NAME INDEX...Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12928-3 — Bringing International Fugitives to...

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-12928-3 — Bringing International Fugitives to Justice

David A. Sadoff

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NAME INDEX

Abbas Zaidan, Mohammed. See AbuAbbas

Abdalla, Shadi, 383Abed Atta, Mahmoud. See El-Abed

Ahmad, MahmoudAbedi, Agha Hasan, 272Abel, Rudolf, 409Abu Abbas, 250, 321, 368, 499–500Abu Daoud. See Daoud Oudeh,

MohammadAbu Fares, 227Abu Khattala, 534Abu Marzook, Mousa Mohammed, 51,

123–24, 157, 167, 392Abu Omar, 251, 256–57, 259, 289Abu Qatada. See Othman, OmarAbu Salem, 166Adamov, Yevgeny, 25, 290–91Adulyadej, King Bhumibol (Thailand),

75, 115Agiza, Ahmed, 420Ahmad, Babar, 296–97Akehurst, Michael, 523Aktas, Sadettin, 227, 287al-Bashir, Omar Hassan, 100–1Alekseev, Kirill, 270Alexander I, King (Yugoslavia), 202Alexander, Jacob “Kobi,” 265, 275,

353–54Aliyev, Heidar, 334al-Libi, Abu Anas, 464, 534al-Mahmoudi, al-Baghdadi Ali, 246–47al-Masri, Abu Hamza, 226, 288, 312al-Ruqai, Nazih Abdul-Hamed, 464, 534Álvarez-Machaín, Humberto, 120, 121,

276, 410al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 33

Amezcua, Jesus, 318Anderson, James, 466–67Anderson, John, 229Antar, Eddie, 226Arana, Jose Arkauz, 438Aranalde, Maite, 229Arar, Maher, 42Arbane, Mehrzad, 408Argoud, Antoine, 578Arguelles, Jose Augustin, 270Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 245, 371–72Armour, Violet, 124Arresures, Francisco, 563Artuković, Andrija, 226, 400, 428–29Assange, Julian, 8–9, 201–2Astiz, Alfredo, 82Aswat, Haroon, 296–97Atris, Hussein, 355Auerbach, Leonard, 410Aydiner, Deniz, 350

Bader Muhammad Kurdi, Kamal,437–38

Bakoru, Zoe Bakoko, 269–70, 411–12Barbie, Klaus, 51, 260, 266, 271,

442, 449Barco, Virgilio, 321–22Barr, William, 513, 542, 545Bassiouni, M. Cherif, 559, 597Battisti, Cesare, 339Bauer, Fritz, 222–23Bayard, Thomas F., 81–82, 563Bazaramba, François, 306, 372Baz Mohammad, Haji, 168Beccaria, Cesare, 97Beldjoudi, Mohand, 424–25Ben Bella, Ahmed, 498–99

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Ben-Gurion, David, 549Bensaid, Abdel, 421–22, 433Bensayah, Belkasem, 438Berezovsky, Boris, 141, 264, 334Bergdoll, Grover C., 455Bergling, Stig, 114Berrios, Eugenio, 179–80Biggs, Ronnie, 114, 215Bigione, Vito, 275Bikker, Herbertus, 239–40Bin Laden, Usama, 333, 343Bismarck, Otto von, 503Blaine, James, 521, 563Blake, George, 203Blankenship, Jimmie, 460Bormann, Martin, 513Bosch, Orlando, 123–24, 412–13Bout, Viktor, 225, 277, 360Bozano, Lorenzo, 301–2, 448Brandeis, Louis, 589Bravo, Robert Guillermo, 217Breyer, Johann, 266Briceno, Eligio, 492–93Brodsky, Uri, 329Brown, Joseph Garfield, 492Brownlie, Ian, 522Brudno, Mikhail, 21–22Bulut, Falik, 495–96Bush, George W., 21–22, 303

Cacciola, Salvatore, 362–63Calderón, Felipe, 180Caltagirone, Camillo, 462Camarena Salazar, Enrique, 156, 355,

483–84, 494Cañón Garcia, Edgar A., 474–75“Carlos the Jackal.” See Sánchez, Ilich

RamírezCaro-Quintero, Rafael, 156, 355, 411Carvajal, Bruce, 251Casariego, Lilian Celiberti de, 530Casillas, Juan Manuel, Jr., 313Cassese, Antonio, 100–1, 194Castillo, Deborah, 124Castioni, Angelo, 204Chahal, Karamjit Singh, 429–30Chandler, Douglas, 518, 544Chapman, Duane Lee “Dog,” 118

Choe, Man-Soek, 214, 217Clair, Jeffrey S., 118Clarke, James Pius, 297–98Cleaver, Eldridge, 208Clinton, Bill, 103, 333Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 332Coke, Christopher (Dudus), 5–6, 163,

265–66, 337, 349, 357Colunje, Guillermo, 504, 584Constant, Emmanuel, 229Cordero, Josephine, 453Cotton, James, 462–63Cox, William, 355–56Cumaraswamy, Dato’ Param, 254Curutchet, Jean-Marie, 367

Daoud Oudeh, Mohammad, 198,230, 321

Davis, Angela, 208Déby, Idriss, 277de Gaulle, Charles, 119Delvalle, Eric, 247–48Demjanjuk, John, 123–24, 266De Toro, Jose Luis, 310Deuss, John, 49de Vattel, Emmerich, 17, 510Dikko, Umara, 116Di Lorenzo, Anthony, 461, 476Doherty, Joseph, 226, 410Dokmanović, Slavko, 505–6Dorélien, Carl, 371–72dos Santos, Anibal, 301dos Santos, Jose Luis Jorge, 240–41Dubov, Vladimir, 21–22

Eckermann, Richard, 206–7, 151Edward I, King (England), 132–33Eichmann, Adolf, 86, 122, 222–23,

494–95, 511–12, 513, 541, 547–48,549, 573, 581–82, 585, 587

Einhorn, Ira, 302Eisler, Gerhard, 230, 364El-Abed Ahmad, Mahmoud, 82, 95,

225, 272, 303, 408“El Chapo.” See Guzmán, Joaquínel Haski, Hassan, 171El-Masri, Khaled, 42, 260Elmi, Sadiq Shek, 431–32

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Elsner, Helmut, 267Erdogan, Tayyip, 279Escobar, Pablo, 131, 321–22Exoo, George David, 196

Fahrenbruch, Harry, 228Fedorenko, Fyodor, 400Ferguson, Sarah, 4Fernandez-Mena, Carlos Alberto, 395Finucane, Dermot, 297–98Firtash, Dmytro, 218, 279, 327Fischer, Bobby, 187, 240, 351, 406,

412–13Flatto-Sharon, Shmuel, 252Frankfurter, Felix, 575Freshwater, Frank, 355–56Fujimori, Alberto, 2, 179, 217, 239,

240–41, 336–37, 339Fuller, Rhett, 267–68

Gaddafi, Moammar, 244, 246, 264Gadio, Tidiane, 278Garcia, David A., 181Gaviria Trujillo, César, 320Gelogayev, Ruslan, 296Gertrude, Sister, 91–92Ghassemi, Jamshid, 210Giry, Pierre, 417–18Golding, Bruce, 163, 265–66, 337Goldstone, Richard, 108Golovatov, Mikhail, 182–83Gomez Bustamante, Luis

Hernandez, 181Gonzalez-Marquez, Adriana, 224González-Pinzón, Pedro Miguel, 385Gordon, Joe, 75, 115Gorin, Mikhail, 409Granda, Rodrigo, 120, 493–94Griffiths, Hew Raymond, 75, 181, 225Grotius, Hugo, 94Guaman, Luis A., 384, 387Gülen, Fethullah, 34–35, 279, 350Guzmán, Joaquín, 5, 278, 288–89, 486

Habash, George, 321, 499, 500Habré, Hissène, 91–92, 223–24, 258–59,

277, 278, 338–39, 358, 382Habyarimana, Juvenal, 25

Hackworth, Green, 401Hagenbach, Peter von, 100Hakimi, Abdul Latif, 180Hamadei, MohammedAli, 94, 310, 322,

354–55Hannibal (Carthage), 131–32Harris-Moore, Colton, 395Harvey, Michael, 407–8Hasani, Ali Nasser, 501Hasani, Altin, 405Hashmi, Syed, 180Hassan, Mohamed Abdi, 492Hattushilish III (Hittite), 129Haughey, Charles, 25Headley, David Coleman, 257Heim, Aribert, 369Heisenberg, Werner, 8Henao Montoya, Arcangel de Jesus,

225, 360Heymann, Philip, 57, 82–83, 391Higgs, Dennis, 117, 583Hills, Derrick, 582Him Gonzalez, Joaquim, 493Holder, Eric, 156, 473, 485, 544Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 604Holtzman, Elizabeth, 396Homm, Florian, 231, 238, 352–53, 365Hussein, King (Jordan), 392

Ibrahim, Kareem, 172, 219Insull, Samuel, Sr., 218, 327, 368,

459Isaias, Roberto, 25Isaias, William, 25

Jabari, Hoda, 431Jabril, Ahmed, 500Jacob-Salomon, Berthold, 583Jaffe, Sidney, 117–18, 120–21, 583, 584,

586–87Jallow, Hassan, 108Jama, Keyse, 402Jefferson, Thomas, 25, 585–86Jibril, Ahmed, 321Jimenez, Carlos, 320Johnson, Ellen Sirleaf, 386Judge, Roger, 420, 436–37Julian, Henry, 561–62

