Synthèse et caractérisations de nanoparticules d’or pour ...
NANOPARTICULES : USAGES ET EFFETS SANITAIRES · Nanomaterials •a natural, incidental or...
Transcript of NANOPARTICULES : USAGES ET EFFETS SANITAIRES · Nanomaterials •a natural, incidental or...
NANOPARTICULES :
USAGES ET EFFETS SANITAIRES
Dominique Lison Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (Bruxelles)
nanomaterials
• nano = dwarf, 10-9
• solids (particles, fibres, rods, ...)
• produced by manipulating @ atomic level
• at least one dimension < 100 nm
• quantum physics
• unique physico-chemical properties (compared to bulk)
• also .… unique toxicological hazards ?
• ISO/TS 27687 Nanoobjects ≥ 1 nanodim
Nanoplates 1 dim
Nanofibres
Nanotubes 2 dim
Nanoparticles 3 dim
Nanomaterials
• a natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50 % (1-50%) or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm - 100 nm
• or if the specific surface area by volume of the material is greater than 60 m² / cm³
• fullerenes, graphene flakes and single wall carbon nanotubes with one or more external dimensions below 1 nm should be considered as nanomaterials.
EC definition, Oct 2011
Different types of nanomaterials
Natural
Incidental
Combustion
(motors)
Smelting
Incinerators
Fuming, …
Welding fumes
Intentional (engineered)
Metallic NP
Carbon NP,
nanotubes,
graphene
Complex NP
Anthropogenic
Vulcans
Forrest fires
Virus
Air pollution : ultrafines particles
Respiratory, cardio-vascular toxicity , allergy…
Nanotechnology
• 2014 : >1/10th of the global manufacturing workforce employed in nanotechnology-related processes (Lux Research 2004)
INDUSTRIAL SECTOR EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
Automobile, aeronautics, aerospatial Reinforced and lighter materials
Paints : color, brightness, antiscratch, antidirt
Sensors optimizing engine performances
Ice sensors on aircraft wings
Diesel additives
Tyres : performances, durability, recycling
Electronics and communications High density storage miniprocessors
Solar cells
e-book readers
Computers
Wireless technologies
Flat screens
Chemistry and materials Pigments
Ceramic powders
Corrosion inhibitors
Catalysts
Dirt-resistant and self-cleaning windows, paints
Antibacterial and resistant fabrics
Water treatment
Thermal insulation
Pharmaceutics, biomedicine,
biotechnology
Drugs (delivery, targeting)
Anti-allergy surface
Biocompatible surfaces, implants
Tissue regeneration (bone)
Heat destruction of tumors
Gene therapy
Diagnostic kits
Industrial applications of nanomaterials (1)
INRS, 2012
INDUSTRIAL SECTOR EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
Cosmetics Sun creams
Toothpastes (abrasive)
Make-up, lipsticks (long lasting)
Moisturisers (healing, anti-oxidant)
Energy Photovoltaic cells
Batteries
Smart windows
Insulation
Artificial photosynthesis
Hydrogen storage
Ecology, environment Water purification
Pesticides, fertilisers
Sensors
Recovery, cleaning
Chemical analysers
Defence Detection, monitoring
Guiding
Light, self-reparing fabrics
Manufacturing Microscopes and precision tools
Industrial applications of nanomaterials (2)
INRS, 2012
Some occupational scenarios
Liquid vs powder
• Sampling, transfer, weighing, shaking, mixing, drying, filling
• Drilling, cutting, polishing
• Packing, packaging, storage
• Cleaning
• Maintenance
• Waste treatment
• Recycling
• Accident
Exposure routes
• Inhalation throughout resp. tract
• Digestive (primary), secondary
• Cutaneous liquids, powders abraded skin (irritation, allergy)
• Olfactive CNS
What makes nanos different in terms of toxicity ?
The same physico-chemical properties that make nanos so attractive for technological applications may be a source of concern for health :
• Surface area (dose)
• Surface reactivity (oxidative stress ?)
• Tissular/cellular distribution
Elder et al, 2006
MnO 30 nm
Assessing the toxicity of nanos
• Solid material
• Distinct from bulk material
• Different biological targets
• Different modes of action
• Several nanos for same compound (ZnO)
Massive funding,
mainly in vitro studies,
a lot of noise,
relatively little progress
3 selected new horizons
1. Cancer and Immunosuppression
• Great diversity
• Experimental data only (>200 in vivo studies)
• Lung inflammation
granulomas
fibrosis
• Genotoxic (in vitro, in vivo)
• Lung cancer (Mitsui) Mesothelioma (Mitsui, …)
Ctl
CNT-7
Asb 2
SiO LPS
0
5
10
15
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***
Pro
port
ion (
%)
Monocytic MDSC
Huaux et al. 2016
1 2 4 81
63
26
4 1 2 4 81
63
26
4 1 2 4 81
63
26
4 1 2 4 81
63
26
4
0
50
100
150
§ §
§
§
#
*
§ §§
§
§*
§§
§
§
§
§ §
§
§
1 day
% o
f co
ntr
ols
7 days 15 days 30 days
His48
CD
11
bc
Engineered nanoparticles
Nanoparticles in food
Nanoparticles in food
Systemic toxicity
Local toxicity ?
Microbiota ?
2. Microbiota (Ag NP)
Modifications at phyla level
trend : p < 0.0001 % all phyla
0 46 460
4600
0
20
40
60
80
100
bacteroidetes
firmicutes
other phyla
Ag NP (ppb)
% o
f to
tal b
ac
teri
a
van den Brule et al. 2016
Modifications at genus level
% all genera
0 46 460
4600
0
20
40
60
80
100
Coprococcus
Dorea
Mucispirillum
Odoribacter
Oscillospira
Ruminococcus
other genera
unidentified Bacteroidetes
unidentified Firmicutes
[Prevotella]
Bacteroides
Blautia
Ag NP (ppb)
% o
f to
tal b
ac
teri
a
van den Brule et al. 2016
3. Transgenerational toxicity (DEP)
Valentino et al. 2016
Valentino et al. 2016
Valentino et al. 2016
Valentino et al. 2016
Thank you for your attention