David Holland, Leroy Stodick, Stephen Devadoss and Joydeep Ghosh 2004
Nanotechnology for water treatment and...
Transcript of Nanotechnology for water treatment and...
![Page 1: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalination
Joydeep Dutta
Chair in NanotechnologySultan Qaboos University
Oman
![Page 2: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Concerns in water crisis
Drinking water production: Disinfection: extensive chemicals treatments, e.g., chlorine, and high power UV expose.
Waste water treatment (industrial and municipal): Decontamination (metal ions): extensive chemicals treatments , e.g., chelating chemicals, and absorbents, or membrane technology
Seawater desalination: reverse osmosis membrane
![Page 3: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Engineering “natural” systems for water purification
Next-generation systems: low-environmental-impact, low-energy-intensive, and high efficiency
oMicro/nanotechnology in water purification: carbon nanotubes membranes, nanofiber membranes, nanoporous ceramics, clays, and micro/nanofluidics.
Peters, et al. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2010, 33, 1233–1240. Shannon, et al. Nature, 2008, 452, 301-310.Hochstrat, et. al. Desalination and water treatment, 2010, 18, 96-102. Valli, et al. Int. J. NuclearDesalination, 2010 , 4, 49-57. Blanco-Galvez, et al. J Solar Energy Engineering. 2007, 129, 4-15.
o Solar photocatalytic detoxification and disinfection: solar reactors, photocatalyts, hybrid photocatalytic-biological process, and photocatalytic membrane process.
![Page 4: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Solar spectra
UV light
5% to 7%Visible light 46%
Infrared radiation
47%
86,000 TW/year energy on earth (World consumption 15 TW/year)
![Page 6: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Band Gap Positions in Various Semiconductors
![Page 7: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
“There are easily 50,000 combinations of ternary oxides and almost 2 million quaternary oxides.”
TiO2, ZnO, Cu2O, CuO, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, BaO, La2O3,Ta2O5, PbO, SnO2, Bi2O3, WO3,
CeO2, In2O3, Nb2O5, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, Cr2O3, Ga2O3
![Page 8: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What do we mean by “band engineering”?•Reduce the band gap.•Have the right position of the band-edges.
![Page 9: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Band engineering of ZnO
![Page 10: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Defects…not always bad!
Corundum
Cr3+
Ruby
Beryl
Cr3+
Emerald
ZnO absorbs ultraviolet light
Defects in the crystal can make it absorb
visible light
http://www.sciencesway.com/vb/t17685.html
Baruah, S, Rafique R F and Dutta,J (2008) Nano3399–407, IF 1.1
![Page 11: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Catalyst on support
Surface area: crucial for photocatalysis !
![Page 12: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Zinc nitrate + hexamine
Growth of ZnO nanowires
Poor Man’s Nanotechnology
Colloidal ZnO solution
Seeds
Anisotropic Agglomeration
of nanowires
Zinc nitrate + hexamine
Thiolated substrate
90o CSintered at 250o C to remove residues
S. Baruah and J. Dutta, Science & Technology of Advanced Materials 10 (2009) 013001
![Page 13: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Stainless Steel Porous Metal (Pore size: 40μm)
ZnO nanowires on CATALYST SUPPORTS
Polyurethane Foam (Pore size: 55-65 micron)
Polyester Scrim-wovenStainless Steel Screen (Mesh size: 150 x 150 μm)
![Page 14: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
PhotocatalysisDesigner Photocatalyst
ZnO Nanorods
1 µm
ZnO Nanorods
ZnO Nanoparticles
20 nm
ZnSnO3 Cubes
2µm
Simple synthesisActive against
organic pollutants, microbes
Active under visible light
Textile wastewater in:COD = 465 mg.L-1,pH = 8.37 and turbidity = 60 NTU
Textile wastewater out:COD = 105 mg.L-1, pH = 8.24 and turbidity < 5 NTU
Solar Photocatalytic Degradation Bath
S Danwittayakul, M Jaisai, J DuttaApplied Catalysis B: Environmental 163 (2015) 1-8
![Page 15: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
DIE
over 15 min in the world due to pathogen–contaminated water
people
Microbes in water?
