installers is a major bottleneck for solar heating in Italy.
Since solar thermal market is dominated by small systems, CSTS are very rare in Italy. No
official data about is available. The rate of CSTS is estimated to 1–2 % of the total installed
collector area, which means between 4,000 and 8,000 m2.
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2. Market size, market share and market growth of CSTS
Year m² of yearly installed collector
surface in total
Market size in terms of
capacity (in kWth)
m² of yearly installed collector
surface in CSTS
(>30 m²)
Market share of
CSTS in the solar
thermal market (%)
Market growth
solar thermal
market (%)
2002 45,000 31,500 n. a. n .a. n. a.
2003 50,000 35,000 n. a. n .a. 11.11
2004 58,000 40,600 1,250 2.16 16.00
Cumulated by 2004 444,285 311,000 6,000 1.35 _
Table 2: Market figures CSTS (Source Ambiente Italia, ESTIF, 2004)
3. Conclusion for SOLARGE
The supply side for CSTS is not yet sufficiently established in order to satisfy a broader
demand especially when standardised and cost-effective systems are required for a larger
dissemination. Cooperation with all actors of the supply side will be a crucial element of the
SOLARGE project in Italy.
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Part E: Information on the economic and legislative framework for CSTS
1. Energy prices
Natural gas price (€cent/kWh)
2001 2002 2003
Consumption [MWh/a] 2.3 4.6 23.0 35.0 2.3 4.6 23.0 35.0 2.3 4.6 23.0 35.0
Housing sector 5.9 N/A. 7.0 7.0 5.8 5.2 6.7 6.7 6.2 5.7 6.9 7.0
Hotel sector 1999: 3–3,6
Heating oil price Unit 2001 2002 2003
Housing sector €cent/kWh 12.0 12.2 12.5
Power price (Ct/kWh)
2001 2002 2003
Consumption [kWh/a]
600 1200 3500 7500 600 1200 3500 7500 600 1200 3500 7500
Housing sector 9.1 9.5 19.6 19.1 9.6 9.9 19.5 19.0 9.6 10.0 19.8 19.3
District heating price Unit 2004
Housing sector €cent/kWh estimation: 7.5
Table 3: Energy prices – natural gas price and power price depend on the yearly consumption of a household (Source: ENEA (housing sector), Federalberghi (hotel sector))
No data about energy prices for the end-user are available for 2004 and 2005.
2. Capital market terms in the housing and in the hotel sector
The interest rates for real estate investments amount to 3.5–4.0%. Banks usually finance 75–
80 % of the total investment for the acquirements of houses and 100 % for the refurbishment.
Expected payback times for refurbishments are usually 20 to 25 years for the building and
eight years for the plants.
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Several banks are considering low rate interests for renewable energy interests.
3. Conditions for refurbishment by housing sector
Heating costs allocation between tenants and owners
SFH:
• Usually, the utility sends the bill directly to the tenant. In this case every tenant pays
his own heating costs.
• Sometimes the bill is paid by the owner of the house and the tenant pays a fix amount
of money which is included in the rent.
MFH:
In case of MFH, there are three possible solutions for the allocation of heating costs:
• The bill is sent by the utility directly to the tenant. In this case every tenant pays his
own heating costs. This happens in case of separate contabilisation of heating costs.
• The tenant pays a fixed amount of money every year.
• The tenant pays a part of the total heating bill of the MFH (e. g. depending on the
living area of the flat).
Mechanisms used to shift the investment costs from the investor/owner to the users/tenants of a building Refurbishment costs are paid by the owner of the building. The only way he has to get back
the money (or part of it) is to raise the rent of the following contract (see below).
Investments financing in case of condominiums Investments are completely financed by the owner. Another investor could be an ESCO, but
this mechanism is very rare at the moment.
Legal restrictions for rent increases Rent increases depend on the type of contract between owner and tenant. With the free
contract (which lasts 4 years + other 4 years) there are no limitations for the rent. With the
ruled contract the rent is limited by a maximum and a minimum value. These values are
decided by the associations of owners and tenants. The duration of these types of contracts
is three years and another two years, and there are fiscal incentives for the owners.
Tenants right to refuse higher rents due to refurbishment Tenants’ rights to refuse higher rents are set in the type of contract (see above).
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Energy-efficiency as dependence factor of flat rent There is no regulation concerning the dependence of the rent on the energy efficiency of the
flat, but this dependence is basically possible.
Investment barriers due to regulations on social housing There are no other barriers due to regulation. Another important barrier, however, is a social
one: since social housing companies very often have problems with tenants who do not pay
the rent, they often do not to invest in refurbishment to avoid the risk of wasting money.
