Electricity Workbook & Notes - Canizares

Name _______________________________ Hour ______

Learning Objectives: Cornell/Mark the Text Requirements:

Electricity

How do we get electricity into our homes? Use terms generator, transformer and energy

Define and describe electricity, electrical force, & electrical fields.

Describe the three ways that charges are transferred

Explain static electricity and static discharge.

Explain the differences between conductors, insulators & semiconductors.

--Grading Rubric --

10 8 6 4 2

Activities Completed & accurate Answers show evidence of thinking and improvement of understanding on magnets Work is neat and shows effort/time spent Corrections made on mistakes (except I think type questions/predictions)

Almost

perfect

Missing

several

components

Missing

many

components

Missing

most

components

Cornell Notes

& Mark the

Text

Checklist above is completed

It’s evident that it has been used for

studying at home – revised, foldings for

using questions, etc.

Almost

perfect

Missing

several

components

Missing

many

components

Missing

most

components

Grading Guide for Mark the Text:

Paragraphs numbered

Vocabulary Circled or

Highlighted

Each Paragraph has key ideas

Underlined or Highlighted

Underlines or Highlights are

5-8 words (less is best)

Grading Guide for Cornell Notes:

Big Topic ID’ed

Essential Question based on big topic

& higher level question (hint use how)

Notes per paragraph – using mark the

text

Question per paragraph on left

Summary is 5 sentences minimum and

is about the entire reading

Summary is factual not personal

Notes are processed – highlight

most difficult, ! *?etc.

Intro To Electricity

What’s Electricity? http://www.childrensuniversity.manchester.ac.uk/media/services/t

hechildrensuniversityofmanchester/flash/electricity.swf

1. Electricity can be made by spinning a

___________________ within a coil of

_______________. Click Next.

2. If you stop the spinning of the magnet the flow of

electricity ________________. Click Next.

3. Large g_____________________ are used to make

electricity by using(click next) o_______,

c_________ & g_______. The steam from burning

them is used to turn a set of wheels in a

g___________________. Click next, read, click next.

4. Nuclear power stations use u_____________ which

split creating heat that uses steam to turn a set of

wheels to turn the g__________________. Hint

look at #3 if stuck at the end. Click next.

5. Other sources are b_________________, [click

next] g____________________, [click next]

s______________, [click next] t________ turbines,

[click next] w_________.

6. You can skip making the wind turbine. How do we

make electricity? Electricity from the generator

reaches a s________________________ where a

t__________________ changes the electricity to a

_______________ voltage. Click next.

7. O________________ lines transport electricity.

Click next. Another t________________ [raises or

lowers} the voltage. Click next.

8. In the city more of the lines are

____________________. Click next to take a quiz.

How many questions did you miss? _____

http://www.circleofblue.org/Waternews_MultiMedia/B

YU/Hoover/HooverDam.swf & Click Anatomy of a dam

9. Click Anatomy of a Dam (2nd tab at top). Starting

on the left, click the red dots. What does the “dam”

actually do?

10. Is it preferable to have higher or lower water?

_______

11. http://www.paesta.psu.edu/sites/default/files/Map

_US_Hydroelectric_Plants.gif Look at this map

showing locations of hydroelectric power (dams).

Why do you think Kansas doesn’t have many?

https://www.westarenergy.com/kanza-education-and-science-park-power-generation 12. Scroll through the different sources of electricity.

Which 2 sources of electricity do you think are the

wisest? ______________________ &

______________________. What cons do they

have? ____________________________________

__________________________________________

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Kansas#

/media/File:Kansas_wind_resource_map_50m_800.jpg

13. Near which city in Kansas do we produce the

strongest winds? ____________________ http://blog.ucsusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Kansas-

Wind-Farm-projects.jpg In Kansas where are most of the

wind farms located? ______________________

https://www.westarenergy.com/kanza-education-and-

science-park-the-substation SCROLL to answer ?’s

14. Why does electricity travel at a high voltage to a

power station? Scroll down to the questions.

