Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe
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Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe
Lecture 4Russian History II
Week 5
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Outline
1.Expansion and Repression2. Between Reform and Reaction3. Views of Russia‘s Past and Present4. Conclusion
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Alexander I1801-1825
1772-1795 Partitions of Poland Acquisition of eastern Georgia
1806 Conquest of Daghestan and Baku
1809 Annexation of Finland
1812
1815
Napoleon's invasion of Russia
Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance
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Holy Alliance
• Inspired by Alexander I 1815• Russia, Prussia, Austria• Christianity in European political life• Bastion against revolution
The legitimacy of established governments and territorial integrity of existing countries
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1801 • Acquisition of eastern Georgia
1806 • Conquest of Daghestan and Baku
1809 • Annexation of Finland
1812 June 241815
• Napoleon's invasion of Russia• Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance• Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland) in personal union with Russia
1830/31 • Polish rebellion (November uprising)
1848 • Intervention in Hungary
1853-1856 • Crimean War
Foreign and Imperial Policy 1801 - 1856
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Autocratic rule,
but
Tsar and nobility were mutually dependent on each other.
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1801 • Sale of serfs without land prohibited
1816-1819 • Abolition of serfdom in Baltic provinces
1819 • University of St. Petersburg founded
1825 • Decembrist uprising
Domestic Policy 1801 - 1856
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Nicholas I1825-1855
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Decembrist movement, 1825
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1801 • Sale of serfs without land prohibited
1816-1819 • Abolition of serfdom in Baltic provinces
1819 • University of St. Petersburg founded
1825 • Decembrist uprising
1832 • Uvarov's three principles enunciated:pravoslavie, samoderzhavie, narodnost´- orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality
1820 ff Birth of Russian intelligentsia
Domestic Policy 1801 - 1856
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Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationality/National Character (narodnost’)
Count Sergey S. Uvarov, Minister for Education 1832
“narodnost’” underlines the originality and uniqueness of the Russian people, the fundamental values of Russian culture and society, as opposed to Westernization. "To turn Russians back to Russian ways", ("возвращаO ть ру́Oсских к ру́Oсскому́"). Uvarov
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Ilya Repin, Religious procession in the Kursk Province, 1880-1883
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Feodor Vasilyev, Village (1869)
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Outline
1.Russia in the 19th Century: the „Gendarme of Europe“
2. Between Reform and Reaction3. Views of Russia‘s Past and Present4. Conclusion
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1801 • Sale of serfs without land prohibited
1816-1819 • Abolition of serfdom in Baltic provinces
1819 • University of St. Petersburg founded
1825 • Decembrist uprising
1832 • Uvarov's three principles enunciated: autocracy, orthodoxy, nationality
1833 • Code of Laws
1834 • Kiev University founded
Domestic Policy 1801 - 1856
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Alexander II1855-1881
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Imperial and Foreign Policy 1856 - 1881
1858-1860 • Acquisition from China of Amur and Maritime provinces
1859 • Surrender of Shamil; conquest of Caucasus completed
1863/64 • Polish rebellion (January uprising)
1864-1885 • Conquest of central Asia
1867 • Alaska sold to the United States of America
1877-1878 • Russo-Turkish War
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Alexander II1855-1881
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Domestic Policy 1856 - 1881
1860-1873 • First railway boom
1861 Feb 19 • Emancipation of the serfs
1863-1865 • Law (courts) and education reform, Zemstvo instituted
1873
1874
• Populist movement To the People (V narod)
• Universal Military Training Act, military reforms
1879 • People's Will Party – terrorism
1881 March 1 • Assassination of Alexander II
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Outline
1.Russia in the 19th Century: the „Gendarme of Europe“