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Kabuye, Rose, 25Kair, Adbul, 172, 219Kaleck, Wolfgang, 91Karadžić, Radovan, 104, 108, 352Kasenkina, Oksana, 61, 509Kashgari, Hamza, 434Kasi, Mir Aimal, 15, 360, 369, 465Kasternova, Jaroslava Lorie, 173Kear, Daniel, 584Kelly, Guillermo Patricio, 205Ker, Frederick, 544, 561–62Kercher, Meredith, 280–81Kerry, John, 316–17Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 21–22, 240Khomeini, Ruhollah, 347–48Kim Dae Jung, 122–23Kim Dong Woon, 122–23Klinghoffer, Leon, 250, 499–500Knowles, Samuel, 307Knox, Amanda, 280–81Koch, Hans-Jürgen, 275, 411Kohl, Helmut, 322Kolb, Robert, 94, 95Kony, Joseph, 33Koszta, Martin, 122Koveleskie, Frank, 152Ktiti, Djamel, 295Kudirka, Simonas, 125Kus, Burhan, 227, 287

Lady, Robert Seldon, 289Lai Cheong Sing, 319Lamb, Joseph, 117Lamirande, Ernest Sureau, 125Lampersberger, Joseph, 494Landaverde, Alfredo, 6Lauck, Gary, 364Laurean, Cesar, 241Lauterpacht, Hersch, 199Lavrov, Sergei, 332Lazore, Kenneth, 466Letelier, Orlando, 179–80Levigne, Walter Alexander, 364Lincoln, Abraham, 270, 509Linse, Walter, 481Litvinenko, Alexander, 185, 259, 333Lobo, Carlos Arnoldo, 180López, Ernesto, 118–19, 120–21, 444

Lopez Alvarez, Raul, 492–93Lopez Burgos, Sergio Euben, 532Lord Hope of Craighead, 245, 246Louis XVI, King, 43Lugovoi, Andrei K., 185, 259Lui Kin-Hong, 365Lui Qiang, 207Lujan, Julio, 461, 489, 543Luk, Mordechai, 113–14, 494Luster, Andrew, 118

MacDonald, Robert Daniel, 150–51Machaba, Chakoma, 371Madero, Francisco, 274Madrid, Mario Villanueva, 281Magee, Joseph, 307Malary, Guy, 229Mann, Frederick, 543–44Manning, Robert, 178Marcos, Ferdinand, 20Maria Kisito, Sister, 91–92Marković, Lira, 264Martha, Rutsel, 468, 469, 470–71Marzouki, Moncef, 246–47Massieu, Mario Ruiz, 223, 372–73Matta-Ballesteros, Juan Ramón, 333,

462, 463, 474May, Theresa, 185McKinnon, Gary, 19, 48, 114, 267Memon, Yakub, 458–59Mendez, Coantha, 118Mendez, Jesse, 118Menendez, Robert, 25Mengele, Josef, 222–23, 277, 353, 369,

547–48Milosević, Karko, 264Milosević, Slobodan, 108, 154, 264,

331–32Misick, Michael, 113Mitsotakis, Constantine, 387Mladić, Radko, 108Moayad, Mohammed Ali Hassan, 304,

366, 490Modise, John K., 397, 432Mohamed, Khalfan Khamis, 309–10,

360, 446–47Mohammad, Baz, 349Moi, Daniel Arap, 108

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Mondragón García, Jesús Ernesto,167–68

Montoyo, Diego, 181, 369–70Morales, Evo, 367–68, 376, 501Morel, Salomon, 221Morrison, Richard, 125Motassadeq, Mounir, 311Mugabe, Robert, 329Mugesera, Léon, 411Murillo Karam, Jesús, 156Musaev, Shakhin, 334Musharraf, Pervez, 322–23

Najim, Eyad Ismail, 330, 349Nakash, William, 178, 267Nanda, Ved, 526Napolitano, Giorgio, 256–57Naredo-Moreno, Isaac, 410Ndashyikirwa, Samuel, 91–92Ndombasi, Abdulaye Yerodia, 245Nevzlin, Leonid, 240Nikolić, Dragan, 343, 569–70Noriega, Manuel, 68, 222, 247–48,

261, 396, 496–99, 523–26, 578Norris, Ian, 197Nottage, Kendal, 484Núñez Gutiérrez, José Alfonso,

167–68Nur, Abdel, 172, 219Nzabonimana, Etienne, 91–92

Obama, Barack, 25, 331–32, 473Obasanjo, Olusegun, 320Obeid, Sheik Abdul Karim, 485,

495–96, 511–12Öcalan, Abdullah, 397, 460,

477–80Ochoa, Fabio, 219, 320Ochoa, Jorge Luis, 320O’Higgins, Paul, 449–50Okamoto, Takashi, 217Omar Saeed Sheikh, Ahmed, 322–23Ongwen, Dominic, 370O’Reilly, James, 220Orsini, Dominique, 457Ortiz-Lopez, Juan Alberto, 360Ospina-Zuluaga, Jorge Hernan, 365Othman, Omar, 434–35

Pacificador, Rodolfo, 20Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Shah

(Iran), 264Palmera, Ricardo, 482Pearl, Daniel, 322–23Perković, Josip, 124Perón, Isabel Martínez de, 179Pershing, Jack, 496Petrella, Marina, 268Pinochet Ugarte, Auguste, 91, 188, 246,

247, 252, 268, 376Pinto, Roger, 265Pisciotti, Romano, 180Pitsoe, Jerry Ofense, 319, 436Plachta, Michael, 342Pohle, Rolf, 5, 45Polanski, Roman, 266, 298, 363–64Poltoranin, Konstantin, 264Portillo Cabrera, Alfonso Antonio, 44,

144, 179, 247, 267Posada Carilles, Luis, 157, 260, 307,

382–83Poveda-Ortega, Harold Mauricio, 168Powers, Francis Gary, 409Price, R.A., 521Prince-Bishopric of Basel, 43Psaki, Jen, 351Putin, Vladimir, 25, 259, 334

Qaddafi, Moammar, 21–22, 244,246–47, 264, 366, 586

Qaddafi, Saadi, 21–22, 264–65Qaddafi, Seif al-Islam, 113, 498–99Quintero-Payan, Juan Jose, 226

Rademacher, Martin, 297Raissi, Lofti, 44, 176Ramda, Rashid, 227Ramírez-Abadía, Juan Carlos, 332, 486Ramses II, Pharaoh (Egypt), 129Rancadore, Domenico, 298Rashid, Mohammed, 387Rauscher, William, 579Reagan, Ronald, 500Restrepo, Alex, 318Rezaq, OmarMohammodAli, 385, 459,

461–62Rich, Marc, 228

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Ricord, Joseph, 333Rizzo, John, 41–42Robb, William, 366Robbins, Jonathan, 132–33Rodriguez Benitez, Cristobal, 311Rodriguez Orejuela, Gilberto, 181Rodriguez Orejuela, Miguel, 181Romano, Joseph, 256–57Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, 223Roschmann, Edward, 277Rosenthal, Harold, 357Rubin, Ira, 391Rumsfeld, Donald, 91Rushdie, Salman, 347–48Ryan, Hermine Braunsteiner, 4

Saadi, Nassim, 430Sahnouni, Ahmed, 396Sall, Macky, 259Sánchez, Illich Ramírez, 468, 519Santucci, John J., 334–35Sarao, Navinder Singh, 353, 486Saravia, Alvaro Rafael, 223Sarkozy, Nicolas, 268Sarrionandia, Joseba, 487Satterthwaite, Margaret, 36, 475Saunders, Norman, 497Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, 36–37,

125–26, 459, 471Schmidt, Norbert, 490–91, 573Schreiber, Karlheinz, 226Sciacca, Anthony, 334–35Scilingo, Adolfo, 91Scott, Susannah, 565Seifert, Michael, 220Sheinbein, Samuel, 45–46, 136, 178, 377Sheinbein, Sol, 45–46Shepherd, Joseph Alan, 370Short, Donald, 310Silvestre, Reinaldo, 359Silvis, Johannes, 317–18Skase, Christopher Charles, 227Smyth, James Joseph, 328Snipes, Wesley, 275Snowden, Edward, 25, 63, 262–63, 276,

351, 362, 367–68, 376, 485, 501Snowden, Lon, 362

Soblen, Robert, 368, 402Soering, Jens, 153, 296Sofaer, Abraham, 581So Lan Li, 424–25Sollecito, Raffaele, 280–81Sonnenfeld, Kurt, 312Sorren, William, 453Spanović, Milan, 302Spasić, Zoran, 282–83Spassky, Boris, 351Stammer, Neil, 459–60Stankovič, Radovan, 124Stethem, Robert, 94, 310, 322Story, John, 491Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 3, 236Suarez Mason, Carlos Guillermo, 82Sullivan, Shawn, 298Surratt, John, 509

Talić, Momir, 33, 349–50Tamo, Gilbert Kouam, 440Taylor, Charles, 92, 244, 256, 320,

331–32, 343, 386Teeven, Freed, 306Tellez-Buitrago, Freddy Mauricio, 224Todorović, Stevan, 509–10Tolimir, Zdravko, 104, 108Tollman, Stanley, 213–14Tong, Ly, 207Trabelsi, Nizar, 163, 312Trinidad, Simón, 482Trujillo, Jairo, 115Tsebe, Emmanuel, 436Tzolov, Julian, 370

