Nanotechnology 22 Feb 2017
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Transcript of Nanotechnology 22 Feb 2017
Nano-biotechnology: Nano-biotechnology: Theory and Application in Theory and Application in
Agricultural PracticesAgricultural Practices
Dr. Ahmed Abdel-FattahDr. Ahmed Abdel-FattahPhD Hamburg University, GermanyPhD Hamburg University, Germany
Plant Protection Department Plant Protection Department Pesticides Chemistry and Environmental ToxicologyPesticides Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology
University of AlexandriaUniversity of Alexandria22 Feb. 2017 22 Feb. 2017
TopicsTopics Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions
NanotechnologyNanotechnology
Nano-Scale (Metrology)Nano-Scale (Metrology)Nano-Science (Studies & Theories)Nano-Science (Studies & Theories)Nano-Technology (Applications)Nano-Technology (Applications)Molecular Nanotechnology (Chemistry)Molecular Nanotechnology (Chemistry)Molecular Nanobiotechnology (Chem & Bio)Molecular Nanobiotechnology (Chem & Bio)
Countries Active NanotechnologyCountries Active NanotechnologyProductionProduction
Nanoscale = billionths (10 )Nanoscale = billionths (10 )
6 billion people6 billion people8000 mile diameter8000 mile diameter
10 billion components10 billion components8 inch diameter8 inch diameter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth2014
-9
Nanotechnology…?Nanotechnology…?
““Nanotechnology is the art and Nanotechnology is the art and science of manuplating matter at science of manuplating matter at nano scale’’nano scale’’
The design, characterization The design, characterization production and application of production and application of structure, devices and system by structure, devices and system by controlling shape and science at controlling shape and science at nanoscalenanoscale
DefinitionDefinition
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at
dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena
enable novel applications.”
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control
of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 1 to 100
nanometersnanometers, where unique phenomena enable
novel applications.”
What are Nanomaterials?What are Nanomaterials?
Materials with at least one external dimension in the size range from approximately 1-100 nanometers
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (March 2009). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/
Objects with all three external dimensions at the nanoscale
NanomaterialsNanomaterials
NanoparticlesNanoparticles
Human HairHuman Hair
Examples of Nanomaterials?Examples of Nanomaterials?
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (March 2009). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/
Naturally occurring Naturally occurring
volcanic ash & soot from forest fires volcanic ash & soot from forest fires
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (March 2009). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/
Combustion processesCombustion processes
Welding physically and chemically heterogeneous and often termed ultrafine particles.
Examples of Nanomaterials?Examples of Nanomaterials?
Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that use Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that use intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick
firmly to surfaces. firmly to surfaces.
Nano in natureNano in nature
adhesiveadhesiveseal wounds seal wounds
Examples of Nanomaterials?Examples of Nanomaterials?
Why Nanoscale?Why Nanoscale?
Why Nanoscale?Why Nanoscale?
physical and chemical properties of physical and chemical properties of materials differ significantly from those materials differ significantly from those
at a larger scale.at a larger scale.
Surface areaSurface area
enhance its reactivity, strength and enhance its reactivity, strength and electrical and magnetic properties.electrical and magnetic properties.
Scientific Revolutions
• Lamp and Television • Transistor• Integrate Circuit (IC)• Microprocessors & Personal Computers
The 5th Generation of Scientific RevolutionNano-TechnologyNano-Technology
TopicsTopics Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology
HistoryHistory
Three Champions of NanotechnologyThree Champions of Nanotechnology
Feynman Taniguchi Drexler
Richard P. Feynman 1959
One of America’s most notable physicists, 1965.
History, ContinuedHistory, Continued
Genome-wide variation from one human being to another can be up to 0.5% (99.5% similarity)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_variation
He coined the term Nanotechnology in 1974
Norio TaniguchiNorio Taniguchi
History, ContinuedHistory, Continued
Eric Drexler - 1986 Eric Drexler - 1986
History, ContinuedHistory, Continued
Genome-wide variation from one human being to another can be up to 0.5% (99.5% similarity)
Heinrich RohrerGerd Binnig
Nobel Prize 1986
History, ContinuedHistory, Continued
Dome over biosphere in Montreal A “Buckyball.”
Carbon 60 was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, who went by the nickname “Bucky.”
History, ContinuedHistory, ContinuedFullerenesFullerenes
Is Is NANOTECHNOLOGYNANOTECHNOLOGY the gateway to the future for human the gateway to the future for human
beings on Earth?beings on Earth?
