NatAcad - Earthquake Remote Sensationshinozuka.eng.uci.edu/Remote_Sensing_2003/Kenneth W....
Transcript of NatAcad - Earthquake Remote Sensationshinozuka.eng.uci.edu/Remote_Sensing_2003/Kenneth W....
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WORKSHOP ON APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSINGTECHNOLOGIES FOR DISASTER RESPONSEBeckman Center of the National AcademiesIrvine, California 12 September 2003
Earthquake Remote SensationKenneth W. Hudnut, Ph.D.Kenneth W. Hudnut, Ph.D.Chief, So. Calif. Earthquake Hazard Assessment ProjectChief, So. Calif. Earthquake Hazard Assessment ProjectEarthquake Hazards Team Earthquake Hazards Team U. S. Geological SurveyU. S. Geological Survey
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The San Andreas FaultThe San Andreas Fault
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San Andreas faultSan Andreas fault•• 35 mm/yr slip rate;35 mm/yr slip rate;
•• >70% of total plate >70% of total plate boundary motionboundary motion
•• 1685, 1812, 18571685, 1812, 1857 eq’seq’s•• Big Bend compressionBig Bend compression
•• 1971 Sylmar (M 6.7)1971 Sylmar (M 6.7)•• 1994 Northridge (M 6.7)1994 Northridge (M 6.7)
•• SoCal SoCal is now heavily is now heavily ‘wired’ (much like ‘wired’ (much like Japan & Taiwan)Japan & Taiwan)
•• 150+ BB CISN stations150+ BB CISN stations•• 250+ SCIGN stations250+ SCIGN stations•• Catalog; SCEC CMM3Catalog; SCEC CMM3
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Southern California is the nation’s most Southern California is the nation’s most dangerous place for earthquakes dangerous place for earthquakes -- why?why?
Silver linings:State-of-the-art earthquake monitoring arraysMany of the world’s best researchers work within this natural laboratory
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GPS is now vital to earthquake monitoring(array technology and GPS satellites weredeveloped in Southern California)
GPS is now vital to earthquake monitoringGPS is now vital to earthquake monitoring(array technology and GPS satellites were(array technology and GPS satellites weredeveloped in Southern California)developed in Southern California)
Measures buildup of strain on faults due to accumulating Measures buildup of strain on faults due to accumulating tectonic motiontectonic motion
Used to detect damage to large engineered structures Used to detect damage to large engineered structures such as dams, and effects of ground tilt and subsidence such as dams, and effects of ground tilt and subsidence on water systemson water systems
Can be used in realCan be used in real--time to detect fault slip at surface, for time to detect fault slip at surface, for early warning systemearly warning system
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GPS
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SCIGN array infrastructure
250 telemetered GPS stations (dual-frequency)
• 30 second data rate• variable latency
Upgrades in progress• 1-second, real-time
Supports highly precise geo-referencing, even in real-time (on aircraft)
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Infrastructure for positioningsupports data collection and mapping
during disaster recovery efforts imageryimagerybefore &before &afterafter
Courtesy of Ron Eguchi
Courtesy of City of Glendale
ATC-20 building safety inspectionsATC(red, yellow and green tagging)ATC--20 building safety inspections20 building safety inspections(red, yellow and green tagging)(red, yellow and green tagging)
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Earthquakes are Earthquakes are not onlynot only California’s problemCalifornia’s problem$30M of oil each day!
