Nano Tech Book

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Nanotechnologyinnovation opportunities for tomorrows defence

Frank Simonis &Steven Schilthuizen


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Nanotechnologyinnovation opportunities for tomorrows defence


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Cover illustra tion: 3D rendered AFM image of kinked na notube on electrodes

(source: Molecular Biophysics Group, Kavli Inst itut e of Nan oscience, Delft Universi ty of Technolog y)


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Hope and hype of nanotechnologyNanotechnology is an area which has highly promising prospects

for turning fundamental research int o successful innovations.

Not only to boost t he competitiveness of our industr y but also to

create new products that will make positive changes in the li ves

of our citizens, be it in medicine, environment, electronics or any

other field. Nanosciences and nanotechnologies open up new

avenues of research and lead to new, useful , and sometimes

unexpected applications. Novel materials and new-engineered

surfaces allow making products that perform better. New medical

treatments are emerging for fatal diseases, such as brain tumours

and Alzheimer's disease. Computers are buil t with nanoscale

components and improving their performance depends upon

shrinking these dimensions yet fur ther.

This quote from the ECs Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies:

an action plan for Europe 2005-2009 clearly indicates the

hope and hype of na notechnology, expecting t o bring many

innovations and new business in many areas. Nanotechnology

has the potential to impact upon virtually all technological

sectors as an enabling or key technology including medi-

cine, health, information technology, energy, materials, food,

w ater and the environment, instruments a nd security. This

has lead to a rapid growth of interest and spending in nano-

technology R&D, grow ing w ith 40%annua lly over the last 4

years up to roughly 4000 MEuro in 2004.

(EC: t ow ards a European Stra tegy for Nanotechnology, 2004)

Impact of nanotechnology on defenceWith the highly promising expectat ions of nanotechnology

for new innovative products, materials and power sources it

is evident that nanotechnology can bring many innovations

into the defence world. In order to assess how these nano-

technology developments can or will impact upon future

military operat ions, the NL Defence R&D Organisation has

requested t o compile a nanot echnology roadmap for military

applicat ions, including:

survey of current nano- and microsystem technology

developments in both the civil and defence markets.

clarification of the impact on future military operations

and organisation, 10-15 years from now.

guidance on how to translate and adapt such nano- and

microsystem technologies into a milita ry context

a proposal for a Dutch nanotechnology program, taking

into account current developments w orldwide

How to read this bookThis nanot echnology booklet covers the first part of this

roadmap study. It provides an overview of current develop-

ments, expectations for time-to-market and several future

concepts for milita ry applications. The structure is as follows:

introductory: generic introduction, what is, why and

where is nanotechnology in development (1-3)

technology radar: nanotechnology expectations impacting

on future defence platforms, what and when (4-6)

future concepts: outlook on possible future defence

platforms and product concepts, enabled by nanotech-

nology (7-8)

strategy: civil versus defence driven developments,

opportunities and next steps (9-10)

Executives can skim through chapters 4, 7 and 8 that provide

technical background details.

We hope this book will serve as a basis for further discussion

and decision making on the direction of future nanotechno-

logy developments.

March 2006, TNO Science &Indust ry

Steven Schilthuizen /Frank Simonis

Introduction


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Contents


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01] What is nanotechnology

02] Why nano

03] Where is nano in development

Nanotechnology in the US

Nanot echnology in Asia

Nanotechnology in Europe

Nanotechnology in the Netherlands

04] When will nanotechnology be available

Nano for human beings

Nano for vehicles

Nano for naval vessels

Nano for aeronautics

Nano for satellites

Nano for w eapons

Nano for logistics

Nano for security

05] What are the prospects of

nanotechnology for defence

Future wa rfighter

06] Which technologies will have

dominant impact

Dominant impact on future defence

07] Platform concepts

Wireless soldier

Smart uniform

Land vehicle

Weapons

Logistics

Micro vehicles/robots

UAV/MAV

Micro/small sat ellite

08] Concept developments for Dutch

defence organisation

Smart helmet

Anti-ballistic materials for helmet

Anti-ballistic materials for suit

BC sensing and health monitoring in suit

Health monitoring and wound treatment

Vent ilat ion/insula tion

09] Civil versus defence driven

nanotechnology

10] Conclusions

11] Acknowledgement

Appendix I Nomenclature

Appendix II Cross reference list

nanotechnologies

Appendix III Specific nanotechnologies

Small and -power

Sensor tags

Nanosensors

Nanomedicine

Nanocomposites

Nanofibers

07

09

11

21

39

43

47

65

79

81

83

85

89

95


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- 6 -

things manmadethings natural

Ant~5 mm

Dust mite200 m

Fly ash~10-20 m

Human hair~60-120 m wide

Red blood cellswith white cell

~2-5 m

~10 nm diameter

ATPsynthase

DNA~2-12 nm diameter Atoms of silicon

spacing ~tenths of nm

Micro Electro Mechanical(MEMS) devices10 -100 m wide

Head of a pin1-2 mm

Pollen grainRed blood cells

Zone plate x-ray Lenaouter ring spaces ~35 nm

Self-assembled,nature-inspired structuremany 10s of nm

Nanotube electrode

Quantumcorral of 48 ironatoms on coppersurface positioned one at a time with an STMtip Corral diameter 14 nm

Fabricate and combinenanoscale building blocksto make useful devices,e.g., a photosyntheticreaction center with inte-gral semiconductor storage

THE CHALLENGE

10-2m

10-3m

10-4m

10-5m

10-6m

10-7m

10-8m

10-9m

10-10m 0.1 nm

1 nanometer (nm)

0.01 m10 nm

0.1 m100 nm

1,000 nanometers =1 micrometer (m)

0.01 mm10 m

0.1 mm100 m

1,000,000 nanometer =1 millimeter (mm)

1 cm10 mm

NANOWO

RLD

M

ICROWORLD

The scale of things nanometers and more

softx-ray

ultraviolet

visible

infrared

visible

mic

rowave


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01. What is Nanotechnology

Technology at 10-9m scaleNanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter

at dimensions of roughly 1-100 nm, where unique phenomena

enable novel applications. A nanometer is 10-9 of a meter;

a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nm thick. Encompassing

nanoscale science, engineering a nd technology, nanotechno-

logy involves imaging, measuring, modelling, and manipula-

ting matt er at t his length scale.

At t his level, the physical, chemical and biological properties

of materials differ in fundamental and valuable ways from

both the properties of individual atoms and molecules or bulk

mat ter. Nanot echnology R&D is directed toward understanding

and creating improved materials, devices and systems that

exploit these new properties.

(source Nat ional Nanot echnology Init iat ive Strat egic Plan 2004).

The unique properties of nanotechnology origina te from:

small dimensions, enabling high speed and high functional

density (nanoelectronics, lab-on-chip), small and lightweight

devices and sensors (smart dust), high sensitivity (sensors,

nanowires) and special surface effects (such as lotus effect)

very large surface area, providing reinforcement and

catalytic effects

quantum effects, such as highly efficient optical fluorescent

quantum dots

new molecular structures, with new material properties:

high strength nanotubes, nanofibers and nanocomposites

Top-downNanostructures can be made by tw o complementary

approaches. With top-down technology nanostructures and

devices are made through scaling and miniaturization. It

requires precision engineering down to the nano-scale,

usually by lithographic pat terning, embossing or imprint

techniques with subsequent etching and coating steps.

Examples are:

micro- and nanoelectronics

MEMS, micro electro mechanical systems

nanostructures such as lotus coatings, catalytic surfaces

and membranes

nanostructured coatings in displays, solar cells, flat

batteries

nanofibers by electrospinning

nanoclay platelets and tubes by exfoliation

Bottom-upThe other complementary route is bottom-up, constructing

nanostructures through atom-by-atom or molecule-by-

molecule engineering. It usua lly requires wet-chemical or

vapor-phase processing routes such as atomic layer depo-

sition. In some cases atomic or molecular manipulation is

applied via optical, electrical or mechanical nanoprobes.

Typical examples a re:

carbon nanotubes by gas phase deposition

nanow ires made from metal, meta loxide, ceramic or even

polymer type by gas phase deposition

quantum dots

self assembling, molecular a nd biost ructures

nanomedicine


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201520142013201220112010200920082007200620052004200320022001

1000

100

10

1

10000

MarketVolume(eurobillion)

Exponential market growth for nanotech products

Bench Process Micro System


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02. Why nano

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Miniaturisation down to micro &nano level not only leads to

smaller products suited for mass production and low er costs,

it also enables completely new functionalities that cannot

be obta ined at the macro level. The new functionalities are

gained by physical and chemical effects of the small dimen-

sions, the ability to produce new atomic structures, handling

of very small volumes and ratio effects on the natural environ-

ment.

