Name - Mr. Curtis' Biology Site€¦ · Web viewDraw an energy pyramid for the food chain you...

NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________Honors Biology Milestone REVIEW

Introduction1. What does the term biology mean?

2. List the 8 characteristics of life:a. ___________________________ e. ___________________________b. ___________________________ f. ___________________________c. ___________________________ g. ___________________________d. ___________________________ h. ___________________________

3. What is homeostasis and why is it important to living things?

4. Rewrite the steps of the scientific method in the correct order:Prediction Conclusion Experiment Observation Hypothesis Data Collection

5. What are independent and dependent variables in an experiment?

6. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

7. Complete the following chart below with the statements below:Summarizes data in rows/columnsShows order of stepsCompares different data (magnitude)Shows how data changes over timeShows how parts relate to the whole

Chart/table

Bar Graph

Line Graph

Circle graph

Flowchart

8. The following branches of biology study:Biochemistry –processes, chemicals, DNA Genetics - heredityBotany – plants Microbiology – microscopic organisms Cytology – cellsPaleontology - fossils Ecology – interactions between living things and environmentTaxonomy – classification of living things

Content Domain I: Cells1. What are the three main ideas of the cell theory?

a. _______________________________________________b. _______________________________________________c. _______________________________________________

2. List 2 differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

BIOLOGY MILESTONE TEST IS ON 5/16/17 1

NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________

3. What molecules make up the cell/plasma membrane? Draw a picture of this molecule.

4. The cell/plasma membrane is selectively permeable – what does this mean?

5. Describe the function of the following cell membrane proteins:a. receptor: _______________________________________________b. marker: ________________________________________________c. channel: ________________________________________________

6. Fill in the following chart of cell organelles:

Organelle FunctionProkaryotes

or Eukaryotes

or Both?

Animal cells or Plant cells or Both?

Nucleus

Nuclear envelope(membrane)Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Endoplasmic ReticulumGolgi Apparatus

Cell (plasma) membrane Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

7. How are active transport and passive transport different?

8. Define each of the following: Diffusion –

Facilitated diffusion –

Osmosis –

Endocytosis –

Exocytosis –

9. Match the pictures below with the correct type of solution (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic):


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________10.How are chemical and physical reactions different?

11.In a chemical equation, where are the reactants? Where are the products? (left or right side?)

12.Differentiate between endothermic and exothermic reactions.

13.What are enzymes? How do they impact the rate of reactions?

14.What is a substrate?

15.A substrate binds to an enzyme at the _________________.

16.Label the diagram below with the three terms below:enzyme substrate active site

17.Explain how the following factors that affect enzymes:

a. pH:b. temperature

18.Water is a polar molecule – what does that mean?


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________

19.Why is water important in biology?

20.How are homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions different?

21.Solutions can range in pH from 0-14. c. What is the pH range of acids? _______________d. What is the pH range of bases? _______________

22. Fill in the chart for the 4 macromolecules:Macromolecule Function Monomer ExampleCarbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________Content Domain II: Organisms

1. What is ATP? What is it used for?

2. How does ATP release energy in the cell?

3. What do cells use energy for in the cell?

4. Fill in the following chart to compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration:Process Organelle where

it occurs What is needed? What is produced?

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Write the PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION:

5. Which Kingdoms perform photosynthesis for their energy?

6. Write the RESPIRATION EQUATION:

7. Which kingdoms perform respiration for their energy?

8. If an organism produces its own food through photosynthesis, it is known as a _____________ or _____________.

9. If an organism consumes its food and gets energy through respiration, it is known as a _____________ or _____________.

10.What is fermentation? Why and how does it occur?

11.Briefly describe where and when lactic acid fermentation occurs.

12.Define taxonomy.

13.Correctly write the scientific name for humans. Which word is the Genus name? species name?

14.List the 7 levels of biological classification in order from largest to smallest.