15. What’s the voltage in your house? (scroll down) ________ volts (scroll to what’s a circuit breaker)

16. If lightning strikes, a circuit breaker stops the flow of ______________.

17. What would happen to your electrical appliances if it didn’t reduce the voltage of electricity entering your home? _______________________

https://www.westarenergy.com/outage-causes

18. Look through the causes of electrical outages and

pick two that you think that happen to you more

frequently. _________________________ &

____________________________

http://www.e-

smartonline.net/safeelectricity/games/66213_safe_choi

ce_elec/66213_safe_choice_elec_093011.swf

19. What was your score? ___________

https://www.westarenergy.com/kanza-park-what-is-

electricity video – will show the whole class @end

20. Do power grids store electricity? _________

21. Tesla was instrumental in creating ______ current

that allows us to have electricity in our homes.

22. We are part of the _________________

interconnection.

23. Which improvement do you think is more important

for us to do? p. 1

Electrical Fields PhET

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/charges-and-fields/charges-and-fields_en.html

1. Click show E-field (green box at the bottom right). Click and drag a red + to left of the screen. The electrical field is going

is [toward or away (circle one)] from the positive charge. Is there evidence of a field with only one positive charge? ___

2. Add a blue – to the right of the screen. The electrical field is going [toward or away (circle one)] from the negative charge.

Electrical fields are [similar or different] from magnetic fields.

3. Look at the voltage (measurement unit of electricity). Add more +. What happens to the voltage? _______________

4. Hit clear all. Now put one positive charge on the left and one on the right. What happened to the electric field?

________________________________________________

5. Hit clear all. Now put one negative charge on the left and one on the right. What happened to the electric field?

________________________________________________

6. Now play around and add positives and negatives all around. In general the electrical field pattern goes from

a__________________ charge to ____________________ charge.

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Static-Electricity/Coulomb-s-Law/Coulomb-s-Law-Interactive

7. Go the diagram and bring the negative charge closer to the positive charge. What happens to the size of the electric

force? ____________________ When the negative charge gets further from the positive charge, what happens to the

force? ____________________

8. Increase the magnitude of the negative charge. What happens to the electric force? __________________ Do the same

with the positive charge. What happens to the electric force? ___________________

9. In summary: If you increase the distance between charges the electrical force ____________________________. If you

increase the magnitude of the charges, the electrical force will ________________________.

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/electric-hockey - download and open it

10. You are playing hockey - using the ideas of the electrical field. The puck is positive and on the left. Using what you

observed above, place ONE negative charge where they need to go in order to make the “puck – positive charge” hit the

goal. How many tries did it take you to make a goal? _______ Where did you place the negative charge?

________________ Add more negative charges. What happens to the puck? ______________________________

11. If you have some free time, change the difficulty and see if you can score a goal.

Based On Your Understanding Right Now: Describe the following terms with words and with pictures. Do your best!!!

Electricity Electrical Field Electrical Force

_____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

_____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

_____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

_____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

p. 2

Static Electricity Activities

Materials: Empty soda-can, inflated balloon, smiley face balloon, string, and your hair.

Procedure: In your lab group, answers the questions in the space provided.

PART 1: Static Roller

1. Place the soda can on its side on a flat, smooth surface. Hold it until it stays still.

2. Rub the balloon back and forth on your hair really fast for thirty seconds.

3. Hold the balloon about a couple cm in front of the can. What happens? The can _______________________________________.

4. Move the balloon SLOWLY away from the can. What happens? The can ____________________________________________.

5. Move the balloon to the other side of the can. What happens? ______________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Whose hair at the table was most successful? _____________Why do you think their hair work better? ______________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. If you put the soda can on the floor, how far can you get it to roll before it stops? ________ Why do you think it eventually stops?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PART 2: Your New Best Friend

8. You may now use the balloon with a face on it (the nozzle of the balloon should be where the hair goes). See your teacher.

9. Tuck the string into the divider brackets from the ceiling. The balloon should hang so you will be eye to eye with your new bestie.