Small dimensions: mm > m > nmGoing to small dimensions offers a large number of advantages

for electronic and sensor devices:

high functional density: nanoelectronics, high density

memory

function integra tion possible: sensing, dsp, rad io, memory

and power can be integrated

efficient and fast electronic, optical, thermal and material

transport

enabling mass production, featuring low costs

lightweight

portable, anywhere, everywhere

disposable

From the material point of view, small dimensions give new

opportunities such as:

control at the nanoscale enables perfect, defect free

structures, featuring exceptional properties for strength,conductivity etc.

nanostructures and particles create a very large surface

area, featuring unique surface activity for sensing, catalysis,

absorption etc.

completely new particles, unknown in nature, can be

produced with new properties, such as carbon nanotubes

at the nanoscale, quantum effects can be used e.g. to obtain

new optical effects

Small volume: L > nL > pLA small volume is especially advantageous for fluidic devices

such as measurement devices and chemical processors because

of:

fast response

high throughput

multi parallel analysis, matrix array

sing le cell/molecule detection

less chemical waste

High sensor-sample ratioScaling sensor devices down to t he nano level brings the

sensing element in the same dimensional range a s the ele-

ments t o be detected. This results in:

high sensitivity

high signal to noise ratios


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The worldwide run on nanotechnologyNanotechnology is recognized as a very strong innovation

driver and is therefore seen as a strategic technology for the

worlds future economy. This perception is globally present

and many countries invest heavily in nanotechnology through

national or transnational nanotechnology programs with

high expectations.

Market for nanotech products will growexponentionallyAnalysts estimate that the market for products based on

nanotechnology could rise to several hundreds of billions

by 2010 and exceed one trillion after. Nanotechnology is

expected to impact upon virtually all t echnological sectors

as an enabling or key technology, especially upon:

medicine and health

information t echnology

energy production and storage

transportation, vehicles and infrastructure materials science

food, water and the environment

instruments

security

Next to the ongoing progress in nanoelectronics,

expectat ions are especially high for:

nano-bio applications nano based sensors

and nanomat erials in the longer term (10 years)

Public investments show 40% growth annuallyGlobal public investments in R&D have g rown by 40%over

the last years and have reached a level of 4500 MEuro in 2004.

Top 6 investors (in 2003) with indicat ion of their focus areas, a re:

Europe: nanoelectronics, medicine, materials ~ 1250 MEuro

USA: all aspects of nanot echnology~ 1200 MEuro

Japan: nanoelectronics, nanomaterials, nanotubes~ 750 MEuro

S-Korea: high density memory, displays~ 250 MEuro

China: mass production nanomaterials~ 400 MEuro

Taiw an: display, optoelectronics~ 150 MEuro

others: various~ 150 MEuro

R&D investments doubled by privateThe w orldwide private expanditures a re at the sa me level as

the public investments now. Leaders in the field are the USA

and Japa n (wit h 1700 and 1540 MEuro in 2004) followed by

Europe and China (580 and 370 MEuro private).

03. Where is nanotechnology in development

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Source: NNI Stra teg ic plan 2004, Commit tee on Techno log y Nationa l Science, and Techno logy Council, dec 2004.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Electron Transport in Molecularin Nanostructures Columbia

Nanoscale Systems in Info.Technologies Cornell

Nanoscience in Biological &Environmental Engineering

Rice

Integrated Nanopatterning &Detection Northwestern

Nanoscale Systems & TheirDevice Applications Harvard

Directed Assembly ofNanostructures Rensselaer

Nanobiotechnology (STC)

Cornell

Templated Synthesis &Assembly at the Nanoscale

U Wisconsin-Madison

Molecular Function at Nano-Bio Interface U Pennsylvania

Institute for NanoscienceNRL

Cell Mimetic SpaceExploration UCLA

Intelligent Bio-Nanomtis &Structures for Aerospace

Vehicles Texas A & M

Bio-Inspection, Design, &Proc. of Multifunctional

Nanocomposites Princeton

Nanoelectronics & ComputingPurdue

Nanophase Materials SciencesONRL

5/2008

NCN NNIN

NSF17 Centers2 Networks

DOD3 Centers

DOE5 NSRCs

NASA4 Centers

Extreme Ultraviolet Science andTechnology Colorado State

Scalable & Integrated NanoManufacturing UCLA

Nanoscale CEM ManufacturingSystems Center UIUC

Molecular FoundryLBNL

Integrated NanotechnologiesSNL & LANL

Nanoscale MaterialsANL

Functional NanomaterialsBNL

Nanoscience Innovation InDefense - UCSB

Institute for SoldierNanotechnologies MIT

High-Rate NanomanufacturingNortheastern

Affordable Nanoengineering ofPolymer Biomedical Services

Ohio State

Integrated NanomechanicalSystems UC-Berkeley

Probing the NanoscaleStanford

Learning & Teaching in Nano

S&E Northwestern

NNI Centers and User Facilities

h l i h


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A major step w as taken in the year 2000 w hen the Nat ional

Nanotechnolog y Init iative (NNI) w as launched. The NNI is a

large nat ionally integrated nanotechnology program that is

jointly driven by NSF, DOD, DOE, HHS, DOC and NASA. Since

then, 24 nanotech research centers have been formed by NSF,

DOD and NASA. The total w orkforce in t hese government

funded nanotechnology centers now exceeds 6300. Five more

research centers are anticipated by t he DOE in the next few

years. In 2005 the federal NNI funding has reached an annual

level of 1000 M$, w ith additionally 400 M$ estimated funding

from the individual states.

TechnologyThe NNI program covers about all a spects of nanotechnology,

spread over seven so-called program component areas (PCAs):

fundamenta l nanoscale phenomena and processes

nanomaterials

nanoscale devices and systems

instrumentation research, metrology and standards fornanotechnology

nanomanufacturing

major research facilities and instrumenta tion acquisition

societa l dimensions and na notech risks

Impact on economy and securityNanotechnology is seen as a technology of na tional importance

to the economy and security of the US, with a similar impact

as semicon in the past . There is a st rong belief that nano-

technology will bring many innovations to industry in many

sectors and w ill create strong economic power. The impact is

expected to be broad over many sectors:

aerospace: high strength, low weight, multifunctional

materials; small and compact planes; fully automated,

self-guided, unmanned air vehicles for reconnaissance

and surveillance agriculture and food: secure production, processing and

shipment; improved agricultural efficiency; reduced w aste

and waste conversion into valuable products

nat ional defence and Homeland security: high speed and

high capacity systems for command, control, communica-

tion, surveillance; automation and robotics for minimizing

exposure w arfight ers, first responders; superior plat forms

and weapons energy: high performance batteries, fuel cells, solar cells,

thermoelectric converters; catalyst s for efficient conversion

environmental improvement: improved monitoring; reduced

pollution by new green t echnologies; remediat ion and

removal of contaminants

information technologies: improved computer speed;

further sca ling of nanoelectronics; reduced pow er

consumption; expansion mass storage; flexible, fla tdisplays; molecular electronics

medicine and health: novel sensor arra ys for rapid

diagnost ics; composite st ructures for t issue replacement;

ta rgeted, highly effective medicine

transportation and civil infrastructure: new material

composite structure; efficient vehicles; improved safety

Nanotechnology in the US

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Absolute wold public funding in nano in 2004

Public

expenditure(M$)

Greece

South Africa

Romania

India

Malaysia

Thailand

Brazil

Norway

Singapore

Denmark

New Zealand

MexicoSpain

Austria

Finland

Sweden

Indonesia

Switzerland

Ireland

Canada

NetherlandsIsrael

Belgium

Italy

Taiwan

China

Australia

United Kingdom

South Korea

France

Germany

EC

Japan

United States

Lithuania

Poland

Luxembourg

Portugal

Slovenia

Argentina

Czech RepublicLatvia 0,2

0,4

0,4

0,5

0,5

0,8

1,0

1,0

1,2

1,9

3,1

3,8

3,8

4,2

5,8

7,0

8,4

8,6

9,2

10,012,5

13,1

14,5

15,0

16,7

18,5

33,0

37,9

42,4

46,0

60,0

60,0

75,9

83,3

105,0

133,0

223,9

293,1

1,243,30

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

173,3

373,0

750,0

N t h l i A i


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Japan: 750 MEuro/yr in 2004In 2004, the budget for the R&D programme for nanotech-

nology and materials stood at 750 MEuro, but nanotechnology-related themes are also present in life science, environment

and informat ion society programmes. This brings the tot al

budget earmarked for the sector in 2004 to nearly 1500 MEuro,

w ith an increase of a pproximat ely 20%in 2004. The Japanese

private sector is also very much present with 1500 MEuro,

represented by tw o major trading houses, Mitsui &Co and the

Mitsubishi Corporation. Most of the major Japanese companies,

such as NEC, Hitachi, Fujitsu, NTT, Toshiba , Sony, SumitomoElectric, Fuji Xerox, etc. have invested heavily in nanotechno-

logy. Priority areas are:

