NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC &...
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Transcript of NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC &...
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NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEYIN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
• U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE• NATIONAL OCEANIC & ATMOSPHERIC
ADMINISTRATION (NOAA)• NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE (NOS)• NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY (NGS)
(http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/)
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HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY
INTRODUCTION
- PROBLEM – WHY WAS AGENCY FOUNDED?
- PROPOSED SOLUTION TO PROBLEM
- PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
- WORK ACCOMPLISHED
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HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY
NGS ACTIVITIES:
- HORIZONTAL NETWORK
- VERTICAL NETWORK
- GRAVITY SURVEYS
- MAGNETIC SURVEYS
- ASTRONOMIC SURVEYS
- COASTAL MAPPING PROGRAM
- AERONAUTICAL SURVEYING PROGRAM
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YEAR IS 1806
- NATION IS 30 YEARS YOUNG
- THOMAS JEFFERSON IS PRESIDENT
- MOST U.S. CITIES ALONG EASTERN COAST
- COMMERCE, BOTH PEOPLE & GOODS MOVE BY SEA
- PROBLEM – LOSSES FROM SHIPWRECKS
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… to prevent this,Shipwreck on Cape Cod
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
- DISCUSSIONS OF MARITIME COMMERCE PROBLEM
- PRESIDENT JEFFERSON IS MEMBER
- NEW SWISS IMMIGRANT F.R. HASSLER IS MEMBER
- SOLUTION; NAUTICAL CHARTS NEEDED
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ACT OF 1807
- PRES. JEFFERSON SIGNS BILL ON FEBRUARY 10, 1807
- …to cause a survey to be taken of the coasts of the U.S.,
- in which shall be designated the islands, and shoals, with the roads or places of anchorage
- within twenty leagues of any part of the shores of the U.S.,
- and also the respective courses and distances between the principal capes, or head lands,
- completing an accurate chart of every part of the coasts…
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FERDINAND R. HASSLER’S PROPOSAL
- SURVEY NETWORK ALONG COAST
- TRIANGULATION SURVEY METHOD
- SHORELINE MAPS & HYDROGRAPHY TIED TO NETWORK
- MOST PRECISE & SCIENTIFIC METHODS TO BE USED
RESULT
- HASSLER’S PROPOSAL ACCEPTED
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FERDINAND R. HASSLER
FIRST SUPERINTENDENT, SURVEY OF THE COAST
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SUPERINTENDENT HASSLER
- HASSLER TRAVELED TO EUROPE TO ACQUIRE INSTRUMENTS
- HASSLER’S RETURN DELAYED BY WAR OF 1812
- WORK BEGAN IN 1816-17 IN NEW YORK
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FIRST FIELD WORK OF THE
“SURVEY OF THE COAST”
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SANDY HOOK LIGHTHOUSE
ONLY REMAINING STATION FROM HASSLER’S FIRST PROJECT
METAL CUPOLA REBUILT IN 1850’S
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DELAY 1817 - 1832
- NO PROGRESS DUE TO CONGRESSIONAL ACTION
RESTART 1832- 1832 RECONNAISSANCE
- 1833 NEW YORK SURVEY RESUMED
- FIRST STATION OCCUPPIED WAS BUTTERMILK 1833
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BUTTERMILK 1833
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1845 – FIRST USC&GS NAUTICAL CHART
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U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey/NOAASteps to Creating a Nautical Chart
• Historic types of surveys required
– Astronomical Observations
– Land survey (triangulation)
– Tide Gauges
– Shoreline Mapping
– Hydrography
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Theodolite instrument for precise astronomical observations to determine latitude, longitude, and azimuth
Astronomical observations were necessary to determine the position and orientation of selected points in a survey network.
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View through Telescope at desired star
Star aligned with cross-hair
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Astronomical Observations performed at this site to determine initial latitude, longitude, and azimuth.
Survey Network
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TRIANGULATION
• Baselines (BL) 1 & 2 are measured
•All angles of the triangles are measured
•Sides of all triangles are computed
• Computed length BL2 is compared to measured length of BL2
ME
ASU
RE
DB
ASE
LIN
E 1
Angle measured
Angle measured Angle
measured
Angle measured
ME
ASU
RE
D
BA
SEL
INE
2
= survey mark
STEPS
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TIDE
GAUGES
• Tide zone boundaries shown in red and orange
• Within each zone tidal height and time correctors are equal
•Tidal data required to correct depths and to determine horizontal position of shoreline
=Tide gauge
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4. Plane table moved to another location and procedure repeated
5. Points of intersection define position of distant objects
6. Shoreline is drawn through intersecting points; also range & bearing determine positions
1. Plane table is set-up over known point
2. Paper map correctly oriented
3. Distant objects sighted upon and lines drawn from present position toward distant objects
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PLANE TABLE MAPPING
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6 7.2
9.1
6.5
6.1
5.1
7
8.9
7.87 8
7.9
9.397
5
6
9.285.5
7.1
Depths (soundings) are measured continuously along dotted lines. Sextant angle fixes are taken at locations indicated by green bars.