10. Rub the face of the balloon with your hair. Be careful not to pull too hard.

11. Stare into the eyes of your new best friend. Try moving to the left and then to the right. What happens?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. Your new best friend seems to be attracted to you... it will now face you and move toward you whenever way you go. Is there a limit to

this attraction? Roughly, at what distance does your new best friend stop paying attention to you? _______ This happens because you

are outside the e___________________ f_____________.

13. Does your new best friend pay attention to other members of your team if they are near? __________

14. How does you new best friend react to a teammate’s best friend? Move a teammate’s balloon near close to yours and rub both of their

faces with your hair. Describe the way they interact with each other. _____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Closure: Demonstrate what you learned by completing the following questions on your own.

1. Like charges attract. True or False: Circle one 2. Subatomic particles that can transfer from one object to another are called…

a. protons. b. electrons. c. neutrons. d. pickles.

3. Rubbing a balloon against your hair gives the balloon a net negative charge, because your hair transferred…

a. protons. b. electrons. c. neutrons. d. elements.

4. Rubbing the balloon against your hair was charging by…

a. conduction . b. friction. c. induction. d. Answers (a) and (c)

5. A positively charged balloon is brought near but not in contact with a soda can. Draw the charge distribution (the charges) of the polarized soda can. Note: A balloon cannot be positively charged by rubbing it against your hair, but for this problem, lets assume you can.

6. When you rub the balloon with your hair, your hair stands up on end. How can a single piece of hair be attracted to the balloon and be repelled by other strands of hair? Draw charges on the hair.

p. 3

Static Electricity & Static Discharge

Static Electricity: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons

1. Look at the charges on the sweater and the balloon. They are in a [pattern or scrambled].

2. What happens to the negative charges (electrons) that were on the sweater when you rub the balloon on the

sweater? _________________________ What’s the overall charge of the balloon? ________________ the

sweater? ________________

3. Now bring the charged balloon towards that wall. What happens to the electrons (negatively charged) on the wall?

___________________________. What happens to the protons (positively charged)? ______________

4. Click reset balloon. Now bring it first towards the wall. What happens to the charges? ________________ If you

rub the balloon against the wall do the charges change? ________

5. Review: same charges [attract or repel] and opposite charges [attract or repel].

6. Reset balloon. This time rub the balloon on the sweater just a little, so it only steals a few electrons. Now bring the

[positively or negatively] charged balloon near the wall. Go back and add even more electrons to the balloon and

bring it towards the wall. What happened to the reaction? [increased or decreased]. Summary: If you increase the

charge you [increase or decrease] the attraction or repulsion.

7. Now press reset and press the button to give two balloons. How do you put a charge on each balloon? __________

_______________________________________ Do this now. Then try to move one balloon by using the other.

8. Summary: When you rub a balloon on a sweater it picks up a [negative or positive] charge by gaining [electrons or

protons]. The sweater then ends up with a [positive or negative] charge because it lost [protons or electrons].

Because the balloon and sweater have [opposite or the same] charges, these two objects [attract or repel].

Static Discharge: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/john-travoltage/latest/john-travoltage_en.html

9. Click & move the foot on the right back and forth (friction). With friction, it is picking up a [negative or positive]

charge because it is picking up [electrons, neutrons or protons].

10. Keep moving his foot until you see the electric spark. Once the charge leaves Travolta, the spark [increases,

decreases, or stops completely].

11. Move his hand away from the knob and create a small amount of charge by moving his foot just a few times. What

happens to the charges? _________________________________ Why do you think this happens? _____________

_________________________________ Move his hand towards the knob. Describe what happens. ____________

_________________________

12. Now do your own mini experiments by changing the distance of the hand to the knob, the amount of charges and

note one observation here: ________________________________________________________________________

13. If the doorknob was wood, would there be a spark? ________ Why? _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Summary: Friction can cause [protons, neutrons or electrons] to move leaving both objects charged. The object

that gains them will be [positive, no charge or negative]. If there is an excessive negative charge, this charge can be

passed by touching other objects like [wood, metal or your boogers]. This will give a spark as the [electrons,

protons, or neutrons] leave the charged object and pass to the other.