IT/nanoelectronics

instrumentation

nanomat erials, especially carbon nanotube technologies

(invented by Sumio Iijima, Japan)

bio-nanotechnology

China: 85 MEuro/yr in 2004Under its current five-year plan for 2001 to 2005, China has

set aside a budget of approximately USD 300 million for

nanotechnology. In 2002, the Chinese Academy of Sciences

(CAS) founded Casnec (the CAS Nanotechnology Engineering

Center), w ith a n overall budget of USD 6 million, as a platform

to accelerate the commercialization of nanoscience and nano-

technology. For 2003 and 2004, the Hong Kong University ofScience and Technolog y and the Hong Kong Polytechnic

University have granted their own nanotech centers nearly

USD 9 million. An important focus area is:

mass production of nanomaterials and nanostructures

S-Korea: 175 MEuro/yr in 2004In 2001 a 10-year nanotechnology program has started.

A Korean advanced nanofabrication center has been createdas w ell as tw o nanotechnology integrat ed centers.

Focus areas a re:

nanomaterials and structures, especially carbon nanotube

applicat ions (electronics, flat panel displays)

nanoelectronics and memory

NEMS devices

Taiwan: 75 MEuro/yr in 2004There are t w o centers for nanotechnology in Taiw an: ITRI

for development, transfer and industrialization of nanotech-

nology and Academia Sinica for the academic/fundamenta l

research. Priority areas a re:

nanomaterials

optoelectronics, nonvolatile memory

Nanotechnology in Asia

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15

10

5

0

20

25

NanotechR&D(%)

1511 11

9 9

5 4 4 4 4

24

Micr

o-Na

noelectro

nics

Opto

electro

nics

Asse

mbly,

hybr

idisatio

n,

connec

tivity

Micr

osystem

s

Instrum

ents

Biotechno

logy

Ultr

a-preci

sion

Powe

rand

micr

o-energy

Periphe

rals

Nano

structu

res,

nano

materials

Desig

n

Nanotech R&D in France

EU absolute public expenditure in 2004(PPP corrected and including Countries associated to the EU Framework Programme)

Publicexpe

nditure(M$)

Latvia

Portugal

SloveniaLuxembourg

Czech Republic

Argentina

Greece

Poland

Lithuania

Norway

Denmark

Romania

New Zealand

Sweden

Austria

Switzerland

Finland

Spain

Ireland

Netherlands

Israel

BelgiumItaly

United Kingdom

France

Germany

0,4

0,8

0,8

0,8

0,9

1,2

1,8

2,1

2,5

6,1

7,9

9,8

12,6

13,9

14,5

14,6

14,7

16,2

37,7

55,1

67,4

74,6

130,1

320,3

50 100 150 200 250 300

246,7

46,1



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Most of the European countries have national nanotechnology

programs. In 2004 the individual st at es invested in t ota l

990 MEuro. In addition to that, the EC spent an additional375 MEuro on nanotechnology via the 6th framework

program. The tot al investment in nanot echnology is thus

equal to or slightly higher than in the US. In contrast to the

US, the coordinat ion seems less effective, w ith quite some

overlapping activities among the individual countries. Also

the private expenditures lack behind.

In 2005 the EC published a new action plan: Nanoscience andnanotechnologies: an action plan for Europe 2005-2009.

This plan highlights the following na notechnology areas:

nanoelectronics, including nanomanufacturing and nano-

instrumentation

nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine, including diagnos-

tics, t argeted drug delivery a nd regenerat ive medicine

nanomaterials, nanoparticle technology

health a nd environmenta l risks of nanotechnology

Germany: 320 MEuro/yr on nano in 2004Nanotechnology in Germany is focused on nanoelectronics

(46 MEuro/yr), nanomateria ls (38), nano-opt ics (26), micro-

systems (10), ICT(3), nanobio (3) and manufa cturing (2).

Nine nanotechnology competence centers have been founded:

Nanomaterials (Karlsruhe), Ultraprecision surface engineering

(Braunschweig) and nano coatings (Dresden), Nanooptics(Berlin), Nanobiotechnology (Munchen and Kaiserslautern),

Nanochemistry (Saarbrucken), Hanse Nanotec (Hamburg);

CeNtech (Munster)

UK: 130 MEuro/yr on nano in 2004After the Nat ional Initia t ive on Nanotechnology (NION) and

LINK nanotechnology program (LNP), both ended in 2002,the UK launched in 2003 the Micro and Nanotechnology

Initia tive (MNT) to create a netw ork of micro and na notech-

nology facilit ies. At present the UK has 1500 nanotechnology

w orkers. Well recognized nanotechnology centers are at the

universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Newcastle, Durham and

Glasgow. A special nanomaterials production facility is

present at Farnborough, run by Qinetiq. Inex, innovation in

nanotechnology exploitation, offers a one-stop-shop facilityfor micro- and nanosystems including production facilities.

France: 250 MEuro/yr on nano in 2004The French research st ructure for nanotechnology is ba sed

around a g roup of five centers of excellence. This netw ork

covers the facilities a t CEA-LETI in Grenoble (centered

on Minatec, which brings together the CEA, the CNRS, the

Institut Nat ional Polytechnique and t he Universit JosephFourier); the Laboratoire d'Analyses et d'Architectures des

Systemes (LAAS) in Toulouse; the Laborat oire de Phot oniq ue

et de Nanostructures (LPN) in Marcoussis; the Institut d'Elec-

tronique Fondamentale in Orsay (IEF) (centered on Minerve)

and the Institut d'Electronique, de Microelectronique et de

Nanotechnologies (IEMN) in Lille. Priorities are:

micro &nanoelectronics

opto-electronics microsystems and assembly

biotechnology and instrumentation


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Nanotechnology is considered crucial for the high tech

industry in the Netherlands, not only for the multinationals

such as Philips, ASML, ASMI, DSM, AKZO-Nobel but also for alarge number of small and medium sized companies. Three

programs are now ongoing.

NanoNedNanoNed, is an initia tive of eight knowledge institutes and

Philips. It clusters the nanotechnology and enabling techno-

logy strengths of the Dutch industrial and scientific infra-

structure. The total budget for this NanoNed program amountsto 235 MEuro (4 years). The program has so called flagship

projects on:

advanced nanoprobing, nano-instrumentation

chemistry and physics of individual molecules

bionanosystems

bottom-up nanoelectronics, nanoelectronic materials

nanofabrication, nanofluidics

nanophotonics, na nospintronics

An important part of NanoNed is expansion of the nano-

technology infrast ructure called Nanolab in three centers:

nanolab Grongingen (MSCplus/BioMaDe)

nanolab Tw ente (MESA+ )

nanolab Delft (TNO and Kavli mb/tudelft )

MicroNedThe MicroNed program int egra tes Netherlands R&D on micro-

systems. The budget a mounts to 54 MEuro (4 years). It has the

following clusters:

micro invasive devices; micro life, lab-on-chip

distributed sensor and actuator systems; autonomous

sensors for harsh environments

smart microchannel technology; modeling and design of

microsystems microsatellite

microfactory

The Holst cent er w as founded in 2005 by IMEC (B) and TNO

(NL) in order to valorize nano- and microsystems technology

into innovative products. It has two technology programs: system in a package: w ireless, autonomous sensors

system in a foil: flexible electronics in a foil for lighting,

sensors, tags and energy

The center has received a 50 MEuro gra nt from the Ministry

of Economic Affairs. It is an open innovation center and

industrial partners can sign in and participate in the techno-

logy programs.