9.59.4
5.7
8
5.2
8.59.2
9.5
9.1
8.8
8.5
8.3
87.9
7.6
7.2
7.2
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HYDROGRAPHY
• Two sextant angles at periodic points along the launch’s path determine position of the launch
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= survey mark
GEODETIC SURVEYSHORELINE SURVEYTIDAL SURVEY
= tide gauge
HYDROGRAPHIC FIELD SHEET
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EASTERN OBLIQUE ARC OF TRIANGULATION
- SURVEY NETWORK TO TIE ALL NAUTICAL CHARTS
- BEGUN IN NEW YORK IN 1816
- PROGRESSED NE INTO NEW ENGLAND AND
SW THROUGH WASHINGTON AND ATLANTA TO NEW ORLEANS
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USC&GS EASTERN OBLIQUE ARC OF TRIANGULATION
http://www.holoscenes.com/images/bmwiki/arc/eastern_arc.png
Map courtesy of: Jim Irwin
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PORTION OF EASTERN OBLIQUE ARC FROM WASHINGTON AREA SW ALONG MOUNTAINS IN VIRGINIA
http://www.holoscenes.com/cgi-bin/moin.cgi/ObliqueArcKentIslandWestward
Map courtesy of Jim Irwin
SUGAR LOAF
SSMC3
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WESTERN EXPANSION
EXPANSION OF U.S. WESTWARD LED TO:
1871 - AUTHORITY TO SURVEY ACROSS U.S.
1872 - 1898 – FIRST TRANSCONTINENTAL ARC OF TRIANGULATION ACROSS U.S.
1877 - 1900 – FIRST LEVEL LINE ACROSS U.S.
1878 - NAME CHANGE, U.S. COAST SURVEY TO
U.S. COAST & GEODETIC SURVEY
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TRANSCONTINENTAL ARC OF TRIANGULATION
http://www.holoscenes.com/cgi-bin/moin.cgi/TranscontinentalTriangulation
Map courtesy of Jim Irwin
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WESTERN PORTION OF TRANSCONTINENTAL ARC
Map courtesy of Jim Irwin
133 MILES
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STATION IBEPAH; STONE WALLS FROM 1889 TRANSCONTINENTAL ARC SURVEY
1998 PHOTO COURTESY OF CPT JAROMY JESSOP, U.S. ARMY
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SURVEY LINE FROM MT SHASTA TO MOUNT HELENA IS THE LONGEST LINE EVER OBSERVED
Map by Jim Irwin
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NATION-WIDE SURVEY NETWORK
- TRANSCONTINENTAL ARC AND LEVEL LINE WERE START OF NATIONWIDE NETWORK
- PLAN FOR GRID OF ARCS OF TRIANGULATION AND FOR LEVEL LINES
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HORIZONTAL NETWORK EXPANSION MOVIE
http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/spatial/survey_network.html
- MOVIE BEGINS WITH BLANK MAP OF U.S.