Uribe, Álvaro, 181, 276, 319–20, 322

Van Cauwenberghe, Wilfried, 363Van Sichem, Stuart Artie, 365–66, 373Vanunu, Mordechai, 489, 493, 567Vasiljković, Dragan, 12, 210–11Vázquez Mendoza, Augustin, 21Venezia, Pietro, 310Vesco, Robert, 223Vezirov, Abdurakhman, 240Vielman, Carlos, 231Villa, Francisco “Pancho,” 496

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Vincenti, Charles, 119von Hagenbach, Peter, 100von Horn, Werner, 412

Wahne, Stefan, 486Walker, Kenneth, 486–87, 505, 559Wang Qishan, 334Warsame, Ahmed Abdulkadir, 534Webster, Daniel, 537–38Webster, William H., 38–39Wedgwood, Ruth, 590Weil, Raoul, 114Wentz, Emil, 458Williams, Bernard, 148Wilson, Edwin, 366, 461Winata, Hendrik, 425

Wispeleare, Jean-Philippe, 492–93Wright, George, 34, 215, 240–41, 327Wynne, Greville, 8, 243

Yanukovych, Viktor, 279Younis, Fawaz, 503, 506, 577Yousef, Ramzi Ahmed, 463Yuniz, Fawaz. See Younis, Fawaz

Zabeneh, Angel John, 463Zakayev, Ahmed, 141, 199–200Zavala Avelar, Alfredo, 355,

483–84Zentai, Charles, 169Zuazo, Siles, 266Zuno-Arce, Ruben, 32

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SUBJECT INDEX

Absolute immunity, 244–45Abu Ghraib, 49, 91, 287Abuse of process, personal jurisdiction

and, 571–73Abusive treatment. See also Torture

as impediment to extradition,292–98

non-refoulement and, 426–34as protection against removal, 426–34

Achille Lauro hijacking, 250, 321, 368,498, 499–500, 535, 536, 540,549–50

Acquiescence in informal lawenforcement cooperation, 463–67

Active extradition, 605Active personality principle, 79–81Active rendition, 48–49Act of State doctrine, 244, 383–84Ad hoc tribunals, 101Adjudicative power, subject matter

jurisdiction and, 65–66Affidavit of Consent for Extradition,

159–60Afghanistan

extradition and, 180inducements to extradition and, 333Security Council and, 343

African Commission on Human andPeoples’ Rights, 420–21, 427, 432

African Union, 223–24, 278Airspace, territorial jurisdiction, 71ALBA bloc, 63Albania

lack of extradition treaty asimpediment to extradition, 272

passive personality principle in, 82removal and, 405

al-Fatah, 495–96Algeria

abusive treatment and, 433abusive treatment as impediment to

extradition in, 295aut dedere aut judicare and, 382extradition and, 174family life considerations and, 424–25private life considerations and,

421–22removal and, 425

Aliens, defined, 393al-Qaida, 180, 343, 366, 383, 407,

409–10, 534Alternatives to extradition

overview, 347, 592–93arrest by third State, soliciting,

362–67asset seizure or freeze, 352–53aut dedere aut judicare, 371–86bounties, 347–48cancel travel authorization by host

State, requesting, 354collateral support to third State or

international criminal tribunal,providing, 387

cooperation by third State,requesting, 367–68

criminal investigations by host State,requesting, 357–58

defined, 4, 605exclusion by third State,

requesting, 368fallback alternatives, 347, 460, 598full-scale alternatives, 608greater priority, encouraging host

State to assign, 353–54

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intelligence, sharing with host State,354–56

intelligence leads from third State orINTERPOL, requesting, 362

joint investigations with hostState, 359

joint sting/arrest operations withhost State, 359–61

monetary settlement agreement,353–54

passport revocation, 350–52photographs, circulating, 370policy implications of, 588–90prosecution by host State,

requesting, 371–86redirection, 371rendering less desirable, 600–3rendering less necessary, 598–600rewards, offering, 369–70sealed indictment, 348–49“silent parole,” 350surveillance or communications

interception by host State,requesting, 356–57

transfer to third State orinternational criminal tribunal,promoting, 386

unilateral measures (See Unilateralmeasures)

American Law Institute, 560Amnesty, immunity and, 256–57Amnesty International, 303, 382Anarchists, 204Antarctica, 14–15Anticipatory self-defense, 537–38Antigua and Barbuda, extradition

and, 176Apartheid, universal principle and, 88–89Apology, demands for, 581–82Appeals

from denial of extradition, 327–28from extradition, 162

Applicable law, 553–54Arbitrary arrest and detention

informal law enforcementcooperation and, 474–75

unilateral seizure and deliveryoperations and, 529–31

Arbitrationappeals, 327lure and capture operations and, 504promoting, 603–4Savarkar case and, 125–26, 470third-party engagement and, 587

Arellano-Felix Organization(Mexico), 226

Argentinaapology, demands for, 581–82arbitrary arrest and detention and,

530, 531–32bilateral extradition treaties and,

138–39demands by, 581“Dirty War,” 347–48extradition and, 172, 179failure to object, 543life sentence as impediment to

extradition in, 312passive personality principle in, 84reciprocity and, 151–52repatriation of fugitives, demands

for, 583retaliation and, 585statutes of limitations and, 214third-party intervention and, 587unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 530Armed conflict

extradition during, 174, 426lure and capture operation standard

by analogy and, 601–2seizure and delivery operations and,

496–98Armed forces personnel, immunity for,

252–53Armed Proletarians for Communism

(Italy), 339Armenia, extradition and, 174Arrest

arbitrary arrest and detention,474–75, 529–31

extradition and, 158–59soliciting from third State, 362–67

Arrest warrant, extradition and, 158–59Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

Forum (APEC), 254–55, 353–54

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Asperger’s syndrome, 267Asset seizure or freeze, 352–53Asylees

defined, 234extradition of, 261–64non-refoulement and, 261–64

Asylumdiplomatic asylum, 201–2extradition and, 264permanent asylum, 262–63temporary asylum, 262–63territorial asylum, 201–2

Asylum States, 35–36, 37Aunis incident, 467, 542Auschwitz Concentration Camp, 222Australia

abuse of process and, 573abusive treatment and, 431–32arrest, soliciting, 364Attorney-General, 178evidentiary standards in, 217extradition and, 174, 178, 181family life considerations and,

424–25male captus bene detentus and, 568military offense exclusion and,

210–11re-extradition requests and, 336unfair trial and, 435–36

Austriadisguised extradition and, 442lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 272protective principle in, 86reciprocity and, 151–52re-extradition requests and, 336rewards, offering, 369sealed indictment and, 349–50war crimes and, 12

Aut dedere aut judicaredefined, 605extraterritorial jurisdiction and,

94–95, 106prosecution by host State,

requesting, 371–86recommendations regarding, 598–99remedial and collateral means of

securing extradition and, 339, 342

Autism, 267–68Autrefois rule. See Double jeopardyAzerbaijan

extradition and, 174inducements to extradition and, 334

Baader-Meinhoff Gang, 188Backing of warrants, 150Bahamas

immigration law and, 395informal law enforcement

cooperation and, 456prosecutorial discrimination or

prejudicial influence asimpediment to extradition, 307

unilateral measures and, 484Banishment, 393Barbados, extradition and, 174Bargained arrangement for removal,

409–10Barriers to extradition. See

Impediments to extraditionBay of Pigs invasion, 260, 382–83Belgium

arrest, soliciting, 365–66disguised extradition and, 442ICJ and, 338–39letters rogatory and, 358life sentence as impediment to

extradition in, 312male captus bene detentus and,

560–61, 565–66, 567–68, 569non-discrimination and, 416political offense exclusion in,

201, 206prosecution by host State,

requesting, 382reciprocity and, 151–52statutes of limitations and, 214–15undue physical force or treatment

and, 440unilateral lure and capture

operations and, 492unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 514universal principle in, 91–92

Belizeextradition and, 176–77

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joint investigations and, 359personal circumstances as

impediment to extradition in,267–68

Bilateral extradition treatiesoverview, 138–40diplomatic remedies, 586–87enhancing provisions of, 597European Arrest Warrant and, 331negotiation of, 329–30promoting execution of, 597renegotiation of, 330

Black Army (Germany), 206–7Black Panthers (U.S.), 208Black September, 5Bolivia

conflict resolution as impediment toextradition in, 320

disguised extradition and, 449lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 271prominent or popular figures, non-

extradition of, 266travel route, dictating, 461unilateral measures and, 543

Bondsmen, 19, 120–21Bosnia and Herzegovina

disguised extradition and, 448extradition and, 18Human Rights Chamber, 438, 448human rights protections against

removal and, 438male captus bene detentus and,

569–70removal and, 411unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 509–10Boston Marathon bombing, 354Botswana

abusive treatment and, 432Botswana National Front, 397death penalty and, 436diplomatic assurances as

impediment to extradition in, 319physical handover and, 458territorial jurisdiction in, 70

Bounties, 347–48Bounty hunters, 116, 117–18

Brazilarbitrary arrest and detention and, 530arrest, soliciting, 362–63asylees and refugees, extradition

of, 265disguised extradition and, 442, 448dual criminality in, 190excessive punishment as impediment

to extradition in, 308ICJ and, 339immigration law and, 396life sentence as impediment to

extradition in, 311National Committee for

Refugees, 265nationality or residency bars in, 237,

241–42passive personality principle in, 82political offense exclusion in, 202–3statutes of limitations and, 215Supreme Court, 448