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from Inst itut e for Defense Analysis (IDA, Washing ton )

Expectations on nanotechnology deployment by sector

04. When will nanotechnology be available


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Although several applicat ions of nanotechnology a lready

exist in our daily life, we believe that the vast majority of

new innovative products and applications enabled bynanotechnology are still hidden in the future. Examples of

currently deployed nanotechnology products are:

nanoelectronics, processor chips, high density memory,

CCD chips (Moores la w ), opt o-electronics

MEMS devices such as ink-jet printheads, pressure and

flow sensors, inertial motion units

DNA biochips, membranes, fuel cell components

nanosized pigments and additives (UV-blockers) in paints,coatings, lubricants and cosmetics

nanoclay reinforced mat erials

With t he grow ing number of nanotech research groups and

grow ing w orldw ide R&D budget , the number of nanot ech-

nology developments has increased enormously w ith a sub-

sequent growth and broadening of the potential nanotech

product portfolio. Future nanotechnology products are expectedto arise in the following areas:

RFID-tags w ith nanosensors: sensortags

-pow er

distributed, w ireless, autonomous sensors

adaptive materials with built-in sensors and actuators

nanobio, nanowire and biotransistors

nanomedicine

The area is so large now tha t sub-areas ha ve been formed

such as na noelectronics, na nomedicine, na nobio, na nomate-

rials, nanofibers, nanosensors, nanomachines, nanobots and

many more. Some examples of these sub-areas are reviewed

in the appendix. By fusing nanotechnology with other

technologies such as bio, the R&D nanow orld is expanding

rapidly in many directions.

Technology radarsOne way of ordering and structuring this nanolandscape is

to plot technology rada rs. Technology radars are radia l plotswith the radius as timeline, usually 15 or 20 years, towards

market readiness. The radar circle can be divided into three

or four segments covering the following application domains:

ict, information and communication

energy or power

bio and life science

materials and manufacturing

In this chapter nanotechnology radars are being proposed

for eight application domains in both the military and civil

world:

human centric: soldier, first responder, medical, sport

vehicles: land vehicles, automotive

marine: naval, maritime

aerospace: missiles, fighters, aero planes

space: satellites weapons and law enforcement

logistics

security and surveillance

04. When will nanotechnology be available

- 21 -


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- 22 -

Self supporting

Connectivity

Mobility

Ambient intelligence

Human

centricMATERIALS

ENERGY

INFORMATION

BIOLOGY

brain-machineinterface

robotics

exo-skeletons ambientintelligence360adaptivevision systems helmet sensors

biometricidentification

event driveninfo

digital identification

smartuniform

lightweightprotective clothes

flexibledisplays

wirelessnetwork

posititon & motionsensors

pda tags

wearable rf/electric/opto/acoustic

health sensors

smarttextiles

biofluidic

sensors

membranes

food/water/air

tissueengineering

nutraceuticals

targeted drugdeliveryactive biochemical

protection

artificialorgans & blood

nerve/musclestimulation

(wireless sensoric)implants

biofuels

energy scavenging

-fuel cell

-nuclear battery

-powerwearable power

solar cell in-foil

Technology radar

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Human centric systems are in development in order to secure

and optimize human performance and w ell-being. The systems

provide monitoring and feedback functions of the humanbeing in its environment plus protection a nd support t ools.

This approach is seen in top sport , medical care, revalidat ion,

first responders, firefighters, police and the milita ry. For

military applications it enables better survivability, self-

supporting ability and mobility, improved group tactics and

information intelligence. In practice such systems result in

the ability to participate in a mobile information network, the

use of more comfortable, protective and functional suits,wearable intelligence such as sensors and displays for situa-

tional aw areness and body condition monitoring. Nanotech-

nology is here crucial. Without miniaturisation such functio-

nalities cannot be a dapted to lightw eight, w earable systems.

MaterialsNanotechnology enables high st rength, durable, sensoric and

active mat erials. Nanostructures and na nocomposites a re indevelopment for the follow ing functionalities:

lightweight protective clothes: flexible antiballistic textiles,

self BC decontaminat ing nanofiber fabric

adaptive suits: switchable fabrics for improved thermal

control, switchable camouflage

microsensors for body &brain sensing, environmental and

situational awareness, to be integrated into a smart suit or

a smart helmet w eara ble and/or flexible displays for visua l feedback

auxiliary supports: flexible/rigid textiles for addit ional

strength, exoskeletons and robotics to assist the human

tasks

InformationIn order to operat e in a sa fe and secure wireless netw ork,

the human being will be equipped with: miniaturised hardw are: sensors, readers, displays and

radio tra nsmitt ers, some of these already present in PDAs

and mobile phones

personal secured access to equipment (biometric id) and

information (digita l id)

Energy

With the increase in w earable functionalities a nd electronics,the need for lightweight wearable electric power is very

critical. The following developments a re present:

flexible solar cells to recharge batteries

-fuel cell, preferably to be operated by diesel or biofuel

(e.g. sugar)

-nuclear battery for long endurance

energy scavengers, e.g. electricity from vibrat ions, for low

power applications

BioThe nano-bio fusion is a booming area with high expectations

that major steps in health treatment, body repair and body

improvement can be made. It is regarded as the most innova-

tive domain of this moment. Developments are in the field of:

nanomedicine: targeted drug delivery by medically functio-

nalized nanopart icles, for rapid cure w ithout side effectsor human stimulation

regenerat ive medicine: DNA programmed t issue engineering

for quick and efficient wound healing, rebuilding of organs

and other body parts

smart implants: biocompatible implants that can sense and

actuate in order to repair or enhance a body function

a o o u a be gs

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- 24 -

Lightweight

Multi-purpose

Intelligence-guided

Protection

Low energy

Comfort

Vehicles COMPONENTHEALTH

MATERIALS POWER

REMOTEGUIDANCE

surveillance sensors

UNMANNEDGUIDANCEICT

safety sensors

engineconditionsensors

long rangeguidancesensors

bio-robotics

autonomousrobotic vehicles

comfort-sensors

EAS/GPSpos

wirelessdistributed

sensors

-radar

position & motionsensors

gyrosnavigation

ID-tags

self-adaptiveskin & structures

stealth

high tempplastics

smart tyresnanocomposites

-propulsion

nanocatalystsnano membranes

dropletsizeinjection

oil+fuelquality sensor

hybrid power

nuclear power

fuel cells(H2)

reactivenano-armour

flexible/rigidmaterials

lightweight

nanotubeshock absorbers

bio fuels

Technology radar

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Future vehicles are expected to be lightweight, multipurpose,

intelligence-guided, low in energy consumption, safe and

protective for the passengers and highly comforta ble. Thisapplies both to civil automotive vehicles as w ell as for

military land vehicles. Milita ry vehicles have addit ional

requirements w ith respect t o armour protection, specific

detection and surveillance sensors and weapon systems.

MaterialsNanotechnology enables the following material functionalities:

lightweight: high strength nanocomposite plastics areexpected to replace metal a nd thus reduce weight and

radar signature

smart components: components with built-in condition and

load monitoring sensors, in the long term: self-repairing or

self-healing materials

adaptive structures: active structures that adapt to

changing conditions such as adaptive camouflage,

suspension, flexible/rigid etc stealth: radar absorption coatings, camouflage

armour: nanoparticle, nanofiber reinforced a ntiba llistic

structures, reactive nanoparticle armour, shock absorbing

nanotubes

ICTVehicles are expected to be equipped with the following ICT

features: position sensing and signaling: GPS for navigation and with

EAS for tracking and tracing vehicles

identification: RFID - tags for remote identification

security:

- radar

- bolometer (infrared) for surveillance

- acoustic arrays for sniper detection

w ireless netw orks: vehicle internal sensoric netw ork willbecome w ireless; connection to distributed external

network

directional RF communication: micro antenna arrays

enable directional ra dio communication w ith reduced

power and signat ure

Remote and unmanned guidanceWith nanotechnology advanced sensor and w ireless commu-

nication capabilities a re becoming possible, e.g. via distribu-

ted ad-hoc sensor netw orks, enabling long range guidance of

all kinds of vehicles. Advanced intelligence can be built-in

thanks to the expanding -sensor capabilities, integrat ion of

sensor functions and information processing power.Especially for military use, continuous effort is put in the

development of unmanned and autonomous vehicles e.g. for

surveillance. Nanotechnology is crucial here to minimize size,

weight and power consumption, important for long range

coverage.

