Nanoscience and Health Research. The role of nanotechnology in: Fighting disease causing organisms....
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Transcript of Nanoscience and Health Research. The role of nanotechnology in: Fighting disease causing organisms....
![Page 1: Nanoscience and Health Research. The role of nanotechnology in: Fighting disease causing organisms. Developing medical devices. Faster diagnoses.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/56649ea85503460f94bac8d0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nanoscience and Health Research
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The role of nanotechnology in:
• Fighting disease causing organisms.
• Developing medical devices.
• Faster diagnoses.
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Why use nanotechnology?
• Identify and fight microscopic organisms.
• 3 main types of pathogens.
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Fungus
•Fungus cell = 0.005 to 0.05 mm.
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Bacteria
• Bacterium = 0.2 – 2.0 µm in diameter.
• 25 times smaller than fungi.
• Bacteria can be destroyed with antibiotics.
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Virus
• Range in size from 20 to 250 nm.
• 10 times smaller than bacteria.
• 250 times smaller than fungi.
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How are pathogens detected?
• Grow on petri dishes.
• Test the response of the specimen to various antibiotics and anti-fungicides.
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Problem: diagnoses takes time
• Some pathogens may take minutes to grow, others may take hours.
• Need a small scale petri dish where even the smallest pathogenic growth can be registered very quickly.
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A possible nano solution
• Use of cantilevers a few hundred nm thin.
• In this system, micro-organisms are detected with nano-devices.
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Using cantilevers to detect pathogens
• Cantilever vibrates.
• As micro-organisms grow the frequency of vibration changes.
• Extremely sensitive and quick detection.
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Other nano-diagnostic tools
• Mini portable laboratory.
• One drop of blood could be instantly tested for a whole array of diseases and conditions.
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Benefits of the lab on a chip
• Quicker diagnostics.
• Greater control over analysis.
• Less waste.
• Small devices allow samples to be analysed at the point of need rather than a laboratory.
• Uses in other areas:
industrial applications and environmental monitoring.
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Portable lab chips
• Chips could be injected into the bloodstream.
• Travel to diseased cells.
• Diagnose.
• Deliver medication.
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Nanotechnology and cancer treatment
• Chemotherapy not specific.
• Nano drug delivery can directly target tumours.
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Magnetic nanoparticles
• Some nanoparticles become magnetic in the presence of a magnetic field.
• Nanoparticles target cells- magnetic field makes them vibrate, heat up and destroy cancer cell.
– Clinical trials already happening!
• MRI imaging for faster diagnoses.
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Nanoparticle drug delivery
• Enzymes bound to carbon nanotubes or particles.
• One enzyme (key) fits one substrate (lock).
• Particles can contain medication which would release when the enzyme reaches its specific target.
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Nanotechnology and stents
• Stents widen damaged arteries.
• Research is being conducted into the use of a stent manufactured from extremely light, yet extremely strong nanomaterials.
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Nanotechnology and heart disease
• Nanopatch can bring dead heart tissue back to life.
• Carbon nanofibres are excellent conductors of electrons.
• Keeps heart beating steadily.
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Nanotechnology and tissue growth
• Improved tissue grafts.
• Promote vascular growth.
• Faster healing.
• Healthy skin invades wounded area.
• Reduce the need for surgeries. A tissue scaffold with visible pores.
Clockwise, schematic diagrams showing cross-sections of micro-structured tissue
templates.
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Nanotechnology and preventing infection
•Silver nanoparticles in paint.
•Combating pathogens.
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Nanotechnology- potential health risks
• Where do particles go?
– Do they stay in cells/blood stream?
• Are workers safe manufacturing them?
• Where do we dispose of them?
– Environment issues
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Summary
• Role of nanotechnology in healthcare.
• Advances in healthcare from nanotechnology.
• Future directions for nanotechnology.