NASA Kennedy Space Center Launa Maier Dr. Lisa … · NASA Kennedy Space Center Launa Maier Dr....

NASAKennedySpaceCenterLaunaMaier

Dr.LisaHuddlestonKris3nSmith

January27,2016

Ar0strenderingofSLSsoaringthroughclouds

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160001284 2018-08-25T04:07:38+00:00Z

J.F.KennedySpaceCenter

Agenda

• Background• PastResearch• KSCWeatherToday,Staff,Responsibili>es,Ac>vi>es

•  Evolu>onofWeatherSupport•  FutureTechnology• BuoyUpdate•  Summary


Background

•  PriorandduringApollo,theWeatherBureau(laternamedtheNa>onalWeatherService)providedmeteorologicalsupportforKennedySpaceCenter(KSC)andhadofficesatJohnsonSpaceCenter(JSC),Miami,HonoluluandWashingtonD.C.

•  Duringthis>me,theUSAFprovidedsomemeteorologicalservicesincludingrawinsondes,weatherradar,surface-basedinstrumentsandanetworkofwindtowersfordiffusionoftoxic/nuclearmaterials.(ref.KCA-1645Webb-McNamaraAgreement)

•  PostApollo,KSCelectedtousetheUSAFforweathersupportandJSCcon>nuedtousetheNa>onalWeatherService.

•  TheLightningAdvisoryPanel(LAP)wasformedfollowinginves>ga>onoftriggeredlightningeventonlaunch(AC-67)toproviderulesandassociatedtechnicalra>onaleforlaunchconstraintstoprecludetriggeredlightningduringlaunch.

•  WeatherOfficeformedaboutthesame>me,baseduponrecommenda>onoftheinves>ga>onboard.

•  TheWeatherSupportOffice(WSO)wasformedatNASAHQaboutthesame>me.Subsequently,(late90s)thisresponsibilitywasdelegatedtoJohnMaduraatKSCandtheWSOwaseliminated.

•  Shortlytherea^er,theAppliedMeteorologyUnitwasformedbaseduponrecommenda>onsfromNASA-sponsoredpaneltodevelopandapplynewmeasurementtechnologyaswellasnewweatheranalysisandfore-cas>ngtechniquestoimproveweathersupportforspaceopera>ons.

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ThunderstormResearchInterna3onalProgram(TRIP)

•  SouthDakotaSchoolofMinesT-28(1978)

•  NASA-6AirborneFieldMill

•  NewMexicoTechRainGauges(Brook)

•  EnvironmentalResearchLaboratoryC-131(Kasemir)

•  KennedySpaceCenterNASA-6(Taiani)•  NavalResearchLaboratoriesS2D(Ruhnke)•  UniversityofArizona(Krider)•  RiceUniversity(Few)•  Transporta>onSystemsCenter(Kalafus)

•  AFFlightDynamicsLaboratory(Baum)

•  JSC(Arabian)

•  GSFC(LeVine)•  StanfordResearchIns>tute(Nanevicz)•  StatueUniversityofNewYorkatAlbany

(OrvilleandIdone)

•  PennsylvaniaStateUniversity(Panofsky)•  Na>onalSevereStormsLaboratory(Rust

andTaylor)

•  USAF1035thTechnicalOpera>onsGroup(Turman)

•  UniversityofFlorida(Uman)

•  KSC(Lennon,Poehler,Stubbs,PRC/Stahmann)

1976-77TRIPreporthgp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19780003695.pdf1976FlightDatahgps://archive.org/stream/nasa_techdoc_19780025750/19780025750#page/n179/mode/2up

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ResultsfromTRIP

MovingFilmS>llPhoto

Flashthatoccurredat2024:50UT,7/29/78,KSC,FloridafromOrvilleandIdone,JGR,1982

Lightningelements

Veloci3es

Steppedleaders

2x105

Dart-steppedleaders

1-2x106

Dartleaders 1-2x107

ReturnStrokes

2x107-2.8x108

IXInterna>onalSymposiumonLightningProtec>on,

Rakov,2007

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Loca3ngLightningandThunderstormCurrentswithElectricFieldMills

