Nanocarbon Hdp

8/11/2019 Nanocarbon Hdp

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Nanocarbon:Properties and Applications


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Nano

Size 10-9 m (1 nanometer)

Border to quantum mechanics

Form

Emergent behavior

Introduction

10010-9 10-6 10-3 103 106 109 m


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Carbon

Melting point: ~ 3500oC

Atomic radius: 0.077 nm

Basis in all organic componds

10 mill. carbon componds

Introduction
http://images.google.no/imgres?imgurl=http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/snorre/images/snorre7.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/snorre/snorre5.html&h=450&w=550&sz=45&tbnid=IRPPWQRWXG4J:&tbnh=106&tbnw=129&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Doil%2Bsnorre%26hl%3Dnn%26lr%3D


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Nanocarbon

Fullerene

Tubes

Cones

Carbon black Horns

Rods

Foams

Nanodiamonds

Introduction


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Nanocarbon

Fullerene

Tubes

Cones

Carbon black Horns

Rods

Foams

Nanodiamonds

Introduction


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Nanocarbon

Fullerene

Tubes

Cones

Carbon black

Introduction

Properties & Application

Electrical

Mechanical

Thermal

Storage


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Bonding

Properties

Graphite sp2

Diamond sp3

P ti


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Nanocarbon

Shenderova et al.Nanotechnology 12 (2001) 191.

Properties

P ti


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Nanocarbon

Properties

12 pentagons

6 + 6 pentagons

1 5 pentagons

Properties


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Fullerene

The most symmetrical large molecule

Discovered in 1985- Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto, and Smalley

Properties

Epcot center, Paris

~1 nm

Architect: R. Buckminster Fuller

C60, also 70, 76 and 84.

- 32 facets (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons)- prototype

Properties


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Fullerene

Symmetric shape lubricant

Large surface area catalyst

Properties

Properties


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Fullerene



High temperature (~500oC)

High pressure

Properties

Properties


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Fullerene




High pressure Hollow

caging particles

Properties

Properties


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Fullerene




High pressure Hollow

caging particles

Ferromagnet?- polymerized C60- up to 220oC

Properties


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Properties


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Fullerene

Chemically stable as graphite- most reactive at pentagons

Crystal by weak van der Waals force

Superconductivity

- K3C60: 19.2 K- RbCs2C60: 33 K

Kittel, Introduction to SolidState Physics, 7the ed. 1996.

Properties

Properties


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Nanotube

p

Roll-up vector:

21 amanChrr

+=

Discovered 1991, Iijima

Properties


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Nanotube

p

Roll-up vector:

21 amanChrr

+=

Discovered 1991, Iijima


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Carbon Nanotube Structures

Properties


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Nanotube

Electrical conductanse depending on helicity

21 amanCh

rr

+=

If , then metallicelse semiconductorimn

=

+

3

2

Properties


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Nanotube

Electrical conductanse depending on helicity

21 amanCh

rr

+=

Current capacity

Carbon nanotube 1 GAmps / cm2

Copper wire 1 MAmps / cm2

Heat transmission

Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K)

Temperature stabilityCarbon nanotube 750 oC (in air)

Metal wires in microchips 600 1000 oC

CagingMay change electrical properties

sensor

imn

=

+

3

2

If , then metallicelse semiconductor

Properties


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Nanotube

Diameter:

as low as 1 nm

Length:typical few m

High aspect ratio:

1000>diameter

length

quasi 1D solid

Properties


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Nanotube

Zheng et al. Nature Materials 3 (2004) 673.SWCNT 1.9 nm

Diameter:

as low as 1 nm

Length:typical few m

High aspect ratio:

1000>diameter

length

quasi 1D solid

Properties


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Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever known material.

Young Modulus (stiffness):Carbon nanotubes 1250 GPa

Carbon fibers 425 GPa (max.)

High strength steel 200 GPa

Tensile strength (breaking strength)

Carbon nanotubes 11- 63 GPa

Carbon fibers 3.5 - 6 GPa

High strength steel ~ 2 GPa

Elongation to failure : ~ 20-30 %

Density:

Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 1.40 gram / cm3

Aluminium 2.7 gram / cm3

Properties


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Carbon nanotubes are very flexible

Nanoscience Research GroupUniversity of North Carolina (USA)

http://www.physics.unc.edu/~rsuper/research/

http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html

Mechanical

Properties


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Cones

Scale bar: 200 nm

19.2 o 38.9 o 60.0 o

Krishnan, Ebbesen et al. Nature 388 (2001) 241.

