Nano-structures Thermoelectric Materals - Part 1
Transcript of Nano-structures Thermoelectric Materals - Part 1
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Nano-structured Thermoelectric MaterialsNano-structured Thermoelectric Materials8th Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction Conference
Loews Coronado Bay Resort
San Diego, CA
August 25, 2002
Rama Venkatasubramanian
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OutlineOutline
• Introduction – Relevance to CFC-free Air-conditioning in Automobiles, Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction
• Advantages of Technology and Thin-film Cooling Examples
• Thin-film Power Conversion Examples
• Major Outstanding Issues for Research
• Emerging Thin-film TE Technology Applications
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Why Thermoelectrics?• Converts electrical and thermal energy using a solid state
device with minimal moving parts• Chip-scale functionality with thin-film materials using
standard microelectronic processing• Computer Chip, Photonic Chip, Lab-on-a-Chip
• Green Technology – CFC-free refrigeration to waste-heat recovery for fuel efficiency
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Thermoelectric Effect
Ref : Nature, 413, 577 (2001)
• Cooling or Power Conversion Efficiency critically dependent on the material Figure of Merit (ZT)• ZT = (α2σ/K)T• Minimize thermal conductivity and maximize electrical conductivity
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ZT and COP of Refrigerator or Air-Conditioner
Figure-of-Merit (ZT)
Coefficient of Performance
of Refrigerator
THOT = 300 K∆T ~ 30 K
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Bulk Bi2Te3-alloy Thermoelectric Devices
Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3 Superlattice Thermoelectric Devices
Typical large-scale mechanical system
Typical small-scale mechanical system
Higher ZT – Incentives for New Approaches to Implementing Higher COP Concepts
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• High-density, light-weight
• Higher efficiency
• Replace Batteries
Implications for Power
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Figure of Merit (ZT)
The
rmal
-to-
Ele
ctri
cal
Eff
icie
ncy
(%)
∆Τ = 50 ∆Τ = 100 ∆Τ = 150 ∆Τ = 250
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 1 2 3 4
Figure of Merit (ZT)
The
rmal
-to-
Ele
ctri
cal
Eff
cien
cy (%
)
∆Τ = 5 ∆Τ = 10 ∆Τ = 15 ∆Τ = 20
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THERMOELECTRIC TECHNOLOGIES in 1992 Fort Belvoir Workshop Organized by Dr. Stuart Horn
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1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
ZT
With Advanced Semiconductor
Materials Technology?1960’s
Semiconductor MaterialsTechnology
• ZT - figure of merit - has been stagnant at about 0.8 to 1 for the last 40 years - cooling and power conversion efficiencies low -useful only in applications where you really need it
• ZT need to improve over 1.5 at 300K for a major impact in electronics and around 2 to 2.5 for a revolutionary impact in air-conditioning, and power from waste-heat
T=300K
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Cs Bi4Te6 (Michigan State University)Bulk Materials with a ZT~ 0.8 at 225K but less than 0.8 at
300K (Science 287, 1024-1027, 2000)Filled Skuterrudites (JPL)
Bulk materials with a ZT ~1.35 at 900K (Proc. Of 15th
International Conf. On Thermoelectrics, 1996)PbTe/PbTeSe Quantum-dots (MIT Lincoln Labs.)
ZT~2 at 550K and ZT~0.8 at 300K based on estimated thermal conductivity values (J. Electronic Materials, 29, L1 , 2000)
Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3 Superlattices (RTI)ZT~2.4 at 300K in devices with all properties measured at the
same place, same time, with current flowing and verified by two independent techniques (Nature, 597-602, 2001)
Some of the Bulk Material and Thin-film Developments
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MultipleApplications
MultipleApplications
Thermoelectrics Research
Thermoelectrics Research Breakthrough
NanotechnologyBreakthrough
Nanotechnology
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RTI’s 40-Year Breakthrough
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Efficiency of Thermoelectric
Material (ZT)
Potential withThin-Film
Technologies
Industry Progress –Semiconductor Materials Technology
2010
RTI’s Thin-Film SuperlatticeTechnology
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10Å/50Å Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3Structure
Optimized for disrupting heat transport while enhancing electron transport perpendicular to the superlattice interfaces
RTI’s Nano-structured Superlattice Material
Applied Physics Letters, 75, 1104 (1999)
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MOCVD Growth of Superlattices
Low-temperature technology and scaleable for large areas
In-situ ellipsometry for nanometer-scale control of deposition
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice Material
COLD
HOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice Material
COLD
HOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice Material
COLD
HOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
COLD
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
COLD
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
COLD
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
COLD
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
COLD
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
COLD
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice Material
COLD
HOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice Material
COLD
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
HOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice Material
COLD
HOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice Material
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
HOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice Material
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
HOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice Material
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
HOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
RTI’s Superlattice Material
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
HOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometerCOLD
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice Material
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
COLD
HOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
COLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
COLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
COLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
COLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
COLD
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
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Bi2Te3
Sb2Te3
12 nanometer
RTI’s Superlattice MaterialHOT
The RTI breakthrough arises from reducing heat transmission without disrupting electron flow
COLD