Where
Where Y
OU
RY
OU
R
ImaginationImaginationTake
Take
YouYou ??
doesdoes
Nanotechnology Offers Nanotechnology Offers
LighterLighter Stronger Stronger FasterFaster SmallerSmaller More DurableMore Durable Easier and Clean TechnologyEasier and Clean Technology
NANO MATERIAL SHAPES
Nano Materials Shapes
Nano TubesNano Rodes
Nano Composite Nano Particles
TYPES OF NANO-MATERAILS
Types of Nano-Materails
• Single Dimensional Nano-Materials
• Bilateral Dimensional Nano-Materials
• Three Dimensional Nano-Materials
Engineered Surfaces
Bio-Polymers & Nano wires
Nanoparticles
How How cancan smallsmall
ScienceSciencehavehave
suchsuchbigbig
ImpactImpact??aa
Magnetic properties
The large surface area to volume ratio results in different magnetic coupling with neighboring atoms leading to
differing magnetic properties.
Optical properties
• Gold spheres of 10-20nm exhibit red color• Gold spheres of 2-5nm exhibit yellow color.• Gold spheres of >20nm exhibit purple color
TopicsTopics Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications
Assembling Nanomaterials
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can transform inorganic metal ions into metal can transform inorganic metal ions into metal nanoparticlesnanoparticles
Many biological systems
including plants and algae , diatoms , bacteria , including plants and algae , diatoms , bacteria , yeast , fungi , and human cellsyeast , fungi , and human cells
via the reductive capacities of the proteins and via the reductive capacities of the proteins and metabolites present in these organisms. metabolites present in these organisms.
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Make nanoparticles.Make nanoparticles.Soak filter in nanoparticles.Soak filter in nanoparticles.““Inoculate” plate.Inoculate” plate.Check results.Check results.
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How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles
2 ml .5 mM AgNO3 in a test tube.2 ml .5 mM AgNO3 in a test tube.Start with a compound that has silver in it.Start with a compound that has silver in it.Our solution is silver nitrate.Our solution is silver nitrate.
4040
Put 2 ml .5 mM AgNOPut 2 ml .5 mM AgNO33 in a test tube. in a test tube.
Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Heating it will speed the reaction.Heating it will speed the reaction.
How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles
4141
Put 2 ml .5 mM AgNOPut 2 ml .5 mM AgNO33 in a test tube. in a test tube.
Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate. Carefully add the sodium citrate; Carefully add the sodium citrate;
the solution is the solution is HOT!HOT! Allows silver to formAllows silver to form
stable nanoparticles stable nanoparticles
How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles
4242
Put 2 ml .5 mM AgNOPut 2 ml .5 mM AgNO33 in a test tube. in a test tube.
Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Continue heating — wait for silver Continue heating — wait for silver nanoparticles to form.nanoparticles to form. Watch for a change in color to indicate the silver Watch for a change in color to indicate the silver
has formed.has formed. Let it heat a few more minutes to be sure the Let it heat a few more minutes to be sure the
color change is complete.color change is complete.
How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles
4343
Put 2 ml .5 mM AgNOPut 2 ml .5 mM AgNO33 in a test tube. in a test tube.
Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Continue heating — wait for silver nanoparticles Continue heating — wait for silver nanoparticles to form.to form.
How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles
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Growth of BacteriaGrowth of Bacteria
Bacteria may grow as Bacteria may grow as a group = a group = colonycolony
Bacteria may cover Bacteria may cover surface of plate = surface of plate = lawnlawn
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Bacterial Antibiotic SensitivityBacterial Antibiotic SensitivityAntibiotics may Antibiotics may inhibit the growth of inhibit the growth of some bacteria.some bacteria.Evidence of this is a Evidence of this is a “halo”. “halo”. A halo indicates a A halo indicates a zone where bacteria zone where bacteria are not present.are not present.
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Silver NanopariclesSilver Nanoparicles
Fourier-transform infrared
Biosynthesis and characterization of AgNPs
Nanospider for electrospinning Nanospider for electrospinning
SEM images of SEM images of electrospun electrospun nanofibers nanofibers
ready to ready to encapsulate encapsulate
bio-surfactants bio-surfactants
Abdel-Megeed et al., (2012). Fabrication of electrospun antimicrobial nanofibers containing metronidazole using nanospider technology. Fibers And Polymers. 13 : 6 (709-717).
