NAMEENERGY SOURCE EXAMPLE ProducerMakes own foodGrass, Trees ConsumerEating Other Organisms Mice,...
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Transcript of NAMEENERGY SOURCE EXAMPLE ProducerMakes own foodGrass, Trees ConsumerEating Other Organisms Mice,...
NAME ENERGY
SOURCE
EXAMPLE
Producer Makes own food Grass, Trees
Consumer Eating Other Organisms
Mice, Humans, Starfish
Herbivore Producers Cows, Deer
Carnivore Other Consumers
Lions, Hawks
Omnivore Producers and
Consumers
Bears, Pigs, Humans
Decomposer Dead Organisms Fungi, Bacteria
Primary Energy SourceThe rate at which organic material is
produced by photosynthetic organisms in an ecosystem is called primary
productivity Organisms that first capture solar energy, the producers, include
plants, some kinds of bacteria, and algae. Consumers are those organisms that
consume plants or other organisms to obtain the energy necessary to build
their molecules
Autotrophs are organisms that use
Energy from sunlight orInorganic substances to make
Organic compounds.
Like plants use sunlight to
Make glucose.
Heterotrophs are organisms that Must get energy from food instead
Of directly from sunlight.
We are heterotrophs because We can’t make our own food
In our cells.
Instead we use cellular respiration
To “burn” fuel in our bodies.
Directly or indirectly, almost all of the
Energy in living systems needed for
Metabolism comes from the sun.
Cellular respiration is the Process of breaking down food
To yield energy.
This is essentially photosynthesisIn reverse.
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light C6H12O6 + 6O2
Trophic Levels
Ecologists study how energy moves through an ecosystem by assigning organisms in that ecosystem to a
specific level, called a trophic level, in a graphic organizer based on the
organism’s source of energy.
Energy moves from one trophic level to another
Trophic Levels: First Level
The lowest trophic level of any ecosystem is occupied by the
producers, such as plants, algae, and bacteria
Producers use the energy of the sun to build energy-rich carbohydrates
Trophic Levels: Second Level
At the second trophic level are herbivores, animals that eat plants or other primary producers. They are
the primary consumers
A herbivore must be able to break down a plant’s molecules into usable
compounds
Most herbivores rely on microorganisms, such as bacteria and
protists, in their gut to help digest cellulose
Trophic Levels: Third Level
At the third trophic level are secondary consumers, animals that eat herbivores. These animals are
called carnivores
Some animals, such as bears, are both herbivores and carnivores; they are
called omnivores
Dentrivores are organisms that obtain their energy from the organic
wastes and dead bodies that are produced at all trophic levels
Bacteria and fungi are known as decomposers because they cause
decay
Decomposition of bodies and wastes releases nutrients back into the
environment to be recycled by other organisms
A food chain is a sequence in
Which energy is transferredFrom one
organism to the Next as each
organism Eats another.
A food web shows many of the Feeding relationships in
An ecosystem. In most ecosystems, energy does not follow simple straight paths because animals often feed at several trophic levels. This creates an interconnected
group of food chains called a food web
Energy Transfer
During every transfer of energy within an ecosystem, energy is lost as heat.
Thus, the amount of useful energy available to do work decreases as
energy passes through an ecosystem
The loss of useful energy limits the number of trophic levels an ecosystem
can support
To better determine the amount of energy present in trophic levels,
ecologists measure biomass
Biomass is the dry weight of tissue and other organic matter found in a
specific ecosystem
Each higher level on the pyramid contains only 10% of the biomass found in the trophic level below it
The Pyramid of Energy
An energy pyramid is a diagram in which each trophic level is
represented by a block, and the blocks are stacked on top of one another, with the lowest trophic level on the
bottom
Carbon flows throughEcosystems when plants make
Food and consumers eat producesAnd then decomposers start the
Process over again.
But humans have a huge impact The this due to our burning
Of fossil fuels.
All organisms need Nitrogen.The good news is that it is
All around us in huge quantities.
The bad news is that almost all Organisms can’t use it from the
Air.
So we get it from nitrogen-Fixing bacteria that allows it
To be used by plants.
Succession is a regular Pattern of changes over
Time in the types of species In a community.
The community that eventuallyForms if the land is leftUndisturbed is called Climax community.
Succession that occurs on a Surface where an ecosystem
Has previously existed is calledSecondary Succession.
Pioneers are the first organismsTo colonize any newly available
Area and start the processOf succession.
Natural fires caused by Lightning are a necessary part
Of secondary succession in Some communities.
National forest rangers Sometimes allow natural firesTo burn unless they threaten
Human life or property.
Succession that occurs on Surfaces where no
Ecosystem existed before isCalled Primary Succession.
Primary succession is much Slower than secondary
Succession because it beginsWhere there is no soil.