Bribery, informal law enforcementcooperation and, 475–76

Bringing to justice, 3, 605Bulgaria, diplomatic immunity and, 249Burdens on system as impediment to

extradition, 225–28Bureaucrats, shortcomings as

impediment to extradition,222–24

Burma, disguised extradition and, 450

Cambodiainformal law enforcement

cooperation and, 469removal and, 410

Cameroon, undue physical force ortreatment and, 440

Canadaabuse of process and, 573abusive treatment as impediment to

extradition in, 297acquiescence in informal law

enforcement cooperation, 465–67bilateral treaty relations and, 586–87bureaucratic shortcomings as

impediment to extradition in,225, 226

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Canada (cont.)death penalty and, 436–37demands for repatriation by, 583diplomatic assurances, 319discriminatory punishment as

impediment to extradition in, 313dual criminality in, 197extradition and, 20impediments to extradition in, 185joint sting/arrest operations and,

361–62lack of diplomatic protest and,

543–44lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 271political offense exclusion in, 200removal and, 411, 412retaliation and, 587right to effective remedy and, 420territorial jurisdiction in, 70unilateral lure and capture


operations and, 512, 513, 521Capital punishment

“death row phenomenon” and, 592as impediment to extradition,

308–11as protection against removal,

436–38Caribbean Community (CARICOM),

10, 183Case-specific, treaty-based extradition,

148–49Central African Republic, rewards and,

369–70Chad

letters rogatory and, 358political impediments to extradition

in, 277, 278prosecution by host State,

requesting, 382Challenge of rights violations,

permitting fugitive defendants to,600–1

Change in government, effect onextradition, 172–73

Childnappers, 11–12

Chileextradition and, 179–80male captus bene detentus and,

561–62, 565unilateral measures during military

occupation and, 544China

in absentia trials in, 300–1bilateral extradition treaties and,

138–39Central Commission for Discipline

Inspection, 334concurrent proceedings as


diplomatic assurances and, 319discussions to explore collateral

means to secure extraditionand, 334

double jeopardy in, 282extradition and, 175nationality or residency bars in, 239negotiation for return of fugitives,

487–88passive personality principle in,

82, 83removal and, 410treaties, increased use of, 595

Citizens, distinction between nationalsand, 2

Clarity, need for, 593–94Collateral means of securing

extradition. See Remedial andcollateral means of securingextradition

Collateral support to third State orinternational criminal tribunal,providing, 387

Colombiabureaucratic shortcomings as

impediment to extradition in, 224conflict resolution as impediment to

extradition in, 319–20dual criminality in, 197evidentiary standards in, 219extraditable offense requirement

in, 187extradition and, 5–6, 181

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Justicia y Paz, 319–20lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 271life sentence as impediment to

extradition in, 312nationality or residency bars in, 237national security impediments to

extradition in, 321–22political impediments to extradition

in, 276prosecution by host State,

requesting, 385Prosecutor General, 255surveillance requests and, 357unilateral measures and, 541unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 493–94Comity

overview, 23extradition and, 130, 134, 152

Commandeering operations, 498, 605Committee against Torture

abusive treatment and, 293, 295,431–32

human rights protections againstremoval and, 438

right to effective remedy and, 420undue physical force or treatment

and, 440–41Committee on the Elimination of

Racial Discrimination, 415, 419,423, 427–28

Committee on the Rights of theChild, 9–10

Common European Asylum System(CEAS), 376

Competing jurisdictional claims asimpediment to extradition,288–91

Complaint, extradition process and,158–59

Complementary jurisdiction, 100–1Conceptual clarity, need for, 593–94Concurrent jurisdiction, 96–98Concurrent proceedings as


Conditional extradition, 47, 331, 606

Conditional release, 167, 606Conflict resolution as impediment to

extradition, 319–20Consensual operation, 606Consensual rendition, 464, 606Consent

to extradition, 160to hot pursuit, 465–66to personal jurisdiction, 69unilateral measures and, 541–43to use one’s sovereign territory,

465–66Constitutions

extradition and, 140–41nationality or residency bars in,

236–38Constructive territoriality, 70–73Consular officers, immunity for,

250–52, 554Consulates, territorial jurisdiction, 72Contiguous zones, territorial

jurisdiction, 70–71Cooperation of third States, requesting,

367–68Cooperative non-treaty-based

extradition schemes, 149–50Corrections Corporation of

America, 124Corruption as impediment to

extradition, 222–24Costa Rica

abusive treatment and, 427–28intelligence sharing and, 355political impediments to extradition

in, 276removal and, 411specialty in, 286

Council of EuropeCommittee of Ministers, 440European Convention on

Extradition, 142human rights protections against

removal and, 438, 440Counterfeiting, 19, 66, 85, 86“Crime control model,” 600Crimes against humanity

German law, 213passive personality principle and, 82

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Crimes against humanity (cont.)surrenders to international criminal

tribunals, 234time bars, 214universal principle and, 88–89

Crimes against peace, protectiveprinciple and, 85

Criminal investigations by host State,requesting, 357–58

Criminal punishment, forms of, 5Croatia

in absentia trials in, 302extradition and, 12military offense exclusion and, 210–11unilateral lure and capture

operations and, 505–6war crimes and, 12

Cubainducements to extradition and, 332passive personality principle in, 82prosecution by host State,

requesting, 378, 382–83prosecutorial discrimination or

prejudicial influence asimpediment to extradition, 307

removal and, 410, 412subject matter jurisdiction and, 60

Custodial principle of jurisdiction, 93Custodial States, 37Customary international law

generally, 16dual criminality in, 189–90male captus bene detentus in, 558political offense exclusion in, 199–200

Cybercrimeneed for flexibility in responding

to, 471scale and, 19territorial jurisdiction and, 73

Cyprus, nationality or residency barsin, 237

Czechoslovakianational interests driving extradition

and, 402passive personality principle in, 82seizure and delivery operations

and, 494

Czech Republic, effect of change ingovernment on extradition, 173

Death penalty. See Capital punishment“Death row phenomenon,” 151,

296, 592Deceptive practices as protection

against removal, 441De facto extradition, 29, 50–51, 606De jure extradition, 50Delays in extradition, 178, 183, 225–27,

229–31, 240–41Demands

overview, 581for apology, 581–82for extradition, 583–84for reparations, 584–85for repatriation of fugitives, 582–83

Denmarkcontextual consent and, 542dual criminality in, 190nationality or residency bars in, 242political offense exclusion in, 202–3repatriation of fugitives, demands

for, 582–83De novo hearings on extradition, 161–62Deportation

generally, 51, 115defined, 398, 606double jeopardy and, 405exclusion compared, 398–99expulsion compared, 398formal deportation, 399–400, 608habeas corpus and, 399informal deportation, 400, 608voluntary deportation, 400, 614

Deportation with Assurances (DWA),403, 433–35

Detention, arbitrary, 308, 438, 474–75,529–30

Dignity, lack of as protection againstremoval, 439

Diplock courts, 316–17Diplomatic assurances, 297, 304, 317–19Diplomatic asylum, 201–2Diplomatic officers, immunity for,

248–50, 554

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Diplomatic remediesoverview, 579–80bilateral treaty amendment, 586–87demands (See Demands)engagement, 586–87multilateral dialogue, 587retaliation, 585–86third-party intervention, 586–87

Direct enforcement, 99Direct removal, 407“Disappearance,” 347–48Discrimination

defined, 414human rights-based non-

discrimination principle, 414–16political discrimination, 275–79prosecutorial discrimination,

306–7Discriminatory punishment as

impediment to extradition, 313Discussions to explore collateral means

to secure extradition, 334–35Disguised extradition, 441–53

overview, 441–42defined, 29, 51–52, 606extradition protections preserved,

449–50flagrant law violations and, 446–47indicia favoring lawfulness, 449–50indicia favoring unlawfulness, 444–48informal law enforcement

cooperation and, 476instigation or collusion, 444–46lack of extradition treaty, 449male captus bene detentus and, 452–53mixed record of lawfulness, 442–44other removal destinations

considered, 450outstanding issues, 596threshold for review, 450–53treatment as criminal versus

deportee, 447–48Disrespect for international law as

policy implication of alternativesto extradition, 588

Distribution of competenceprinciple, 93

Domestic laws. See National laws

Dominicadelay as impediment to extradition

in, 227discriminatory punishment as

impediment to extradition in, 313extradition treaty with, 176

Dominican Republicarrest, soliciting, 366indirect transfer via third State, 462informal law enforcement

cooperation in, 461nationality or residency bars in, 239procedural safeguards and, 417–18

Double jeopardyimpediment to extraditionand, 280–83deportation and, 405

Droit de renvoi, 397Drug-related crimes, 19, 22, 86, 175, 176Dual criminality, 189–98

generally, 155in abstracto approach, 191–93advantages of, 193–95in concerto approach, 190–91in customary international law, 189–90eliminative approach, 191–93extraditable offense requirement

compared, 189inchoate crimes and, 191list system, 190–91minimum penalty approach, 191–93no-list approach, 191–93objective approach, 190–91specialized criminal laws and, 196–97special use, 197–98subjective approach, 191–93terrorism and, 194variations in, 195–96

Due processextradition and, 160male captus bene detentus and, 564unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 532–34“Due process model,” 600DWA. See Deportation with

Assurances

EAW. See European Arrest WarrantECJ. See European Court of Justice

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ECtHR. See European Court of HumanRights