7/19/1976

Al>tudesofchargesdepositedbycloud-to-groundlightninganduseofdipolestolocateintracloudlightning,MaierandKrider,JGR,1986

TheElectricCurrentsProducedbyThunderstorms,KriderandBlakeslee,J.Electrosta>cs,1985

7/11/1978

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Rocket-TriggeredLightning

• NASAhostedtheRocket-triggeredlightningprogramfrom1984-1991

• Repeatedlytriggeredlightningataknownloca>ontomeasurelightningcharacteris>cs

• ResearchersfromFrance,Florida,NewYork,Arizonaandmorepar>cipatedincharacterizingthecurrents,veloci>es,spectrums,etc.oftriggeredlightning

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LightningProtec3onSystems

•  Numeroussystemsareemployedtoprotectsensi>vehardwarefromlightningeffects

•  Thesesystemshavealsobeenusedtostudythecharacteris>csoflightning;e.g.,frequencyofoccurrence,returnstrokes,currents,inducedcurrents,andmore

•  Systemsusedincludecatenarywiresystem,lightningtowers,internalelectricmeasurementstoquan>fyinducedvoltages,electricandmagne>cfieldmeasurementsandmore

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Convec3onandPrecipita3onExperiment(CaPE)

•  TheConvec>onandPrecipita>on/Electrifica>onExperiment(CaPE)

•  7/18-8/18,1991•  Par>cipantsincludedNSF,FAA,NASA,NOAA,USAF•  MainObjec>ves:1)Rela>onshipbetweenwind,waterandelectric

fieldsinconvec>veclouds;2)Mesoscalemodelforecastsofwind,cloudandthunderstorms;3)Improvingnowcas>ngofconvec>on,downburstsandtornadoes;4)precipita>onpar>clecharacteriza>onandes>ma>onofrainfall

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ExampleExperiment:TheAdvancedMicrowavePrecipita3onRadiometerTheAMPRisatotalpowerpassivemicrowaveradiometerproducingcalibratedbrightnesstemperatures(TB)at10.7,19.35,37.1,and85.5GHz.Thesefrequenciesaresensi>vetotheemissionandscageringofprecipita>on-sizeice,liquidwater,andwatervapor.


12/8/2015 10

AirborneFieldMillCampaigns

AirborneFieldMillII(6/2000,2/2001,5-6/2001)•  KSC,MSFC,USAF,NCAR,UnivofNDakota,

NHLandNOAAEnvir.TechLab•  Studiedtheelectricfieldinanviland

debrisclouds

AirborneFieldMillI(2000-2001)•  NASA(HQ,KSC,MSFC,LaRC),USAF,SRI,

Aerojet•  Studiedtheelectricfieldabovegrowing

cumulusandinsidevariouscloudtypes

Purpose:Toiden>fy,bymeasurableparameters,whichcloudshavesufficientelectricfieldtotrigger

lightningduringlaunch.

KSC Weather LisaHuddleston,AMUChief§ BS(IndustrialEngineering)§ MS(EngineeringManagement)§ PhD(EnvironmentalScience)§ 12yearsNASA;17yearscontractor§ 15+professionalpublica>ons

Kris3nSmith§ BS(Meteorology)§ MS(Atmospheric&OceanicScience)§ PhDstudent(Atmospheric&OceanicScience)

§ 3yearswithNASA/KSC,MSFCcontractor(2years)

§ 3+professionalpublica>ons

LaunaMaier,Manager§ BS(Physics)§ MS(AtmosphericPhysics)§ MS(EngineeringManagement)§ NSSL(2years),UnivAriz(5years),CSC(2years)andNASA(27years)

§ 15+professionalpublica>ons

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KSCWeatherResponsibili3es

•  Ensureefficientandeffec>veopera>onalweathersupportforNASAProgramsandProjects

•  Budgetandacquireopera>onalweatherservices(USAF,NDBC,contractorsupport,etc.)

