NanoItaly 2015 - Tassini OLEDs for Lighting ... · PDF filePEDOT:PSS, Metal Oxides (MoO 3),...
Transcript of NanoItaly 2015 - Tassini OLEDs for Lighting ... · PDF filePEDOT:PSS, Metal Oxides (MoO 3),...
ENEA Portici Research Centre
OLEDs for lighting
State of the art and ENEA competence
Department for Sustainability of the productive and territorial systems (SSPT)
Division for Technologies and processes of the materials for the sustainability (SSPT-PROMAS)
Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT-PROMAS-NANO)
Maria Grazia Maglione, Paolo Tassini, Carla Minarini
NanoItaly 2015
Roma - Italy
OLEDs
OLEDs… DISPLAYS!
Sony XEL-1,
11" TV set (2007)
From early samples… … to marketed products…
Epson 40" TV set, ink-jet printed,
polymer-based (2004)
Kodak LS633 photocamera,
2.2" AMOLED display (2003)
PANASONIC TX-65CZ950, 65" curved
4K TV set (2015) (LG panel)
LG 55EC9300, 55" curved
Full HD TV set, US$ 1999 (2014)
… OLEDs are an
important success
of the
Organic ElectronicsLG 77EG9900, 77" flexible
4K TV set, US$ 50,000 (!?) (2015)Images: www.oled-info.com; www.samsung.com; www.lg.com
LG G Flex LS995,
6.0" (2013)
Samsung S6 Edge,
5.1" (2015)
OLEDs for lighting
OLEDs
It is a Solid State Lighting technology, with LEDs and EL sources
It is an answer for• high efficiency
• very small or zero
environmental impact
It is THE answer for• natural, large area,
glare-free light
• tuneable colour
• flexible, thin and
lightweight sources
• transparent sources
• dimmable sources
OLEDs for lightingOLED lighting development is moving fast too!
World’s first OLED lamp by
OSRAM and Ingo Maurer
design (2008)
(price: € 25 000)
General Electric chandelier
Philips
Novaled
LG Chem (2009)
Novaled
transparent OLEDs (2010)
Several prototypes…
OLEDs for lightingOLED lighting development is moving fast too!
… first commercial devices in 2009…
� OSRAM Orbeos
� diameter = 80 mm
� efficacy = 25 lm/W
� CRI (Colour Rendering Index) = 80
� price (at launch) = 375 US$
� PHILIPS Lumiblade
� various dimensions and forms
� efficacy = 20 lm/W (white & RGB)
� luminance = 1.000 cd/m2
� life = 10.000 hours
� price (at launch) = 72 € @ 44 x 47 mm2
OLEDs for lightingOLED lighting development is moving fast too!
… to present (and coming) products
� OSRAM
� Novaled
� Blackbody (FIAMM)
� LG Chem
� Konica Minolta
� Fraunhofer COMEDD
� AUDI
� etc.
Novaled
Blackbody (FIAMM)LG Chem
OSRAM
AUDI
Konica Minolta
Fraunhofer COMEDD
OLEDs for lighting
Characteristics of some OLED lighting products
� OSRAMefficacy = 40 lm/W
luminance = 2000 cd/m^2
CRI = 80
lifetime L70 = 10 000 h
working voltage = 6 V
active area = up to > 11 cm^2
cost = N.A.
� Konica Minoltaefficacy = 64 lm/W
luminance = 1000 cd/m^2
lifetime L50 = 10 000 h
active area = 68 cm^2
cost = N.A.