Assembling NanomaterialsAssembling NanomaterialsBottom up or top downBottom up or top down
Tools used to characterize Tools used to characterize nanoparticlesnanoparticles
Scanning Electronic Microscopy
Measurement of zeta potential and electrophoretic Measurement of zeta potential and electrophoretic mobility in aqueous and non-aqueous dispersions mobility in aqueous and non-aqueous dispersions using Laser Doppler Micro-Electrophoresis.using Laser Doppler Micro-Electrophoresis.
The Zetasizer Nano Z
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) SpectroscopyFourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
Interactivity Interactivity Functional groupsFunctional groups
FTIRFTIR
NANOMATERIALS NANOMATERIALS AND AND AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
Nanotechnology is ubiquitous and pervasive. It is an emerging field in all
areas of science, engineering and technology
Nanotechnology ScopeNanotechnology Scope
The goals fall into several categories The goals fall into several categories Increase production rates and yield Increase production rates and yield Increase efficiency of resource utilization Increase efficiency of resource utilization Minimize waste production Minimize waste production Nano-based treatment of agricultural waste Nano-based treatment of agricultural waste Nanosensors Nanosensors Specific application include Specific application include
Nano-fertilizerNano-fertilizer Nano-pesticideNano-pesticide
Crop improvementCrop improvement
Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology
•Gene therapy for plant: used of 3-nm mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) for smuggling foreign DNA into cells.
Peterson et al., 2014
DNA Analogues and Nano-Technology
Bionano-Machines Programmed Molecule Molecular Motors
Self-Assembled Nano-Structures from Glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) a synthetic analog of DNA
Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric (2005). "A simple glycol nucleic acid". J Am Chem Soc 127 (12): 4174–5. doi:10.1021/ja042564z
tetrahedron DNA
DNA Analogues and Nano-Technology
Bionano-Machines Programmed Molecule Molecular Motors
Self-Assembled Nano-Structures from Glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) a synthetic analog of DNA
Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric (2005). "A simple glycol nucleic acid". J Am Chem Soc 127 (12): 4174–5. doi:10.1021/ja042564z
•Bio-Nanotechnology has designed sensor which give increased sensitivity and earlier response to environmental change and link into GPS•These monitor soil condition and crops growth over vast areas•Such sensor has already been employed in US and Australia
Precision farmingPrecision farming
•100% growth inhibition was seen in the Rhyzotonia solani, showed at 10 ppm nanosized silica-silver
Abdel-Megeed et al., 2013 & Park et al., 2009
Plant pathology Plant pathology
Nanotech-based soil binder called SoilSet employed to avoid soil erosion
Sequoia pacfic research of Utah (USA)
Soil remediation Soil remediation
Ligand based nanocoating can be utilized for effective removal of heavy metals as these have high absorption tendency
M. Sc. Thesis in Progress 2016
Removal of heavy metalsRemoval of heavy metals
Magnetic (iron oxide) nanocrystals to capture and remove arsenic from contaminated water. researchers at Rice
university
Water treatment Water treatment
Animal scienceAnimal science
Nano micelles, liposomes, nano Nano micelles, liposomes, nano emulsion complexes improves the emulsion complexes improves the utilization of efficiency of utilization of efficiency of nutrients in foddernutrients in fodder
Nano coating of agriculture tool to increase Nano coating of agriculture tool to increase their resistant against the wear and corrosiontheir resistant against the wear and corrosion
Agriculture Engineering issues
•Foliar application of nano Phosphorous as fertilizer (640 mg ha-1) and soil application of phosphorous fertilizer (80 kg ha-1) yielded equally in cluster bean and pearl millet under arid environment.
Tarafdar et al., 2012
Nano-fertilizer technology Nano-fertilizer technology
NanopesticidesNanopesticides
Nano-scale either active ingredients with a particle size Nano-scale either active ingredients with a particle size of 100 nm or lessof 100 nm or less
Formulation of a pesticides Formulation of a pesticides Nano emulsionNano emulsionNano suspension Nano suspension Nano encapsulationNano encapsulationNanoparticlesNanoparticles
UsesUsesProtection Protection Increase solubility Increase solubility Reduce the contact of active ingredients with Reduce the contact of active ingredients with agriculture workersagriculture workersEnvironments reducing run off ratesEnvironments reducing run off rates
Mohdzobir Mohdzobir et alet al., 2011., 2011
Bio-Energy or Products
Single molecule detection to determine enzyme/substrate interactions (e.g. cellulases in production of ethanol). Materials from biomass
Agrochemical Delivery
Delivery of pesticides, fertilizers, and other agrichemicals more efficiently (e.g. only when needed or for better absorption).
Animal Production
Delivery of growth hormone in a controlled fashion. Identity preservation and tracking.