•  Dailyforecasts,warnings(severeweather,lightning,highwinds,temperatureextremes),accesstodata

•  Developbothpolicyandagreementsandoverseeimplementa>on•  Developmeasurablelaunchcommitcriteriatoprecludenaturalortriggered

lightningduringlaunchandavoidtribo-electrifica>onhazards•  Developandimplementsensors,tools,orprocessestoincreasesafetyofopera>ons

andlaunchandtoincreaseopera>onalandlaunchavailabilitythroughrela>onshipswithotherNASACenters,USAFandacademia

•  Supportdecisionmakersinprepara>onsandresponsetoadverseweatherevents(e.g.,tropicalweather)

•  Provideanalysisofweathereventsfordamageassessmentsanddecisionsregardingrepair,retestandreuse

•  Providepriori>esforKSCweatherresearchprojectstoimproveopera>onalandlaunchavailabilitythroughnewtoolsandtechniques(e.g.,priori>esforSBIR,NASAgrants)

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KSCWeatherCustomers

• GroundSystemsandDevelopmentOpera>ons,OrionandSpaceLaunchSystems

•  21stCenturyGroundSystems•  LaunchServicesProgram• CommercialCrewProgram• CommercialLaunchers•  SmallerprojectsuchasAdvancedExplora>onSystems,LunarExpress,Morpheus,RocketUniversity

• KSCEmployees

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WeatherPartnerships

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USAF Eastern Range & USAF O&M, Sustaining Contractor Instruments located at CCAFS, KSC and surrounding area

NOAA NWS Doppler Radar, Satellites, Forecast Models NOAA NHC Models and Forecasts

KSC (50 MHz DRWP, 39B Wx Instr) MSFC Natural Environments Branch (Wx effects on Vehicles)

JSC/NWS (Landing/Recovery Operations)


45thWeatherSquadronSupporttoKSC

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• DedicatedLaunchWeatherOfficer(LWO)toprovidedailyopera>onalforecasts,tosupportdailyopera>ons(e.g.,flighthardwaremoves),tosupportlaunchopera>onsandtoprovidereal->merequestsforinforma>on

• Providesallweatherinstrumenta>on(e.g.,rawinsondes,weatherradar,windtowernetwork,lightningsystems,fieldmillnetwork,915MHzDRWPs)withtheexcep>onoftheDopplerRadarWindProfiler(DRWP)andPadBweatherinstrumenta>onusedfordailyandlaunchopera>ons

• Provideswarnings(e.g.,highwinds,lightning,tornado,hail,extremetemperature,tropicalstorm)

• Providesforecastsforweathersensi>veopera>ons(e.g.,hardwaremoves,launches,construc>on,fueling,controlledburns)

• Providespost-eventweatherdataandanalyses


WeatherInstrumenta3onsuppor3ngUSAF/KSC

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AppliedMeteorologyUnit

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• Developandapplynewmeasurementtechnology(e.g.,setuphardwaretodisplaywindfieldfrom3Dopplerweatherradars,splicingtoolfortowers,915and50MHzDRWP)

• Developandapplynewweatheranalysisandrecentforecas>ngtechniques(e.g.,localizedmodelsforini>alconvec>onandfog,valida>onofDRWPdata)

• Improveweathersupportforspaceopera>onsbydevelopmentofoverlaysanddisplaysspecifictocustomerweatherrequirements(e.g.,rangeringsforKSC,windlimitdisplays,anvilmovementand>mingoverlayforLLCCforecas>ng,videolineofsightareas)

• Provideforecastereduca>onandtraining


ExampleAMUproduct:EvaluatePredic3onofLocalSeaBreezeFronts

fromAMU-WRFModel

•  Purpose•  Evaluateperformanceofthe1.33kmresolu>onAMU-WRFmodelinpredic>ngtheonset>me,inlandposi>on,andintensityofseabreezefrontsintheKSC/CCAFSareaduringthewarmseason.

