Napoleon Napoleon BonaparteBonaparte

1769-18211769-1821

Rise through the ranksRise through the ranks

Military schoolMilitary school 1796 Directory 1796 Directory

appointed appointed command of command of French ArmyFrench Army Liberator of Liberator of

Northern ItalyNorthern Italy Most popular Most popular

general in Europegeneral in Europe

Italian CampaignItalian Campaign

17961796 Directory wanted to defeat AustriaDirectory wanted to defeat Austria Napoleon to create a diversionNapoleon to create a diversion Destroyed the Austrian rear guardDestroyed the Austrian rear guard Often led the way himselfOften led the way himself

Courage made him a legendCourage made him a legend April 1797 truce was signedApril 1797 truce was signed

Egypt CampaignEgypt Campaign

May 19, 1798May 19, 1798 Napoleon’s army stranded due to naval Napoleon’s army stranded due to naval

loss to British loss to British Cairo- “forty centuries look down upon Cairo- “forty centuries look down upon

us”us” Courageous soldiers no match for European Courageous soldiers no match for European

weaponryweaponry Revolutionized EgyptRevolutionized Egypt Most popular General in FranceMost popular General in France

Seizes powerSeizes power

17991799 Directory lost it’s Directory lost it’s

confidence of confidence of peoplepeople

November 9November 9thth, the , the Directory ended in Directory ended in a Coupa Coup

First council of First council of French RepublicFrench Republic Actually really a Actually really a

dictatordictator

Napoleon as EmperorNapoleon as Emperor

Elected leader?Elected leader? PlebiscitePlebiscite 1800 Gave all 1800 Gave all

real power to real power to NapoleonNapoleon

11stst Council for Council for life in 1802life in 1802

1804 Emperor 1804 Emperor (Dec. 2)(Dec. 2)

Economic AchievementEconomic Achievement

Collected taxes effectivelyCollected taxes effectively

National BankNational Bank

Commercial and military RoadsCommercial and military Roads

Balance BudgetBalance Budget

Economic orderEconomic order

Strengthened AgricultureStrengthened Agriculture Build up manufacturingBuild up manufacturing Stimulate CommerceStimulate Commerce Slowed inflationSlowed inflation National BankNational Bank Urban Poor able to eatUrban Poor able to eat

Social OrderSocial Order

Émigrés returned to FranceÉmigrés returned to France

Promotion based on merit not Promotion based on merit not nobilitynobility Bourgeoisie pleasedBourgeoisie pleased

Imperial UniversityImperial University Education for all (Lycees)Education for all (Lycees)

Religious OrderReligious Order

ConcordatConcordat 1801 1801 ““Faith of the great majority of Faith of the great majority of

Frenchmen”Frenchmen”

Free worshipFree worship

Catholics favored but not dominantCatholics favored but not dominant

Legal OrderLegal Order

Napoleonic Code 1801-1804Napoleonic Code 1801-1804 Equality of All before lawEquality of All before law Individuals to choose professionIndividuals to choose profession Equality of PunishmentEquality of Punishment Torture abolishedTorture abolished Abolished the Three EstatesAbolished the Three Estates Censor newspaperCensor newspaper Slavery restored in coloniesSlavery restored in colonies Napoleon exempt from LawsNapoleon exempt from Laws

Journal EntryJournal Entry

Based upon what we learned about Based upon what we learned about Napoleon’s reforms for France, do Napoleon’s reforms for France, do you think he was good or bad for you think he was good or bad for France? How did he treat the ideas France? How did he treat the ideas from the Revolution? Did he move from the Revolution? Did he move France forward in social and political France forward in social and political progress, or did he move them a step progress, or did he move them a step back?back?

Battles of NapoleonBattles of Napoleon

Conquered many countriesConquered many countries Took over part of Italy, set up gov’t in Took over part of Italy, set up gov’t in

SwitzerlandSwitzerland Britain set up third CoalitionBritain set up third Coalition

Russia, Austria, Sweden, Prussia, BritainRussia, Austria, Sweden, Prussia, Britain

Napoleon not fazedNapoleon not fazed Tactics:Tactics:

Rapid offensives supported by heavy barrages of Rapid offensives supported by heavy barrages of artilleryartillery

Large# troops concentrated in key battle Large# troops concentrated in key battle positions. Living off the landpositions. Living off the land

Battle of the UlmBattle of the Ulm

October 1805October 1805

Invading Invading Austrian Austrian EmpireEmpire

50,000 50,000 Austrians Austrians forced to forced to surrendersurrender

Battle of AusterlitzBattle of Austerlitz

December 1805December 1805 73,000 French defeated 87,000 Russians 73,000 French defeated 87,000 Russians

and Austriansand Austrians 20,000 prisoners, 15,000 dead20,000 prisoners, 15,000 dead

Austria forced to make peaceAustria forced to make peace

Battle of JenaBattle of Jena

October 1086October 1086 Against PrussiaAgainst Prussia Devastating victoryDevastating victory

