NANOTECHNOLOGY AS A MARKETING FUTURE

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020.

Sonawane et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

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NANOTECHNOLOGY AS A MARKETING FUTURE

Raju Onkar Sonawane*, Ajinkya Sanjay Deshmukh, Umesh Ekanth Mangrule,

Siddhant Ashokrao Shinde, Hitendra S. Mahajan

R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India

(425405).

ABSTRACT

Nanotechnology offers multiple benefits in treating chronic human

diseases by site-specific and target oriented delivery of precise

medicines. Recently, there are a number of outstanding applications of

the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents,

immunotherapeutic agents etc.) in the treatment of various diseases. —

Nanotechnologies are attracting increasing investments from both

governments and industries around the world, which offers great

opportunities to explore the new emerging nanodevices, such as the

Carbon Nanotube and Nanosensors. In terms of drug discovery and

development, the role of nanotechnology currently lies in improving

diagnostic methods, developing improved drug formulations and drug

delivery systems for disease therapy.

KEYWORDS: Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine, Nanomaterials, Drug delivery, Drug

targeting.

INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology is an art in which design, characterization, production and application of

structures, devices by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale, generally

nanotechnology deal with the size range of 1-100 nm. Now a day‘s NT creates high impact

on market, society and industry, NT acts as a revolution in medicinal field.[1]

Nanoscience is

the examine of phenomenon and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and

macromolecular scales, wherein properties differ significantly from those at a bigger scale.[2]

The term coined by Prof. Norio Taniguchi.[3]

NT has many applications in medicinal field,

like drug delivery, medical imaging, biosensors etc. also gives active targeting in cancer,

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 8.084

Volume 9, Issue 6, 889-903. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105

Article Received on

29 March 2020,

Revised on 19 April 2020,

Accepted on 09 May 2020,

DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20206-17624

*Corresponding Author

Raju Onkar Sonawane

R.C. Patel Institute of

Pharmaceutical Education

and Research, Shirpur,

Maharashtra, India

(425405).



890

kidney diseases, fungal diseases etc where active targeting not possible. Nanotechnology acts

as an alternative approach on other techniques due to its targeting specificity and which

reduces toxicity.[4]

Nanotechnological application is greatly important in the field of drug

delivery because of its high specificity towards the target site.[5]

Nanotechnology is shown to

bridge the barrier of biological and physical sciences by applying nanostructures and

nanophases at various fields of science.[6]

NT includes NP in size range of 109nm. Ideal characteristics of nanoparticulate system over

conventional dosage forms such as; targeted drug delivery, they are non toxic and non-

immunogenic, they are physically and chemically stable in vivo and in vitro, avoid drug

distribution while targeting, carriers used are biodegradable and eliminate from the body

without producing harm, Improves bioavailability, maintain required Cmax in blood,

improves solubility of poorly soluble drugs, they will easily penetrate in cancer cells due to

leaky nature, protect volatile drug.[7]

Certain advantages of NPs are, nanocarriers has targeted delivery, less side effects compare

to other dosage forms, not require surgery for delivery, patient compliance, they have sustain

and control drug release action so easy to maintain require therapeutic drug concentration in

body over longer period of time, improves drug bioavailability, nanocarriers can protect

fragile drugs, maintain stability of drug at different pH, due to their size they do not

accumulate in blood flow and intracellular compartments also used for angiogenesis and

enhancing diagnostic imagining.[8,4]

Nanoparticulate drug delivery system has been used to develop and transform the

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties of many drugs used in therapeutic

application. Nanoparticulate system plays key role in enhancement of the solubility of poor

water soluble drug candidates. Solubility of any drug compound has major role in drug

disposition across biological membrane. Development of oral formulation of such

compounds was challenging task due to their low solubility and permeability.[9]

The

technology related to nanotechnology is new compared with other sciences. However,

nanosized gadgets and objects have existed on the earth as long as life. The top notch

mechanical overall performance of biomaterials, along with bones or mollusk shells, is due to

the presence of nanocrystals of calcium compounds. The records of era suggests, but, that in

which there's smoke, there'll eventually be fire; this is, where there's sufficient new science,

critical new technology will eventually emerge.[10]



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Mechanism of drug delivery through nanocarriers

By preventing the reticuloendothelial system NPs give its location specific delivery along

with increased permeability, target-specific targeting and retention effect. Sorts of methods

are carried out with drug the use of nanoparticles as carrier.

Surface Bound: The surface of nanoparticles get sticked with the drug molecule.