![Page 16: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mechanism of Microbial Inactivationby Photocatalysis
• Photocatalyst should be in contact with the cell surface for membrane damage to occur
ZnOZnOZnO
·OH ·OHZnO
Leakage of intracellular constituents
CytoplasmCell WallCell LysisZnO Nanoparticle
Ajaya Sapkota, Alfredo J Anceno, Sunandan Baruah, Oleg V Shipin and Joydeep Dutta, Nanotechnology 22 (2011) 215703 (7pp)S Baruah, M Jaisai, J Dutta, Catal. Sci. Technol. 2 (2012), 918-921
![Page 17: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Photocatalytic paper: ZnO nanorods on cellulose supports
Baruah, S, Jaisai, M, Imani, R, Nazhad, M M and Dutta, J (2010) Science and Technology of Advanced Materials11 055002
R. Imani, M. Talaiepour, J. Dutta, M. R. Ghobadinezhad, A. H. Hemmasi and M. M. Nazhad, BioResources 6 (2011) 891-900
M Jaisai, S Baruah, J Dutta, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 3 (2012), 684-691
![Page 18: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The vision:
Nanofilter
Polluted water
Pure water
Pure drinking water for everyone!
ZnO nanorods based water purifier
Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep DuttaEnvironmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World Vol. 2: Remediation of Air and Water Pollution, Eds. Eric Lichtfouse, Jan Schwarzbauer and Didier Robert (2012), Springer, ISBN 978-94-007-2438-9
MA Mahmood, S Baruah, AK Anal, J Dutta, Environmental Chemistry Letters 10 (2012), 145-151S Baruah, M Jaisai, J Dutta, Catal. Sci. Technol. 2 (2012), 918-921
![Page 19: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
BiofoulingImpact of biofouling• Ships / submarines: increase fuel
consumption and corrosion
• Membranes and pipes: blockage
• Floating equipment: decrease buoyancy
• Destroy fishnets and cages
• Sonar equipment: create turbulence / barrier of acoustic transmission
• Heat exchanges: affect quality and performance
![Page 20: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Bacterial density
0.0000
0.0200
0.0400
0.0600
0.0800
0.1000
0.1200
0.1400
0.1600
0.1800
0.2000
G-control 5mM conv 5mM micro 10mMn conv 10mM micro
Absorbance(620 nm)
ZnO coatings
Bacterial growth in aqueos phase after 5.5 hours
Light (100 Klx)
Dark (0 Klx)
A
A
AB ABB
AB
BBCC
D
Bacterial density was inhibited by ZnO nano-coatings
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
G-control 5mM conv.
5mM micro.
10mM conv.
10mM micro.
% Bugula larvae mortality
% Mortality after 5 hours (50 Klx)
Light
Dark
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
G-control 5mM conv.
5mM micro.
10mM conv.
10mM micro.
% Bugula larvae
settelment
% Settlement after 5 hours (50 Klx)
Light
Dark
Dead larvae
Settled larvae
A AB
BBC
DD
D
A A A A A A
B
CC C
Anti-larval assay
![Page 21: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Control filter (Without ZnO
nanorods)
Test filter (With ZnO nanorods)
Control After 5 minutes
After 25 minutes DW control
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
![Page 22: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Source: GWI desaldata
Saline water seepage
![Page 23: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Discharge electro desorption Charge electro sorption
Fresh waterBrine water Saline waterSaline water
+
-
Outlet InletOutlet Inlet
X
H2O Na+ Cl-
Capacitive De-ionization
Capacitance, C =εr ε0 A
d
Distance, d
Pote
ntia
l
(s)
BulkSolution
‘0’ Potential
![Page 24: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Al Musannah well water desalination
Disinfection Properties
![Page 25: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Desalination Results
Materialmg of salt / gm of electrode at 1.6 V
ACC 7.5 mg/g
ZnO ACC 13.5 mg/g
Electrode Material
% Desalination for different concentrations of NaCl (mM)
2 mM 17 mM 50 mM 100 mM
ACC 39% 28% 11% 5%
Z_ACC 53% 43% 16% 9%
![Page 26: Nanotechnology for water treatment and desalinationwstagcc.org/WSTA-11th-Gulf-Water-Conference/1_Keynote...Mohammed Abbas Mahmood, Sunandan Baruah, Anil Kumar Anal and Joydeep Dutta](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040902/5e73b71d8787d14de979129c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Desalination performance enhancement
Des
alin
ated
Wat
er O
utpu
t
Brackish Water Inlet
V