2. Between Reform and Reaction3. Views of Russia‘s Past and Present4. Conclusion
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Nikolai Karamzin, 1766-1826History of the Russian State, 10 volumes, 1816-1826
Petr Chaadaev
Ivan Kireevsky (1806-1856)
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Discussions on Russia’s Past, Present and Future
Slavophiles• Unique Russian civilization• Based on orthodox church, village
community (mir), ancient popular assembly
• Superior to Western culture• Support autocracy• Pro emancipation of the serfs• Freedom of speech and pressReforms of Peter I alienation from
true Russian national characterIvan Kireyevsky, Aleksey Khomiakov,
Ivan Aksakov
Many slavophiles later supported• Panslavic Movement• Russian Nationalism
WesternizersOriented towards Western cultureAdoption of Western culture and
technology necessary for future of Russia
Inferior to Western cultureMostly pro-constitutional, liberal,
rationalisticPro emancipation of the serfsFreedom of speech and pressReforms of Peter I basis for
modernizationP. Chaadayev, Aleksandr Herzen,
Vissarion Belinsky
Many westernizers stayed liberals, others later became socialists or political radicals
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Mir, Obshchina – Peasant community
• 16th c. – 1929 form of organisation in villages• Corporate body with an assembly, obligations and rights• Responsible for allocating the arable land to its members and for
reallocating such lands periodically (size dependent on number of hands
in peasant household)• After abolition of serfdom – land owned jointly by the mir, not by the
individual peasant• Slavophiles saw it as specifically Russian form of organisation• Some socialists interpreted mir as Russian version of socialism
(industrialisation for Russia no precondition for socialism)• Marxist socialists, liberals, modernists-nationalists saw mir as backward
form of organisation – preventing innovation and amelioration in
countryside• Reforms of Stolypin: Creating an estate of individual, wealthy peasants
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Sergei Solovyov1820-1879
History of Russia from the Earliest Times, 1851 – 187929 volumes
Vasily Klyuchevsky1841-1911
Course in Russian History, 5 volumes
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Major Ethnic Groups in the Russian Empire 1897 (125,640,000)
Russians 44.31%Ukrainians 17.81%Belorussians 4.68%Poles 6.31%Jews 4.03%Other ethnic groups in the West 4.47%Ethnic groups in the North 0.42%Ethnic groups Wolga/Ural 5.85%Ethnic groups in Siberia 0.99%Ethnic groups in the Steppe 1.99%Ethnic groups in the Transcaucasus 3.53%Ethnic groups in the Caucasus 1.05%Ethnic groups in Central Asia 5.69%Diaspora groups (1.43% Germans) 1.91%
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Outline
1.Russia in the 19th Century: the „Gendarme of Europe“
2. Between Reform and Reaction3. Views of Russia‘s Past and Present4. Conclusion
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Problems of nation building• Serfdom until 1861• Liberation without land (peasants have to pay for it)• Non-Russian peasants in periphery of Empire have often more rights than Russian peasants• Gulf between nobility/elite and peasants• Weakness of Russian Orthodox Church – since 17th c. tool of autocracy• Late introduction of self-administration (zemstva)• Gulf between autocracy and educated elite• Empire vs. Russian nation (enormous role of non-Russians in imperial bureaucracy)• Great Russians are not absolute majority of population• National movements in periphery• Challenge by socialism• The Russian Empire is overstretched
Dilemma: to compete with the other Great Powers modernisation needed, effective modernisation co-operation of elites, education of population…But… end of autocratic rule, sharing of power, education also vehicle for ‘wrong’ – revolutionary or reformist ideas – scared of peasant uprising
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The Russian narrative
• Moscow Tsardom and the Russian Empire are the legitimate
successors to the Kievian Rus (principality of Kiev)
• The population of the territory of the principality came under foreign
rule (Lithuanian, Polish), Belarussians and Ukrainians were alienated
from the Great Russians
• Ukrainians and Belarussians are not separate nations, they belong to
the Russian Nation
• The Russian Empire collected the land of the Kievian Rus and
liberated Belarussians and Ukrainians from foreign oppression
The integration of this territory in the Russian Empire is historically
necessary, legitimate and unites Ukrainians and Belarussians after
several hundred years of enforced
separation with their Russian brothers and sisters.