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=how+does+a+positive+charge+leave+a+van+der+graaf+generator&view=detail&mid=6A3DF831840DD4B001D06A3DF831840DD4B001D0&FORM=VIRE7 & https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qgM1A3pgkQ

Hair stands up with a Van der Graaf generator because hair has [the same or opposite] charges which makes them [repel or attract].

p. 4

Charges & Charge Changes

Basics Review Summary

The three ways that charges be transferred to build up static electricity are f______________, c________________, and

i______________. When electrons are transferred by touch this is called ________________. When two objects rub

and transfer electrons this is called ________________. When an electric field causes movement of electrons to one

part of an object (without touch), this is called __________________.

Simulation Practice http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Static-Electricity/Aluminum-Can-Polarization/Aluminum-Can-Polarization-Interactive

1. Click show charges. Initially all you can see are the negative charges which are called ____________________. Click

on the glass rod. What were underneath the negative charges? _____________ charges also known as

__________________.

2. What is the charge on the glass rod? _______________ What did the electrons on the can do?

_________________ This is charging by [friction, conduction or induction].

3. Could you make the can roll without touching it? _______ The e______________ f________ was from the

_________________ charge to the _______________ charge.

4. Click on glass rod to make it go away. Click on the rubber rod. What is its charge? _________________ When you

bring the rubber rod near the can, where did the electrons go? __________________________________________

Do the protons move? _____________

5. Now click on the glass rod so you have both at the same time. Play around and write down one observation.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Static-Electricity/Charging/Charging-Interactive

6. When the balloon rubs against the sweater and picks up electrons, it is charging by _____________________.

7. If you move the balloon near the green bars, the electrons move _________________ because [opposites attract or

likes repel]. This is called charging by ____________________ since the objects do not touch.

8. Click the charges button to see the overall charge on the green bars. Move the balloon and try to push (using the

e_______________ f____________) some electrons to the other bar. If the balloon touches the bar and causes

charges to move, this is charging by ________________.

9. Now click on the grounding bar and drag the top tip to one of the charged green bars. Watch what happens. What

is the charge of the bar after it is done? _____________________

10. Click PLAY – and try to get the required charges on each bar at the bottom.

Conductors vs. Insulators http://www.physics-chemistry-interactive-flash-animation.com/electricity_electromagnetism_interactive/electric_conductors_insulators.htm

11. Before you start this interactive predict which objects you think will cause the lightbulb to light up (complete the circuit).

12. Now click and drag the objects to the bottom clips. Put a big STAR over the ones you got right above.

13. Why do some objects not allow electricity pass through it? ______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Objects that allow charges to flow through them easily are called [conductors or insulators]. Objects that don’t are

called [conductors or insulators]. Just look at the words – they pretty much tell you the answer!

Copper Glass Wood Graphite Aluminum Plastic Alloy Water Salt Water

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

p. 5

Bill Nye’s Static Electricity Video Worksheet

1. Electricity is the flow of tiny particles called______________________.

2. Electrons are part of ______________________.

3. The word circuit means “____________ “, therefore a circuit is a ___________ ________________ around which electricity (or water) flows.

4. Electrons flowing through a wire can be compared to ___________ flowing through a hose. Once the flow of electrons or water is going, _______________, is performed.

5. You would get shocked in a bumper car by touching the _____________ and the _____________ at the same time. This means you are completing the _________ allowing electricity to flow.

6. Electricity from a wall outlet has enough energy to stop your _____________.

7. Electricity is the _____________ of electrons, because electrons _____________ from atom to atom.

8. Materials that allow electrons to move easily from atom to atom are called _____________.

9. Materials that do not allow electrons to flow easily are called _____________.

10. _____________ are materials that are let some but not all electrons go through.

11. V_____________ is the force or pressure of electricity and is compared to the amount of water pressure in a hose.

12. A_____________ is the amount of electricity and is compared to the amount of water in a hose.

13. W_____________ is the term for work performed by electricity (combination of v_________ & a________)

14. Batteries allow chemicals to f________ which lets them light up your flashlight.

15. Can the electrical eel electrocute you? _____

16. Dams run huge generators which turn m____________ within a coil of w________________. This creates an a_____________ current. Batteries however use d___________ current because it only goes in one direction.

