t

O.D.Corpuz

THE ROOTS OF THE FILIPINO NATION

THE ROOTS OF THE FILIPINO NATION

Volume II

0.0. CORPUZ

.A AKLAID Foundation, Inc . ....... HI Quezon City, Philippines

Copyright 1989

by

0.0. CORPUZ

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the author.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

- Chapter 12

TOWARDS BAGUMBAYAN: NEW TOWN, KILLING GROUND

Towards Politics: Reformers and Demonstrators 3 A Mutiny and the Terror of 1872 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17 The Youth and the Terror ................... 36

Chapter 13

"WE ARE THE ClllLDREN OF THE CENTURY OF PROGRESS": 1870s-1890s

The Century of Progress .................... 43 The Flawed Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Chapter 14

THE PUEBLOS BEFORE THE REVOLUTION: 1870s-1890s

The Tribunal and the Cockpit .............. 69 Pueblos, Fiestas ........................ 83 Students, Gobernadorcillos, The Girls of Malolos 97

iii

iv The Roots of the Filipino People

CHAPTER 15

THE AGE OF FILIBUSTERISMO: 1870s-1890s

Disturbances and Demonstrations ............. 109 Filibusterismo: Denunciations .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 115 Filibusterismo: Deportations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 130

CHAPTER 16

INDIOS BRAVOS; REFORM AND RADICALISM: 1880s-1892

The Indios Bravos: Romance and Patriotism ....... 147 The Propaganda: La Solidaridad .............. 166 The Propaganda: Intrigue Against Rizal . . . . . . . . .. 174 The Larger Propaganda;

the Eclipse of Jjz Solidaridad . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179 The Legacy of the Propaganda:

Radicalism and Revolution ............... 190

CHAPTER 17

THE KA TIPUNAN, THE REVOLUTION: 1892-1898

The Death of the Propaganda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 206 The Liga Filipina: Bridge to the Katipunan . . . . . . .. 209 The Original Katipunan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 211 The Katipunan and the New Nation ........ . . .. 219 The Revolution: To the Fall of Cavite ........... 224 The Execution of the Supremo ................ 243 The Revolution: To Biak-na-Bato and Hongkong .... 255

Contents

CHAPTER 18

THE REVOLUTION; THE REPUBLIC: 1898-1899

v

"Placing Their Lives in Danger a Thousand Times" 271 The People's Army ........................ 296 "The Filipinos Should Be The Ones Who Should

Govern The Sons Of This Land" . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Chapter 19

TIlE REPUBLIC AND AMERICAN IMPERIALISM, 1898-1899

Jingoism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Turkey Shoot In the Bay, Sham Battle for Manila ... 346 Three American Consuls and the Revolution:

November 1897-August 1898 .............. 349 An American President's Piety and

Imperialism: May 1898-January 1899 ........ 358 Challenges to Aguinaldo: July 1898-January 1899 .... 378 Black Saturday, 4 February 1899 .......... _. . . .. 396

Chapter 20

THE RLIPINO-AMERICAN WAR: 1899-1902

Serge, Serge, Serge: February-November 1899 ...... 404 How the Heart of a Patriot Beats:

November 1899-April 1901 .............. 437 The Inglorious War: 1901-1902 ................ 461

vi The Roots of the Filipino People

Chapter 21

The Filipino-American War: 1902-1906; The American Occupation

Patriots, Ladrones, Pulahanes ................ 487 The Moro Wars: 1899-1912 .................. 505 The Aftermath ......................... 519 The Purchase of the Friar Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 526 Elite Politics, Independence Without Nationalism . .. 534

EPII.OGUE ............................... 568

NOTES .................................. 584

LIST OF SOURCES ......................... 661

INDEX .................................. 680

Corpuz, Onofre, The Roots of the Filipino Nation vol.II 1Corpuz, Onofre, The Roots of the Filipino Nation vol.II 2Corpuz, Onofre, The Roots of the Filipino Nation vol.II 3Corpuz, Onofre, The Roots of the Filipino Nation vol.II 4Corpuz, Onofre, The Roots of the Filipino Nation vol.II 5Corpuz, Onofre, The Roots of the Filipino Nation vol.II 6Corpuz, Onofre, The Roots of the Filipino Nation vol.II 7