Power

Focus is on lightweight and energy-efficient powering.Reduction of thermal, radar and acoustic signature is an

addit ional aspect for the military. Main developments a re:

hybrid, electrical/combustion, pow ering, driven by civil

automotive, reduces consumption and signa ture

hydrogen fuel cell, preferably with diesel or biofuel (e.g.

sugar) as hydrogen source via microreactor conversion

for minia turised, unmanned vehicles: -fuel cell, -nuclear

battery

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- 26 -

Lightweight

- materials

- small components

Intelligence-guided

Protection / safety

Low energy

Comfort

Naval

vessels

COMPONENTHEALTH

MATERIALS POWER

REMOTEGUIDANCE

UNMANNEDGUIDANCEICT

surveillance sensorssafety sensors

comfort-sensors


bio-robotics

UUV/AUV

containersensors

remotesensing

nanosubmarine

sensors

-acousticarrays

position & motionsensors

gyrosnavigation

wireless RF

self-adaptive

skin & structures

stealth

nanocomposites& coatings

propulsionall electric ship


oil+fuelquality sensor

preventemission

nuclear battery

fuel cells(H2)

self healingnanomaterials

flexible/rigidmaterials

lightweight

high strengthpolymers

enginesensors

Technology radar

5 YRS 15 YRS

Nano for naval vessels


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Future vessels are expected to be lightweight, intelligence-

guided, low in energy consumption, safe and protective for

the passengers and high in comfort. Also onboard intelligencewill continuously increase, facilitating automated control

and maintenance. Naval vessels have additional requirements

with respect to detection and surveillance sensors and weapon

systems.


lightweight: high strength nanocomposite plastics areexpected to replace metal a nd thus reduce weight and

signature

smart components: components w ith built-in condition

and load monitoring sensors, on long tern self repairing,

healing materials


changing conditions such as adaptive aqua dynamics,

flexible/rigid et c

ICTVessels are expected t o be equipped with t he following ICT

features:

position sensing and signaling: GPS or underwater

acoustics for navigation, with eas for tracking and tracing

identification: RFID - tags for remote identification

security: -radar and -acoustic arrays for surveillance


nication capabilities a re becoming possible, e.g. via distributedad-hoc sensor netw orks, enabling long range guidance of a ll

kinds of vehicles. Advanced intelligence can be built-in thanks

to the expanding -sensor capabilities, integra tion of sensor

functions and information processing power. Especially for

the military use, continuous effort is put in the development

of unmanned a nd a utonomous vessels e.g. for surveillance.

Nanotechnology is crucial here to minimize size, w eight a nd

power consumption, important for long range coverage.

PowerFocus is on lightweight and energy-efficient powering.

Reduction of thermal, radar and acoustic signature is an

addit ional aspect for the military. Main developments a re:

all-electric vessel enabling very low signature

hydrogen fuel cell

for miniaturised, unmanned vessels: -fuel cell, -nuclearbattery

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- 28 -

Lightweight

Safety

Intelligence-guided

Protection / comfort

Low energy

High speed

Adaptive

Aero-

nauticsmulti sensorintegration


gyros

propulsion


oil+fuel quality

nuclear battery

fuel cells

self healing

structures

nano catalysts/membranes

-thrusters

biomimiclightweightmaterials

bio-mechanicalhybrids

aerial vehiclesID-tags

arrayradar

RF com

IRsmart skinaerodynamics

stealth

fiber braggsensor

lightweight

high strengthnano compositesradar

absorption

self adaptivestructures

enginesensors

robotics

wireless sensor

UAVs

pos/accsensor

MATERIALS

ENERGY

INFORMATION

BIOLOGY

Technology radar

5 YRS 15 YRS

Nano for aeronautics


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Future fighters and missiles are expected t o be lightw eight,

intelligence-guided, low in signature, high speed and maneu-

verable. The onboard intelligence w ill continuously increase,facilitating automated control and maintenance. Special

at tent ion goes to specific detection a nd surveillance sensors

and w eapon systems.


lightweight: high-strength nanocomposite plastics and

biomimic (human bone type) structures to reduce weightand radar signat ure


and load-monitoring sensors, such as fiber bragg, in the

long term self-repairing, self-healing materials


changing conditions such as adaptive aerodynamics,

adaptive skin

stealth: radar absorption coatings, thermal camouflage high-energetic propellants: e.g. nano-dispersed aluminum

as propellant agent

ICTAeronaut ic vehicles are expected to be equipped wit h the

following ICTfeatures:

position sensing and signaling: GPS for navigation, with

EAS for tracking and tracing identification: RFID tags for remote identification

security and guidance: -radar, -bolometer (infrared) and

-acoustic arrays


nication capabilities are becoming possible, e.g. via dist ributedad-hoc satellite netw orks, enabling long-range guidance.

Advanced int elligence can be built-in thanks to the expanding

-sensor capabilities, integration of sensor functions and

information-processing pow er. Especially for the military,

continuous effort is put in t he development of unmanned

and a utonomous flying plat forms e.g. for surveillance.

Nanotechnology is crucial here to minimize size, weight and

power consumption, important for long range coverage.

PowerFocus is on lightw eight and high-energy powering. Reduction

of thermal signature is an additional aspect for the military

users. Main developments are:

nanocomposite energetic materials

for miniaturised, unmanned vessels: -fuel cell, -thrusters,

-nuclear battery

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- 30 -

Lightweight

Distributed &

redundant systems

Wireless

High integration

of systems

Low power

Many small vs. one big

SatellitesCOMPONENTS/

PAYLOAD

POWER

GUIDANCE

ICT

STRUCTURE MATERIALS

MST X-rayspectometer

MST instruments(optical)

MST adaptiveoptics

formationflying

(swarm)MST guidance

systemformation

flying(2 satellites) nano material

enhancedpropellants

propulsion

MEMS gyroMEMS accelerometer

MEMS filters

digital sunsensor

lab on chip

system on chip

-spysatellite

MST magneto meters

MST PT

-bolometer-starmapper

-reaction wheels

wirelesssatellite

integratedsensor

systems

wirelesssensor -thruster

-detonators

RF switchesRF interferometer

MST opticalcommunication

opticalinterferometer

MSTactuators

solarpanel

deployer party integrationsystems structures

-cooling component-turbo

pumpengines

-fuel cell

multifunctionalstructures

all SI-satellite

full integrationsystems&structures

independentmodularsatellite

high strengthnano materials

smart materials

thermalcontrol

-cooling system

-powersystem

multifunctionalstructures

Technology radar

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As a reaction to the reduction of budgets in the 1990s, the

space industry has focused on smaller, lighter, more intelli-

gent space systems that will achieve reduced total missioncosts and more payloads. Smaller satellites a re becoming

feasible thanks to the miniaturisation enabled by nanotech-

nology. Besides reducing t heir size, w eight and power con-

sumption, the use of micromachined devices could give bett er

component integra tion in areas such as propulsion, commu-

nication, data processing, power generation and navigation.

With a distributed netw ork of small satellites instead of one

big one, both functionality (multi aperture synthesis forbetter accuracy, format ion flying) as w ell as redundancy is

ga ined. The following classificat ion exists :

minisatellite 50 500 kg

microsatellite 10 50 kg

nanosatellite 1 10 kg

picosatellite < 1 kg

MaterialsNanotechnology enables the following materialfunctionalities:

lightweight: high-strength nanocomposite plastics and

biomimic (human bone type) structures to reduce weight


and load-monitoring sensors, such as fiber bragg

adaptive structures: e.g. adaptive skin for better thermal

control high-energetic propellants: e.g. nano-dispersed aluminum

as propellant agent

PayloadAll components in small sa tellites and satellites a t micro

scale need to be t ransformed and integrated into microsystems.This accounts for:

radio communicat ion, position a nd motion sensors,

guidance sensors

-instrumentation: x-ray, infrared, optical and rf

interferometry, mass spectrometers, lab-on-chip

security and guidance: -radar, -bolometer (infrared)

and -acoustic arrays

PowerFocus is on lightw eight a nd high energy powering. Main

developments are:

nanocomposite energetic materials

lightw eight, flexible and efficient photovolta ic solar cells

for mini- to picosatellites: -fuel cell, -thrusters, -nuclear

battery

The ultima te goal is t o develop a complete satellite-on-chip,

the so-called picosatellites. Microsatellites (appr. 10-30 cm)

are in development in ma ny countries: USA/NASA, UK,

France, Germany, Sweden, Spain bot h for civil and defence

applications.

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- 32 -

Lightweight

Safety

High impact

Intelligence-guided

Low energy

High speed

Adaptive

Weapons COMPONENTS/HEALTH

POWER

UNMANNEDGUIDANCE

REMOTEGUIDANCE

ICT

MATERIALS

BIO

tele weaponfiringsensors

ammocondition

sensor

-bolometersIR array

-acousticsniper array

wirelesssensors

adaptive firingcomponents

long range guidancesensors

-position/acc.sensors

nanobots

microbots

-propulsion

E-bombs

fusion bombs

nuclearpellets

high energy microlasers

nano-bio-munition

self-healingmaterials

smart skinmaterials

high strengthplastics

radar absorptionnanocomposite

lightweight

super penetratormaterials

nano/microdetonators

high strength stealthbiomimicmaterials

-radarID-

tags

Technology radar

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Nano for weapons


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Developments in w eapon technology take place both in the

direction of more lethal as well as non-lethal weapons. For

lethal w eapons the focus is on precision ta rgeting, minimumweight and signature, optimal impact damage. Cheap, onboard

intelligence is needed. Non-lethal weapons, to neutralize the

enemy temporarily, are relat ively new and evolving. They

usually make use of energy w aves in different forms, directed

by array technology. Non-lethal weapons are also of interest

to civil security services and the police.