Ecuadorcollateral support to third State or

international criminal tribunaland, 387

removal and, 408“Effective control” test for State

attribution, 11Effective remedy, right to as protection

against removal, 419–21“Effects doctrine” and extraterritorial

jurisdiction, 74–75Efficient breach justification, 547Egypt

concurrent proceedings asimpediment to extradition, 288

indirect transfer via third State, 461right to effective remedy and, 420unilateral lure and capture


operations and, 494“Eichmann exception,” 549El Salvador

extradition and, 174, 175, 178intelligence sharing and, 356life sentence as impediment to

extradition in, 311National Electronic Monitoring

Center, 356nationality or residency bars in, 236

Embassies, territorial jurisdiction, 72Emergency measures. See Provisional

measuresEmergency stay of extradition, 162–63Enforcement power, subject matter

jurisdiction and, 65Enron, 486Entrapment, 219, 502Equatorial Guinea, negotiation of

bilateral treaties and, 329–30Erga omnes obligations, 87, 280, 414Espionage

economic espionage, 217indirect form of political offense

exclusion and, 203negotiated exchanges, 8, 409

protective principle and, 85use of force and, 522

Estonia, passive personality principlein, 82

ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna)(Spain), 487

EUROJUST, 359European Arrest Warrant (EAW)

generally, 8–9, 142bilateral extradition treaties and, 331engagement, 587executing States, 35execution, 54extradition under, 181–83, 225,

238, 595issuing States, 35lawfulness analysis, 468regional extradition treaties and, 598surrender, 54

European Commission on HumanRights, 442, 452, 585

European Court of Human Rights(ECtHR)

generally, 22, 101abusive treatment and, 429–30,

432–33arbitrary arrest and detention

and, 531death penalty and, 437–38deceptive practices and, 441disguised extradition and, 448extradition and, 292, 296–97, 312family life considerations and,

423–25male captus bene detentus and, 569–70non-discrimination and, 416Öcalan case and, 478, 479private life considerations and, 421–22right to effective remedy and, 419subject matter jurisdiction and, 62surrender and, 53unfair trial and, 434–35unilateral lure and capture

operations and, 505European Court of Justice (ECJ),

282–83, 438, 468European Economic Community

(EEC), 10

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European Unionextradition and, 46, 175–76Justice and Home Affairs

Council, 356Euskadi Ta Askatasuna. See ETAEvidentiary standards

generally, 154–55, 157, 161criminal trials compared,

218–19, 106illegally obtained evidence, 220–21as impediment to extradition,

215–21prima facie evidence, 216–17, 219–20probable cause, 216–17, 219–20

Excessive punishment as impedimentto extradition

overview, 308death penalty, 308–11discriminatory punishment, 313life sentence, 311–13recidivism laws, 308“three strikes” laws, 308

Exclusiondefined, 397–98, 606–7deportation compared, 398–99requesting from third State, 368

Exclusive economic zones, territorialjurisdiction, 70–71

Executive branch, role in extraditionand, 153–54

Exile, 393Ex injuria ius non oritur, 559–60Expedited extradition, 166–68Expense as impediment to extradition,

225–28Ex post facto laws

extraditable offense requirement,186–87

extradition and, 169, 170Expropriation of property, 66Expulsion

generally, 397–98defined, 394–95, 607deportation compared, 398

Extraditable offense requirement, 186–89conduct warranting extradition, 187criminal proscription, 186–87dual criminality compared, 189

ex post facto laws, 186–87minor offenses, 188–89

Extraditables, 237Extradition

overview, 129, 183active extradition, 605advantages of, 404–5Affidavit of Consent for Extradition,

159–60aims of, 130–33appeals from, 162armed conflict, during, 174arrest and, 158–59arrest warrant and, 158–59of asylees, 261–64asylum and, 264backing of warrants, 150bilateral extradition treaties, 138–40case-specific, treaty-based

extradition, 148–49certification of findings, 161–62change in government, effect of,

172–73comity and, 130, 134, 152complaint in process for, 158–59conditional extradition, 606conditional release, 167conditions on, 331consent to, 160constitutions and, 140–41cooperative non-treaty-based

extradition schemes, 149–50crime prevention and, 131crimes not expressly covered by

treaties, 171–72defined, 29, 43–50, 607delays on, 225–27demands for, 583–84de novo hearings on, 161–62discussions to explore collateral

means of securing, 334–35disguised extradition, 441–53 (See

also Disguised extradition)due process and, 160duty of, 133–37emergency stay of, 162–63European Arrest Warrant, under,

181–83, 225, 238, 595

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Extradition (cont.)examination of request, 157–58executive branch and, 153–54expedited extradition, 166–68ex post facto laws and, 169, 170extradition warrant, 164–65fallback alternatives to, 347, 460, 598,

607–8final decision on, 163–64of former political leaders, 258–59full-scale alternatives to, 608habeas corpus and, 162–63, 164hearing on, 160–61historical background, 129, 131–33human rights impediments to (See

Human rights impediments toextradition)

impediments to (See Impediments toextradition)

impunity and, 130indirect extradition, 48, 608inducements to extradition

regarding, 331–34initial appearance in, 159–60of intelligence officers or agents,

259–60international cooperation and, 131judicial relief from, 163liberal construction of treaties,

168–69liberalized host State decision-

making, 178–81lobbying regarding, 337mechanics of, 153–55mediation regarding, 337multilateral extradition treaties,

141–44national laws, contingency for

extradition in, 150–51new treaties, 175–77passive extradition, 44, 48–49, 610permissive legislation or

constitutions, 177–78personal circumstances and, 266–68of prisoners of war, 260–61of prominent or popular figures,

265–66

prompt apprehension of fugitivesand, 170

reciprocity and, 130, 151–52recommendations regarding (See

Recommendations regardingextradition)

re-extradition requests, 335–36of refugees, 261–64regional cooperation, 181–83remedial and collateral means of

securing (See Remedial andcollateral means of securingextradition)

removal compared, 402–4renewal of request, 172retroactive application of treaties,

169–70review of request for, 158revised treaties, 175–77rights of accused and, 131secret proceedings, 168separation of powers and, 163simplified extradition procedure,

166–68sovereignty and, 130specialty concerns, 165–66speedy trial requirement and, 230standing trial, for limited purpose of,

170–71status of, 133–37stipulation of extradition in non-

extradition agreements, 145–48streamlined legislation or

constitutions, 177–78submission of request for, 156–57summary extradition (See Summary

extradition)surrogate basis, non-extradition

treaties authorizing extraditionon, 144–45

underlying materials, preparationof, 156

venue and, 158waiver of, 111, 159–60witness protection and, 265

Extraordinary courts as impediment toextradition, 302–4

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Extraordinary renditiondefined, 41–42, 607examples, 42as means of coping with fugitive

abroad, 347–48Extraterritorial jurisdiction, 78–95

active personality principle, 79–81aut dedere aut judicare (See Aut

dedere aut judicare)custodial principle of jurisdiction, 93distribution of competence

principle, 93last resort universal jurisdiction, 93nationals and, 79–80passive personality principle, 81–84prescriptive power and, 64protective principle, 85–87representative principle of

jurisdiction, 93secondary universal jurisdiction, 93security principle, 85–87sound administration of justice, 93subsidiary universal jurisdiction,

93–94targeted passive personality

principle, 82–83universal principle, 87–95vicarious administration of

justice, 93

Failed Statesdefined, 516–17, 607unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 516–17Fallback alternatives to extradition,

347, 460, 598, 607–8False imprisonment, 528Family life considerations as protection

against removal, 422–25Family unity, 422FARC (Colombia), 120, 322Female genital mutilation, 433Filing problems as impediment to

extradition, 228–29Final decision on extradition, 163–64Finland

lack of fundamental trial rights asimpediment to extradition, 305–6

nationality or residency bars in, 242passive personality principle in, 82prosecution by host State,

requesting, 372rule of non-inquiry in, 316

Fiscal offense exclusion, 211–12“Flash Crash,” 353, 486Floating territoriality, 70–73Forgery, protective principle and, 85Formal deportation, 399–400, 608Formal rendition, 40, 608Former political leaders, extradition of,

258–59Fortuitously acquiring States

overview, 608ratification analogy, 558–82

Forum States, 35–36, 37France

in absentia trials in, 68acquiescence in informal law

enforcement cooperation, 467arbitrary arrest and detention

and, 531arrest, soliciting, 367attribution of acts of officer to

State, 470Conseil d’État, 154, 162consent and, 542Constitutional Council, 396diplomatic assurances and, 319disguised extradition and, 442, 444,

449–50dual criminality in, 197–98extradition and, 3, 154, 175family life considerations and,

424–25Foreign Legion, 528immigration law and, 396informal law enforcement

cooperation and, 468interception operations and,

498–99, 501lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 271lack of fundamental trial rights

as impediment to extradition,305–6

male captus bene detentus and, 569

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France (cont.)nationality or residency bars in,

235–36national security impediments to

extradition in, 321passive personality principle in, 82,

83, 84personal circumstances as

impediment to extradition in,267, 268

physical handover and, 459political offense exclusion in, 201,

206–7, 208protective principle in, 86repatriation of fugitives, demands

for, 582–83rule of non-inquiry in, 317Security Council and, 341specialty in, 285territorial jurisdiction in, 74unilateral lure and capture

operations and, 503, 505unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 514, 518, 528war crimes and, 12

Friendly Relations Declaration,unilateral measures and, 544

Front de Libération Nationale(Algeria), 498–99

Fugitive Extradition and ApprehensionTrust Fund (U.S.), 348

Fugitiveschallenge of rights violations,

permitting, 600–1defined, 31misinformation about status in

pursuing State, 116, 117negotiation for return of, 485–88prompt apprehension of, 170repatriation of, demands for, 582–83risk of capture in pursuing State,