•  Evalua>onwillhelpdeterminemodel’sabilitytopredict“firstlightning”oftheday.

•  Opera3onalProduct•  AMU-WRFmodeldisplayedintheAdvancedWeatherInterac>veProcessingSystem(AWIPS)intheAMUandRangeWeatherOpera>ons.

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ExampleAMUproduct:Configura3onandEvalua3onofaReal-TimeDual-DopplerWind

FieldSystem

•  Purpose•  Useradialveloci>esfromtwoDopplerradarstoproducewindfieldsinreal>me

•  Improveweathermodelforecasts•  Makehorizontalwindfieldeasiertointerpret,enablingforecastersto

•  Predictstormdevelopment•  Issuewindandlightningwarnings

•  Opera3onalProduct•  Opera>onalversionofdual-Dopplerso^warerunninginreal>me•  Reportoffindingsfrominves>ga>onofmethods,hardware/so^warerequirements

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ExampleAMUproduct:AnvilTool

•  Purpose•  Predictarrival>meofanvilclouds(usingupperairwinddatafromrawinsondes,Dopplerradarwindprofilerormodels)

•  Cloudscanbeathreatfortriggeredlightningduringlaunchvehicleascent

•  Opera3onalProduct•  Centeredonlaunchpad,depictarcswhichrepresent>meforcloudstopropagateoverthelaunchpad

•  Forecastlikelihoodofconstraintviola>onforupcoming>meoflaunch

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Lightning & Chemistry •  LargestsourceofNOx(NO+NO2)intheuppertroposphere

•  NOxinfluences:•  O3produc>on•  OHconcentra>on•  Indirectlyaffectsclimate

•  Roughly60%uncertaintyinamountoflightning-generatedNOx(LNOx)produc>on

•  Flashtypeandlength•  Needtobegerunderstandfor

modeling

•  Howdowereduceuncertainty?•  Fieldcampaigns•  Modeling•  Laboratorytests Schumann&Huntrieser,2007

O2+N2+NO+NONO+O3NO2+O2

NO2+NO+OO+O2+MO3+M

16Nov2005HectorThunderstorm(Darwin,AU;SCOUT-O3/ACTIVEfieldcampaign)

29May2012OklahomaConvec3on(DC3fieldcampaign)

Cummingsetal.,2013Cummingsetal.,2016


LightningAdvisoryPanel• Smallprocurementswithworld-wideexpertsto:– DevelopandupdateLightningLaunchCommitCriteria(LLCC)toenablesafelaunch,improvelaunchavailabilityanddocumentthera>onale

– Adviseonlightningadvisoryandwarningcriteria,sensorsandevalua>ontechnologyforimprovedopera>onalavailability

• LLCCu>lizedforalllaunchvehiclesatalllaunchsites(i.e.,USAF,NASA,andFAA-licensed)

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3 hrs 4 hrs

7.5dBZ

-20°C

-15°C

0 °C

OK > 4500 ft


DopplerRadarWindProfiler

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Opera>onsandmaintenanceofaphased-arrayradarcomprisedof640antennason~5acreswithsolid-stateantennabeam-poin>ngtechnologytodirecta250kWagDopplerbeam


50-MHzDopplerRadarWindProfiler(DRWP)

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50MHzDRWPantennafield

§  50 DRWP: Tropospheric wind profiler §  Vertical profiles of wind (2,600-18,600 m, every 145 m) §  Evaluate aerodynamic loading of space launch vehicles §  Weather balloons take ~1.5 hours to reach top altitude

and can drift up to 200 miles downwind §  50DRWP is every 3 min and directly overhead

50DRWPloca>on


LPLWSsensor LPLWSsensorloca>ons

LaunchPadLightningWarningSystem(LPLWS)