MaterialsNanotechnology enables the following material functionalities: lightweight: high strength nanocomposite plastics and

biomimic (human bone type) structures to reduce weight

and radar signat ure


and firing monitoring sensors, such as fiber bragg

adaptive structures: active structures that adapt and

correct firing conditions super penetrator materials: nanostructured cone material

that sharpens upon impact or gives additional damage

high-energetic propellants: e.q. nano-dispersed aluminum

as propellant agent

ICTWeapon syst ems are expected to be equipped wit h the

following ICTfeatures: sensors: -radar, -bolometers (infrared) and a coustic

arrays for better targeting guidance, condition sensors

for weapon and a mmo

identificat ion: rfid ta gs, personalized biometric access


nication capabilities a re becoming possible, e.g. via distributedad-hoc distributed sensor netw orks. This enables new

functionalities:

teleweapons: expanding sensor capabilities and w ireless

communicat ion enables remotely operated w eapons

self-adaptive targeting: based on feedback from previous

impacts

nano a nd microbots: miniaturised, autonomous or remote

controlled robotic systems with firing capability

PowerNext to high-impact w eapon systems, non-lethal w eapons

are in development in order to neutralize target groups for a

certa in time. This is also of interest to civilian law enforce-

ment. Nanotechnology is important to reduce size and weight

making these syst ems suita ble as personal weapons. This

accounts for: non-letha l high-energy -lasers, microwa ve, RF or acoust ic

w aves generators

For high-impact ammunition, nanotechnology can be used

for the follow ing developments:

high-energetic nanocomposite materials

-fusion bombs, -nuclear pellets

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- 34 -

Speed

Safety

Unmanned

Self-aggregating

Responding/ smart

Logistics

MATERIALS

ENERGY

INFORMATION

SAFETY

self-aggregatingcontainers

nano-assemblerreplicators

roboticsartificial

intelligence oncontainer displays

identification ofI/O goods

wirelesscommunicationposition & motion

sensorssmart

(responsive)packaging RFID-tags

self-configuringsupply chains/

agent technology

self-regulatingclimate control

conditionmonitoringsensors

artificial

noseB/C other

wirelesssafety

sensors

portablelab-on-chipB/C, other fuel cells

small-scale power

solar cell in-foil

self-signalingcontainer

Technology radar

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Nano for logistics


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Technologies for logist ics seem to be focussed on tw o major

issues: how to increase the security and safety of transported

goods and secondly how to improve the speed and efficiencyof the logistic chain. Logistics gets more and more involved

with high-tech systems such as unmanned operations, auto-

mated guidance, ict, identification for tracking, tracing and

security. Also the condition and health monitoring of goods

during transportation and storage is becoming an issue.

Materials

Nanotechnology can offer logistics the following advantages: lightw eight conta iners: especially nanocomposite plastics,

shock-absorbing materials

self-signaling conta iners: smart ma terials or sensors to

alarm for mechanical or chemical deficiencies, displays

function

nano-assemblers that can replicate products: w ould

reduce logistics, at this moment st ill fiction

InformationICTsytems are used for tracking and tracing as well as for

security reasons:

positioning: miniature GPS modules

identification: RFID, in the future coupled to sensor tags

condition and health monitoring: wireless sensor tags to

monitor and log mechanical, t hermal and chemical loads

self-aggregating containers: integrated robotic systemswith autonomous logistic handling, futuristic long term

development

EnergyFuture packaging and containers will need on-board power

for electronic and ot her functionalities. Options a re: micro or miniature power (combustion) engines

micro or miniature cooling and climate control devices

(flexible) solar cells to recharge batteries

-fuel cell, preferably to be operated by diesel or biofuel

(e.g. sugar)

Safety

The safety of packaged a nd t ransported g oods can bemonitored with upcoming microsensors:

(w ireless) sensor tags t hat monitor mechanical and

temperature loads

artificial electronic nose to detect gases and vapors

lab-on-chip systems to detect bacterial or chemical

decontamination

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- 36 -

Bio-chemical-radiological

Explosive detection

Automated scene

understanding

- Optical/infrared/

terahertz

- Acoustical

- Radar

Infrastructure protection

Physical security

Security

MATERIALS

ENERGY

INFORMATION

BIOLOGY

terahertz sensor

position &motionsensors

artificial

noseB/C other

portablelab-on-chipB/C, other

fuel cells

small scale power

solar cell in-foil

food/water/airquality sensors

nano filtermembranesfood/water/air

activebiochemicalprotection

lightweight(flexible) armour

reactivearmour

infraredsensor array

lightweightprotective

clothes

ambientintelligent

surveillance

distributedwirelesssensors

digital identification

digital tagging

biometricidentification

accousticarrays

X-ray

X-radar

ID tags

Technology radar

5 YRS 15 YRS

Nano for security


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Both for social and na tional security reasons, technologies

are in development that enable early detection of (poten-

tia lly) haza rdous conditions, goods a nd human behavior.Sensing and detection, surveillance, situational awareness,

interpretation, automated scene understanding are crucial

aspects.

MaterialsNanotechnology-related material developments are in the

field of:

lightweight protective clothes antiballistic and shatterproof armour

advanced sensors: high-resolution vision systems, RF,

infrared, acoustic arrays, terahertz &through-the-wall

radar vision

InformationICTtechnology is quite dominant in security syst ems and

w ill further expand in the future: ta gs: physical identificat ion tags (RFID) for goods, digita l

ID tags for documents and information

biometric sensing for personal identificat ion: fingerprint,

face recognit ion, DNA identif icat ion

ambient intelligence for surveillance: by means of

distributed w ireless sensor netw orks

tracking &tracing with position and motion sensors

EnergyMobile security systems w ill need on-board pow er for elec-

tronic and other functions. Options are:

miniature power (combustion) engines

(flexible) solar cells to recharge batteries

-fuel cells, preferably pow er by diesel or biofuels

energy scavengers for low power distributed sensor

networks

BiologyMicrotechnology is in development t o detect early hazardous

conditions for the human biosystem artificial electronic nose to detect gases and vapours

lab-on-chip systems to detect bacterial or chemical

decontamination in air, water and food

B/C protection w ith cata lytic nanofiber structures for

filtering and decontamination

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- 38 -

Future bion anosen sor a rray for BC plus visua l a larm (illustrat ion MIT/ISN)

05. What are the prospects for defence


42/112

While nanotechnology is in the pre-competitive stage,

meaning its applied use is limited, nanopart icles are already

being used in a number of industries. Nanoscale materials areused in electronic, magnetic and opto-electronic, biomedical,

pharmaceutical, cosmetic, energy, cat alyt ic and materials

applications. Areas producing the greatest revenue for nano-

particles reportedly are chemical-mechanical polishing,

magnetic recording t apes, sunscreens, automotive cata lyst

supports, biolabelling, electro-conductive coatings and

optical fibers. Source: NNI

The milita ry use of nanot echnology should lead to higher

protection, more lethality, longer endurance and better self-

supporting capacities of future soldiers. Nanoresearch for

defence can be variously divided into different ca tegories.

Nanoresearch for defence in the US can be divided into six

categories:

nano-assembly of materials and parts nano-optics

nanochemistry

nano-electronics

nanomechanics

nanomaterials

Another main division of nanotechnologies for defence is

(see a ppendix):

nano-electronics nanosensors

structura l nanomaterials (reinforced materials)

nanofibers and nanoparticles

Nanotechnology for defence applications seems to

concentrate mainly on five areas according to NRL:

the future warfighter or combat soldier

information dominance weapons of mass destruction: CBNRE

w eapons /countermeasures

platforms

Technological innova tions in these five areas w ill provide the

basis for the fut ure defence capabilities.

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- 40 -

Future liq uid na noar mour w ith magn etic rheof luid (illustrat ion MIT/ISN)

Future platform systems (illustration Boeing)

Future warfighter


44/112

The future w arfight er needs nanotechnology t o reduce the

w eight per unit or per volume unity and needs lower electric

power demand per specific function. He can use theproperties of nanopart icles or nanofibers to create a large

surface area (for sensors, absorption). Furthermore he will

make use of more multi-functional structures in the future

with mechanical, opto-electric, chemical and biological

functions and he w ill have a biotic/abiotic interface betw een

body and equipment. The future combat soldier should be

self-supporting, highly lethal, equipped with additional and

supportive intelligence, protected against all kinds of impacts(ballistics, bioagent s, chemical agents). Nanotechnology w ill

probably lead to solutions in the areas of body armour,

insulation a nd vent ilation, camouflage (IR, visible), integrated

sensing devices and enhanced body monitoring and care

systems.

