Nanotechnology for security
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Transcript of Nanotechnology for security
Nanotechnology for Security
02-05-2006
Frank Simonis
TNO Future Technology Center
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• introduction• existing nanotechnology consumer products• why nano
• sensors• materials
• future expectations• impact on defence• nanotechnology radars
Agenda
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Nanotechnology: < 100 nm
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The unique properties of nanotechnology:
Bottom-upThrough atom-by-atom or mol-to-mol engineering• Carbon nanotubes by gas phase deposition• Nanowires, metal, ceramic or polymer type• Quantum dots• Self assembling, molecular and biostructures• Nanostructures, catalytic, nanomembranes• Nanomedicine
Small dimensionsenabling high speed and high functional density (nanoelectronics, lab-on-chip) small and light weight devices and sensors (smart dust)high sensitivity (sensors, nanowires) and special surface effects (such as lotus effect)
Very large surface area providing reinforcement and catalytic effects
Quantum effectssuch as highly efficient optical fluorescent quantum dots
New molecular structures, with new material properties: high strength nanotubes, nanofibers and nanocomposites
Top-downScaling and miniaturization. Lithography, embossing or imprint.• Micro- and nanoelectronics• MEMS, micro electro mechanical systems• Nanostructured coatings in displays, solar cells• Nanofibers by electrospinning• Nanoclay platelets and tubes by exfoliation
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Nano for sport
Nanoclay barrier
Nano-titanium strengthened titanium
CNT reinforced carbon fiber
Nanocarbon composite
Fullerene 60 reinforced carbon fiber
Nanocarbon composite
CNT composite
www.nanotechproject.org
Radar golf
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Nano for personal care
Skin moisturizing with nano-encapsulated Alp water
Fullerene as sponge for radicals (skin cosmetics)
Nanoparticle collaminskin care
Skin lift with nano silica and proteins
Nanoceuticals(artichoke)
Nanofibers to increase hair volume
Nano ZnO sunblock
Nanoceutical toothpaste
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Nano for cars
Nano wax Nano polish
Nanoparticle (SiO2) clearcoat for cars (BASF)
Nanoclay reinforced PP GM increases no of parts
Nanobreeze (nano Ag?) kills allergens, bacteria etc.
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Nano for textile
Nano silver prevents odor in textiles
Nano silver antibacterial deodorant socks
Texapore coated fabric (breathing)
Finetex nanofiber filters
Nanosphere non-stick fabric (water repellent)
Nanotex textiles (water repellent)
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Nano for domestic
Finetex nanofiber filters
Oled displays
Pathogen nanofilterSelf cleaning glass
(nano TiO2)
rf shielding paint
Nansulate insulation with nanopores
Anti-graffiti paint (non stick)
100.5mm
4.0 mm
500 um
Airbag Accelerometers
Inertial Measurement
Units
Fuel Injection Nozzle
Tire Pressure Sensors
Microelectromechanical Systems: Advanced Materials and Fabrication Methods
...and MEMS for automotive
MEMS are physically small and integrate electrical, mechanical and sensoriccomponents (micro electro mechanical systems)
1 micron beams
Accelerometer
Platforms1) Si (CMOS)2) Glass/ceramic (high temperature)
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Bench Process
Book Size System
cm
Watch Size System
dm
m Micro System
Several micro system platforms1) Si (CMOS)2) Glass/ceramic (high temperature)3) Plastic (low cost, disposable) mm
…….and lab on chip diagnostic systems
Rapid, Specific and Sensitive Micro (Fluidic) Detection System
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Why Nano (sensoric aspects)
Thanks to miniaturization down to micron & nano level:
• small dimensions function integration possible (dsp, rf, mem)(mm, um, nm) efficient thermal and material transport
enables mass production, low costportable, wearable, point of analysisdisposable
• small sample volume fast response(uL, nL, pL) high throughput
multi parallel analysis, matrix arraysingle cell/molecule detectionless chemical waste
• high sensor-sample ratio high sensitivityhigh signal to noise
Shrink volume by 108
Improve power efficiency by108
ENIAC~1950 Jornada
~2000
Stan Williams, HP
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• Signal to noise improvements:
