1 µm

Philip G. Collins

Dept. of Physics and Astronomy

Nanomaterials and Nanoscience

• why go nano?

Atomic Resolution Microscopes

the AFM,STM,TEM,

and SEM

Conventional Properties

IBM Research, 1992

Copper at the Nanoscale

One Atom “Trapped” Electrons

1 nanometer = 1 nm

Everything changes at the quantum scale

Mechanical strength, toughness high strength, low weightcomposites

Chemical bonding, reactivity chemical and biologicalreceptors or sensors

Thermal insulators, conductors high temperature orhigh power applications

Electrical conductivity, ductility microelectronics

Optical absorption, reflectivity high bandwidth fibersor waveguides

Physical Property Uses

Al Si P ArCl

C

He

NeN FO

Cr Fe Co Ni CuTi

Pt Au

Nb Pd Ag

H

I Xe

Pb Bi

Ge AsGa KrBr83.80

131.29

4.0026

20.18014.007

39.94835.453

18.99815.99912.01

26.982 28.086 30.974

69.723 7 2.61 74.922 79.904

126.90

207.2 208.98

58.933 58.693 63.546

1.0079

47.867 51.996 55.845

92.906 106.42 107.87

195.08 196.97

PERIOD

GROUP

1

2

3

4

5

6

2

107

1817

98

36

54

16

13 14 15

28 29 31 32 33 35

5346 47

78 79 83

1

22 24 26 27

41

HY DROGEN

NIOBIUM

TIT ANIUM CHROMIUM COBA L TIRON

HELIUM

NEO NNIT ROGEN FL UORINEOXYGENCARBON

ARGONCHLORINEALUM INIUM SILICON P HOS PHORUS

KRYP T ONNICKEL COPPER G ALLIUM GERMANIUM ARSENIC B ROMINE

XENONIODINEPALLADIUM SIL V ER

P LA TINUM GOLD LEAD BISMUTH

11

13 14 15 16 17

181

54 6 8 9 10

NanoPeriodic Table – Under construction

Jim Heath, UCLA

© Foresight Institute

• what isnanotechnology?

tech·nol·o·gy n1. The application of science,

especially to industrial or commercial objectives

Nanoscience Nanofiction

© Vic Olliver

Nanorobots repairingred blood cells

Nanotechnology

© QuantumDot Corp.

Inside a fluorescentlylabeled cell

REPORTS

www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 291 16 MARCH 2001 2115

Colloidal Nanocrystal Shapeand Size Control: The Case of

CobaltVictor F. Puntes, * Kannan M. Krishnan, A. Paul Alivisatos

We show that a relatively simple approach for controlling the colloidal synthesis of anisotropic cadmium selenide semiconductor nanorods can be extended to the size-controlled preparation of magnetic cobalt nanorods as well as spher-ically shaped nanocrystals. This approach helps define a minimum feature set needed to separately control the sizes and shapes of nanocrystals. The resulting cobalt nanocrystals produce interesting two- and three-dimensional super-structures, including ribbons of nanorods.

Nanoscience

though most inventions

begin as fictions …

NanofictionNanotechnology

Early Nanotechnology

© Foresight Institute

• composites• coatings• lubricants• fabrics• enhanced plastics

the Road Towards Nanotechnology

Norman Poire, Merrill Lynch

Emerging “Molecular Electronics”

Goals:

- high speed

- low power

- high density

- ‘quantum’ devices

Candidates:

- polymers

- dendrimers

- metallorganics

- nanowires / nanotubes

Nanotubes & nanowires bridge the gap to the molecular world:

contactable systems with extended, low-D electronic states

1 µm100 µm

0.1 µm

Carbon Nanotube Electronic Circuits

Carbon Nanotubes

Martel APL 73 2447 (1998)IBM Yorktown

Semiconducting Nanotubes as Field-Effect Transistors

Nanotube FET Si p-MOSFET

Rc : 90 Ω µm 100 Ω µm

µ : > 10,000 cm2/Vs 100 cm2/Vs

G: 1260 µS/µm 430 µS/µm

Emerging “Molecular Electronics”

can molecular circuitry

compete with $0.0000001products ?

Chemical Sensing using Molecular Electronics

0.12

4

12

4

102

4

I (nA

)

1614121086420t (min)

Room temperature response to four short pulses of NH3

Sensor Prototype

NH3 response

20% O2T = 290K

Collins et al, Science (2000)

t (min)

275

250

2250 100 200 300 400 500

R (k

ohm

)

pure N2

Antibody Fragments

Proteins and Peptides

Atoms and Clusters

Coating Nanotubes for Chemical Function

Protein-coatednanotube

Selective Biological Sensing

A. Star Nanolett. (2003)Nanomix Research

Sour

ce-D

rain

Cur

rent

(µA

)

Biotin-labelledNanotube transistor

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

-10 0 10

Gate Voltage (V)

After Streptavidinbinding

V

Biotin

Streptavidin

CNT Circuit

Y. Cui Science (2001)Harvard Univ.

Goals for Single-Molecule Circuitry

1) Fabricate circuits with single active sites

2) Understand & enhance signal transduction

3) Identify and reduce noise sources

4) Time-resolved electrical measurements on molecular

binding events

INRF Device Fabrication

Engineering the Microworld at The University of California, IrvineUCI Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility

Local Electronic Characterization

Topography

Nanotube Topographyby AFM

Vtip

S D

EFM – electrostatic force microscopyKFM – Kelvin force microscopySGM – scanned gate microscopy

VSD

VG

Local Electronic Characterization

Topography

Nanotube Topographyby AFM

Composite

Local ElectricPotential V(x)

KFM Potential Map

Local resistance at attachment sites

Circuits at the Nanoscale

• circuits, circuits, circuits

• semiconductor processing

• materials synthesis

• chemical attachments

• electronic characterization

• quantum electronics

• biofunctional circuits

Dr. Yuwei FanBrett GoldsmithAlex KaneDerek KingreyBucky Khalap

Jorge GuerraKeven Loutherback