NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference...
Transcript of NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference...
![Page 1: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report
2017 RHIC & AGS Annual Users’ Meeting June 22, 2017
Gregory Nelson Loma Linda University
NASA Human Research Program
![Page 2: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
NASA Requirements Characterize effects of space radiation components on biological and physical systems required to estimate astronaut health risks. • Quantify biological responses associate with cell and tissue damage • Verify radiation transport codes with shielding measurements • Quantify physical responses of microelectronics • Calibrate detectors
Identified Health Risks • Cancer • Heart disease and late degenerative conditions • In-mission and post-mission impairments to central nervous system • Early (acute) responses of blood/immune system, GI tract
![Page 3: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Space Radiation Problem
• Space radiation is comprised of high-energy protons, heavy ions and secondary particles produced in shielding
• Unique damage to biomolecules, cells, and tissues occurs from HZE ions that is qualitatively distinct from photons
• No human data to estimate risk from heavy ions
• Animal and cell models must be applied or developed to estimate cancer, CNS risks, and other risks
![Page 4: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Space Radiation Environment
![Page 5: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
GCR Abundance in Free Space
Nat. Res. Council (2008) Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration
![Page 6: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Free Space GCR Environments at 1 AU
Modified from: M. S. Clowdsley, G. DeAngelis, J. W. Wilson, F. F. Badavi, and R. C. Singleterry
1977 Solar Minimum (solid) 1990 Solar Maximum (dashed)
Energy (MeV/amu)
Partic
leFlu
ence
(#pa
rticles
/cm2 -M
eV/am
u-yea
r)
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 10610-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Z=1
Z=2
3≤Z≤1011≤Z≤20
21≤Z≤28
Solar max dashed Solar min solid
NSRL Z > 1
< 1 cm range in H2O for protons
NSRL Z = 1
![Page 7: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Free Space SPE Proton Spectra at 1 AU
Modified from: M. S. Clowdsley, G. DeAngelis, J. W. Wilson, F. F. Badavi, and R. C. Singleterry
Energy (MeV/amu)
Partic
leFlue
nce(
#part
icles/c
m2 -MeV
/amu)
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
Worst Case SPEFeb. 1956Aug. 1972Sept. 1989
NSRL
< 1 cm range in H2O
![Page 8: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Nuclear Emulsion Worn by Neil Armstrong during Apollo 11
Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976
![Page 9: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Radiation Doses are Mission Specific • Destination and duration • Vehicle and habitat design • Solar conditions
International Space Station ‒2013-2024: 6-person crews for 6 months; 2-person crews for 12 months ‒Dose limits reached after 1-3 missions Gate Way Missions –20 –40 days in deep space ‒Doses on order of 35-70 mSv–solar min; SPE protection provided ‒Previous experience may limit crew selection Deep Space Transport: (cis-lunar; 200 (EM7) –400 (EM9) day missions.) ‒Outside Earth’s magnetosphere in free space; no planetary protection; GCR risks major concern ‒Limited number of crew will certify for EM7 & EM9 flight –depends mainly on time in solar cycle Planetary: Mars ‒ 2030 and beyond: 6-person crews, up to 3 yrs. ‒ Long deep space transit times; mixed field environment on Mars ‒ 245 – 360 mGy / 1050 – 1200 mSv ‒ 3 to 4 times over current Permissible Exposure Limits Deep Space Dose Rate ‒ 0.445 mGy/day (with appropriate shielding assumptions) ‒ 1.8 mSv/day measured on MSL
![Page 10: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Exposure Rules of Thumb • A mammalian cell nucleus is traversed by a
particle on average: – Protons: Once every 3 days – Helium: Once every 3 weeks – Z>2 ion: Once every 3 months
• Mars mission exposure: ≈ 200:100:50:50:50
– Protons ≈ 200 mGy – Helium ≈ 100 mGy – Z = 3 to 9 ≈ 50 mGy – Z > 9 ≈ 50 mGy – Neutrons ≈ 50 mGy
– Total 0.445 mGy/day or 1.8 mSv/day
![Page 11: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
NSRL
![Page 12: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
NASA Space Radiation Laboratory
![Page 13: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
NASA Space Radiation Laboratory Provides the following Facility and Support Services
D Lowenstein
• Ion beams • Experimental area • Dosimetry • Life science and physics liaisons • Experimental area cell and animal laboratories • Long term animal care facilities • Long term cell laboratories
![Page 14: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL)
Beam Extracted from AGS Booster NASA
Radiation Beam
Experimental Target Room
Q1
Q2
Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 D1
D2
Tunnel ~ 282 ft
NSRL receives the radiation beam extracted from AGS Booster through a ~ 370 ft long tunnel covered under a concrete shield of ~ 15 ft thickness and fine tuned with eight quadrupole (Q) and two diverter (D) magnetic devices.