15.What is a taxon?BIOLOGY MILESTONE TEST IS ON 5/16/17 5

NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________

16.What criteria are used to place organisms into the different taxa?

17.Why is a system of classification important in Biology?

18.How are evolutionary relationships used in classification?

19.Explain why the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archeabacteria were split from Kingdom Monera.

20.What is a dichotomous key?

21.Use the dichotomous key to identify the following insects:

A. B. C. D.

1. a. wings covered by an exoskeleton ………go to step 2 b. wings not covered by an exoskeleton ……….go to step 3

2. a. body has a round shape ……….ladybug b. body has an elongated shape ……….grasshopper3. a. wings point out from the side of the body ……….dragonfly b. wings point to the posterior of the body ……….houseflyA.__________________________ B.________________________

C.__________________________ D.________________________

22.What is a cladogram?

23.Use the following cladogram to answer the questions after the diagram.


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________

Evolution of Plants

Flowering plants

Ferns and

their relatives

Cone- bearing

plants

Mosses and

their relatives

Green Algae ancestor

Vascular

tissue

Seeds

Flowers: Seeds

enclosed in fruit

19. Complete the table below for the 6 Kingdoms:

Characteristics Archaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell Type(prokaryote or

eukaryote)# of Cells (single-

celled or multicellular)Cell Nucleus (present or

absent)How do get food?

(autotroph, heterotroph, or decomposer)

Cell Wall (present or absent)

Photosynthetic (yes or no)

Examples (at least 2)

24.Bacteria reproduce through binary fission. What is binary fission?

25.What do decomposers do for the environment?

26.Why are viruses considered non-living?

27.Draw a label a picture of a virus. Include the protein coat and genetic material (DNA or RNA).

28.How are the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle different?

29.Describe how a virus reproduces itself.


a. Which group is the oldest?_____________________________ b. Which 3 groups have vascular

tissue? _____________________________c. Which 2 groups have seeds?_____________________________d. Which group has flowers?_____________________________

NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________Content Domain III: Genetics 1. List the steps of the cell cycle (NOT the steps of mitosis!):

2. What happens during the 3 phases of Interphase?

3. What happens during Mitosis?

4. What happens during Cytokinesis?

5. Label the pictures below using the following terms:Interphase Prophase(use 2 times) Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

A. ______________________B. ______________________C. ______________________D. ______________________E. ______________________F. ______________________

6. Describe what is happening in the stages of mitosis:Stage DescriptionP________

M________

A________

T________

7. What is the purpose of mitosis? What is the purpose of meiosis?

8. Define haploid and diploid. What is the human haploid #?________ Diploid #?________

9. Compare and contrast sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. a. similarities:b. differences:

10.Is mitosis considered sexual or asexual reproduction? Why?


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________11.Is meiosis considered sexual or asexual reproduction? Why?

12. Fill in the chart to compare mitosis and meiosis.Body cells or sex cells

# of divisions

# of stages (total)

# of cells produced

# of chromosomes in cells produced

Mitosis

Meiosis

13.What is a gamete? Is it haploid or diploid? How are sperm and egg formation different?

14.What is crossing-over? When does it happen?

15.Where is DNA located in the cell? Where is RNA located in the cell?

16.DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Label the nucleotide below:

17.List the 4 DNA bases (full names):a. _____________________________b. _____________________________c. _____________________________d. _____________________________

18.Chargaff’s rule tells us that the bases pair ______ with T and ______ with G.

19.If one side of the DNA molecule reads ATGCCGT, the other side would read ______________.

20.Describe and draw the shape of a DNA molecule.

21.________________ and _______________ built a model of DNA based on others’ research.

22.What is made during DNA replication? Where does it happen in the cell?BIOLOGY MILESTONE TEST IS ON 5/16/17 9

NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________

23.Describe how DNA is replicated (steps).

24.Compare and contrast DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

25.List the 4 RNA bases:a. _____________________________b. _____________________________c. _____________________________d. _____________________________

26.If the original DNA strand reads ATGGTCA, the complementary mRNA strand would read __________________.