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Earthquakes are a global problemEarthquakes are a global problem
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Striving for higher resolutionStriving for higher resolutionand betterand better georeferencinggeoreferencing
SRTMGTOPO30
Platforms: satellite, high-altitude drone, airborne (fixed wing, helicopter),even tripod-mounted (e.g., laser scanner)
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ALSM, InSAR and TM imagingALSM, InSAR and TM imagingand mapping before & afterand mapping before & after Laser scan of land
surfaces and urbaninfrastructure –buildings & lifelines- damage assessment
Pre- and post-disaster images can be differenced to measure damage and track recovery
LANDSAT 7 on SRTM showing earthquake damage - Bhuj, India
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New methods and data integrationNew methods and data integration•• Precise Precise
topographic topographic mapping of mapping of surface ruptures surface ruptures and active fault and active fault scarpsscarps•• slip models for slip models for
prehistoric eventsprehistoric events•• rapid assessment rapid assessment
of surface slip and of surface slip and damage patterns damage patterns after large eventsafter large events
•• Requires precise Requires precise integration of GPS integration of GPS & INS for flight & INS for flight navigation
1957Gobi-Altaiearthquakesurfacerupture
navigation
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High resolution topography along surface rupture of the High resolution topography along surface rupture of the October 16, 1999 Hector Mine, California Earthquake (MOctober 16, 1999 Hector Mine, California Earthquake (Mww7.1) 7.1) from Airborne Laser Swath Mappingfrom Airborne Laser Swath Mapping
Hudnut, K. W. (USGS), A.Hudnut, K. W. (USGS), A. Borsa Borsa (UCSD),(UCSD),C.C. Glennie Glennie ((AerotecAerotec, LLC) and J., LLC) and J.--B. Minster (UCSD)B. Minster (UCSD)
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of AmericaSpecial Issue on the Hector Mine earthquake (2002)
http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/office/hudnut/docs/
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Katherine Kendrick, USGS
Chris Walls, Earth Consultants International
‘A rip in the desert canvas’- Los Angeles Times
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Airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM)
• precise topographic mapping of surface ruptures and active fault scarps
Airborne platform navigationmust be highly precise andrequires high-rate GPS data
• representation of actual fault ruptures recorded and preserved in unprecedented detail
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Geolocation Vectors and Error Sources
R r
v
r
Vector from CMearth to GPS phase centerMagnitude & directional errors both arestochastic, time and location variant.
R
vVector from GPS phase center to laserMagnitude error is constant if no airframe flexing. Directional error due to constant and time-varying biases in INS.
Vector from laser to ground footprintMagnitude error due to timing, instrument and atmospheric delays. Directional errorfrom constant mirror mounting offsets and time-varying biases in reporting of scanangles (both pitch and roll).
Note: additional errors due to imperfectsynchronization of GPS, INS, mirror scanand laser firing times must be modeled and removed as well.
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Explodedordnance(crater)
pitch maneuvers
Lavic LakeRoll & PitchManeuvers
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Maximumslipsectionof the1999HectorMine eq.surfacerupture
Photo byKeith Stark(SCIGN)
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QuickTime™ and a DV/DVCPRO - NTSC decompressor are needed to see this picture.
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Estimating Estimating slip on slip on ‘max. slip’ ‘max. slip’ segment ofsegment ofthe faultthe fault
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Laser ScanLaser Scanof the San of the San AndreasAndreasProposal to theNSF EarthScopeScience RFP:Prof. Mike Bevis, PI (OSU)
Requireshigh-rate (1 Hz)GPS datafrom SCIGNsites alongfhe fault &special carewith IMU-INS
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The National Map: Public Safety
Selected HazardsMajor earthquakes 1983-2003Volcanoes – Potentially activeWildfires reported to Federal agencies – 2001 Major hurricane tracks since 1850
Other Concerns125 mile buffer from America’s bordersWatersheds around urban areas
Urban AreasMajor urban areasOther cities and places with special concerns
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The National Map: Infrastructure
Selected InfrastructureUrban areasRoadsRailroadsPipelinesAirports, dams, and power facilitiesMilitary reservationsOther Federal engineering sites
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Future developmentsFuture developmentsGlobalhawk
Real-timeGPS arrays Precise georeferencing of pre-
and post-event imagery datais made possible by fixed GPSarray at high data rate
Maps2MEFutureRoads
StarFire NAVCOM globaldecimeter real-time GPS
AIMS and other GPS/INS integration
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Conclusions:Conclusions:•• GPS and inertial sensor integration for highGPS and inertial sensor integration for high--
accuracy applications is practical inaccuracy applications is practical in SoCal SoCal because SCIGN can be readily upgraded to because SCIGN can be readily upgraded to support centimetersupport centimeter--level accuracy in reallevel accuracy in real--timetime
•• Earthquake applications of ALSM Earthquake applications of ALSM & GPS/INS integration are:& GPS/INS integration are:
•• societally societally relevant relevant -- significant significant economic impact and economic impact and consequences would result from consequences would result from technological innovationstechnological innovations
•• scientifically exciting for the very scientifically exciting for the very dynamic SCEC research dynamic SCEC research community community -- major breakthroughs major breakthroughs in earthquake source physics are in earthquake source physics are likely to result from collaborationslikely to result from collaborations