84.6 o 112.9 o

Discovered 1994 (closed form) Ge & Sattler

1997 (open form) Ebbesen et al.

Closed: same shape as HIV capsid

Possible scale-up production (open form)

Storage?

HydrogenLietal.Nature4

07

(2000)4

09.

Properties


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Carbon black

Large industry

- mill. tons each year

Tires, black pigments, plastics,dry-cell batteries, UV-protection

etc.

Size: 10 400 nm

Application


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Writing

Carbon graphite C60: 1000x better resolutionthan ink (Xerox)

Application
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CNT / polymer composite

Current technology

- carbon black- 10 15 wt% loading

- loss of mechanical properties

CNT composites

- 0.1 1 wt% loading

- low perculation treshold

Application


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CNT / polymer composite

Wu et al. Science305 (2004) 1273.

Transparent electrical conductor

- Thickness: 50 150 nm

- High flexibility

Application


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Electric devices

Application


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Transistor

Vacuum tubes- Nobel prize 1906, Thomson.

IBM, 1952.

Semiconductor, Si-based- Nobel prize 1956, Shockley, Bardeen,

and Brattain.- 2000, Kilby.

Application


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Transistor

SWCNT (Single-Walled)- 2.6 GHz, T = 4 K

- Logical gates

Li et al. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 753.Bachtold, Dekker et al.Science 294 (2001) 1317.

Base

CollectorEmitter

Application


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Antenna

Application


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Antenna

Dipole~ 3/4 m

MHzm

s

m

cf 100~

3

103 8

==

Radio wave:

Application


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Antenna

Dipole~ 3/4 m

Dekker, Phys. Today May(1999) 22

Nanotube

MHzm

s

m

cf 100~

3

103 8

==

Radio wave:

Optical wave:L

nmL 500~2/~

Application


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Flat screen displays

Plasma TV

Application


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Flat screen displays

Saito et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1998) L346.

Field emission

Application


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Atomic Force Microscopy

At i F Mi

Application


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Atomic Force Microscopy

EldridSvs

and,

IFE,

Kjeller

At i f i

Application


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Atomic force microscopy

Wong, Lieber et al.Nature 394 (1998) 52.

Tube or cone

Chemical probe

Y

Application


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Yarn

Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman,Science 306 (2004) 1358.

Y

Application


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Yarn

Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman,Science 306 (2004) 1358.

MWCNT

Operational -196o

C < T < 450o

C Electrical conducting

Toughness comparable to Kevlar

No rapture in knot

H d t

Application


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Hydrogen storage

2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O (l) + energy

H2 (200 bar)

Schlapbach & Zttel, Nature 414 (2001) 353

H2 (liquid)LaNi5H6Mg2NiH3.16 wt% 1.37 wt%

H d t

Application


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Hydrogen storage

Aim: 5 - 7 wt% H2

SWCNT- Dillon et al. (1997) : 8 wt%(questionable)

- Tarasov et al. (2003): 2.4wt% reversible, 25 bar H2, -150oC.

Cones- Mealand & Skjeltorp,

(2001) US Patent 6,290,753

Eldrid Svsand, IFE Kjeller

Warnings

Conclusion


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Warnings

Environment and health

No scale-up production of fullerenes and tubes No scale-up design, yet.

Conclusion

Conclusion


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Conclusion

Nanocarbon- fullerene - most symmetrical

- tubes - strongest

- cones - one of the sharpest- carbon black - large production

Properties

- electrical, mechanical, thermal, storage, caging

Applications- antenna, composite, writing, field emission,

transistor, yarn, microscopy, storage

Commercial


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Commercial

Companies: ~ 20 worldwide- Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (CNI)

- SES Research- n-Tec

Prices:- Tubes: pure SWCNT $500 / gram (CNI)

MWCNT 20-50 / gram (n-Tec)

- C60 : pure $100-200 / gram (SES Research)

- Cones: Multi 1 / gram (n-Tec)

- Gold : $10 / gram

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