- EACH MOVIE FRAME IS ONE YEAR
- DOTS ADDED AS SURVEYS COMPLETED
- MAJOR SURVEYS CAN BE SEEN DEVELOPING
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NETWORK IMPORTANCE
• NAME = NATIONAL SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM
• NETWORK DEFINES: LATITUDE, LONGITUDE, HEIGHT, SCALE, GRAVITY, AND NETWORK ORIENTATION; ALSO NATIONAL SHORELINE
• NETWORK ESTABLISHES UNIFORM COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR THE COUNTRY
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NETWORK IMPORTANCE
• NETWORK TIES: FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, TRIBAL, AND PRIVATE PROPERTY BOUNDARIES
• NETWORK TIES: HIGHWAYS, RAILROADS, BRIDGES, AIRPORTS, CANALS, DIKES, AND HARBORS
• NETWORK ENABLES: FLOOD STUDIES, SEA LEVEL CHANGE STUDIES, COASTAL MONITORING; STORM EVACUATION ROUTE PLANNING
• ALLOWS AIRCRAFT TO LAND IN LOW VISIBILITY
• ALLOWS SHIPS TO KNOW UNDERKEEL AND OVERHEAD CLEARANCES
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DATUMS
HORIZONTAL DATUMS
- NEW ENGLAND DATUM, 1879, 5000 STATIONS
- U.S. STANDARD DATUM, 1901
(CHANGED TO NORTH AMERICAN DATUM IN 1913)
- NORTH AMERICAN DATUM 1927 (NAD 27)
- NORTH AMERICAN DATUM 1983 (NAD 83), 272,000 STATIONS
- NAD 83(NSRS2007), ALL GPS STATIONS INCLUDED
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DATUMS
VERTICAL DATUMS
- 1900, 5 TIDE GAUGES, 21,000 KM LEVELING
- 1903, 8 TIDE GAUGES, 31,800 KM
- 1907, 9 TIDE GAUGES, 38,400 KM (+ SEATTLE)
- 1912, 9 TIDE GAUGES, 46,500 KM (+ SAN DIEGO)
- 1929, 26 TIDE GAUGES, 106,700 KM
- 1988, 1 TIDE GAUGE, 625,000 KM
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LEVEL LINE ACROSS U.S.
- FIRST GEODETIC LEVELING WAS LINE ALONG HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK TO ALBANY, 1856
- FIRST MAJOR LINE ALONG 39TH PARALLEL; NJ TO CA
- RUN TO PROVIDE ELEVATIONS FOR TRANSCONTINENTAL ARC SURVEY
- 1877 – 1900
- 5590 MILES OF LEVELING
- DEVIATED FROM 39TH PARALLEL WEST OF CO
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LEVEL LINE ACROSS U.S.
BEGAN HERE
BENCH MARK “A”, HAGERSTOWN, MD
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39
LEVEL NET AS OF 1912
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LEVEL NET AS OF 1978
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STRENGTHENING THE HORIZONTAL NETWORK
- TRIANGULATION ERRORS CAN ACCUMULATE AND CAUSE NETWORK SCALE AND ORIENTATION PROBLEMS
- SOLUTIONS:
- TRANSCONTINENAL TRAVERSE (TCT); 1961-76
- SATELLITE TRIANGULATION; 1963-74
- NAVY TRANSIT SATELLITES (DOPPLER); 1974-84
- VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY (VLBI); 1977-95
- GPS; 1983-PRESENT
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TRANSCONTINENAL TRAVERSE (TCT)
- PROVIDED SCALE TO HORIZONTAL NETWORK
- BEGAN AS PROJECT FOR U.S. AIR FORCE
- AFTER EXCELLENT RESULTS, EXPANDED TO NATIONWIDE PROGRAM
- TWIN BILBY TOWERS USED EARLY IN PROGRAM
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TCT (Con’t)
- ANGLES OBSERVED WITH EXTREME CARE
- NEW TECHNOLOGY OF EDMI USED TO MEASURE DISTANCES
- SURVEYS PROGRESSED ALONG STRAIGHT LINES
- PROVIDED SCALE BETWEEN TWO BC-4 SITES IN U.S.
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PHOTO OF TWIN BILBY TOWERS
FOR TCT
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TCT; ORIGINAL DESIGN TOP, SECOND MIDDLE, THIRD HAD A SINGLE MEASURED LINE
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• Insert map
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SATELLITE TRIANGULATION
- BALLISTIC CAMERAS PHOTOGRAPHED BALLOON SATELLITES AGAINST STAR BACKGROUND
- MYLAR SATELLITE 100 FEET IN DIAMETER
- WORLD WIDE NETWORK OBSERVED
- DETERMINED SHAPE OF NETWORK
- TCT PROVIDED SCALE
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PAGEOS BALLOON SATELLITE
BUILT FOR USC&GS
LAUNCHED 1966
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BC-4 BALLISTIC CAMERA
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PHOTOS ON-LINE AT: http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/brs/geind1.htm
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NAVY TRANSIT SATELLITES
- SYSTEM OF SATELLITES FOR NAVIGATION AT SEA
- DOPPLER PRINCIPLE USED FOR POSITIONING ON LAND
- USED FOR POINT POSITIONING & RELATIVE POSITIONING
- ALL WEATHER SYSTEM
- 242 STATIONS OBSERVED BY NGS
- USED AS CONTROL FOR NAD 83
- NGS PROGRAM LASTED FROM 1974 TO 1984
- LESS ACCURATE THAN GPS
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MAGNAVOX RECEIVER FOR NAVY TRANSIT SATELLITES
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VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY (VLBI)