Core Bound: In this type of method the drug debris targeted in body by concentrating to the

matrix of nanoparticles. By adding nanoparticles to a solution which filled with a drug that

contain initially prepared nanoparticles or it also occurs during polymerization process by

mixing them to the reaction mixture.[11]

chemical, surface adsorption, and no binding or

interaction are the phenomenon of interaction of nanoparticles to the drug.

The following properties are largely depends on the chemical structure of the drug and the

polymer and drug loading state which includes:

1) The amount of bound drug

2) Various types of interaction of drug and Nanoparticles.

Fig. 1: Mechanism of drug delivery via nanocarriers.

Trend of NT in India and global trend

According to the ―research news of NT of India‖ the beginning of nanoscience and

technology initiated with an investment of RS 60 corers. With wider objectives and large



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investment of USD 250 million, the authorities released a five years program called

nanomission in 2007. The areas like basic research in nanotechnology, human resource

development, infrastructure technology and global collaboration the funding was spanned.

More than one institution like department on information generation, defense studies and

development organization, Council of scientific and industrial studies and department of

biotechnology supplied the investment to researchers, students and projects. Country wide

facilities for nanofabrication and nanoelectronics had been began in Indian Institute of

technological know-how, Bangalore and Indian Institute of generation, Mumbai. India

published over 2300 paper‘s in nanoscience in last five years, in 2013 India ranked 3rd

and

300 patent applications in patent office in 2013.[12]

Global Trend

By knowing the importance of NT the government of many countries supported basic

research and technology development in many field. In 2001, USA announces the national

nanotechnology initiative (NNI) the NNI is the broad research and development program in

nanoscience and technology in the world. Main aim of NNI is to concentrate on the research

and development in nanoscience. The National Institutes of Health meanwhile will spend $89

million on nanotechnology in 2005.[13]

Worldwide government spends about US$ 10 billion

per year on NT research and development. In 2011 government funded more than US$65

billion, which is expect at that time to increase up to US$ 100 billion by 2014.

RNCOS (a business consulting service firm) gives a recent research study report,

―Nanomaterial Outlook 2017‖ concerned with the NT market effect. According to their report

NT industry has been developed at rapid pace with increasing applications in areas like drug

delivery, diagnostic devices etc. and increasing applications in sector like electronic, energy,

healthcare sector including trend market like NT based thin film solar cells with high

efficiency, nanomaterial with higher strength, robust growth in nanofibers and nanomedicines

market.[13]

NT creates revolution in medicinal field according to ‗Global Market Outlook 2014‘ the

compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be grow of about 16.5% between2018-2025. The

main purpose to develop NT to create cheaper, cleaner and smart product. It does not fully

involved in market but it already creates a full impact on market. But for more development it

requires more advanced devices and more study also the skilled professional in the field.[14]



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Need of NT

NT provides the targeted drug delivery is one of the important needs in comparison of

conventional dosage form.

Also, it provides sustain action hence, required therapeutic drug concentration can be

maintained over longer period of time hence reduces the dosing frequency.

Those drugs with low solubility and low permeability especially BCS Class II and BCS Class

IV drugs formulation of such drugs is not easy, but due to NT it is easy to achieve required

properties in such formulation.

By utilizing NT, bioavailability of drugs can be improved.

Those drugs which are not stable at particular temperature and pH within the body

nanocarriers provide stability for such drugs. It reduces the dose size compare to conventional

dosage form.

Nanocarriers reduce unwanted drug distribution within body which helps to reduce toxicity

along with maintain safety of organs.[14]

Types of Nanocarriers

Name of

nanocarriers Description Advantages Disadvantages References

Nanocrystal

These are the

aggregations of thousands

of molecules in

crystalline form.

Suitable for poor water-

soluble drugs

Less quantity of surfactant

required for steric and

electrostatic stabilization.

Use for oral and

parenteral delivery.

NC helps to achieve high

AUC with reduced Cmax.

It possesses poor

stability.

Dustin L cooper,

Christopher M

conder et.al 2014[15]

Nanosuspension

It is a colloidal dispersion

of nano size drug particle.

Stabilized by surfactant

has article size < 1 mm or

200-600 nm.

Suitable for poor water-

soluble drugs.

Preparation is Simple and

applicable to all drugs

with low solubility.

Improves drug safety and

efficiency.

Can be incorporated in

Uniform and accurate

does not maintained

unless suspension.

Sedimentation and

physical stability may

cause problems.