27.Match the 3 different types of RNA with their jobs:a. messenger RNA _______A. transfers amino acids to ribosome to make proteinsb. transfer RNA _______B. assembles proteins on ribosomec. ribosomal RNA _______C. carries instructions for proteins from DNA

28.What is made during transcription? Where does it happen in the cell?

29.What is made during translation? Where does it happen in the cell?

30.Each 3 letter “word” in RNA is called a _________________.

31. There are _______ different amino acids produced from mRNA.

32.Amino acids are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins. List 3 things that proteins do for living things.

33.Describe of each of the following chromosomal mutations: a. missense:____________________________________________b. nonsense:____________________________________________c. insertion:____________________________________________d. deletion:_____________________________________________e. duplication:___________________________________________

34.How are point mutations different than frameshift mutations?

35.Who is Gregor Mendel?

36.What organism did Mendel study? List 2 reasons for using this organism.a. _____________________________________b. _____________________________________


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________

37.__________________ means that an organism has 2 same alleles for a trait.38.__________________ means that an organism has 2 different alleles for a trait.39. __________________ traits are shown using a capital letter.40. __________________ traits are shown using a lowercase letter.41.Define genotype: _________________________________________________42.Define phenotype: ________________________________________________43.Which generation – P, F1, or F2 – is each of the following?

a. Your parents: ____________b. You: _____________c. Your (future) children: __________

44. Using B=black and b=brown, write the following genotypes:a. homo black: ____________b. homo brown: ____________c. hetero black: ____________

45.Complete the following cross using a Punnett Square and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios:

Tt x Tt T t T=tall t=short

genotype ratio:

phenotype ratio: 46.Define the following laws of Mendel:

Law of Segregation:

Law of Independent Assortment:

47.What are the sex chromosomes for human females? For human males?

48.Define incomplete dominance. List an example of incomplete dominance.

49.Define codominance. List an example of codominance.

50.Define sex-linked trait. List an example of a sex-linked trait.

51.Define polygenic trait. List an example of a polygenic trait.

52.What is a mutation? List 3 causes of mutations.

53.Define karyotype. Why/when would you use a karyotype?


Tt

NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________54.Define nondisjunction.

55.List 2 genetic disorders caused by nondisjunction:a. extra 21 chromosome causes ______________________b. missing X chromosome causes ______________________


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________Content Domain IV: Ecology1. Define ecology.

2. What is the biosphere?

3. How are biotic factors and abiotic factors different?

4. List 3 biotic factors and 3 abiotic factors.a. biotic:___________________________________________b. abiotic:__________________________________________

5. List the 6 levels of organization from smallest (organism) to largest (biosphere).

6. Define the following terms:a. Population: b. Community :c. Ecosystem :d. Biome :

7. How are habitat and niche different?

8. Define competition and predation.

9. Describe each of the following symbiotic relationships:a. mutualism:___________________________________________________b. commensalism:________________________________________________c. parasitism:___________________________________________________

10. Complete the table below:Organism Energy Source Example

Producer

Herbivore

Omnivore

Carnivore

Decomposer

11.What does a food chain represent? Draw a simple food chain (4 items). Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer.

12.Which 2 things are missing from your food chain?


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________13.How is a food web different from a food chain?

14.What is the ultimate source of energy in our biosphere?

15.In an energy pyramid, list which organisms are present at each level:a. Level 1:_______________________________________________b. Level 2:_______________________________________________c. Level 3:_______________________________________________d. Level 4:_______________________________________________e. Level 5:_______________________________________________

16.How much energy is passed from one level to the next? _____% How much is lost?______%

17.Draw an energy pyramid for the food chain you drew for question #11.

18.List the steps of the following nutrient cycles: a. Carbon:

b. Nitrogen:

c. Phosphorus:

d. Water:

19.Why are these nutrient cycles important?

20.What is ecological succession?

21.Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession.