Information dominanceNano-electronics will lead to a lower power consumption per

process on microchips, to a better signal t ransduction (signal

to noise ratio will be improved), to higher processing speeds

and shorter transit times and to a higher function density.

Dominance on informatics and information control t echno-

logy can thus be reached by developing and using nano-

electronics for devices with high computing power a t small-

scale and low-power consumption (for sensor networks,

art ificial intelligence, bra in-machine interfaces etc.) and micro-

or nanosensor arra ys for fa st recognition of NBC threat s on

the battlefield by soldiers and sensor networks. Some people

expect tha t w ith the coming of future generations of nano-

electronics it will be possible to make an artificial version of

the human brain within 100 years. This could have dramatic im-

pact on the military operation as well as on industrial activi-

ties and civil tasks (James Murday, March 2004).

CBNRE-sensorsNanotechnology is needed for improved detector sensitivities

(signal t o noise ratios), to miniaturize sensor arrays forselectivity, to tailor-make high-surface area materials for

detection /absorption /deactivation and to create selective

catalysts. Microsystems technology and nanotechnology will

therefore enable small porta ble sensor systems capable of

identify ing Chemical, Bio, Nuclear, Radia tion or Energy

threats. This will enhance the flexibility of deployment ,

operat ions and increase the safety of soldiers and civilians

and w ill enhance the environmenta l security.

Weapons/countermeasuresNanomat erials can creat e a bet ter control of energy release

and can create shorter diffusion paths for high-intensity

energy blast s. They w ill improve the grain-boundary effects

on a mechanical level. Nanopart icles in or on ma terials can

result in sophisticated scattering of visible and infrared light,

enabling st ealth functionality. Nanocomposites, consisting of

nanopart icles dispersed in materials create a higher design

and construction flexibility for weapons, platform systems

etc. Nanostructured metals and particles can be used to create

new uranium like high-penetration materials (source ARL),

more controlled energy release in explosives and thrust-fuel

systems, and new types of weapons (non-lethal, t ailored

explosives).

PlatformsFor plat form systems such as land vehicles, naval vessel, aero-

planes, nanotechnology can deliver a higher design flexibility,

enabling multifunctional, a dapt ive structures, a controlled

energy release and by integration of nanomaterials platforms

w ill have increased functionality (integra ted sensors, higher

performance, adapt ive skin structure). They w ill be nearly

invisible for radar, IR and optical camera, will have reduced

w eight and w ill therefore be more lethal a nd more capable of

gat hering intelligence.- 41 -


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- 42 -

H2 Hydrogen image, Leiden Univ

Carbon nanotube illustration, Chris Ewels

Nanorobot , illust rat ion NASA

06. Which technologies will have dominant impact


46/112

Criteria for evaluation of impact on defenceoperations

The impact of nanotechnology on future combat systemsor military platforms depends largely on the criteria that the

military commands require for future w arfa re operat ions.

In this respect, t he following criteria a re distinguished:

highly flexible deployability a nd mobility

(low weight, fast deployment)

effective engagement (high letha lity)

effective intelligence

(acquire data on battlefield, operations area)

logistics sustainability

survivability and force protection

command, control, communication (C3)

endurance (self-supporting soldier).

Military strategists in the US consider nanotechnology to be

the key t echnology to retain t he military supremacy of US

forces in the 21st century (source Rat henau Instit uut). The

main focus of US research is on the protection, the

performance and survivability of the individual soldiers.

The soldier is one of the main plat forms of combat syst ems

w hich could benefit from nanotechnologies which a re being

developed. The soldier system is also the centra l combat

platform of future warfa re approaches (centric wa rfare) and

is connected to other plat form systems (land vehicles,

UAV's), and w ireless sensor netw ork system, the logist ic

supply chain, the paramedics and the central command.

Related civil developments t hat w ill boost nanotechnology:

In the civil world na notechnologies and microsystem techno-

logies have been developed and implemented on a limitedscale in cosmetics (creams, anti-sunburn lotions), automotive

parts (cata lyst systems, na noparticles in tyres, pressure-,

inertia- and airbag sensors), electronics industry (displays,

sensors) and the life sciences industry. Some examples of

technologies being developed and/or in use are:

w ireless -sensors (3D nano-electronics) and RFID tags

(small, low power, use of polymer electronics)

lab-on-chip DNA arrays, sample preparation systems for

rapid biochemical ana lysis

nanopart icles and na nofibers for nanocomposites

(structural improvement of properties)

drug delivery systems (packaging of medicine and food

in nanoparticles, controlled release in body)

health-monitoring systems and in-vivo body-sensing devices

nanowires for use as sensors, transistors in next generation

CMOS technology

molecular electronics in the far future

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- 44 -

From right to left: Netw ork centric a pproach (US Army), brain-machine int erface, RFID-ta g (TI), spinnin g of

nanofibers for future combat suit (Natick Soldier Center).

Dominant impact on future defence


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Based on the evaluation criteria for future defence operations

and the current nanotechnology developments in the civil

domain, a short list has been made of the most important

nanotechnologies we now expect to have a foreseeable

essentia l impact on future defence systems and applicat ions.

These nanotechnologies are:

Tracking, tracing and remote identification systems via

RFID tags (goods, vehicles, people):

Identify fellow and enemy soldiers via long-range RFID-

systems, localize their positions, identify and localize

goods and vehicles (logistic tracking &tracing), check ID,

position and qua lity of preserved food packs. These RFID-

tags can be passive (w ithout power source) or semi-passive/

active (able to transmit information without interrogation),

can have an incorporated sensor function and can possibly

have a radar reflection characteristic for positioning and

identification on large distances.

-power (necessary for future miniaturisation, portable

power for the soldier):

Micropower syst ems can be used to power sensor systems

in the combat suit, to recharge batteries of microsystems,

to power communication and positioning systems, to power

food preparation systems etc.

-vehicles & robotics, remote & autonomous:

These syst ems can be used to reduce the risk of manned

patrol, reconnaissance a nd intelligence-gathering opera-

tions. The size and pow er consumption of the systems w ill

get smaller in the future, resulting in small and micro

nanosystems and lat er nanosystems which are redundant

and can be replaced easily to continue with information

gathering and other operations. Another aspect of these

systems is the ability to identify fellow and enemy soldiers

via sensor equipment. Furthermore we expect that brain-

machine interfaces for remote control of plat form systems

and autonomously operating robotic systems will get

more dominant in the next 15-20 years.

Wireless sensors, ambient intelligence for the soldier,

network centric operations:

A distributed netw ork of sensors can operate a utono-

mously, be self-learning and self-responsive and will

evolve into an ambient intelligence system reacting to

other elements on the bat tlefield (soldiers, equipment,

environmental influences etc.)

Smart structures:

Smart structures are structures consisting of a combina-

tion of more traditional materials and nanomaterials

(nanoparticles, nanofibers) which can perform specific

sensor or actuator functions, have a higher strength, give

better protection levels and can be responsive or reactive

to certain influences. Some examples of future smart

structures are:

- nanocomposites: high strength &temperature, lightweight,

non-metal

- biomimic structures: lightweight-bone type, self-healing/

assembling

- integrated functions: adaptive, sensoric, actuating,

(polymer) electronics

- active coat ings: adaptive, st ealth, bio-active, flexible display

The key w ords for military applicat ions are: smart structures,

smart skin, smart uniform, smart textiles.

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Future plat form concept s (photo s/illustrat ions: Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company, US Navy,

Wallpa perw orld, Lockheed Mart in, BAE &Crow n, NASA, USNI, US Army)

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Wireless soldier


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The future soldier-concept w ireless soldier is equipped w ith

a Body Area Network consisting of a number of wireless

products communicating w ith each other: PDA/mobile phone,

helmet /visor with head display, watch, weapon, supplies of

cartridges, sensors on body or garment. All these systems can

gather data, exchange data w ith each other and can give the

soldier the essential info via his PDA, earplug, display, watch

etc. The w ireless soldier is connected via phone and PDA to

the centric warfare system, his commander, the distributed

sensor network on the battlefield and his fellow soldiers.

All technologies in black are available for integra tion w ithin

a period of 0-5 yrs, whereas the technologies in greyblue will

become ava ilable in a timeframe of 10-15 years. Essential

part of the wireless soldier is the ability to monitor his posi-

tion, his physical and mental condition, supplies and status

of equipment. His w at ch or other persona l device (PDA/Phone/

Smart helmet) will have basic functions like positioning,

wireless communication, RFID-reader, heartrate monitoring

(wireless), accelerometers but in the future also enhanced

body function monitoring can be expected such as dehydra-

tion level, glucose level and ta rgeted drug a nd functional

food delivery.