Announced best performances of OLED devices
� NEC Lighting &
Yamagata Univ. (2013)efficacy = 156 lm/W
luminance = 1000 cd/m^2
active area = 4 mm^2
� Konica Minolta (2014)efficacy = 139 lm/W
luminance = 1000 cd/m^2
CRI = 81
lifetime L50 = 55 000 h
active area = 15 cm^2
� LG Chemefficacy = 50+ lm/W
luminance = 3000+ cd/m^2
CRI = 90+
lifetime L70 = 30 000+ h
working voltage = 6 or 8.5 V
active area = up to ≈ 1000 cm^2
cost = $566/klm (680 US$/panel)
OLED lighting average cost ≈ 200 US$/klm ≈ 20X LEDs source: www.oled-info.com
DOE and
IDTechEx
(2013)
OLEDs for lighting
But, the market is still moving… Philips and Panasonic in 2015 decided to drop OLED lighting!… but Philips sold its knowhow to OLEDWorks
OLED lighting market Performances and market continue to grow
UBI Research
(2014)
IDTechEx (2014):
market < $200 million @ 2019 � $1.9 billion @ 2025
Cintelliq (2014):
OLEDs become a strong competitor to LEDs by 2016
By 2020: OLED panels priced at €200/m^2 @ 5 000 cd/m^2, and less than €14/klm
By 2023: OLED panel production > 500 million of 100mm x 100mm panel equivalents
NanoMarkets (2014)
OLED
materials
market
OLEDs for lighting
source: OE-A - White Paper - Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics, 6th Ed. (June 2015)
Years 2014-2015 2016-2018 2019-2022 2023-2027
Efficacy 100 lm/W 130 lm/W 160 lm/W 190 lm/W
First
products /
Prototypes
Decorative lighting,
High price
applications B2B
Automotive lighting,
High prices flexible
Integration for
special building,
Transparent
Free form
Mass
production/ / Flexible lighting
Building-integrated,
Flexible,
Transparent
OLED lighting market (according to OE-A)
But, to note,
OLED lighting market
is driven by
NEW INSTALLATIONS
Anyway, there are still "red brick walls" to face
� Lifetime � Encapsulation � New Barriers• for large area and flexible devices
• integrated in-line production
� Devices Efficiency � Light Outcoupling/Extraction• intelligent glass substrates and lenses (micro lenses, pyramid array, prism foil)
• index-matched materials and adhesives
• encapsulation, for matched index plastic substrates
� Standardization
� Manufacturing Costs � Improved Processes �
Lower Prices and High Production Volumes • high throughput and material utilization efficiency for vacuum deposition
• solution processing and printing tooling promises must turn into reality
for lower cost manufacturing, but must deliver high performance devices
• this red brick wall is becoming the most dominant one� Investments, to move from R&D and pilot lines to real production
OLEDs for lighting
source: OE-A - White Paper - Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics, 6th Ed. (June 2015)
• OLEDs
• OPV
• OTFTs
• Innovative process technologies
• Raw materials recovery from waste
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
Laboratory NANO is organized as a lab-scale full processing line
for simulation, design, fabrication and test of materials, devices and systems
of ORGANIC and PRINTED ELECTRONICS,
its applications in horticulture,
and study the recovery and recycling of raw materials from waste
Activities address the EIT priorities for RAW MATERIALSImages: ENEA SSPT-PROMAS-NANO; COATEMA
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
OLEDs on glass
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
OLEDs on plastic
�Performances of the devices, through� materials
� devices’ architecture
� fabrication technologies (high through-put methods, printing techniques, etc.)
� simulations (physical and electrical)
�Stability and lifetime, and methods to improve them
�Life cycle of devices and systemsto study low eco-impact materials and processes, to reduce the waste and
improve the recovery of valuable materials
�Usefulness of the devicesto develop and transfer useful knowledge to the companies and the public
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
ENEA NANO - OLEDs activity Objectives
Improvement of …
Lab. ENEA NANO competence• Substrate
Glass; PET; PEN; etc.• Anode
ITO; doped PEDOT:PSS; ZnO; AZO; etc.• HIL - Hole Injection Layer
PEDOT:PSS, Metal Oxides (MoO3), CuPc• HTL - Hole Transport Layer
α-NPD, TPD• EML - Emitting Layer
Small Molecules, Polymers, Blends and Nanocompositesdeposited by evaporation in vacuum and from solutionhost materials: CBP, SimCPguest materials: Ir(Fppy)3, Ir(ppy)3, etc.
• HBL - Hole Blocking LayerBCP
• ETL - Electron Transport LayerAlq3
• CathodeLiF + Al; Ca + Al; Li + Al; etc.
• Encapsulationrigid: glass lid + epoxy resin sealant + getter flexible: thin film encapsulation:
inorganic barriers, organic-inorganic multilayer
ENEA NANO OLEDs
Materials and architecture
Substrate
HIL
HTL
Anode
HBL
ETL
EML
EIL
Cathode
Encapsulation
• Anode surface treatments
• Charge injection layers (HIL, EIL)
• PEDOT:PSS, CuPc, LiF, etc.
• Low work-function cathodes
• Phosphorescent emitting materials
• Light outcoupling
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
Improvement of the devices’ performances
• Materials: CBP + Ir(ppy)3; LiF/Al
• Turn-on voltage ≈ 2.0 V
• Luminance ≈ 40 000 cd/m^2 @ 9 V
• Current efficiency ≈ 20 cd/A
• Efficacy ≈ 15 lm/W
No light outcoupling
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
White OLEDs Blue OLEDs Violet OLEDs
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
Encapsulation and lifetime studiesRigid encapsulation Flexible encapsulation
• US Patent 2009/0066244 A1: "Encapsulated organic electronic device
with improved resistance to degradation", 12/03/2009
• Italian patent TO2007U000116: "Dispositivo elettronico organico
incapsulato, con migliorata resistenza al degrado", 11/09/2007
getter getter
Lamination of transparent barrier
film (Foil Encapsulation (FE)).
WVTR of 10-1 to 10-3 g/m2/dayat room conditions (T = 25°C, RH =
50%; measured by permeabilimeter)
has been achieved.
Multilayer barrier of sputtered
Al2O3, on the device (Thin Film
Encapsulation (TFE)).