17. When electricity flows in a complete loop this is called a c____________. When you turn off the lights you ___________ this loop.

18. All plugs – even European plugs – have 2 prongs because ____ _______________________________________________________

Vocabulary Review: Match the terms to the definition

TERMS: 1. Law of Conservation of Charge 2. Semiconductor 3. Static Electricity 4. Electric Field 5. Charging by Induction 6. Static Discharge 7. Charging by Friction 8. Insulator 9. Electric Force 10. Electricity 11. Charging by Conduction 12. Conductor

Vocabulary Reflection

1. Which two words are you most confident about? ___________________ & _____________________

2. Which two words are you least confident about? ___________________ & _____________________

DEFINITIONS: ____ the interaction between electric charges ____ a region around a charged object ____ the attraction or repulsion between electrical charges ____ the buildup of charges on an object ____ charges are neither created nor destroyed ____ transfer of electrons by rubbing ____ transfer of electrons by touch ____ transfer of electrons by not touching caused by electric fields

____ loss of static electricity as charges go from one object to another ____ a material though which charges can flow easily ____ a material through which charges can NOT flow easily ____ a material that behaves between a conductor and an insulator

p. 6

Raging Planet: Lightning

1. What is the most powerful force on earth that is hotter than the sun? _________________

2. Lightning strikes 100 times a [second, minute, hour, day].

3. One bolt can power an entire [school, city, state, country].

4. “Lightning alley” is found in [New York, California, Nebraska, Florida].

5. More people are killed by _______________ than tornados and hurricanes.

6. Where do most lightning strikes in the world occur? ________________

7. It’s believed that the collisions of hail stones buildup an e_____________ c___________ that is stored.

8. Do scientists completely understand how lightning is created? ________

9. Lightning can strike anyone or thing up to ________ miles away from a cloud.

10. The first stage of lightning is called a s_______ l___________ creating an electrical field.

11. The ground responds by growing ________________ streamers that go up from the ground.

12. [Dry or Humid] cities have more lightning.

13. Tom thinks that upward lightning is due to large amounts of electric ____________ at tall structures.

14. Do you think lightning is cool? ______

15. Lightning makes a tree explode by superheating the s________.

16. Can lightning travel through telephone lines? _____

17. If your hair stands up, you are a ______________ streamer waiting for a negative step leader.

18. If the above happens to you, you should _________________________________.

19. When lightning strikes the charge flows through the moisture on the ________ going around the outside.

20. Can shoes explode off? ______

21. One of the safest places to be in a storm is a _________ because the metal exterior allows the charge to pass around

the car and discharge to the ground.

22. Is it safe to be in a plane during a lightning storm? _______ Aircraft is hit by lightning _____ time(s) a year.

23. What is a positive to wildfires created by lightning? __________________________________________

24. Nitrogen and oxygen react together in the air to create nitrates which provide n_____________ for plants.

25. The huge bursts of lightning that look like they go up into space are called s__________.

26. Which sprite is your favorite? ____________

27. These sprites make the sky g_______________.

Summary: Draw a cloud & the ground. Draw a bolt from the cloud to the ground. Label the charges (+) and (-) at the

appropriate locations based on what you have learned from the video.

Electrical fields go from [positive to negative; negative to positive]. Static discharge goes from [positive to negative;

negative to positive].

p. 7

Circuits 101

Materials: 2 D batteries, 2 switches, wire, 3 bulbs

Review: An electric circuit is a ____________ path

through which electrical c__________ can flow.

Series Current: has ________ path for the current to take

What’s a disadvantage of using a series circuit? _________________________________________________________

Parallel Circuits: has ________ path(s) for the current to take

OR

Make 2 light bulbs turn on with batteries and some

wire. Draw the circuit below.

Using 3 bulbs, batteries, and some wires, make 3

light bulbs turn on. Draw the circuit.

What do you notice about the brightness?