Handling is not easy

Dustin L cooper,

Christopher M




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tablets, pellets, and

hydrogel.

Carbon

Nanotubes

It contains hexagonal

arrangement of carbon

atom with more than one

wall of grapheme sheet

Extremely small and light

weight hence is

replacement of metallic

wires.

Protect entrapped drug.

Has increased internal

volume and easy surface

modification on both

internal and external

surface.

The highly toxic nature

of first- generation CNTs

hence drug delivery not

easy.

Safety of inorganic

compounds is issue.

Dustin L cooper,

Christopher M


Ceramic NPs

This are made up of

inorganic material like,

silica, alumina, titanium,

etc.

They having size less than

50 nm hence are protected

from RES system.

Protect protein, drug and

enzyme from

denaturation.

By surface modification

we can set drug target.

They are non-

biodegradable

Elimination from body is

difficult.

Slowly dissolving

Dustin L cooper,

Christopher M


Liposomes

These are simple

microscopic vesicles

containing aqueous

volume enclosed with

phospholipids bilayer

membrane. Size range

from 20nm up to several

mm

Entrap both Hydrophilic

and lipophilic drug.

Gives high range of

biocompatibility.

Target specific and low

toxic.

Physical and chemical

stability

Costly Low TI and dose

effectiveness.

Short half-life t1/2.

S.K.Sahoo,

s.parveen et.al[16]

Solid lipid NPs

This are made up of solid

lipid submicron carrier.

Size range of 50-1000nm

Nontoxic compare to

polymeric NPs.

Are cost effective.

Can be used vaccine

delivery.

in Protect drug.

Has ability to enhance the

absorption of ydrophobic

drugs through lymphatic

uptake.

Limited stability but

more stable than

liposomes.

Particle growth.

Gelation tendency is

unpredictable.

Dustin L

Christopher conder

2014[15]

cooper, M

et.al



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Polymeric NP

This are sub nanosized

colloidal structure of

natural or synthetic

polymer which size

ranges of 10-1000nm.

Easy of surface

modification.

Gives biocompatibility.

Have greater control on

pharmacokinetic of

loaded drug.

Can give through oral,

nasal, inta- ocular,

parental route.

Site specific delivery can

be obtained.

Aggregation particles

of makes difficult

physical handling in dry

or in liquid from.

Natarajan jawahar,

SN meyyanthan

et.al.[18]

Hydrogel

Is another polymeric

system including self-

aggregation.

Used in drug delivery

system.

Used in wound dressing.

Used in TDDS. Are

biocompatible

Difficult to handle.

Having low mechanical

strength.

Sometimes when used in

contact lenses cause red

eye reaction and hypoxia.

Amir Azadi et. al.

Polymeric

micelles Polymeric micelles

Can be delivered safely

by parenteral

administration.

Are kinetically stable.

Have prolonged blood

flow ability.

Thermodynamically

stable

Ease of preparation.

High cost of preparation.

Have stability problem in

aqueous medium.

Rajesh R wakaskar

et. al 2017.

Dendrimers Dendrimers

These are biodegradable,

non- immunogenic.

They have ability to cross

barriers such as blood

tissue barrier, cell

membranes, intestinal

barrier, etc.

Protect the drug.

Their biodistribution and

biocompatibility depend

on polymer.

Rajesh R wakaskar

et. al 2017.

APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY

The various pharmaceutical and biochemical areas where nanosystems are used are

A) Nanotechnology in Medicine Application:

1) Anti-microbial Techniques

An anti-microbial agent called nanocrystalline silver is used for remedy of wounds is an

earliest application of nanomedicine. A nanoparticle cream has been shown to fight staph

infections. A well-known example to kill bacteria is nanoparticles containing nitrous oxide

gas. If an infection starts, the disease-causing micro-organism within the wounds causes the



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nano capsules to interrupt open, freeing the antibiotics. Thus, it provides faster remedy of an

infection and allows a reduction in numbers of times of dressing to be changed. Instead of

delivering treatment with antibiotics over a prolonged period of time, a great idea in the early

study period is the removal of bacterial infection in patients within a short period of time.[21]

2) Cell Repair

To repair specific diseased cells, the nanorobots could actually programmed which perform

similar function that of antibodies in our natural healing processes.[7]

Table 2: Nanotechnology in Medicine: Company Directory (7)

Sr.no Company name Product

1. Bio Delivery Sciences Oral drug delivery of drugs encapsulated in a

nanocrystalline structure called a cochleate

2. CytImmune Gold nanoparticles for targeted delivery of drugs

to tumors

3. NanoBioMagnetics Magnetically responsive nanoparticles for targeted

drug delivery and other applications

4. NanoBio

Nano emulsions for nasal delivery to fight viruses

(such as the flu and colds) or through the skin to

fight bacteria

5. Luna Innovations Bucky balls to block inflammation by trapping

free radicals

B) In Food industry

In food processing area there are wide ranges of application of nanotechnology. Its main

function in food processing is probably preservation of foods and interactive foods.