yocto(10-24) joule, atto(10-18) newton, femto (10-15) mol/L, ppb, single molecule
• Miniaturization – size/weight - arrays
• Lower power, potentially scavenged
• Locally process data into information
Nanocalorimeter; Roukes CIT Cantilever Sensor; Thundat ORNL
Lab-on-a-chip; Sandia
+
15 μ
NanoAu Chemiresistor; Snow NRL
Magneticbead
DNA-coatedpad
Fieldgeneration wire
Shortingmetal
Magnetoresistivestrip
GMR Biosensor; Whitman/Prinz, NRL
Nanostructures for sensing
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Cantilever Array-based Artificial Nose
M.K. Baller, et al., Ultramicroscopy 82, 1 (2000)F.M. Battiston, et al., Sensors & Actuators 77, 122 (2001)Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., L.A.Pinnaduwage et al, Rev.Sci.Instr.75 (11), 4554, 2004
Gases and Vapoursppb - ppt range
www.cantion.com
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Gas sensor array metal oxide type
1
10
100
2-propanol benzene toluene 2-nitro-toluene
dete
ctio
n lim
it [p
pb]
Detection limits at 250..300 °C
G a s e s
SE1
Substrate: Si/SiO2 or Al2O3
SE2 SE3
Gradient membraneSiO2 or Al2O3Thickness 2 to 20 nm
Heater (Pt)
Gas detector layer SnO2 or WO3, Pt-endowed, approx. 150 nm
Platinum electrodes Thickness 1 µm
Cross-section of a 3X3.5 mm2 microarray
with 16 sensor segments
Temperature gradient50°C / 2mm
Gases and Vapors - ppb level
NO2, H2O, NH3, CH4 , SO2, CO2, H2S, alcohols, aromatics
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Microfluidic lab-on-chip systems
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microbe/cell lysing
DNA sensor
Body fluid
Outlet
micro filter
DNA extraction
DNA labelling
One reaction chamber system• external fluid controls• ultrasound for lysing microbes, cells• dna/rna extraction• magnetic bead binding• purification and magnification
Sample preparation chip for biochips, tno
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Sensing with carbon nanotubes
Chemiresistorfor volatiles
Biosensorfor in situ life detection,biomedical applications
d
Coupling nanotubes to a resonating
RF antenna: remote sensing
Senstenna principle or
active RFID with sensor function
RF linkfor remote sensing or
dna identification
functionalized(dna)selectiveCNT’s
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Single molecule detection, Wang JHU
Sample preparation, Microfluidics, Optical cavity fluidic channel & Biosensing Chips
Electrical Molecular Manipulationand Positioning Single Molecule Dynamics
Quantum dot fluorescenceSingle Molecule Detection
Fluidic manipulation plus quantum-dot fluorescence in optical cavity channel
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Micro X-ray source & detector (amptek, tno)
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Spectrometer on a chip (B-I)
Microspectrometer on chip by Boehringer-Ingelheim
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Micro gaschromatograph, C2V, tno
• Dimensions: 7x7x7 mm3• Det. limit: <1 ppm• Response time: 25ms • Int. volume: < 1 µl • Dead volume: 0.1 µL • Temperature: 80 / 150 C
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Why Nano (materials aspects)
From the material point of the view, small dimensions give new opportunities such as:
• control at the nanoscale enables perfect, defect free structures, featuring exceptional properties for strength, conductivity etc.
• nanostructures and particles create a very large surface area, featuring unique surface activity for sensing, catalysis, absorption etc.
• completely new particles, unknown in nature, can be produced with new properties, such as carbon nanotubes
• at the nanoscale, quantum effects can be used e.g. to obtain new optical effects
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Space elevator project (USA)Goal is to develop a 60% CNT filled polymer (PMMA or PS) with an exceptional tensile strength of 60 GPa. Current status for these composites is 2-4 GPa.
Existing high strength fibers such as carbon fiber, Aramide, Dyneema, PBO are in the range of 3-6 GPa.
Carbon Nanotube (CNT) reinforced fibers
With carbon nanotubes (diameter 1-2 nm, aspect ratio 103,104) the following ultimate material properties are foreseen:• mechanical: E-modulus up to 1-5 MPa, ultimate tensile strength: 30-180 GPa• electrical conductivity: 6000 S/cm, thermal conductivity: 2000 W/mK• ultrahigh surface area: 1500 m2/gramUp to now, the exceptional tensile strength properties have not been realized yet, at present only 1-2 percent of the potential strength has been realized.