After you have made 3 light bulbs light, unscrew

one bulb and record what happens.

Screw the bulb back on, what happens?

What do you notice about the brightness?

Describe what a series circuit is like.

Using 2 bulbs, batteries, and some wires, make 2 light

bulbs light up. Draw the circuit.

After they are lit, unscrew one bulb, what happens? _______

Make 3 light bulbs light up. Unscrew one bulb, what

happens to the other 2?

Unscrew 2 bulbs, what happens to the 3rd bulb?

How is a series circuit different from a parallel circuit?

Label the circuits on the right as either

series or parallel.

p. 8

Electricity Review Sheet

Vocabulary Review: Match the terms to the definition

TERMS: 1. Law of Conservation of Charge 2. Semiconductor 3. Static Electricity 4. Electric Field 5. Charging by Induction 6. Static Discharge 7. Charging by Friction 8. Insulator 9. Electric Force 10. Electricity 11. Charging by Conduction 12. Conductor 13. Circuit 14. Electric Current 15. Series Circuit 16. Resistor 17. Parallel Circuit

Electricity Intro Review: Electricity is created in a generator spinning a _________________ surrounded by a coil of

_________________. While fossil fuels are commonly used to spin it, other sources of energy used are

_____________________________________. The electricity created is at a [higher or lower] power than what gets into

our homes. ___________________ are what change the power of electricity.

Electricity Basics: All matter is made of atoms. The three main parts of atoms are p_______________ (positive charge), n________________ (no charge) and e_______________ (negative charge). Since the _________________ are located on the outside of the atom, they move more easily and can leave one atom and go to another. If an atom gains an electron it becomes __________________ charged. If an atoms loses an electron is becomes ________________ charged. Electric fields go from ________________________ charge to ___________________ charge, however fields only require [one, two] charge(s). This causes field lines to point [away or toward] negative charges, and [away or toward] positive charges. Charges that are __________________ attract. Charges that are ___________________repel.

How Charges Transfer: Electrons can not be created or destroyed, but just transfer from one object to another. This is the

law of _______________________. There are three ways that objects can get a charge: ________________,

___________________, _____________________. In class we rubbed a balloon on our heads which was an example of

__________________. We then moved a can by putting the charged balloon near the can which is an example of

__________________.

Static Electricity & Discharge: With static electricity the charges [do or do not] flow continuously. With static discharge the

charges flow from ___________________ to ___________________. So with thunderstorms the clouds have a

________________ charge (due to collisions of ice particles). The ground induces a __________________ charge.

Conductors & Insulators: Metals allow their electrons to leave more easily which makes them good

__________________________. Rubber and dry air do not let their electrons move as easily which makes them good

__________________. Some objects behave somewhere between a conductor and an insulator. They are called

___________________, which all teenagers should be grateful for as they are used in _____________________!

Basic Circuit: A basic circuit has ____________________, _______________________ and ______________________. If

multiple bulbs are in one loop, then the bulbs will be [brighter or dimmer]. In our homes we have [series or parallel] circuits.

DEFINITIONS: ____ the interaction between electric charges ____ a complete unbroken path through which electric charges can flow ____ a region around a charged object ____ the attraction or repulsion between electrical charges ____ the buildup of charges on an object _____ a type of circuit where there are several paths for the current to take

____ charges are neither created nor destroyed ____ transfer of electrons by rubbing ____ transfer of electrons by touch ____ transfer of electrons by not touching caused by electric fields ____ the continuous flow of electric charges through a material ____ loss of static electricity as charges go from one object to another _____ a type of circuit where there is only one path for the current to take

____ a material though which charges can flow easily ____ a material through which charges can NOT flow easily ____ a material that behaves between a conductor and an insulator

p. 9

Electric Charge

Recall that the charged parts of atoms are electrons and protons. When two protons come close together, they push one another apart.

In other words, the protons repel each other. But if a proton and an electron come close together, they attract one another. Why do

protons repel protons but attract electrons? The reason is that they have different types of electric charge.