Killing or wounding 27,000, 18,000 prisonersKilling or wounding 27,000, 18,000 prisoners French Troops occupied BerlinFrench Troops occupied Berlin

Began to March EastBegan to March East

Battle of FreidlandBattle of Freidland

June 1807June 1807 Against the Russians, Against the Russians,

Czar Alexander ICzar Alexander I Divide EuropeDivide Europe

France could France could dominate as far east dominate as far east as Polandas Poland

Russia could attack Russia could attack the Ottoman Empirethe Ottoman Empire

Treaty of TilsitTreaty of Tilsit

Battle of TrafalgarBattle of Trafalgar

October 1805October 1805 Only major battle Napoleon lost up until this Only major battle Napoleon lost up until this

timetime Southern coast of SpainSouthern coast of Spain

33 ships destroyed by 27 British 33 ships destroyed by 27 British Crushed Napoleon’s plans to invade BritainCrushed Napoleon’s plans to invade Britain

Haratio NelsonHaratio Nelson Napoleon did not consider this decisiveNapoleon did not consider this decisive

Napoleon’s StrongholdNapoleon’s Stronghold

Napoleon built greatest European Napoleon built greatest European empire since Romeempire since Rome

Map p. 666Map p. 666 Either annexed, controlled most of Either annexed, controlled most of

EuropeEurope The rest were attached through treatiesThe rest were attached through treaties

The vast empire lasted only 5 yearsThe vast empire lasted only 5 years

Continental systemContinental system

Cut off trade with BritainCut off trade with Britain 1807- Blockade of British Ships 1807- Blockade of British Ships

Not very successfulNot very successful 1807- British placed blockade around 1807- British placed blockade around

closed portsclosed ports War of 1812War of 1812

U.S. ships stopped and caused WarU.S. ships stopped and caused War

Napoleon’s DownfallNapoleon’s Downfall

Continental SystemContinental System

Problems in SpainProblems in Spain

Invasion of RussiaInvasion of Russia

FailuresFailures

Hurt FranceHurt France French need for cotton, sugar, raw French need for cotton, sugar, raw

materialsmaterials Lack of Naval PowerLack of Naval Power Need for British goods on the Need for British goods on the

continentcontinent

Problems in SpainProblems in Spain Guerilla warfareGuerilla warfare

1808 Spain rejected Joseph as King1808 Spain rejected Joseph as King ““little war”little war” Lost 300,000 men in this conflictsLost 300,000 men in this conflicts Peninsular WarPeninsular War Fatally weakened French armyFatally weakened French army

Russian ProblemsRussian Problems

Alliance with Alexander breaking upAlliance with Alexander breaking up

Blockade hurting RussiaBlockade hurting Russia 1810- France annexed N. German states1810- France annexed N. German states 1812- Alexander restored Poland1812- Alexander restored Poland

Invasion of RussiaInvasion of Russia

June 1812June 1812 450,000-600,000 men to 450,000-600,000 men to

invade Russiainvade Russia Czar Alexander did not Czar Alexander did not

fight and continued to fight and continued to retreatretreat

Scorched-earth policyScorched-earth policy French troops and army French troops and army

could not survivecould not survive Czar burned down MoscowCzar burned down Moscow Peace never camePeace never came RetreatRetreat

The Defeat of NapoleonThe Defeat of Napoleon

October 1813 LeipzigOctober 1813 Leipzig Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria,

Sweden joined in Grand AllianceSweden joined in Grand Alliance Napoleon lost and army was cut in Napoleon lost and army was cut in

pieces pieces March 1814 armies marched in ParisMarch 1814 armies marched in Paris Napoleon was defeated and Exiled to Napoleon was defeated and Exiled to

ElbaElba

100 Days100 Days

March 1March 1stst 1815 1815 Landed in FranceLanded in France Within Days was emperor againWithin Days was emperor again Grand Alliance reformedGrand Alliance reformed British Army prepared near WaterlooBritish Army prepared near Waterloo

100 Days cont..100 Days cont..

Battle of WaterlooBattle of Waterloo June 18, 1815June 18, 1815

British held groundBritish held ground Reinforced by Prussian Reinforced by Prussian

troopstroops French troops were French troops were

exhausted and exhausted and defeateddefeated

Napoleon exiled and Napoleon exiled and sent to south sent to south AtlanticAtlantic

LegacyLegacy

””Such work as mine is not done twice Such work as mine is not done twice in a century. I have saved the in a century. I have saved the Revolution as it lay dying. I have Revolution as it lay dying. I have cleansed it of its crimes and have cleansed it of its crimes and have held it up to the people shining with held it up to the people shining with fame. I have inspired France and fame. I have inspired France and Europe with new ideas that will never Europe with new ideas that will never be forgotten.”be forgotten.”

Journal EntryJournal Entry

What do you think about this quote? What do you think about this quote? Was Napoleon someone special in Was Napoleon someone special in history? Can you think of anyone history? Can you think of anyone before or after him that did anything before or after him that did anything similar?similar?