Napoleonic EuropeNapoleonic Europe

A leader is a dealer in hope.A leader is a dealer in hope. - Napoleon Bonaparte- Napoleon Bonaparte

I. End of the Revolution(?)I. End of the Revolution(?)1795-991795-99

Counter-revolution & dictatorshipCounter-revolution & dictatorship

A. “Republic of Virtue”A. “Republic of Virtue”

1.1. Fall of the GirondinsFall of the Girondins- war going poorly- war going poorly- economy stuck- economy stuck- counterrevolution- counterrevolution

2.2. The JacobinsThe Jacobins June 1793June 1793

- radical - radical Social ContractSocial Contract- centralized power- centralized power- universal male suffrage- universal male suffrage

Maximilian RobespierreMaximilian Robespierre

3.3. Committee of Public SafetyCommittee of Public Safety - - LevLevée en masseée en masse 17931793

- participatory democracy- participatory democracy- L- Law of the Maximumaw of the Maximum - - Calendrier RepublicaineCalendrier Republicaine- proto metric system- proto metric system- Cult of the Supreme Being- Cult of the Supreme Being- education- education- welfare- welfare

B. But when you talk about B. But when you talk about destruction…destruction…

don’t you know that you can count me out.don’t you know that you can count me out.

1.1. Radicals turn on each otherRadicals turn on each other- Jean-Paul Marat d. 1793- Jean-Paul Marat d. 1793- Georges Danton d. 1794 - Georges Danton d. 1794 “Show my head to the people. It's well worth seeing” “Show my head to the people. It's well worth seeing”

2.2. War in the War in the VendéeVendée

3.3. Thermidorian ReactionThermidorian Reaction - Robespierre- Robespierre July 1794July 1794

Death of MaratDeath of Marat (1793) by David (1793) by David

C. Rise of the DirectoryC. Rise of the Directory

1.1. Class conflict and revolutionClass conflict and revolution – The Directory – The Directory 1795-17991795-1799

2.2. Suppressing DissentSuppressing Dissent - “Conspiracy of the Equals”- “Conspiracy of the Equals” 1796 1796 Gracchus Gracchus BabeufBabeuf

II. Napoleon Bonaparte II. Napoleon Bonaparte d. d.

18211821

I am the RevolutionI am the Revolution

End of the Revolution?End of the Revolution?- - Made some gains of the Revolution permanentMade some gains of the Revolution permanent

- - Spread ideals of Revolution (1830, 1848)Spread ideals of Revolution (1830, 1848)

- - Rise of nationalismRise of nationalism

- Population growth- Population growth

- Economic development- Economic development

You had all these advantages in your ancient states; but you You had all these advantages in your ancient states; but you chose to act as if you had never been moulded into civil chose to act as if you had never been moulded into civil society, and had everything to begin anew. You began ill, society, and had everything to begin anew. You began ill, because you began by despising everything that belonged because you began by despising everything that belonged to you.to you.

- Edmund Burke, - Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in FranceReflections on the Revolution in France

A. Revolution & A. Revolution & OpportunityOpportunity

1. “whiff of grapeshot” 1. “whiff of grapeshot” 17951795

2.2. 22ndnd War of Coalition War of Coalition 1798-18001798-1800

Italy & EgyptItaly & Egypt

B. 1B. 1stst Modern Dictator Modern Dictator

1.1. First Consul of the TriumvirateFirst Consul of the Triumvirate- weakened radicals on Left and Right- weakened radicals on Left and Right- protected property / balanced budget- protected property / balanced budget- improved relationship with Church- improved relationship with Church

2.2. 1802 plebiscite1802 plebiscite- charade?- charade?

3. The First Empire 3. The First Empire 1804-18141804-1814

- tax reform & public education- tax reform & public education- central banking system- central banking system- aristocracy of merit- aristocracy of merit- support scientific/technological innovation- support scientific/technological innovation

4. 4. Code NapoleonCode Napoleon 18041804

- equality before the law- equality before the law

- freedom of religion- freedom of religion

- separation of church and state- separation of church and state

- protected interests of rising middle - protected interests of rising middle class class - paternalistic (Justinian Code)- paternalistic (Justinian Code)

Reform of civil lawReform of civil law

IIIIII. . The Wars of Coalition The Wars of Coalition 1792-18151792-1815

A. World reaction A. World reaction 1790s1790s

1. Declaration of Pillnitz 1. Declaration of Pillnitz 17911791

- Austria, Prussia- Austria, Prussia

2. First War of Coalition 2. First War of Coalition 1793-971793-97

- - LevLevéée en massee en masse

3. Suspension of civil liberties3. Suspension of civil libertiesGreat BritainGreat Britain 17921792

U.S.U.S. 17981798Alien & Sedition ActsAlien & Sedition ActsQuasi-War Quasi-War

B. NationalismB. Nationalism

1.1. Third War of CoalitionThird War of Coalition 1803-18061803-1806

- Austria, Russia- Austria, Russia- Battle of Austerlitz - Battle of Austerlitz 18051805

2. Germany2. Germany- Confederation of the Rhine- Confederation of the Rhine- end of the HRE- end of the HRE

Ernst Moritz ArndtErnst Moritz ArndtWhere Is the GermanWhere Is the GermanFatherland?Fatherland?

Johann Gottlieb FichteJohann Gottlieb FichteTo the German To the German NationNation

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van BeethovenSym. No. 3, Sym. No. 3, EroicaEroica

Classical Classical → → RomanticRomantic

3. Puppet Spain3. Puppet Spain - - Joseph-NapoléonJoseph-Napoléon - Peninsular War - Peninsular War 1807-18141807-1814

- Constitution of 1812- Constitution of 1812 - Fall of the Spanish Empire - Fall of the Spanish Empire

Third of MayThird of May by Goya by Goya

4. Continental System 4. Continental System 18061806

- Battle of Trafalgar- Battle of Trafalgar 18051805 - Protect French / European industry- Protect French / European industry

““kick start” industrialkick start” industrialrevolutionrevolution

C. Fall of the French C. Fall of the French EmpireEmpire

1. Invasion of Russia 1. Invasion of Russia 18121812

- Patriotic War of 1812 Alexander I- Patriotic War of 1812 Alexander I

2.2. German Wars of Liberation German Wars of Liberation 18131813- Battle of Leipzig- Battle of Leipzig- 6- 6thth War of Coalition War of Coalition

3.3. Russia, Prussia expand theirRussia, Prussia expand theirinfluenceinfluence

4.4. WaterlooWaterloo 18151815- Bourbon Restoration Louis XVIII- Bourbon Restoration Louis XVIII

- escape from Elba- escape from Elba

- exile to St. Helena- exile to St. Helena

E. Return to the status E. Return to the status quo?quo?

1. The Pax Britannica1. The Pax Britannica- “balance of power”- “balance of power”

1815-19141815-1914

2. Congress of Vienna2. Congress of Vienna- Concert of Europe- Concert of Europe- “Long 19- “Long 19thth Century” Century”