Nanoparticles may be used to supply nutrients, prolong the absorption of nutrients by means

of body and to increase the shelf life of food products by integrating them into existing foods.

Many aspects covered by it in food industry including security of foods, disorder remedy,

bioavailability, new equipment for molecular and cell biology and for identification of

pathogens.[22,23]

In the formulation of new products, it provides many opportunities. Functional foods,

nutraceuticals, bioactive, pharmafoods, etc. are very recent example of it. Nano- debris of

titanium dioxide, silver, zinc, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, Platinum, Gold is use hugely in

food industry in unique forms.[23,24]

C) Nanotechnology in cosmetics

In product development by put forcing nano-technological standard, the cosmetic industries



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were always at the top. In 2009, the products related to nano-technology are over one

thousand on the global market. Among them the products related to cosmetics use are over

13%.[25]

Table 3: Examples of nanomaterial’s currently marketed as cosmetic products.[24,34]

Sr.no Nanomaterials Marketed products Manufacturer

1. Nanoemulsion

Coco mademoiselle fresh

moisture mist, Calming alcohol-

free nanoemulsion, Skin caviar

ampoules

Chanel, precision Chanel

2. Nanocapsule Hydra Flash, Super aqua skin

cream. Lancome, Enprani

3. Nanosomes

Revitalift double revitalift

intense treatment mask. lifting,

lift

L‘Oreal

4. Fullerosomes Sircuit, EGF complex cocktail,

Dr. Brandt new lineless cream

Bellapelle skin studio,

Dr.Brandt

5. Sio2 Leorex, Renergie, renergie lift

makeup

GlobalMed technologies,

Lancome

6. Zno dioxide and titanium

Zinclear-IM, Sunforgettable

corrector colores SPF 20,

sunforgettable SPF 30 brush

range, wild to mild skin bronzer.

ColoreScience

D) Nanotechnology in animal production

Recently, nanotechnological application in animal production is primarily focus on biocide

agents, nutrients supply, and tools in veterinary medicine. In animal production a large

number of nanomaterial‘s are used for means of diagnosis, remedy, animal breeding and

reproduction which include the quantum dots, carbon nanotube, magnetic nanoparticles

etc.[26,27]

E) Nanotechnology in agronomy

By controlled shipping of functional molecule or as a diagnostic tool for identification of

disease, nanotechnology can prevent plant diseases. An emerging pivotal device for detection

of a particular biological marker with intense accuracy includes nanoparticles and quantum

dots (QD).[28]

The presence of plant pathogens and the level of soil nutrients can also

identified by means of nanosensor. Nano-sensors assist to farmers in retaining farm with

specific manipulate and report timely desires of plant life. Therefore, use of inputs might be

most fulfilling and secure products and monetary efficiency is accelerated. Its helps in

efficient use of agricultural herbal sources like water, nutrients and chemical substances



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through precision farming. In the area of agricultural equipments like application in machine

structure and agricultural tools to enhance their resistant towards corrosion and wear,

nanotechnology plays an vital role generating robust mechanical components with use of

nano-coating and use of bio-sensors in smart machines for mechanical- chemical weed

manipulate. The usage of nanotechnology in production of opportunity fuels and minimizes

environmental pollutants. Nanotechnology has also proven its capability in enhancing the

genetic charter of the crop plants thereby supporting in further development of crop

vegetation.[28,29]

Table 4: Nano-particles controlling the plant diseases and their advantages.[28]

Sr. no Nano-particles Advantages

1. Nano Carbon

It exerts growth enhancing effect. The scientists have

found that due to penetration of CNT causes increase

in growth of plant as it enhances water uptake.

2. Nano Silver

It possesses inhibitory and bactericidal action and

also broad spectrum of antimicrobial action and in

comparison, to bulk silver it possesses strong anti-

microbial action.

3. Nano Silica-Silver composite

To enhance disease resistance and stress resistance

silicon is widely used as it gets absorbed into the

plants.