The figure above illustrat es the hypothetica l use of these

biomedical status-monitoring devices when they are combined

w ith w ireless communicat ion systems. Individual soldier

status can be monitored not only by soldiers working side

by side, but also by central units that can be mobile or trans-

mitted t o sat ellite systems. Future sensors may also be

embedded bionic chips.

Finally the soldier can also distribute sensor modes (nodes or

smart dust) to ga ther and distribute information via micro IR-

sensors, microradar, gas sensors, nanobiosensors which form

adhoc netw orks and function as an ambient intelligence

system. He will get info via his PDA, phone, watch and via

flexible thin film displays on his uniform or in his visor.

The wireless system will be able to deliver therapeutic and

medical treatment and possibly the soldier w ill in the distant

future have cyborg-like functional enhancements (third arm,

improved vision like the Aremac system in front of the eye).

- 49 -

Biomedical sta tus monit oring (source Converging Technologies fo r

Improvin g Huma n Perfo rma nce NSF/DOC-spons ored report )


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- 50 -

Backpack Lightweight High comfort Lab on chip 1

stdiagnosis

Bio/ food analysis Basic wound treatment Medicine Nutrician

Micro vehicle Survey / scouting Attack

Body condition

Helmet Lightweight / high impact EEG High impact visor Filtering air 02 supply

Teleweaponlinked tohelmet visor

Textiles Climate control All impact p rotection BC / EMC / bullets Liquid armour Adaptive camouflage Electronic textiles

Shoes RFID tag Custom fit and breathing

Micro fuel cell

Smart uniform


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Sensors Actuate active suspension Position / motion Condition

ID tag

Biometric keyMini radar / radar

360 vision IR mini camera

Vertical micro rocket launcher

Nanocoated bearings

Micro fuel cell with electric propulsion

Micro hybrid combustion / hydrogen motor

Absorptionof fumesemissions

Adaptive camouflagesmart skin

Large LCDcommand screen

Ammo with sensors

Smaller high impactcaliber gun

Super penetration

Or no barrel butmicro cruise missles

Lightweight nano-armour

Nano rheo fluid structurein armour

Thermal suppression

Flexible lightweight skirts with nano-armour

Radar absorption

Landvehicle

Land vehicle


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The future tank or land vehicle should be lighter a nd w ill have

to fit in larger quantities in the available C-130 like transport

planes of the NATO count ries. Secondly the tank should be

faster and more lethal.

The basic question is w hether the future tank should have

a traditional large caliber gun in a turret or will be equipped

w ith micro cruise missiles. This w ill determine the w eight

together with the armour materials being used.

The aim should be to develop lightw eight nano-armour skirt

or composite plates t o cover the vita l part of t he tank or land

vehicle. This armour could also consist of magneto-rheofluidic

systems. The outer layers of the vehicle should have a coating

w ith B/C absorbing and deactivat ion capacity and w ill ideally

in the long term also have a switchable nanodot polymer

camouflage display. Another use of nanomaterials can be found

in the bearings, the sealants, and the ammo.

Vital microsystems in the future tank will be the microradar,

a large POLYLED command display in the turret and various

machine condition sensors for the components w hich need

maintenance (engine, wheels, tracks). Of course the tank will

have to have the latest stealth shape and nanocoatings com-

bined with materials which limit the IR-visibility.

With the increase of computing power of nano-electronics

unmanned land vehicles (microrobots) with sensors and

weapons can be anticipated for surveillance in hostile urban

environment, reconnaissance missions and logist ics supply.

- 53 -

Source Andrew s (ISN)


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- 54 -

Acoustic pulse jet

Corrective guidance structureCorrective guidance structure

Nanoplastics / biomimic materials

Heat / noise absorption

High energy (cutting) laser

Vibration / motion correction

Rigid / flexible / nanoplastic comfort

Target position

Position sensor / direction

Single triggerboth barrels

Sensor nodes Ammo sensor Micro / nano bomb Super penetration

Smart dust Non lethal

bio-active bombs

fire-control computer

video camera,6x scope andlaserrangefinder

10-in. steel5.56 mm barrel

bayonet

5.56 mmkineticround and30-shot clip

sling

safety single-shotand 2-round burstselector

20mmhigh-explosiveround and6-shot clip

18-in. titanium20 mm barrel

Teleweapon

TELEWEAPON: Remote controlled / guided weapons(camera / sensors / weapon) controlled command for

urban / citycombat (roofs / alleys etc.)Non mechanical trigger / picture frames / micro radar

The impact of na notechnology on w eapons seems limited in

Weapons


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The impact of na notechnology on w eapons seems limited in

the short term to 0-5 years. In the long term, 5-15 years, we

can expect t hat nanomat erials can be used in polymer com-

pound to create lightweight structures for guns, rifles and

automatic firing systems. It would be very interesting if

nanomat erials could creat e a corrective guidance structure to

correct the movement and trembling of the body of the soldier.

Ideally this would be a smart adaptive material in the shaft

of the gun or on the grip. Other t echnologies w hich can be

integrated in future weapons for the soldier are: RFID-tags in

gun, cartridge, target positioning/recognition (via micro IR

camera on g un or PDA, microradar, RF-array, through-the-

w all THz rada r), w ireless link to PDA and smart helmet to

pull trigger from a distance (teleweapon), various ammotypes

(shaped ceramic materials, softer bullets, high penetrat ion

bullets, sensor modes/smart dust , insensitive tailored explo-

sives to limit collateral da mage). The gun w ill be equipped

w ith a non-mechanical t rigger w hich can be w ireless linked

to PDA, phone or smart helmet of the soldier. An example of

the use of current wireless technology to detonate explosives is

the use of GSM-technology by terrorists in Iraq. A high-power

laser for hand guns is still far away but not unthinkable.

Nanotechnology could lead to non-lethal bio-active ammo

w hich limits the physical capacities of the enemy for some

time to enable ones own troops to advance further in

dangerous situat ions /environment.

The current ult ra-low pow er smart dust modes are relat ively

large and therefore less useful to be fired or spread w ith a

handgun. It is expected that the size will shrink drastically

over the next 10-12 years resulting in 3D nano-electronics

system in one chip (radio, bat tery/power, dsp, sensor,

memory).

Nanobot and biobots as weapon systems are perhaps to beexpected in the longer term (20-30 years).

- 55 -

Smart dust mode

of Dust-Inc

Smart dust mode (UC Berkeley)

Future nanobots for biological interference (Foresight)

Future of smart dust (photo Peter Menzel)


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Organic robot structures Bio-robots UUV / UAV

Vehicles Air / ground / nautic Survey / scouting Attack

Remote control guidedMicro vehicles / robots


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- 60 -

Stealth-shaperadar absorption

H2-motor

Lightweight compositesNano composite plastics

Self healing / crack healing

Integrated fiber bragg sensing(integrity of materials stress,T, -crack

Bone type biomimic

supportive structures

Adaptive shape / skin

Guidance sensor

pos / ACC gyros IR

fuel cell

- thrusters propulsion

Intelligentgasturbine withcondition sensors

Heat absorption

Adaptive weaponcartridge

UAV/MAV

Unmanned a erial vehicles or manned aerial vehicles with

UAV / MAV

Future airplanes

(photos by NASA,


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larger dimensions seem to have more realistic potential for

the operations in the next 5 years. A number of robotic aero-

planes have a lready been developed in t he past for recon-

naissance tasks. Aerial vehicles can be equipped with micro-

thrusters for precise movements, with intelligent gasturbines

with sensors, air-inlet and flow control, with guidance, acce-

leration and gyros sensors, with integrated fiber bragg optical

sensors in the skin, with structures for stress and crack

sensing and w ith stealth shape and radar-absorbing materials.

For the period of 10-20 years from now vortex control w ith

MEMS structures, biomimic bone-type structures, smart adap-tive and self-healing skins can be expected.

The use of reinforced plast ic such as ca rbonfiber composites

will be followed by the introduction of nanocomposites with

carbon nanotubes and or na nofibers as reinforcing fillers in

composite plastics. Essential factors will be the use of high

strength-to-weight materials, fire-resistant composites, smart

materials w hich can sense and actuate, multispectral index of

refraction change, energy-efficient fuels and propellants,active camouflage and protective coatings.

(p y ,

Boeing a nd

Lockheed)

NASAs vis ion of a

future flight vehicle

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- 62 -

Micro satellite

Militaryapplications

Observation satellite Anti satellite Inspection satellite Sigint satellite

Micro powersupply system

Military ground support

N

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