114–15“silver platter” scenarios, 112–16state of mind or motivation, 33stopover in pursuing State, 112, 115types of, 31unawareness of charges in pursuing

State, 115–16

voluntary return to pursuing State,113–14

Full-scale alternatives toextradition, 608

Fund for Peace, definition of “failedStates” and, 516–17

General Assemblyarbitrary arrest and detention

and, 530declarations, 17model treaties and, 22non-refoulement and, 428Resolution 3314, 523unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 514Genocide

passive personality principle and, 82universal principle and, 88–89

Geography, importance of, 595–96Georgia

abusive treatment as impediment toextradition in, 296

nationality or residency bars in, 238Germany. See also West Germany

in absentia trials in, 68arbitrary arrest and detention

and, 531arrest, soliciting, 364, 366consent and, 544death penalty as impediment to

extradition in, 310–11disguised extradition and, 442dual criminality in, 191, 196extradition and, 4, 174, 180impediments to extradition in, 195,

216, 237, 282–83, 305–06,313–14, 332

lack of extradition treaty asimpediment to extradition, 274

lack of fundamental trial rights asimpediment to extradition, 305–6

male captus bene detentus and,567–68

modification of charges and, 329nationality or residency bars in, 238,

239–40passive personality principle in, 83

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protective principle in, 86removal and, 403, 411repatriation of fugitives, demands

for, 582–83rewards, offering, 369special or extraordinary courts as

impediment to extradition in, 304Supreme Court of the German

Reich, 169territorial jurisdiction in, 73, 76third-party intervention and, 587unilateral lure and capture

operations and, 490, 492, 503,505, 507

unilateral seizure and deliveryoperations and, 494, 513, 528

universal principle in, 91war crimes and, 12

Ghanaindirect transfer via third State, 461–62lack of extradition treaty as


Greater priority, encouraging host Stateto assign, 353–54

“Great Train Robbery,” 114Greece

collateral support to third State orinternational criminal tribunaland, 387

evidentiary standards in, 218exclusion by third State,

requesting, 368extradition and, 32, 45, 174immigration law and, 397nationality or residency bars in,

240, 241passive personality principle in, 82physical handover and, 459prosecutorial discrimination or

prejudicial influence asimpediment to extradition, 306–7

Grenada, extradition and, 176Guantánamo Bay, 91Guatemala

abusive treatment and, 427–28extradition and, 44, 178, 179joint operations and, 463

joint sting/arrest operations and, 360Ministry of Foreign Relations, 151passive personality principle in, 82political offense exclusion in, 206–7

Habeas corpusdeportation and, 399extradition and, 162–63, 164informal law enforcement

cooperation and, 467–68Haiti, requesting prosecution by host

State and, 371–72Hamas, 366Harvard Research Draft Convention on

Jurisdiction with Respect toCrime, 2, 78–79, 471–72, 514–15,561, 603

Heads of State or government,immunity for, 244–48

Hearing on extradition, 160–61Hezbollah, 355, 383, 495–96Hijacking

interception operations and, 540–41universal principle and, 88–89

Hondurasextradition and, 178, 180inducements to extradition and, 333joint operations and, 462, 463joint sting/arrest operations and,

361nationality or residency bars in, 236sovereignty and, 474

Hong Kongarrest, soliciting, 365change in government, effect on

extradition, 173–74excessive punishment as impediment

to extradition in, 308extradition and, 46joint investigations and, 359territorial jurisdiction in, 72, 76

Hostage-takingpassive personality principle and, 82universal principle and, 88–89

Hostis humani generis, 548–49Host States

acquiescence in informal lawenforcement cooperation, 463–67

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Host States (cont.)criminal investigations by,

requesting, 357–58defined, 34–37, 608erroneous return of fugitive, 124–26favorable response to extradition

request, 124greater priority, encouraging host

State to assign, 353–54intelligence, sharing with, 354–56joint investigations with, 359joint sting/arrest operations with,

359–61liberalized decision-making, 178–81participation in informal law

enforcement cooperation, 457–63proposal for fugitive to return,

123–24prosecution by, requesting, 371–86“silver platter” scenarios, 123–26surveillance or communications

interception by, requesting,356–57

travel authorization, requesting hostState to cancel, 354

unable or unwilling to addressrecognized threat, 544–47

Hot pursuit, 465–66Human Rights Committee

abusive treatment and, 433arbitrary arrest and detention and,

474–75, 530, 531–32death penalty and, 436–37double jeopardy and, 280extradition and, 296–97family life and, 425male captus bene detentus and,

569–70non-discrimination and, 414–15private life and, 421right to effective remedy and, 420undue physical force or treatment

and, 440unfair trial and, 435–36

Human rights factors militating againstremoval

overview, 413–14abusive treatment, 426–34

death penalty, 436–38deceptive practices, 441discrimination, 414–16family life considerations, 422–25improper motive, 434–36international humanitarian law,

application of, 425–26lack of respect or dignity, 439private life considerations, 421–22procedural safeguards, 416–19right to effective remedy, 419–21unclear grounds, 434–36undue physical force or treatment,

440–41unfair trial, 434–36

Human rights impediments toextradition

overview, 291–314in absentia trials, 299–302abusive treatment, 292–98death penalty, 308–11diplomatic assurances, inadequacy

of, 317–19discriminatory punishment, 313lack of fundamental trial rights,

304–6life sentence, 311–13prejudicial influence, 306–7prosecutorial discrimination, 306–7recidivism laws, 308rule of non-inquiry, 314–17special or extraordinary courts,

302–4“three strikes” laws, 308

Hungaryindirect transfer via third State, 461male captus bene detentus and,

560–61Hybrid tribunals, 101

ICC. See International Criminal CourtIceland

nationality or residency bars in,240

removal and, 412–13ICJ. See International Court of JusticeICTR. See International Criminal

Tribunal for Rwanda

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ICTY. See International CriminalTribunal for the formerYugoslavia

Illegal aliens, 233–34Illegally obtained evidence, 220–21Immigration law

overview, 391–92, 453banishment, 393deportation (See Deportation)droit de renvoi, 397exclusion (See Exclusion)exile, 393expulsion, 394–95protective principle and, 86reconduction à la frontière, 397refoulement, 398removal (See Removal)State control over immigration,

393–96Immunity

overview, 243–44absolute immunity, 244–45Act of State doctrine and, 244amnesty and, 256–57armed forces personnel, 252–53consular officers, 250–52, 553–54diplomatic officers, 248–50, 554heads of State or government,

244–48impunity and, 247international criminal tribunals

and, 244international organization

personnel, 253–56legislators, 252pardons and, 256–57plea bargains and, 257ratione materiae, 246ratione personae, 244–45sovereigns, 244–48Special Missions, 255–56

Impediments to extraditionoverview, 184–85, 592in absentia trials as, 299–302abusive treatment as, 292–98asylees, 261–64burdens on system as, 225–28bureaucratic shortcomings as, 222–24

competing jurisdictional claims as,288–91

concurrent proceedings as, 287–88conflict resolution considerations,

319–20death penalty as, 308–11diplomatic assurances, inadequacy

of, 317–19discriminatory punishment as, 313double jeopardy as, 280–83dual criminality, 189–98 (See also

Dual criminality)evidentiary standards, 215–21 (See

also Evidentiary standards)extraditable offense requirement,

186–89 (See also Extraditableoffense requirement)

filing problems as, 228–29fiscal offense exclusion, 211–12former political leaders, 258–59human rights impediments (See

Human rights impediments toextradition)

immunity (See Immunity)intelligence officers or agents,

259–60lack of extradition treaty as, 269–75lack of fundamental trial rights as,

304–6life sentence as, 311–13military offense exclusion, 210–11nationality or residency bars, 233–43

(See also Nationality or residencybars)

national security considerations,321–23

noncompliance with national lawsas, 231–32

paperwork problems as, 228–29personal circumstances, 266–68political impediments, 275–79political offense exclusion, 199–210

(See also Political offenseexclusion)

prejudicial influence as, 306–7prescription, 212–15prisoners of war, 260–61procedural issues as, 229–31

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Impediments to extradition (cont.)prominent or popular figures,

265–66prosecutorial discrimination as,

306–7recidivism laws as, 308refugees, 261–64religious offense exclusion, 198rule of non-inquiry as, 314–17special or extraordinary courts as,

302–4specialty as, 283–87statutes of limitations as, 212–15“three strikes” laws as, 308timing issues as, 229–31witness protection, 265

Implementation Force in Bosnia andHerzegovina (IFOR), 10, 108

Improper motive as protection againstremoval, 434–36

Impunityextradition and, 130immunity and, 247

In absentia trialsgenerally, 82evidentiary standards, 215, 220as impediment to extradition,

299–302subject matter jurisdiction and, 68

Inchoate crimesdual criminality and, 191territorial jurisdiction and, 76

Incompetence as impediment toextradition, 222–24

Independent rulings regardingnationality, seeking, 336–37

Indiaabusive treatment and, 429–30, 432death penalty as impediment to

extradition in, 310disguised extradition and, 448immigration law and, 402immunity in, 257lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 269physical handover and, 458–59Supreme Court, 448