4. Nano-Alumino silicate

One of the advantages of alumino-silicate nanotubes

is it get easily picked up in insect hairs after spraying

on surface of plants. Insects easily groom and

consume this nanotube filled pesticides thus protect

plant from diseases. Thus, they comparatively more

environmentally active and safe pesticides.

5. Mesoporous silica nanoparticle.

It is most useful tool for targeted delivery of DNA

and chemicals into plant cells. It possess a unique

capping technique for sealing the chemical inside.

This unique feature provides total control for timing

the delivery.

Drug discovery

The role of nanotechnology currently lies in enhancing diagnostic methods, in drug discovery

by developing stepped forward drug formulations and drug delivery systems for disease

therapy.[30]

By recognizing the protein present on the surface of target, it helps to identify and

validate target. It is widely used in the detection of disease-causing organism in human

beings, separation and purification of molecules and cells and detoxifying agents. To discover

floor protein of pathogen single walled nanotube is efficiently used. Few commonly used

nanomaterials in diagnosis of diseases are Gold nano particles, nanobodies produced with the



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aid of ablynx.[1]

Atomic force Microscope (AFM) was the recent commercial nanotechnology used for

pharmaceutical programs this technique become first used to image the topography of

surfaces with atomic-scale precision with a aid of a silicon based needle of atomic

sharpness.[30]

Fig. 2: Nanotechnology benefit through drug discovery process.[30]

Future Opportunities and challenges

Nanoparticles and nano formulations have already been implemented as a drug delivery

system with exquisite fulfillment and in anti-tumor therapy, gene therapy, radiotherapy and in

AIDS it posses greater potential.[31]

There are currently several drug delivery and drug targeting system under development.

Targeting is the capacity to administer a drug. The choice of a delivery route is guided by the

acceptability of the patient, the properties of the medication (such as its solubility), access to

a venue for a disease, or effectiveness in dealing with the precise disorders.[31]

For the

development of new cancer therapies a wide range of nonmaterial‘s based on organic,

inorganic, lipid protein or glycan compounds as well as synthetic polymers were used.[32]

A total of 1575 nanomedicine formulations were reported for clinical trial according to the



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Clinical trial.gov Registry‘s by December 2014. As many as 1381 of these are in the field of

cancer therapy however, most of the clinical trials focus on products on the market such as

liposomal doxorubicin or albumin-bound paclitaxel. Nanoparticles offer massive advantages

with regard to drug targeting, delivery and release and emerge as one of the major tools in

nanomedicine with their additional potential to combine diagnosis and therapy. The main

objectives are to increase their stability in the biological environment, mediate the

biodistribution of active compounds and enhance drug preparation, targeting, transport,

release and integrating.[11]

Marketed Nanomedicine Goods 1. Nanoparticle 2. Nanocrystal 3. Nanotube. 4.

Superparamagnetic iron oxide 5. Liposomes 6. Micelle Many Indian innovations.[33]

1) First produced smart hydrogel nanoparticles (US Patent 5847111) for drug delivery

applications.

2) Tumor Targeted delivery of nanoparticles using taxol (US Patent 6,322,817)

3) Nanoparticles inorganic as non-viral vectors for the targeted delivery of genes (US Patent

6555376); technology transferred to a California based Pharm Com.

4) Once in 48 hours dose ophthalmic delivery (US Patent 6579519) (Another improved

formulation patent on ophthalmic gels is being submitted in India)

5) Oral insulin delivery (Patent pending).

CONCLUSION

The potential new nanotechnology features will be to encourage the development of new

nanodevices. Nanotechnologies offer great opportunities and continue to attract a great deal

of attention due to their potential impacts on an increasingly wide range of industries and

markets. Consequently, this technology is rapidly evolving and will develop more rapidly in

the years to come. Meanwhile, it is also essential to address uncertainties and the potential

problems which nanotechnologies may take in an economic and safe manner.

Nanoparticles represent a promising controlled and targeted release system for the delivery of

drugs. The emergence of nanotechnology will likely have a significant impact on the drug

delivery sector, affecting just about every route of oral to injectable administration. The

development of nanotechnology in India was largely conceived and continued on the premise

that this new and emerging technology has tremendous potential to help the country tackle

societal challenges such as drinking water supply, healthcare, etc., while at the same time

achieving economic gains through growth in the nanotech-based industry.



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NANOTECHNOLOGY AS A MARKETING FUTURE

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