Courtesy of NASA JSC
![Page 15: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Beam Parameters
Spill = 0.5 - 1.0 Sec.
Repetition Rate = 0.3 - 0.7 Hz
Beam Size = 1 - 60 cm. diam.
Typical Exposures
Ion Energies = 200 – 1000 MeV/n
Dose = 0.01 to 0.5 Gray
Fluence ~104 – 108 particles per cm2
Target Geometric Cross Sections ~ 100 microns2
![Page 16: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
NSRL Beam Line and Beam Profiles
![Page 17: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
NSRL Dosimetry Display and Remote Image of Target
![Page 18: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sample Holders and Collimators
![Page 19: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
NSRL Physics Team
Mike Siverts, Chiara LaTessa, Adam Rusek, I-Hung Chiang (deceased), Rory Rosselot (not shown), Charlie Pearson (not shown)
![Page 20: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DNA Damage from Photons vs Charged Particles
![Page 21: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A Short Segment of a Particle Track and DNA / Chromatin Segments
Clustering of ionizations efficient at producing DNA strand breaks and non random fragmentation
D Goodhead
![Page 22: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Visualization of Tracks of DNA Damage in Cell Nuclei
Gamma Rays Silicon Ion Iron Ions
γ-H2AX Labeling
Cucinotta and Durante, Lancet Oncology (2006)
![Page 23: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Tucker 2004
Clustered Chromosome Damage Can Lead to Complex Aberrations
![Page 24: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Chromosome Aberrations
(from Blakely 2000)
![Page 25: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dicello et al. Phys Med Biol. 49:3817-30 (2004)
Cumulative excess lifetime incidence of mammary tumors as a function of dose for 250 MeV proton and 1 GeV/n 56Fe irradiated rats.
Rat Mammary Tumor Induction
![Page 26: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
High Single Dose Radiation-induced Intestinal Tumors in Mice
Al Fornace
4 Gy
![Page 27: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Cells Indicator of Metabolic Dysregulation
Mouse. Neural precursor cells – ROS levels X-rays, protons, 56Fe ions. 6 hrs post IR.
![Page 28: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Retinal Endothelial Cell “Apoptosis” – Acute Response
0 Gy 0.1 Gy
Cell Death Marker, Endothelial Cells, Cell Nuclei
Representative micrographs of retina sections were evaluated at 14 days after radiation. TUNEL-positive cells were identified with green fluorescence, the nuclei of photoreceptors were counterstained with DAPI (blue).The vessels were stained with tomato lectin (red).
![Page 29: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Microvessel Damage in Mouse Brain Late Response
X Mao
A B
Control Irradiated
Hippocampal microvessel morphological changes in CA1 region at 12 months
![Page 30: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
eNOS is an important cell signaling molecule which catalyzes the production of Nitric Oxide in the vascular wall leading to modulation of contractility and vascular tone. Upper panel: Representative micrographs of endothelial cells immunostained with anti- eNOS antibody (red) 24/48 hours post irradiation and nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Lower panel: Values are relative fluorescence ±SEM normalized to 0 Gy. *Significantly different than 0 Gy (p<0.05). 600 MeV/n 16O ,150 MeV/n 1H Irradiated; Bar=50 um.