4. Building sector regulations relevant for the CSTS market
Legge 10/91 and DPR 412/93 This law rules the maximum primary energy demand of buildings. It defines the main rules
which have to be observed when a house is built. Local administrations can decide to add
stricter rules. When it was created in 1991, it was an innovative law. Since it has not been
modified later, however, it is now obsolete because of high values for the energy demand
permitted. The law defines a quantity called FEN, which includes climate conditions, shape of
the building, quality of the insulation and the boiler efficiency. Because of the way it is
defined, however, FEN does not quantify the real consumption for heating purpose of a
building.
Besides, the law obliges public administrations to install solar thermal systems on their
buildings. In the part of law 10/91 concerning solar thermal systems on public buildings, there
is a comment that allows avoiding solar systems in case the payback time is longer than ten
years (eight years for small municipalities). This allows public administration to avoid solar
systems.
Regional laws Every region can make its own laws, according to the limits put by law 10/91, which have to
be considered a must. Toscana and Lazio have already made laws, which are designed to
recipe the European building directive 2002/91/ICE. Regional laws need the municipalities to
include them in the building codes before they become active.
Building code According to law 10/91 and to regional laws, municipalities make local building codes. The
building code may include obligations concerning also solar thermal systems.
There are two small towns around Milano, Carugate and Corbetta, which already adopted a
solar building regulation, forcing to adopt solar thermal systems (collector area at least 20 %
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of the maximum possible area) on new buildings and in case of refurbishment.
Certification The building directive 2002/91/ICE will be active in Italy by the end of 2006 and will define
maximum values for the heat consumption of new buildings. Therefore solar thermal plants
will be interesting for building companies, since they reduce the total heat consumption.
Different types of certification are already available: the City of Bolzano already adopted an
obligatory certification of the energy performance of buildings called ‘Casa Clima’: new
buildings’ consumption has to be classified at least in class ‘C’.
The Province of Bolzano adopted a volunteer system, based on the same certification
method. The city of Bologna adopted a volunteer certification called ‘ITACA’.
5. Conclusion for SOLARGE
High energy prices together with the high insulation levels in Italy represent an important
precondition for cost-effective CSTS. New economic and legislative schemes are underway,
however, the experience shows that so far they are not sufficiently convincing for investors
especially in the building sector. The cooperation with building enterprises or other
professional investors will only work with complete service packages and collateral measures
which increase their confidence.
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Part F: Information on national energy policy framework for CSTS
1. Overview: national strategy and framework for solar thermal
systems and CSTS promotion
1.1 National goals and targets for solar thermal systems
The Italian goal concerning solar thermal plants is to reach 1.5 million m2 collector area until
2005 and three million m2 until 2010. The goal for 2005 has not yet been reached (the
currently installed collector area amounts to about 550,000 m2), the one for 2010 seems
therefore extremely difficult to achieve.
There are no goals concerning CSTS in particular.
1.2 National strategy and programme of activities for solar thermal and CSTS promotion
Subsidy program for Public Administrations and natural gas utilities About six million € were allocated by the environment ministry in order to promote solar
thermal systems on public buildings and natural gas utilities. (4 million € for public
administrations, 2 million € for natural gas utilities). The subsidy amounts to 30 % of the
investment. Among the 150 projects sent to the ministry by the end of 2003, about 70 had
been already installed or were being installed. This program is still in charge, since only half
of the money has been spent.
Regional subsidies for both, the private and the public sector Due to the ‘Decreto Direttoriale 24.07.2002’ a subsidy program with 15.5 million € was
started in 2002. Half of the money came from the environment ministry, half from the regions.
Every region can choose how to finance solar thermal plants: in some cases the contribution
is calculated as a certain percent of the investment costs, in other regions as a contribution
for the saved energy. In average, the contribution amounts to about 30 % of the investment
costs. Due to this program, a total investment of about 54 million € was foreseen, which
means 75,000 m2 of installed collector area.
‘Comuni Solarizzati’ This program was designed for the central and southern regions of Italy, in order to promote
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installation of solar thermal plants on public buildings and the creation of new small
companies in the environmental sector. The total budget amounts to 9 million € and the
subsidy to 50 % of the investment costs. Due to the low interest of public administrations in
the program, the installed collector area amounts to 12,000 m2 (72,000 m2 were foreseen).
Solar thermal installation on prisons The first pilot installation was made in Rebibbia (Rome), where twelve prisoners where
taught by experts (formation course of 600 hours) and realised later a self-built solar thermal
plant (250 m2 collector area) providing hot water to the prison.
1.3 National administration of policy framework and support schemes
The environment ministry, together with the ministry for ‘productive activities’ is responsible
for the strategic vision of the energy sector. Consequently, they make the main laws
concerning energy consumption (e. g. law 10/91). Besides, these ministries organise subsidy
programs
The regions have their own energy program (PER) and are responsible for local subsidies.
Municipalities make laws and are responsible for local campaigns and subsidies.
Support schemes are generally developed and funded by the environment ministry. The
actions can be managed by the ministry itself, by the regions or the municipalities.