Animal or Plant Health
Detect animal pathogens, such as foot and mouth disease virus. Detect plant pathogens early.
Animal Medicine
Deliver animal vaccines.
Selected Categories of Nanotechnology Applied to Food and Agriculture
Plant Production Delivery of DNA to plants towards certain tissues (i.e. targeted genetic engineering).
Sensing Detect chemicals or foodborne pathogens; biodegradable sensors for temperature, moisture history, etc.
Safety Selectively bind and remove chemicals or pathogens.
Packaging Prevent or respond to spoilage. Sensing features for contaminants or pathogens.
Healthy Food
Better availability and dispersion of nutrients, nutraceuticals, or additives.
Selected Categories of Nanotechnology Applied to Food and Agriculture
Nano-Technology between Nano-Technology between
Scientific Scientific FictionFiction & Reality & Reality
TopicsTopics Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology
Special Features of NanoparticlesSpecial Features of NanoparticlesA double-edged swordA double-edged sword
Promise PitfallsIncreased surface area Increased reactivity?
Increased bioavailability and targeted to certain tissues
Increased toxicity?
Lower doses effective Lower doses toxic?
Penetration ability for remediation Impair subsurface ecosystems
Skin, membrane penetration may speed onset of action
Toxicity through nontraditional routes of administration?
Potential Risk of Potential Risk of NanotechnologyNanotechnology
Health IssueHealth IssueNanoparticle clouds be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed Nanoparticle clouds be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through skin.through skin.They trigger inflammation and weaken the immune They trigger inflammation and weaken the immune system and interfere with regulatory mechanism of system and interfere with regulatory mechanism of enzymes and protein.enzymes and protein.
Environmental IssueEnvironmental IssueNanoparticle clouds accumulates in soil, water and plants.Nanoparticle clouds accumulates in soil, water and plants.
Potential Risk of Potential Risk of NanotechnologyNanotechnology
New risk assessment method are neededNew risk assessment method are neededNational and international agencies are beginning to National and international agencies are beginning to study the riskstudy the riskResult will lead to new regulation.Result will lead to new regulation.
TopicsTopics Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
Research is being carried out to develop nanocapsules Research is being carried out to develop nanocapsules containing nutrients that would be released when containing nutrients that would be released when nanosensors detect a deficiency in your body. nanosensors detect a deficiency in your body.
Nanomaterials are being developed to improve the Nanomaterials are being developed to improve the taste, colour, and texture of foods. For example taste, colour, and texture of foods. For example “interactive” foods are being developed that would “interactive” foods are being developed that would allow you to choose which flavour and colour a food allow you to choose which flavour and colour a food has!has!
Modern biotechnologies involve making useful products from whole organisms or parts of organisms, such as molecules, cells, tissues and organs.
Recent developments in biotechnology include genetically modified plants and animals, cell therapies and nanotechnology.
These products are not in everyday use but may be of benefit to us in the future.
ConclusionConclusion
Welcome to Welcome to NanoWorld!NanoWorld!
References and websites:References and websites: Abdel-Megeed et al., Handbook of Nanotechnology (2010) Abdel-Megeed et al., Handbook of Nanotechnology (2010) Handbook of NanotechnologyHandbook of Nanotechnology, B. Bhushan, ed. (2004), B. Bhushan, ed. (2004) Molecular NanotechnologyMolecular Nanotechnology, D. E. Newton, ed. (2002), D. E. Newton, ed. (2002) Integrated Chemical SystemsIntegrated Chemical Systems, A. J. Bard (1994), A. J. Bard (1994) Engines of CreationEngines of Creation, K. Eric Drexler (1986) , K. Eric Drexler (1986)
( http://www.foresight.org/EOC/ ) ( http://www.foresight.org/EOC/ ) ““There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Richard Feynman (1959)There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Richard Feynman (1959)
( http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html )( http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html ) National Nanotechnology Initiative ( http://www.nano.gov/ )National Nanotechnology Initiative ( http://www.nano.gov/ ) Nano Letters - ACS Journal ( http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ )Nano Letters - ACS Journal ( http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ ) Materials Today - British journal ( http://www.materialstoday.com ) Materials Today - British journal ( http://www.materialstoday.com )
Thank You Thank You Dr. nat.Sci. Ahmed Abdel-MegeedPh.D Germany, Hamburg UniversityAssociate Professor, Plant Protection Dept. Faculty of Agriculture- Alexandria UniversityAlexandria, EgyptP.O. BOX 21531Homepage: http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75164/default.aspx