22.What are some conditions that occur before secondary succession?

23.What is a pioneer species and how do they prepare the area for the next species to arrive?

24.What is a climax community (p.63)?

25.Define density-dependent factors.


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________

26. List 3 density-dependent factors:a. ___________________________b. ___________________________c. ___________________________

27.Define density-independent factors.

28.List 3 density-independent factors:a. ___________________________b. ___________________________c. ___________________________

29.Draw a sample graph for exponential growth and logistic growth in the boxes below. Label the lag phase, exponential growth phase, and carrying capacity (if they are present).

30.Differentiate between exponential growth and logistic growth.

31.What is the carrying capacity of a population?

32.Draw the age structure for a population that is in rapid growth, slow growth, and negative growth in the boxes below (see page 104):

33.Complete the table below:Threat Cause Possible Result

Greenhouse Effect

Acid rain

Ozone Depletion


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________Air Pollution

Water Pollution

Soil Degradation/Depletion

Habitat Destruction

34. Complete the table below:Non-renewable Resource Renewable Resource

Definition: Definition:

3 Examples: 3 Examples:

35.Describe the 4 plant tropisms:a. Phototropism:_______________________________________b. Thigmotropism:______________________________________c. Gravitropism: _______________________________________d. Hydrotropism:_______________________________________

36.Explain what each plant hormone does for plants:a. auxin:________________________________b. gibberellins:_______________________________c. ethylene:______________________________d. cytokinins:_____________________________

37.List and describe the 4 types of plant tissues:a. __________________________________________________b. __________________________________________________c. __________________________________________________d. __________________________________________________

38.Describe how the animal adaptations below are used:a. carnivores’ large teeth:_________________________________________b. herbivores’ rotating ears:_______________________________________c. ducks’ webbed feet:___________________________________________d. arctic foxes’ fur color (white in winter/dark in summer):______________________e. herbivores’ flat, grinding teeth:___________________________________f. meerkats’ excellent vision:_______________________________________

39.Describe the characteristics of each of the following biomes:Terrestrial:

Tropical Rain Forest – Desert – Temperate Grassland – Temperate Deciduous Forest – Taiga/Boreal Forest –


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________ Tundra –

Marine: Open ocean – Rocky intertidal zones- Estuaries-

Fresh Water: (Only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh and of that 3%, 98% is frozen in icecap!)

lakes , rivers, streams & ponds -

Content Domain V: Evolution1. How long ago was Earth formed?

2. Define fossil.

3. List 4 examples of fossils:a. ________________________b. ________________________c. ________________________d. ________________________

2. How are most fossils formed?

3. Define evolution.

4. Define the following: population genetics –adaptations – speciation – fitness –phylogeny-

5. Explain the contributions of the following people: a. Charles Lyell:b. Thomas Malthus:c. Alfred Russell Wallace:

6. Describe Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.

7. Was Lamarck correct? Why or why not?

8. Describe Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection.


NAME:______________________________________________CLASS:_____________

9. Where did Darwin go as the naturalist on the H.M.S. Beagle and what observations did he make?

10.What evidence did he collect to support his theory of evolution?

11.Speciation is the creation of a new species. What is required for speciation to occur? (p.436)

12.Define the following types of evolution (p. 439-440):a. adaptive radiation (divergent evolution):________________________________b. convergent evolution:______________________________________________c. coevolution:_____________________________________________________

13.Explain the five types of evidence that are used to show evolutionary relationships: a. fossil record:

b. homologous structures:

c. vestigial structures:

d. analogous structures:

e. comparative biochemistry (DNA and proteins):

f. geographical distribution:

14.What is fitness?

15.How do organisms use camouflage and mimicry?

16.How do antibiotics and pesticides affect the evolution of bacteria and insects?

17.Which mechanism of evolution adds new genes to the gene pool?

18.Briefly describe the 4 types of natural selection:a. stabilizing:b. directional:c. disruptive:

19.Compare gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.


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