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ANCIENT GREECE
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EARLY GREEK CIVILIZATION:
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• Named after Minos, a legendary king• Located on island of Crete, Greece’s
largest island• Success was based on trade/commerce• Widespread trade routes: made contact
with Egypt, Mesopotamia, & Middle East
Minoan Civilization: 1750-1500 B.C.
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• Invaders who brought down Minoans• Lived in city-states on mainland Greece• Wealthy rulers hoarded huge treasures• Best remembered for role in Trojan War
(actual war!)• Declined due to sea raiders
Mycenaen Civilization: 1400-1200 B.C.
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LITERATURE
• Homer, author of Illiad and Odyssey
• Illiad tells story of Trojan War (chief source)
• Odyssey tells story of a Greek hero, Odysseus
• Both great epic poems showing values of the
period- honor, courageWAR
• fought between Myceneans and Trojans
• Trojan prince kidnapped wife of a Greek King (legend)
• Actual: economic rivalry
The Age of Homer
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WHERE IS TROY?
GREECE AEGEAN SEA
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• Part of Balkan peninsula, extends into Mediterranean Sea• Biggest impact of geography: Mountains created ideal
conditions for building of city-states• Seas- vital link to outside world
Geography of Greece: Peninsula & Archipelago
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• Monarchy with 2 kings, Assembly, & Council of
Elders• Trade and travel not allowed (isolationism)• Military societyoAge 7: began military trainingoAge 20: men were allowed to marry
• Wanted healthy babies & healthy mothers
SPARTA
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• Girls trained to be mothers of soldiers• Women were expected to produce healthy babies• Women had to obey fathers & husbands, but were
allowed to own property• Helots (slaves) did all nonmilitary
SPARTA
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• “Spartans are willing to die
for their city because they have no reason to live.”
SPARTA
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• Aristotle: “The man is by nature fitter
for command than the female just as an older person is superior to a younger, more immature person.”
ATHENS
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• Limited democracy (more on this later) • Laws made by Assembly• Only male citizens in Assembly• Trade with other city-states• All citizens were equal
ATHENS
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• Women & slaves- excluded from becoming citizens• Women inferior & did not take part in public life• Education reserved strictly for boys• Boys learned to be well-spoken democratic
citizens and participated in athletic contests
ATHENS
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ATHENS & SPARTA
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What is Persia?
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• Term refers both to a vast, ancient region AND
to modern-day Iran. • Iran was known as Persia up until 1935. • Official Persian boundaries changedgreatly over time….
WHAT IS PERSIA?
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• vast empire- By 500 B.C., threat to Athens• Boundaries of Persia around 500 B.C-
stretched from parts of Egypt well into Asia Minor and border of India
• Darius I- angry at Greek’s interference in the uprisings in his kingdom (Persia)
“Master, remember the Athenians…”
WHO WERE THE PERSIANS?
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• Cause: began when Ionian Greeks rebelled
against Persian rule in Asia Minor, and Athens sent ships over to help
• Events: Athenians had victory at Marathon; Athens persuaded Sparta & other Greek city-states to join in fight against Persia
• Results: Greeks defeat Persians; Delian League (alliance) is formed; Athenian golden age !
Athens emerges as most powerful state in Greece
PERSIAN WARS
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• Monarchy- king & queen exercise central power• Aristocracy- rule by a landholding elite (gentry)• Oligarchy- power belongs to a select elite***All above forms were present in ancient Greece, but Athens slowly evolved toward democracy by approx 600 B.C.
Ancient Greece & Government
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Pericles governed over Athens from 460 – 429 B.C.E.• made Athens more democratic by direct
democracy, (large # of citizens take direct part in the day-to-day affairs of government).
• believed all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government
Economic & Cultural Life: Athens became cultural center (thinkers, writers, artists, public festivals)
AGE OF PERICLESA GOLDEN AGE FOR ATHENS
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Pericles gave speech at funeral of Athenians killed in
battle. • praised Athenian form of government, stressed
rights and duties of citizenship. • considered one of earliest and greatest
expressions of democratic ideals.
THE AGE OF PERICLESFUNERAL ORATION
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“We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as a harmless but as a useless character.”
What is he saying about the duties of citizenship?
THE AGE OF PERICLESFUNERAL ORATION
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• Causes: Greeks resented Athenian domination &
formed Peloponnesian League to oppose Delian League; Sparta was against democracy
• Results: Sparta defeated Athenians. Athenian domination came to an end. It eventually revived and remained a cultural center, but democracy suffered for years to come
PELOPONNESIAN WARS
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GREEK AGAINST GREEK: WHY DID ATHENS LOSE?• Sparta had advantage over Athens because of
inland location• Plague broke out in Athens killing a third of its
population• Spartans overpowered Athenians and captured
Athens in 404 B.C.E.
PELOPONNESIAN WARS
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• Son of King Philip of Macedonia (area of land
North of Greece)• King Philip conquered Greek city-states; when he
was assassinated, Alexander took over• Alexander made conquests from Greece to Egypt
to Persia to India• Introduced ideas on marriage, education, $• Responsible for assimilation/ blending of cultures• Created Hellenistic Civilization
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
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HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION
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