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Nano Computer Architecture And Interfacing http:\\nanocom.tk

Dept. of APECE | | University Of Dhaka| | Computer Peripherals and Interfacing

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Nano Computer Architecture And Interfacing

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Group A1,4th year 2013

Keywords: nano computer ; architecture ; interfacing



Nanocomputer :A nanocomputer is a computer comprised of microscopic elements that can only be seen through the use of a microscope.

Architecture :A design. The term architecture can refer to either hardware or software, or to a combination of hardware and software. The architecture of a system always defines its broad outlines, and may define precise mechanisms as well.

Interface:A boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each other.Interfacing=To connect

user interface - the keyboard, mouse, menus of a computer system;

software interface - the languages and codes ;

hardware interface - the wires, plugs and sockets .



Nano computer.Is that a real thing?Answer:NO!It’s an idea in the development.There is no nano computer that exists today.

The idea is to use nanotechnology to build tiny devices called “nanomachines”. To build things on such a small scale, you have to be able to manipulate atoms individually. The challenge of nanotechnology is to place atoms precisely where you wish on a structure. Since Feynam’s “There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, “There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, nanotechnology has become a hot topic.With computers being an integral part in today’s society, nanocomputers are the easiest and most likely route in which computer development may continue



More on nanotechnology and nanocomputer



More on nanotechnology and nanocomputer•The constraints for computers come from the circuits that form them.

•The earliest computers, built in the middle of the 20th century, used vacuum tubes for switching. These machines were so massive and bulky, and demanded so much electricity to operate, that they required buildings and power plants of their own.

•So,Scientists needed to shrink computers to make them more powerful.

•The smaller an electronic system can be made, the more processing power can fit into a given physical volume, the less energy is required to run it, and the faster it can work

•Computer chip manufacturers, such as Intel, spend billions of dollars to build plants and do research that will allow these chips to shrink in size.



Moore’s law predicts the no of transistor in the coming processors

According to Moore’s Law, the number of transistors that will fit on a silicon chip doubles every eighteen months. By the year 2020, the trend line of Moore’s law states that there should be a one nanometer feature size.Why?The basis of current computer chips,is reaching the natural limits of the wafers to hold circuitslimits of the wafers to hold circuits



How far have we come?Present state of nanocomputer:In 1994, Leonard AdelmanLeonard Adelman took a giant step towards a different kind of chemical or artificial biochemical computer. He used fragments of DNA to compute the solution to a complex graph theory graph.

Strands of DNA represent the seven cities. In genes, genetic coding is represented by the letters A, T, C and G. Some sequence of these four letters represented each city and possible flight path. These molecules are then mixed in a test tube, with some of these DNA strands sticking together. A chain of these strands represents a possible answer. Within a few seconds, all of the possible combinations of DNA strands, which represent answers, are created in the test tube.

Adleman eliminates the wrong molecules through chemical reactions,which leaves behind only the flight paths that connect all seven cities.

The success of the Adleman DNA computerAdleman DNA computer proves that DNA can be used to calculate complex mathematical problems



How far have we come?Present state of nanocomputer:We now understand from Moore’s law Moore’s law that to build nanacomputer,transistors that make up the logic gates should be replaced by something much smaller.

These gates convert binary code moving through the computer into a series of signals that the computer uses to perform operations. Currently, logic gates interpret input signals from silicon transistors and convert those signals into an output signal that allows the computer to perform complex functions.

Three years after Adleman's experiment, researchers at the University of Rochester developed logic gates made of DNA.

For instance, a genetic gate called the "And gate" links two DNA inputs by chemically binding them so they're locked in an end-to-end structure, similar to the way two Legos might be fastened by a third Lego between them. The researchers believe that these logic gates might be combined with DNA microchips to create a breakthrough in DNA computing.



Architecture:How it will be build? Types of Nanocomputers :1. Nano electronic computersNano electronic computers: Electronic nanocomputers would operate in a manner similar to the way present-day microcomputers work. The main difference is one of physical scale. In the electronic sense, the term Nanocomputer is relative. By 1970s standards, today's ordinary microprocessors might be called Nanodevices 2. Nano mechanical computers: Nano mechanical computers: Mechanical Nanocomputers would use tiny moving components called Nanogears to encode information.This will include inherent mechanical errors. Nevertheless, some futurists are optimistic about the technology, and have even proposed the evolution of Nanorobots that could operate, or be controlled by, mechanical Nanocomputers. 3. Nano chemical and biochemical computers: Nano chemical and biochemical computers: Chemical and biochemical Nanocomputers would store and process information in terms of chemical structures and interactions. 4. Nano Quantum computersNano Quantum computers: A Quantum Nanocomputer would work by storing data in the form of atomic quantum states or spin. Technology of this kind is already under development in the form of single-electron memory (SEM) and quantum dots.



Architecture:Are these even possible?

1.For Electronic nano computers,the ultimate limit to the number of transistors per unit volume is imposed by the atomic structure of matter. Most engineers agree that technology has not yet come close to pushing this limit. 2. Hand made parts would have to be assembled one atom at a time by an STM microscope for Mechanical nano computers, Due to this slow and tedious process, researchers also believe that reliability of the parts would suffer.3. Biochemical Nanocomputers already exist in nature; they are manifest in all living things. But these systems are largely uncontrollable by humans. We cannot, for example, program a tree to calculate the digits of pi or program an antibody to fight a particular disease .4. The main problem with Quantum technology is instability. Instantaneous electron energy states are difficult to predict and even more difficult to control.



Interfacing:How will we work with it?Perhaps the greatest problem in nanocomputer technology is something termed the "Interconnect Problem." Basically, it's the question of how to interface with the nanocomputer.How will we use it to our work?With such a dense computational structure, how does one get information in or out? There so many separate elements that there would have to be a multitude of connections within the computer itself. It's like trying to make things out of LEGO blocks with boxing gloves on your hands. Yes, you can push the LEGO blocks into great heaps and pile them up, but you can't really snap them together the way you'd like.



Interfacing:How will we work with it? Electron Microscopes (EMs) function exactly as their optical counterparts except that they use a focused beam of electrons instead of light to 'image' the specimen and gain information as to its structure and composition. A stream of electrons is formed and accelerated toward the specimen.Interactions occur inside the irradiated sample, affecting the electron beam. This is captured on a camera and displayed on a monitor like tv screen

We can hope that Nanocomputers will have similar work basics.But mostly this is something that we have to figure out in the future.Most probably the interfacing problem will be solved along with the invention of actual Nanocomputers



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