Indirect enforcement, 99

Indirect extradition, 48, 608Indirect removal, 408Indirect transfer via third State, 461–62Indonesia, lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 273Inducements to extradition, 331–34Informal deportation, 400, 608Informal law enforcement cooperation

overview, 454acquiescence by host State, 463–67advance opportunity to challenge

transfer and, 477arbitrary arrest and detention and,

474–75attribution of acts by officer to

State, 470bribery and, 475–76deception, delivery by means of, 460defined, 454–56, 608–9disguised extradition and, 476due diligence, 472–73flexible form of international

agreement, 469–70indirect transfer via third State,

461–62joint operations, 462–63lack of security and, 477lawfulness analysis, 467–68at local level, 456–57nature of, 454–56non-exclusivity of international

agreements, 470–71no presumed restriction on States’

freedom of action, 468–69participation by host State, 457–63physical handover, 458–60right of hot pursuit, 465–66scope of, 454–56sovereignty and, 473–74treaty compliance analysis, 476–77vicarious liability and, 476wrongfulness precluded, 471–72

Informal rendition, 40, 609Inherent nature and scope of offense,

impediments to extraditionrelated to

dual criminality, 189–98 (See alsoDual criminality)

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extraditable offense requirement,186–89 (See also Extraditableoffense requirement)

fiscal offense exclusion, 211–12military offense exclusion, 210–11political offense exclusion, 199–210

(See also Political offenseexclusion)

Inherent supervisory powers, personaljurisdiction and, 573–74

Initial appearance in extraditionprocess, 159–60

Injured States, 580, 609In rem actions, 18Institute for Combating Drugs in

Mexico, 223Intelligence

leads, requesting from third State orINTERPOL, 362

sharing with host State, 354–56Intelligence officers or agents,

extradition of, 259–60Inter-American Commission on

Human Rights, 423, 487Inter-American Court of Human

Rights, 101Inter-American Juridical Committee,

514–15, 532Interception operations

overview, 498–501aviation treaties and, 539–40commandeering operations

contrasted, 498defined, 498, 609hijacking treaties and, 540–41passive interception, 500peaceful resolution of disputes,

treaties requiring, 538–39piracy treaties and, 540–41self-defense and, 536sovereignty analysis, 535treaty compliance analysis, 535–41use of force, treaties prohibiting,

536–38Interim measures. See Provisional

measuresIntermediate rendition, 39, 609International arrest, 57, 609

International Court of Justice (ICJ)arbitration and, 603–4aut dedere aut judicare, 339non-discrimination and, 414remedial and collateral means of

securing extradition and, 337–38reparations and, 585sources of law, 15unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 509, 513International Criminal Court (ICC),

10, 100–1, 599–600International Criminal Police

Organization (INTERPOL)arrest, soliciting, 362–67extradition and, 156–57, 182intelligence leads, requesting

from, 362monitoring by, 367Red Notices, 21–22, 123, 256, 396,

477–78, 479International Criminal Tribunal for

Rwanda (ICTR)generally, 10, 599–600in absentia trials in, 300aut dedere aut judicare, 106lack of discretion regarding,

106–7male captus bene detentus and,

569–70national courts and, 97, 101–3remedial and collateral means of

securing extradition and,337–38

rule of non-inquiry and, 105–6Security Council and, 100, 101–3,

107–8sentences, 103sovereignty and, 105–6subject matter jurisdiction, 99–108surrender to, 105–8vertical relationship with, 105

International Criminal Tribunal for theformer Yugoslavia (ICTY)

generally, 33, 599–600in absentia trials in, 300aut dedere aut judicare, 106creation of, 100

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(ICTY) (cont.)lack of discretion regarding, 106–7male captus bene detentus and,

569–70national courts and, 101–3remedial and collateral means of

securing extradition and, 337–38rule of non-inquiry and, 105–6Security Council and, 100, 101–3,

107–8sentences, 103sovereignty and, 105–6subject matter jurisdiction, 99–108surrender to, 105–8unilateral lure and capture

operations and, 505–6unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 509–10vertical relationship with, 105

International criminal tribunalsad hoc tribunals, 101collateral support to, providing,

387ICTR (See International Criminal

Tribunal for Rwanda)ICTY (See International Criminal

Tribunal for the formerYugoslavia)

immunity and, 244proposal for fugitive to return,

123–24recommendations regarding,

599–600“silver platter” scenarios, 123–24transfer to, promoting, 386

International fugitives from justice, 29,30–34, 609. See also Fugitives

International humanitarian lawdeportations and,

398–99lex specialis and, 560lure and capture operations,

delineation of permissibleexercise, 601–2

military offenses and, 210–11as protection against removal,

425–26

International Law Commission, 543Internationally protected persons,

treaties protecting,526–28

International Military Tribunal (IMT),10, 99–100, 517–18

International Military Tribunal for theFar East (IMTFE), 99–100,517–18

International organization personnel,immunity for, 253–56

International Penal Law Association,502–3

International rendition, 43, 609INTERPOL. See International Criminal

Police OrganizationInvestigators, shortcomings as


Iranabusive treatment and, 431joint sting/arrest operations and,

360–61removal and, 409–10unfair trial and, 435–36

Iraqacquiescence in informal law

enforcement cooperation, 466war crimes and, 12

Irelandabusive treatment as impediment to

extradition in, 297–98extradition and, 174physical handover and, 458prosecutorial discrimination or

prejudicial influence asimpediment to extradition,307

Irish National Liberation Army,307

Irish Republican Army (IRA), 200, 204,297–98

Irregular rendition, 42–43Islamique Armé (Algeria), 227Israel

apology, demands for, 581–82Defense Force, 495–96

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Eichmann case and, 541, 547–48, 549evidentiary standards in, 221extraditable offense requirement in,

186–87extradition and, 174, 177–78interception operations and, 499,

500, 537, 539, 540Knesset, 252lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 272male captus bene detentus and, 567Mossad, 122nationality or residency bars in,

235–36, 240, 242national security impediments to

extradition in, 321passive personality principle in, 84personal circumstances as

impediment to extradition in, 267protective principle in, 86, 87removal and, 404, 408retaliation and, 586rewards, offering, 369special or extraordinary courts as

impediment to extradition in, 303third-party intervention and, 587unilateral lure and capture


operations and, 495–96, 513Italy

in absentia trials in, 82, 301–2abusive treatment and immigration

laws, 427–28, 431abusive treatment as impediment to

extradition in, 298acquiescence in informal law

enforcement cooperation, 467arrest, soliciting, 365Court of Cassation, 280–81death penalty as impediment to

extradition in, 310discussions to explore collateral

means to secure extradition and,334–35

disguised extradition and, 442, 448extradition and, 154ICJ and, 339

immunity and, 250, 256–57indirect transfer via third State,

461, 462joint investigations and, 359nationality or residency bars in, 238national security impediments to

extradition in, 321passive personality principle in,

82, 84repatriation of fugitives, demands

for, 582–83rewards, offering, 369specialty in, 285statutes of limitations and, 214–15unilateral measures and consent, 542

Ius gentium, 16

Jamaicaextradition and, 5–6male captus bene detentus and, 556mediation and, 337prominent or popular figures,

extradition of, 265–66surveillance requests and, 357

Japanconcurrent proceedings as

impediment to extradition, 287–88dual criminality in, 193evidentiary standards in, 217ICJ and, 339independent rulings regarding

nationality and, 336–37lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 272male captus bene detentus and, 556nationality or residency bars in, 239passive personality principle in, 82passport revocation and, 351political offense exclusion in, 207reciprocity and, 151–52removal and, 406, 412–13rule of non-inquiry in, 315–16subject matter jurisdiction and,

62, 67territorial jurisdiction in, 73

Joint investigations with host State, 359Joint operations, 462–63, 609Joint rendition, 609

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Joint sting/arrest operations with hostState, 359–61

Jordanimmigration law and, 392negotiation of bilateral treaties

and, 330unfair trial and, 434–35

Judges, shortcomings as impediment toextradition, 222–24

Judicial considerationspersonal jurisdiction (See Personal

jurisdiction)standing (See Standing)

Judicial relief from extradition, 163Jus ad bellum, 525Jus cogens norms, 246Justice system impediments to

extraditionJusticia y Paz, 319–20

concurrent proceedings as, 287–88double jeopardy as, 280–83specialty as, 283–87

Kenyaarbitrary arrest and detention

and, 531deception, delivery by, 460Öcalan case and, 477–80

Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 477Kyrgyzstan, SOFAs and, 253

Lack of extradition treaty asimpediment to extradition,269–75

Lack of fundamental trial rights asimpediment to extradition, 304–6

Lack of respect or dignity as protectionagainst removal, 439

Lao Hmong, expulsion of, 395Lashkar-e-Taiba, 257Last resort universal jurisdiction, 93Latvia, passive personality principle

in, 82Law enforcement cooperation. See

Informal law enforcementcooperation

Law of nations, 16LCOs. See Lure and capture operations

League of Nations, 194Lebanon

change in government, effect onextradition, 173

as failed State, 517lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 272unilateral lure and capture

operations and, 503Legislators, immunity for, 252Leopard-Chesapeake incident, 25, 580,

585–86Letters rogatory, 358Lex specialis, 559–60Liberal construction of extradition

treaties, 168–69Liberalized host State decision-making,

178–81Liberia

conflict resolution as impediment toextradition in, 320

territorial jurisdiction in, 72transfer to third State or

international criminal tribunal,promoting, 386

United Nations Mission in Liberia(UNMIL), 10

Libyaacquiescence in informal law

enforcement cooperation, 464nationality or residency bars in,

238–39political impediments to extradition

in, 276prosecution by host State,

requesting, 385–86retaliation and, 586Security Council and, 340–42transfer to third State or


unilateral seizure and deliveryoperations and, 534

Life sentence as impediment toextradition, 311–13

LithuaniaEuropean Arrest Warrant and,

182–83

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nationality or residency bars in, 238passive personality principle in, 82