Effect of 16O Ion , 1H, or 60Co ϒ Radiation on Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) Expression
in Mouse Cardiac Microvessel Endothelial Cells
Cardiac Endothelial Cell eNOSProton 24 & 48 hrs
Dose cGy
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Rela
tive
Fluo
resc
ence
+/-
SEM
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
24 hrs48 hrs
* *
Cardiac Endothelial Cell eNOS16-O 24 & 48 hrs
Dose cGy
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Rel
ativ
e Fl
uore
scen
ce +
/- SE
M
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
24 hrs48 hrs
* *
* *
Cardiac Microvessel Endothelial CellsCo60 eNOS at 24 and 48 Hrs post-Irradiation
Dose Gy0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Rel
ativ
e Fl
uore
scen
ce +
/- SE
M
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.024 Hrs post IR48 Hrs post IR
* * *
*
Control
eNOS/DAPI
1H 16O-ions 60Co ϒ
16O-ions 0 – 50 cGy Protons 0 – 50 cGy 60Co ϒ 0 – 2 Gy
![Page 31: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Persistent Inflammation Activated Microglia (Brain Resident Immune cells)
![Page 32: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Purkinje Cell: a Complex Neuron in Cerebellum
100 um
Segment of Iron Ion Track in Nuclear Emulsion
![Page 33: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Light Flash Illusions from Single Particles
L Narici. New Journal of Physics 10 (2008) 075010
![Page 34: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
CA1 Pyramidal Neurons What is the Important Target?
J COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 391:335–352 (1998) G.K. PYAPALI, A. SIK, M. PENTTONEN, G. BUZSAKI, and D.A. TURNER Dendritic Properties of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat: Intracellular Staining In Vivo and In Vitro
500 um Targets:
Cell nucleus cross sectional area 60 um2
15 micron diameter soma w 193 um2 area Arbor projected area 12,000 um2
Synapses 1 – 2.13 / μm3 in cortex
![Page 35: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Transgenic Mice Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein Only in Neurons
![Page 36: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Mouse. Dendritic Spine # and Density. 16O and 48Ti ions. 8 weeks post IR.
Neuronal Branching and Spine/Synapse Loss
![Page 37: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Electrochemical Properties of Neurons are Impaired
Mouse. Synaptic excitability of CA1 pyramidal cells.
28Si ions. 3 months post IR
Mouse hippocampus LTP of CA1 cells. 56Fe ions. 3 months post IR.
![Page 38: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Biological Reasons to Use Multi-ion GCR Simulations
• Dose Responses are not All Linear – e.g. U-Shaped
• Particle Effects May Be Unique • Effects May Be Antagonistic • Mixed Particle Exposures May Not Produce
Simple Additive Responses • Sequential Exposures Don’t Always Produce
Simple Additive Responses • Dose Rate Effects Unclear for Particles
– What are the biological time constants?
![Page 39: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
GCR Simulation Define GCR reference environment in terms of NSRL operational and delivery parameters including animal care, cell requirements and logistics.
• Define the particle environment(s) during exploration missions for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations, body models, organ locations, number of
reference fields, mars surface vs. deep space
• Determine the best approach to deliver the model environment at NSRL. Identify facility, hardware, and software constraints. o Beam energies, controls, spill rates, absorbers, low doses, dose rates, operations o Control which quantities? LET, dose eq, Z2/β2; energy binning, range
• Define animal and cell requirements, logistics and constraints. o IACUC, cages, incubators , animal husbandry, lighting & environmental control o Personnel requirements
![Page 40: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
GCR sim Free Space vs. Local Field
Local Field Biological samples
experience radiation field as if they were
located here.
Spacecraft Shielding
Free Space
Free Space
![Page 41: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Summary • Numerous biological responses associated with NASA-
relevant health risks are being characterized • Shielding performance tested (cross sections) and
transport codes evaluated • Detectors calibrated • Multi-ion simulations of GCR environment under
development • Educational support – summer school • NASA-funded investigators • NIH investigators • Aerospace industry
![Page 42: NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Report · Schaefer & Sullivan, 1976 . ... for a reference shielding value and tissue location o Time in solar cycle, shielding configurations,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071013/5fcb19b45e55c2134e248045/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Thank-you for your attention.