2. National incentive systems for CSTS installations in the housing
and hotel sector
2.1 Subsidy schemes for CSTS investments
Full name of support scheme Bando nazionale per Enti Locali e Aziende Distributrici Gas
Type of support scheme (e.g. soft loan programme)
Subsidy based on the investment costs (30%)
Focus area of support scheme (e.g. installations 30-120 m²)
None
Starting date (in place since): 2001
Expiry date: None
budget volume of the support scheme and sources from which it is funded
Budget: 6,000,000 € Source: environment ministry
Beneficiaries of support scheme Public Administrations and Natural Gas Utilities
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Conditions of support scheme
Managing organisation (main responsible): Environment ministry
Address: http://www.minambiente.it/Sito/settori_azione/iar/FontiRinnovabili/solare_termico/bandi_decreti.asp
Full name of support scheme Bandi Regionali per Enti Pubblici e Privati
Type of support scheme (e.g. soft loan programme)
Subsidy based on the investment costs or on produced energy (maximum 30%)
Focus area of support scheme (e.g. installations 30-120 m²)
None
Starting date (in place since): 2002
Expiry date: Once a year (2002, 2003, 2004)
budget volume of the support scheme and sources from which it is funded
Budget: 15,500,000 € Source: environment ministry, regions
Beneficiaries of support scheme Public Administrations and private people
Conditions of support scheme
Managing organisation (main responsible): Regions
Contact person (programme manager): One for every Italian region
Address:
Phone:
Fax:
Internet (incl. downloads):
2.2 Fiscal incentives for CSTS investments
A VAT reduction form 20 % to 10 % is used for solar thermal systems.
Besides, part of the total investment for the solar thermal plant (36 %) can be deduced from
taxes in ten years. This deduction will be possible until the end of 2005.
Every commune can decide whether to adopt an own fiscal incentive or not, which can be
added to the national ones. In fact, we do not know of any incentive of this type so far.
2.3 Other incentives
The Province of Turin developed a program for CSTS: the Province put 100,000 € for three
CSTS. In this way, 1/3 of the total investment costs (maximum 33,000 € for each plant) was
financed. The Province also provided scientific accompaniment to the planning and
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installation.
In 2001 a new CO2 reduction mechanism called “Decreti di efficienza energetica” was
introduced and became active in 2004. Yearly increase rates of overall energy efficiency are
defined on national level. To achieve these goals, gas and electricity utilities that provide
more than 100,000 end users are obliged to realise measures to increase energy efficiency.
ESCO companies play a crucial role in this mechanism, since they can realise efficiency
measures by themselves and sell “CO2 reduction certificates” to the utilities.
For further details:
• Delibera dell’Autorità per l’energia n. 103/03
(http://www.autorita.energia.it/docs/03/103-03.htm)
• Delibera dell’Autorità per l’energia n. 234/02
(http://www.autorita.energia.it/docs/02/234-02.htm)
3. Conclusion for SOLARGE
The CTO goals for Solar Thermal of the Italian government will most probably not be
reached. The latest incentive systems in Italy did not lead to sustainable market
development. A long term R&D programme for the CSTS sector development does not exist
at the moment, however, would be crucial for the development of the appropriate technology
and to build up confidence in the technology by demonstration plants.
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Sources
Part B: Information on national structure of the housing and multi family housing sector
1. Information on the existing building stock
• ISTAT 1991
• ISTAT 2001
2. Information on used heating systems in multi family houses
• ISTAT 2001
• ENEA 2004
3. Information on refurbishment and new construction activities
• ISTAT 2001
4. Information on actors in the housing sector
• ISTAT 2001
Part C: Information on national structure of the hotel sector
1. Information on the existing hotel building stock
• Federalberghi 2002
2. Information on used heating systems
• Ambiente Italia 2003
3. Information on refurbishment and new construction activities
• Ambiente Italia 2003
4. Information on actors in the hotel sector
• Federalberghi 2002
Part D: Information on the national CSTS market development in the past
1. 1. Market background and history
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• Ambiente Italia 2005
2. 2. Market size, market share and market growth of CSTS
• ESTIF 2004
• Ambiente Italia 2005
Part E: Information on the economic and legislative framework for CSTS
1. Energy prices
• ENEA 2004
• Federalberghi 1999
2. Capital market terms in the housing and in the hotel sector
• Ambiente Italia 2005
3. Conditions for refurbishment by housing sector
• Ambiente Italia 2005
• SUNIA 2005
4. Building sector regulations relevant for the CSTS market
• Ambiente Italia 2005
Part F: Information on national energy policy framework for CSTS
1. Overview: national strategy and framework
• Ministero dell’Ambiente 2003
• Ambiente Italia 2005
2. National incentive systems for CSTS installations
• Ministero dell’Ambiente 2003
• Ambiente Italia 2005
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