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§  31 surface electric field sensors §  Electric charge at surface induced by charges aloft

§  Evaluate Lightning Launch Commit Criteria §  Can indicate danger or provide relief from other rules


WeatherDataArchive

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• Provide>melyno>fica>onofpossibledamagetoGSEandflight,andspacecra^hardwaredueto24/7nearreal->melightningalerts

• Supportsta>s>calanalysesofweatherdatanecessaryforthedesignofnewgroundprocessing,launch,flight,andrecoveryhardwareorfacili>es

• Provideaccesstodataforinves>ga>ngweather-relatedaccidentsoranomalies

• ProvidesKSCaccesstoRangeMeteorologicaldatawhichrequiresalicenseagreement.Thisservicemaintainssecurityandeliminatesexpenseofbuyingmul>plelicensestoaccessdata.ProvidesRangeandothersaccesstoKSCdata.

• Automatedscriptswhicheliminatesrecurringwork;i.e.,subsequentrequestsforthesametypesofdataoccurwithoutaddi>onalhours.


LightningAssessmentandAnalysis

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• Define/clarifyKSCpolicyandproceduresonfacility/systemdesigntoassuresafetyofpersonnel,flighthardware,andfacili>es

• Reviewnewfacili>esdesignsandexis>ngfacili>esmodifica>onsforlightningprotec>on

• Inves>gatelightningincidentstodeterminecorrec>veac>onsneededincludingretestofsensi>vesystems

• SupportKSCLightningSafetyCommigee

• Interpretdataandanalyzeanomaliesfromligh>ngsystems

• Formulate/reviselightningsafetyproceduresingroundsupportdocuments


MiscellaneousProjects:KaBOOM(Ka-BandObserva3on:ObjectsandMonitoring)

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Changes in cataloged objects in orbit around Earth over 50 years

Build a high power, high resolution radar system for: •  Precision tracking and characterization of near

Earth objects to: •  Save the Earth from Asteroid impacts •  Select asteroids for human exploration

•  Tracking orbital debris •  Down to 5 cm at GEO •  Protect astronauts on the ISS and

satellites up to GEO

Orbit determination 100,000 times more precise than by optical means.

0.5 AU capability for tracking and characterizing NEO’s

0.1 AU Current capability for tracking and characterizing NEO’s:

NASA Primary Goals

1963 2013


TheDemonstra3onProject•  Phased Array, 3 – 12m diameter antennas

•  Eventually operate near 30 GHz •  Main features are the ability:

•  to produce phase-aligned signals at a distant target without external calibration

•  to use a downlink signal (if one is simultaneously present) to measure the effects of tropospheric turbulence along the signal paths and apply real-time corrections to the uplink signal.

KaBOOM

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1 of 3 12 m KaBOOM antennas

1 of 3 0.8 m Site Test Interferometer antennas

SiteTestInterferometers

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•  An STI constructed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has been implemented at KSC.

•  It uses three small antennas to receive signals from a commercial geostationary satellite in order to measure the effects of turbulence in the atmosphere on space communication and radar signals.

•  The STI will help KaBOOM determine: •  how much its signals are being disrupted by the atmosphere, and •  provide a measure of how well KaBOOM's atmosphere compensation

process is working.


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Turbulencevarieswithweatherandseason,butitisnotmeasurablebyordinarymeteorologicalinstruments,hencetheneedforthespecializedSTIinstrument.