Electric charge is a property of electrons and protons. Protons and electrons have opposite charges. The charge on a proton is called

positive (+), and the charge on a electron is called negative (−). The names positive and negative were given to charges by Benjamin

Franklin in the 1700s. The two types of electric charges interact in specific ways. Charges that are the same repel each other.

Charges that are different attract each other.

Does this sound familiar to you? This rule is the same as the rule for interactions between magnetic poles. Recall that magnetic poles

that are alike repel each other, and magnetic poles that are different attract each other. This interaction between magnetic poles is

called magnetism. The interaction between electric charges is called electricity.

There is one important difference between electric charges and magnetic poles. Recall that magnetic poles cannot exist alone.

Whenever there is a south pole, there is always a north pole. In contrast, electric charges can exist alone. In other words, a negative

charge can exist without a positive charge.

Electric Force

You may think of force as a push or pull on an object. For example, the force of gravity pulls objects toward the ground. You have

learned that magnetic force is the attraction or repulsion between magnetic poles. In electricity, electric force is the attraction or

repulsion between electric charges.

Electric Field

Just as magnetic poles exert their forces over a distance, so do electric charges. Recall that a magnetic field

extends around a magnet. Similarly, an electric field extends around a charged object. An electric field is a

region around a charged object where the object’s electric force is exerted on other charged objects.

When one charged object is placed in the electric field of another charged object, it is either pushed or pulled.

It is pushed away if the two objects have the same charge. It is pulled toward the other charged object if their

charges are different.

Electric Field Around a Single Charge

An electric field is invisible, just like a magnetic field. You may recall using magnetic field lines to

represent a magnetic field. In a similar way, you can use electric field lines to represent the electric field.

Electric field lines are drawn with arrows to show the direction of the electric force. The electric force always

points away from positive charges, as shown in Figure A. Notice in Figure B that the electric force always

points toward negative charges.

The strength of an electric field is related to the distance from the charged object. The greater the

distance from the charged object, the weaker the electric field is. The strength of an electric field is

represented by how close the electric field lines are to each other. The electric field is strongest where the

lines are closest together. Since the strength of the electric field is greatest near the charged object, that’s

where the lines appear closest together. Farther from the charged object, the lines appear more spread out

because the magnetic field is weaker.

Electric Field Around Multiple Charges

When there are two or more charges, the shape of the electric field of each charge is altered. The electric fields of each individual

charge combine by repelling or attracting. Figure C shows the interaction of the electric fields from two pairs of charges. direction of

Earth’s magnetic field.

p. 10

Question Per Paragraph/Idea:

Electrical Charge

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Electrical Force

_____________________________

_____________________________

Electrical Field

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Electrical Field as a Single Charge

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Electric Field Around Multiple Charges

_____________________________

_____________________________

Notes

2: Protons (have a positive charge) _________________[attract or repel] electrons

(have a ____________ charge)

3:____________________: the interaction between electric charges

4:___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

5:Electric Force:______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

6:____________________: a region around a charged object where the object’s

electric force is exerted on other charged objects

7: If the charges are the same the object is p______________. If the charges are

opposite then it is p______________.

8: The electric force always points toward _______________ charges.

9: The greater the __________________ from the charged object, the

___________________ the electric field is.

10: When there are two or more charges, the shape of the electric field is

________________ (changed).

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

9:___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

10:__________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Summary (5 sentences minimum): Protons have a ________________ charge and electrons have a _______________ charge. Like

charges _______________ and unlike charges _________________. Electricity is the _________________________________________

____________________. Electrical charges can exist a_____________ (don’t come in pairs). The attraction or repulsion between

electrical charges is an _________________ ______________ . An electric field is ____________________________________

____________________. Electric forces always point towards the ___________________ charge. The shorter the distance from the

charged object, the ___________________ the electric field is.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Big Topic: __________________________________

Create An Essential Question (One Question that Covers the Entire Reading): _________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

_

____________________________________________________________________________________________

___

p. 11

Static Electricity

Most objects normally have no overall charge, which means that they are neutral. Each atom has an equal number of protons and

electrons. So each positive charge is balanced by a negative charge. As a result, there is no overall electric force on an atom.