WVTR of 10-3 g/m2/dayat room conditions (T = 25°C,
RH = 50%; below the detection limit
of our permeabilimeter (< 10-2
g/m2/day)) can be reached.
In progress
Study of the intrinsic degradation phenomena through
shelf life experiments, performed at different storage
conditions (by using a climate chamber).
Water vapour
transmission rate
(WVTR) of 10-5 g/m2/dayat room temperature
(T = 25°C, RH = 50%;
measured by ENEA electrical
Ca test) has been obtained.
0,1 1
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0,01
C
urr
ent (A
)
Voltage (V)
PEDOT:PSS anode
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS anode
I vs. V
with DMSO
initial
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tra
sm
itta
nce
(%
)
Wavelenght (nm)
PEDOT:PSS
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS
UV - Vis
PEDOT:PSS doped with DMSO
Conductivity ≈ 700 S/cm
400 500 600 700
80
90
100
Tra
nsm
itta
nce
(%
)
Wavelenght (nm)
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS with 1wt% CNT
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS with 0.5wt% CNT
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS with 0.1wt% CNT
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS
UV-Vis
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
Co
nd
uctivity
(S/c
m)
DWCNT-COOH % loading
Conductivity ≈ 950 S/cm
PEDOT:PSS doped with DMSO + CNT
Transmittance > 85%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 161E-3
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
Voltage (V)
Lum
inan
ce (
Cd/m
2)
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS anodo
PEDOT:PSS anodo
ITO anodo
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
Transparent conductive materials for ITO substitution
OLEDs performances
• Lower optical turn-on voltage
• Higher luminance
Transmittance > 85%
In-situ polymerization of Ag
nanoparticles in doped PEDOT:PSSIn progress
Ag weight
(%)
Thickness
(nm)
Roughnes
(Rq) (nm)
Sheet Resistance
(Ω/□)
Conductivity
(S/cm)
10 300 35 25 1250
2.5 285 17 43 830
- 150 1.9 2.85*102 650
Aluminium
doped zinc
oxide (AZO)
MWCNT
(%)
Thickness
(nm)
Roughness
(Rq) (nm)
Sheet Resistance
(Ώ/sq)
Conductivity
(S/cm)
- 155 0.3 129 500
0.01 162 6.8 117 524
0.05 158 7.6 102 620
0.1 170 10.2 82 740
KURT J. LESKER integrated process system: Evaporator, Sputter,
Spin-coaters, integrated in a glove box with inert atmosphere
OXFORD OpAL Atomic Layer
Deposition system (ALD), for barrier
layers deposition: Al2O3, SiN, SiO2
Modular and upgradable
COATEMA Smartcoater roll-to-roll printing system:
gravure and screen-printing, slot-die coating,
lamination, inert atmosphere
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
OLEDs fabrication facilities
Ink-jet printing system
Mask Aligner with Nano Imprint
Lithography (NIL) (EVG620 NT)
Clean room (class 100),
for photolithography and
chemical processes
Direct Writing Laser
system,
for high resolution
photolithography
PECVD
cluster
system
Excimer laser
processing:
• Laser assisted
deposition
• Crystallization
Hot embossing system
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
OLEDs fabrication facilities
Electro-optical benchSEM
Profilometer
Contact angle
Spectrofluorometer
Probe station
Climatic chamber
Organic Material Analyzer
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
OLEDs fabrication facilities
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
Encapsulation and degradation studies
KURT J. LESKER integrated
process system
Electro-optical
characterization tools Water vapour permeabilimeter
(10°C < T < 50°C)
Glove box system (O2 and H2O < 1 ppm)
for sealing of organic devices,
using automatic dispensing of
UV-curable resins and lamps
Climate chamber for
ageing and testing of the
encapsulated devices
(10°C < T < 50°C;
10% < RH < 98%)
Laminator (in glove box)
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
Salvatore Aprano (PhD student)
Elena Santoro (PhD student)
Maria Fiorillo (PhD student)
Valeria Criscuolo (PhD student)
Tania Prontera (PhD student)
Michele Tesoro (SESMAT)
Giovanni Cotella (former SESMAT)
Emanuele Bezzeccheri (former UniSA)
Giuseppe Pandolfi (ENEA)
Enzo Calò (ENEA)
Tommaso Fasolino (ENEA)
Giuseppe Nenna (ENEA)
Giuliano Sico (ENEA)
Anna De Girolamo (ENEA)
Claudia Diletto (ENEA)
Paolo Tassini (ENEA)
Maria Grazia Maglione (ENEA)
Carla Minarini (ENEA)
People
Paolo Tassini
C. R. ENEA Portici
p.le E. Fermi, 1
Località Granatello
I-80055 Portici Italy
+39 081 7723 289
Department for Sustainability of the productive and territorial systems (SSPT)
Division for Technologies and processes of the materials for the sustainability (SSPT-PROMAS)
Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT-PROMAS-NANO)