Evolu3onofWeatherSupport

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•  Government-only launches •  2-4 launches per month •  1 Big Customer •  Self-sufficiency Model •  Solely USAF Range •  Upper air data (Balloons only) •  Initial Lightning Launch Commit

Criteria (LLCC) development •  Accidents attributed to wx

•  Majority commercial launches •  2-4 launches per month •  Many Med/Small Customers •  Buy-by-the-pound Model •  USAF and FAA-licensed launches •  Upper air data (Balloons, Doppler

Radar Wind Profiler (DRWP)) •  Gradual refinement of LLCC •  Limited Space Wx assessment •  No recent accidents due to wx

• Reductions (AMU, buoys) • Complex budget process • Workforce unfamiliar with state prior to weather incidents

• Continuous demand for increased support for less cost

Effects

•  Government, commercial, tourist launches •  2-4 launches per week •  Numerous small launches •  Weather funded by commercial users? •  50% or more Federal Aviation Agency

(FAA)-licensed launches •  Upper air data (DRWP, radar, satellite) •  LLCC less conservative & reliant on

instrumentation •  Localized, tailored Space Weather

evaluation •  Tailored, geolocated wx watches/warnings •  Goal: 0 accidents, reduced scrubs/delays

1995

2015

2035


FutureTechnologyinWeatherSupport

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0-5Years 5-10Years 10-15Years 15-20Years

Rapid increase of meteorological data products via satellite

3- or 4-D, highly-interactive displays

Personalized point wx warnings

Increased resolution radar systems

Microscale and nested wx models incorporating local data sets

Sensing Technology

Meteorological Tools Mesoscale wx models

Land and satellite-based remote sensing thermal and vapor

Warning Technology

Automated, model-based warning initiation, translation and cessation

Use of unmanned aerial and robotic sensors

Solid-state, low maintenance sensors

Multiple 3-D object overlay and intersection

Facility wx warnings

Remotely providing Meteorological services for multiple launch sites

Accurate characterization of space weather hazards

Meteorological tools for return –to-base decisions

Space weather detection and forecast tools


BuoyUpdate

1/27/2016 35

Buoysprovidedataofhighintegrityandfixedloca3onforwhichremotesensingcapabili3esarenotavailable.

Sta3on41010120NMEastofCapeCanaveral,FL3-meterdiscusbuoyARESpayload28.903N78.464W(28°54'10"N78°27'50"W)Airtempheight:4mabovesiteeleva>onAnemometerheight:5mabovesiteeleva>onBarometereleva3on:sealevelSeatempdepth:1mbelowsiteeleva>onWaterdepth:1873m

Sta3on4100920NMEastofCapeCanaveral,FLAMPSpayload3-meterdiscusbuoy28.522N80.188W(28°31'18"N80°11'18"W)Airtempheight:4mabovesiteeleva>onAnemometerheight:5mabovesiteeleva>onBarometereleva3on:sealevelSeatempdepth:1mbelowsiteeleva>onWaterdepth:40.5m

NASAnolongerfundsNa>onalBuoyDataCenter(NDBC)buoysoffKSCandtheymaybemovedatNDBCdiscre>on.


Summary

KSCWeather:•  Istheresultoflessonslearnedandhasarichhistoryofmeteorologicalresearchandtechnology

•  Supportsnumerousac>vi>es•  Supportsanextensivesetofstakeholders,partnersandcustomers

• Hasmadeextensiveprogressinimprovingopera>onsavailabilitywhileensuringsafety

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Backup

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•  The STI will help KaBOOM determine: •  how much its signals are being disrupted by the atmosphere, and •  provide a measure of how well KaBOOM's atmosphere compensation

process is working.

Loca>onofKaBOOMsiteatKSC.

Turbulencevarieswithweatherandseason,butitisnotmeasurablebyordinarymeteorologicalinstruments,hencetheneedforthespecializedSTIinstrument.


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Theore3calBackground


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DelayRMSin600-sblocksreferencedtozenithfortheKSCSTIinSeptember2013(allthreebaselines).


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Monthlycumula>vedistribu>oncurvesofzenithdelayRMSfortheKSCSTI(warmermonthsshowninreddishcurves,wintermonthsinbluish/purplishcurves.)

NASA Kennedy Space Center Launa Maier Dr. Lisa … · NASA Kennedy Space Center Launa Maier Dr....

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