Lobbying regarding extradition, 337Lockerbie bombing, 47, 48, 148–49,

276, 340–42, 385–86Lord’s Resistance Army, 370Lure and capture operations (LCOs)

overview, 460consensual, 55defined, 29–30, 54–55, 610delineation of permissible exercise,

601–2joint, 55male captus bene detentus and,

555–56outstanding issues, 596strategic, 55, 363surrogate, 55, 460tactical, 55unilateral (See Unilateral lure and

capture operations)Luxembourg, protective principle in, 86

M-19 (Colombia), 589Mail fraud, 192Malawi, removal and, 407Malaysia

bilateral extradition treaties and,138–39

discriminatory punishment asimpediment to extradition in, 313

unfair trial and, 434Male captus bene detentus

overview, 555in customary international law, 558defined, 610disguised extradition and, 452–53ex injuria ius non oritur and, 559–60justification for, 556–58lure and capture operations and,

555–56personal jurisdiction and, 555–60ratification analogy, 558–82recent developments, 595scope of, 555–56seizure and delivery operations and,

555–56significance of, 558–60

State practice, 560–61, 567–70in United Kingdom, 565–67in United States, 561–65

Malta, requesting prosecution by hostState and, 385

Manslaughteractive personality principle and, 80categorization of, 13

Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front(Chile), 589

Maroufidou formula, 451Mauritius, lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 273Mauthausen Concentration Camp, 369Medellín cartel (Colombia), 385Mediation regarding extradition, 337Mental health

Asperger’s syndrome, 267autism, 267–68human rights factors militating

against removal, 421–22impediment to extradition and,

266–67Methodology of work, 23–25Mexico

abusive treatment and deportation,427–28

acquiescence in informal lawenforcement cooperation, 466

active personality principle in, 81–82arbitrary arrest and detention

and, 530bilateral treaty relations and, 587concurrent proceedings as

impediment to extradition, 288death penalty as impediment to

extradition in, 310demands for repatriation by, 581,

583–84diplomatic assurances and, 318disguised extradition and, 444,

445double jeopardy in, 281extradition and, 44, 47, 174, 179,

180, 181life sentence as impediment to

extradition in, 311–12male captus bene detentus and, 562–64

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Mexico (cont.)nationality or residency bars in,

239, 241passive personality principle in, 82physical handover and, 458political offense exclusion in, 205prosecution by host State,

requesting, 372–73reciprocity and, 151–52removal and, 410renegotiation of bilateral treaties

and, 330standing and, 577Supreme Court of Justice, 151–52unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 513, 520–21Militarily occupied territory. See

Occupied territoryMilitary bases, territorial

jurisdiction, 73Military offense exclusion, 210–11Minors, 9–10MLATs. See Mutual legal assistance

treatiesModification of charges, 328–29Monaco, passive personality principle

in, 82Monetary compensation, demands for,

584–85Monetary settlement agreement,

353–54Money laundering, 13Mongolia, SOFAs and, 253Morocco

abusive treatment as impediment toextradition in, 295

nationality or residency bars in,238–39

non-discrimination and, 416Mozambique

in absentia trials and, 301prosecution by host State,

requesting, 371Multilateral dialogue,

587Multilateral extradition treaties,

141–44Municipal law. See National laws

Murder, active personality principleand, 80

Mutual legal assistance treaties(MLATs), 7, 146, 357–58

Namibialack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 275life sentence as impediment to

extradition in, 311nationality or residency bars in,

238–39prominent or popular figures,

extradition of, 265removal and, 411

National courtsoverview, 16–17ICTR/ICTY and, 97, 104–5

Nationality or residency bars, 233–43conflict of laws, 240–41in constitutions, 236–38national laws and, 241–42naturalized citizens, 239–40permanent resident aliens, 242in statutes, 238–39third States, nationals of, 243

National lawscontingency for extradition in, 150–51municipal law, 17–18, 136nationality or residency bars and,

241–42noncompliance as impediment to

extradition, 231–32Nationals

aliens contrasted, 393citizens contrasted, 2defined, 2extraterritorial jurisdiction and, 79–80independent rulings regarding

nationality, seeking, 336–37National security impediments to

extradition, 321–23NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty

OrganizationNaturalized citizens, nationality or

residency bars, 239–40Natural law, 557Natural persons, 102

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Nature of work, 2–7Nazis, 4, 10, 12, 213, 222–23, 277, 278,

396, 428–29Negotiation for return of fugitives,

485–88Negotiation of bilateral treaties, 329–30Nepal, physical handover and, 458–60Netherlands

abusive treatment and, 433arrest, soliciting, 365–66death penalty as impediment to

extradition in, 308–11disguised extradition and, 450dual criminality in, 196extradition and, 47, 49, 154joint investigations and, 359prosecution by host State,

requesting, 373protective principle in, 86

New extradition treaties, 175–77New Zealand

abuse of process and, 573evidentiary standards in, 217informal law enforcement

cooperation and, 476male captus bene detentus and,

566, 568Nicaragua

nationality or residency bars in,238–39

retaliation and, 589Niger, extradition of asylees and

refugees and, 264–65Nigeria

extradition and, 174indirect transfer via third State,

461–62lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 273–74physical handover and, 459specialty in, 284transfer to third State or


undue physical force or treatmentand, 440

Non bis in idem. See Double jeopardy280, 281

Non-discrimination as protectionagainst removal, 414–16

Non-extraditable offenses. SeeExtraditable offense requirement

Non-fugitive recovery, 8Non-refoulement

abusive treatment and, 426–34asylees and refugees and, 261–64customary international law status,

428–29defined, 208, 610derogations to, 430political offense exclusion and, 208

Non-retroactivity of law, 78Non-sovereign territory/international

spacedefined, 610distinguished from other terms and,

14–15unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 518–19Non-surrender agreements, 52Norte del Valle (Brazil), 486North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO)immunity and, 254–55SOFAs, 147–48

Norway, disguised extradition and, 445Nulla poena sine lege, 186, 190Nunquam decurritur ad

extraordinarium sed ubi deficitordinarium, 559

Nuremberg Military Tribunal (NMT).See International MilitaryTribunal

Objective territorial principle, 74–75Occupied territory

constructive territory and, 73extradition and, 46failure to protest, 543–44Ker v. Illinois case, 561–62territorial jurisdiction, 73unilateral seizure and delivery

operations and, 517–18Operation Just Cause (U.S.), 497–98Operation Springboard (U.S.), 455–56Opinio juris, 376

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Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD), 254–55

Organization of African Unity (OAU),342–43

Organization of American States (OAS)immunity and, 254–55Inter-American Institute for

Cooperation on Agriculture, 255Inter-American Juridical

Committee, 514–15, 532Organization of Eastern Caribbean

States (OECS), 176Organization of the Secret Army

(France), 119

Pakistanacquiescence in informal law

enforcement cooperation, 465extradition and, 180joint operations and, 463lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 272national security impediments to

extradition in, 322–23political impediments to extradition

in, 275specialty in, 286

Palestine Liberation Front, 499–500Palestine Liberation Organization

(PLO), 205–6, 250, 321, 368,499–500

Panamaasylees and refugees, extradition

of, 264competing jurisdictional claims as

impediment to extradition in, 289Defense Forces, 247–48Director General of Consular and

Shipping Affairs, 62–63disguised extradition and, 453joint sting/arrest operations and,

359, 360male captus bene detentus and, 565prosecution by host State,

requesting, 385reparations, demands for, 584retaliation and, 586

standing and, 578subject matter jurisdiction and,

62–63, 67territorial jurisdiction in, 72travel route, dictating, 461unilateral lure and capture


operations and, 498, 523–26vicarious liability and, 476

Paperwork problems as impediment toextradition, 228–29

Paraguayextradition and, 176–77inducements to extradition and, 333

Pardons, immunity and, 256–57Parental kidnapping, 187Participation in informal law

enforcement cooperation, 457–63Passive extradition, 44, 48–49, 610Passive interception, 500, 610Passive personality principle,

81–84Passport revocation, 350–52PAW. See Provisional Arrest WarrantPerjury, protective principle and, 85Permanent asylum, 262–63Permanent Court of Arbitration,

125–26, 470, 603–4Permanent Court of International

Justice, 74, 468–69Permanent resident aliens

defined, 233nationality or residency bars, 242

Personal circumstances, extraditionand, 266–68

Personal jurisdictionoverview, 554–55abuse of process and,

571–73inherent supervisory powers and,

573–74male captus bene detentus and,

555–60 (See also Male captus benedetentus)

outstanding issues, 596rationale for divesting or failing to

exercise, 574–75

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recent developments, 595requirements for State criminal

jurisdiction, 67–68rule of non-inquiry and, 314subject matter jurisdiction

contrasted, 68–69Peru

extradition and, 179failure to object, 544ICJ and, 339independent rulings regarding

nationality and, 336–37lack of extradition treaty as

impediment to extradition, 274male captus bene detentus and,

561–62passive personality principle in, 82reciprocity and, 151–52

Philippinesbilateral extradition treaties and,

138–39extradition and, 20, 155

Photographs, circulating, 370Physical force or treatment as

protection against removal,440–41

Physical handover, 458–60Piracy

generally, 12interception operations and, 540�

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