- RECEIVES RADIO SIGNALS FROM QUASARS
- PRODUCES VERY ACCURATE DISTANCES OVER VERY LONG DISTANCES USING TIME DIFFERENCES
- ALSO DETERMINES ORIENTATION OF LINE
- VERY LARGE TELESCOPE REQUIRED
- 24-HOUR SESSIONS
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VLBI RECEIVER IN BRAZIL
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SURVEY METHODS
HORIZONTAL
- TRIANGULATION
- TRAVERSE
- TRILATERATION
VERTICAL
- SPIRIT LEVELING
- TRIGOMETRIC LEVELING
- BAROMETRIC LEVELING
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EXAMPLE OF TRIANGULATION SURVEY METHOD
ALL ANGLES MEASURED; A FEW DISTANCES MEASURED
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EXAMPLE OF TRAVERSE SURVEY METHOD
EACH ANGLE & EACH DISTANCE MEASURED
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TRILATERATION
SURVEY METHOD IN WHICH:
- ALL TRIANGLE SIDES ARE MEASURED
- A FEW TRIANGLE ANGLES ARE MEASURED
FOR MORE INFORMATION ON SURVEY METHODS, SEE: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/spatial/side2_spatial.html
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EXAMPLE OF SPIRIT LEVELING
See also: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/leveling/side1.html
And: http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/heightmod/Leveling/leveling_index.html
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EXAMPLE OF TRIGOMETRIC LEVELING
For More Information: http://www.ncdot.org/doh/PRECONSTRUCT/HIGHWAY/location/support/support_files/library_doc/Precise_Trig_Leveling_PPT_Rev010731.pdf
Measure Vertical Angle
Measure or Compute Horizontal Distance from Another Source
Compute Height Using Vertical Angle and Horz. Distance
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BAROMETRIC LEVELING
- CALIBRATE ALTIMETER
- TAKE ALTIMETER READINGS AT TOP AND BOTTOM OF HILL
- FASTER THAN OTHER TWO METHODS
- LESS ACCURATE THAN OTHER METHODS
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SURVEY TOWERS
- SURVEY POINTS WERE LOCATED ON HIGH POINTS WHENEVER POSSIBLE
- WHEN NOT POSSIBLE, TOWERS WERE BUILT TO RAISE THE LINE-OF-SIGHT ABOVE TREES AND HILLS
- STANDS AND TOWERS HAVE BEEN BUILT OF RAW TIMBER, CUT LUMBER, ALUMINUM AND STEEL
For more information on survey towers see: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/survey_towers/welcome.html#about
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TIMBER TOWERS
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STEEL BILBY TOWER
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- VIEW OF TOP PORTION OF A BILBY TOWER
- LIGHTKEEPER AIMING 4 LTS
- OBSERVER PULLING TENT
- RECORDER SITTING
- ALL 3 PEOPLE SUPPORTED BY OUTER “BLUE” TOWER
- INSTRUMENT ON INNER “RED” TOWER
BILBY TOWER
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OBSERVING ANGLES
- THEODOLITE INSTRUMENT USED TO MEASURE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANGLES
- TARGETS WERE OBJECTS OR LIGHTS
- WILD T-3 READ TO 1/10 OF A SECOND OF ARC
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24 INCH THEODOLITE IN HASSLER’S CAMP
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USC&GS 12 INCH THEODOLITE
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PARKHURST THEODOLITE
DESIGNED AND PROTOTYPE BUILT BY USC&GS
USED FROM ABOUT 1927 TO 1952
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WILD T-3 THEODOLITE, USED FROM 1952 TO 1984
ALSO SEE: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/theodolites/welcome.html
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MEASURING DISTANCES
- CHAINS
- BARS
- STEEL TAPES
- INVAR TAPES
- EDMI
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SURVEYOR’S CHAIN
- CHAIN IS 66 FEET
- 100 LINKS
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BAR FOR MEASURING BASELINE
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TAPING BASELINE THROUGH HOUSE
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ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASURING INSTRUMENT (EDMI)
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PRISMS (MIRRORS) USED TO REFLECT LIGHT FROM THE
EDMI BACK TO THE EDMI
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RED LASER LIGHT RETURNING FROM PRISMS OVER DISTANT SURVEY STATION
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MORE INFORMATION
See the NOAA 200th Anniversary WWW Site at:
http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov
And “The Coast Survey 1807 – 1867” at the NOAA Library WWW Site at:
http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastsurveyvol1/CONTENTS.html
And Joe Dracup’s “Geodetic Surveys in the U.S.” at:
http://www.history.noaa.gov/tools/surveytech.html