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Carbon NanoTube (CNT) reinforced laminate
High strength carbon nanotubelaminate (bucky paper) for high strength lightweight aerospace structures
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Nanoplatelets: graphite (GNP), nanoclay; exfoliated nanoclay platelets
Nanoplatelets (thickness 1-2 nm, aspect ratio 100-1000) are relatively low cost nanoadditives (5-10 $/kg) and are being applied in order to:• increase chemical, UV and thermal stability (usually 50 to 100 K up)• increase fracture toughness: typically a factor 103• increase tensile strength: factor 2• diffusion barrier: factor 2-10• good template for dna and amino acids
Nano(clay)platelets reinforced materials (tno)
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Nano encapsulation of dna, proteomics, drugs, release via bioswitch or ultrasound
bioswitch
Encapsulation(nanoclay, double layered hydroxides)
Nanomedicine
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Electrospun (polymer) nanofibers
• 2x increase in tensile strength (660 nm PU)• 10x increase in tensile strength (68 nm PA)• thanks to increase in no. fiber-fiber bondings
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Electrospun (polymer) nanofilters (eSpin)
Nanofilter (fluid/gas)
Absorption fabric
Catalytic breakdown
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Main technologies impacting military operations
• Tracking & tracing - via ID / RFID• μ - power• μ - vehicles & robotics, remote & autonomous• Wireless sensors, ambient intelligence• Smart structures & uniform
• Nanocomposites: high strength & temp, lightweight, non metal• Biomimic structures: lightweight-bone type, self healing/assembling• Integrated functions: adaptive, sensoric, actuating, (polymer) electronics• Active coatings: adaptive, stealth, bio-active, flexible display• Key words: smart structures, skin, uniform, textiles
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Electronicsand IT
Embeddeddisplays
Logic chipsMemory chips
Opticalcomponents
Sensors
Solarcells
Storagemedia
Computers
Consumerelectronics
Harddrives
Electronicsand IT
Embeddeddisplays
Logic chipsMemory chips
Opticalcomponents
Sensors
Solarcells
Storagemedia
Computers
Consumerelectronics
Harddrives
Healthcare andlife sciences
Biologicallabels
Contrastmedia
Orthopedicmaterials Dental
equipment
Medicalinstruments
Pharmaceuticals
Healthcare andlife sciences
Biologicallabels
Contrastmedia
Orthopedicmaterials Dental
equipment
Medicalinstruments
Pharmaceuticals
Biologicallabels
Contrastmedia
Orthopedicmaterials Dental
equipment
Medicalinstruments
Pharmaceuticals
Householdappliances
Manufacturingand materials
Catalysts
Coatings
Compositematerials
Fabrics
Fuelcells
Lubricants
Metal
AircraftAutomobiles
ClothingFood
Lumber
PaperSportinggoods
Householdappliances
Manufacturingand materials
Catalysts
Coatings
Compositematerials
Fabrics
Fuelcells
Lubricants
Metal
AircraftAutomobiles
ClothingFood
Lumber
PaperSportinggoods
Expectations on nanotechnology deployment by sector
> 1% of products in segment incorporate emerging nanotechnology
> 10% of products in segment incorporate emerging nanotechnology
Intermediate products
Final goods
>10 years
2004
2009
2014
>10 years
2004
2009
2014
Source: October 2004 Lux Research Report “Sizing Nanotechnology’s Value Chain”
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(wireless sensoric)implants
biofluidic lab-on-chip
regenerativemedicine
epd
biometric diagnosis
biosensor tags
targeteddrug delivery
robotic surgery
smarthomes
nutraceuticals
bioswitchdrug delivery
telemonitoring
position & motionsensors
chinesemedicines
smart textiles
nerve/musclestimulation
genetypinginformatics
μ artificial cells
artificialorgans & blood
exo-skeletons
pda
telecare
molecular medicine
rfid
brain machine interface
prognosticbiomarkers
nanobiocoatings
molecular imaging
telesurgery
hifu surgery
hifu drugdelivery
hifu tissue growth
in vitrocell imaging
µ-surgery
biocompatiblenanofilters
water/air/body fluids
imaging via skin
assistiveenvironment
wirelesshealth sensors
via skin medicine
µ-X-ray
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Flexible nano armour• feasibility study to evaluate present flexible armour systems • definition of new technological concepts for future flexible armour systems for the soldier
It aims in particular at flexible armour systems based on polymer (nano)binder systems and shear thickening fluid binding systems which are used to retain high strength polymer fibers. An important part of this study is to define technologies which can improve existing systems and to define directions for flexible armour based on combinations of fiber, binder systems and nanoparticles.
Ten Cate, DSM, TNO
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Soldier Smart CardCharacteristics-dimensions 8 x 5 cm-flexible and wearable, in or outside uniform-functions: soldier-soldier identification, positioning, life signal, heartbeat/breathing, some BC sensing-operating in a network, soldier-soldier and soldier-command communication
Technology-plastic card or foil as substrate, equipped with:-a SAND node e.g. from Philips (chip with radio, battery, dsp, memory, logic, identification, gps, uwb)
controlling the sensors and display on the plastic strip or foil-sensors-visual alarm (light signal), display and sound -flexible antenna
Philips, CPS Europe, Holst, TNO
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Smart helmetCharacteristics-antiballistic nanocomposite material (lightweight, high impact protection)-integrated sensors (acoustic array, B/C, EEG etc.) and communication (RF)-networked with suit and command
Technologies-CNT reinforced composite high strength fiber, nanopores, nanofibers, nanobinders-BC sensorcards in helmet-switchable conductive/non-conductive rf array antenna’s-contactless EEG sensor
MSA/Gallet/TenCate/TNO
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Nanomembrane BC uniform
Characteristics-ventilating BC-uniform-lightweight, long term wearable-nanomembrane areas with a highly selective seperation, only water vapor transmission
Technology-nanomembranes (0,5 nm dik) based on "macrocyclic organic synthons"-pores tunable between 2-20 Angstrom (molecular lego system)-nanomembrane mounted onto a porous, robust film
TenCate/Bluecher/Covalent/TNO
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Wearable kidney
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Biochemical warfare agent sensors (TIIMS)
Biomaterials and DevicesDevelopment of biochemical sensors using nanotechnologies and synthesis and recycling of biomolecular materials for space applications. The primary targets of this research area are developing multifunctional proteins and next-generation biochemical sensors. Multifunctional proteins enable autophagous, or self-consuming, structures that mimic small birds that consume their own muscles during long migrations. The muscular structure is rebuilt at the end of the “mission,” or migration.
The biochemical sensors are based on stochastic, or one-at-a-time, detection of molecules and supramolecularstructures ranging from small ions and organic molecules to macromolecules — including proteins and DNA — to larger objects, such as virus particles. Single nanopore-based stochastic sensors will be developed based on carbon nanotubes and genetically engineered transmembraneproteins.
TIIMS Texas institute for intelligent bio-bano materialsand structures for Aerospace
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Adaptive components (TIIMS)
Intelligent SystemsModeling and controlling hierarchical adaptive systems with distributed sensing, actuation and intelligence at different length scales. Birds have long inspired the development of aircraft, but our present man-made vehicles are primitive compared to Mother Nature's flying counterparts. To achieve the goal of flying like a bird, the first set of challenges — material science advances in strength-to-weight ratios, reconfigurability, integration of sensing and actuation — is the main focus. The second set of challenges — engineering advanced control systems to enable intelligence, agility and adaptability of aerospace vehicles made from these materials — constitutes the secondary research focus of the institute.
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Sensorcraft “flying radar”The SensorCraft radar would combine air and ground moving target identification (GMTI), imaging and foliage-penetration applications; electro-optical/infrared sensors also would be used. Building a lightweight, low-cost sensor and then integrating it into the wing structure are key challenges on the radio frequency (RF) side, which is regarded as the most difficult aspect of SensorCraft.
The active, electronically scanned radar must be lighter in weight—in the thousand-fold range—and much lower in cost than today’s technology. Using lightweight materials would enable affordable radars that are "five to six times bigger in area than what we have today," Key to the SensorCraft are load-bearing antennas, where the sensor becomes part of the wing, rather than a "parasitic" load bolted onto the airframe.
The resulting antenna would be more susceptible to aerodynamic pressures—less stable than traditional structures. So engineers would embed sensors in the wing to track antenna movement and deformation in order for software to compensate for these factors.