Some objects, however, can become charged. Protons are bound

tightly in the center of an atom, but electrons can sometimes leave

their atoms. In materials such as silver, copper, gold, and aluminum,

some electrons are held loosely by the atoms.

These electrons can move to other atoms. An uncharged object

becomes charged by gaining or losing electrons. If an object

loses electrons, it is left with more protons than electrons. Therefore,

the object has an overall positive charge. If an object gains

electrons, it has more electrons than protons and has an overall

negative charge.

The buildup of charges on an object is called static electricity. Static means “not moving or changing.” In static electricity, charges

build up on an object, but they do not flow continuously.

Transferring Charge

An object becomes charged only when electrons are transferred from one location to another. Charges are neither created nor

destroyed. This is a rule known as the law of conservation of charge. If one object gives up electrons, another object gains those

electrons. There are three methods by which charges can be transferred to build up static electricity: charging by friction, by

conduction, and by induction.

Charging by Friction

When two uncharged objects rub together, some electrons from one object can move onto the other object. The object that gains

electrons becomes negatively charged, and the object that loses electrons becomes positively charged. Charging by friction is the

transfer of electrons from one uncharged object to another by

rubbing. When the girl’s socks rub the carpet, electrons

move from the carpet onto her sock. This causes an overall

negative charge on the sock. Clothing that sticks together

when it is taken out of the dryer is another example of

charging by friction.

Charging by Conduction

When a charged object touches another object, electrons

can be transferred between the objects. Electrons transfer from the object that has the more negative charge to the one that has the

more positive charge. For example, a positively charged object will gain electrons when it touches an uncharged object. Charging

by conduction is the transfer of electrons from a charged object to another object by direct contact. Charges are transferred from the

girl’s feet to the rest of her body because of charging by conduction.

Charging by Induction

In charging by friction and by conduction, electrons are transferred when objects touch one another. In charging by induction, however,

objects do not touch when the charges transfer. Charging by induction is the movement of electrons to one part of an object that is

caused by the electric field of a second object. The electric field around the charged object attracts or repels electrons in the second

object. For example, the negative charges in the girl’s fingertip produce an electric field that repels the electrons on the surface of the

doorknob. The electrons on the doorknob move away from the finger. This movement produces an induced positive charge on the

doorknob.

p. 12

Question Per Paragraph/Idea:

Static Electricity

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Transferring Charge

_____________________________

_____________________________

Charging by Friction

_____________________________

_____________________________

Charging by Conduction

_____________________________

_____________________________

Charging by Induction

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

____________________________

_____________________________

___________________________

Notes

1:To not have a charge the number of ___________________ and

_________________ need to be the same.

2:________________ can leave the atom leaving a __________________ to the

atom.

3: __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

4: In static electricity, charges build up on an object, but they do not flow continuously.

5: Law of Conservation of Charge: if one object gives up electrons another

__________ electrons.

6: Transfer of electrons from one object to another by _________________. (ex:

electrons leave the _________________ and rub on to the sock making it

n________________ charged).

7: Charging by conduction is the transfer of electrons from a

________________ object to another by _______________ contact.

8: Charging by induction does not require t______________; the field around

the object attracts or repels electrons in the second object

_______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

8:___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

9:___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Summary (5 sentences minimum): Some objects can become charged when ___________________ leave or are gained by an

atom. Static electricity is ____________________________________, but they do NOT flow continuously. If one atom loses an electron,

another atom _______________ an electron according the law of conservation of charge. This can happen by friction where electrons are

transferred when _________________________________________________. Another way electrons can be lost or gained is by

conduction, where ____________________________________________________. The final way is by

_________________________________. In this process touch is NOT required and the electric ________________ around the object

attracts or repels ______________ in the second object.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Big Topic(s): __________________________________

Create An Essential Question (One Question that Covers the Entire Reading: _________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

_

____________________________________________________________________________________________

___

p. 13

Static Discharge

Charges that build up as static electricity on an object don’t stay there forever. Electrons tend to move, returning the object to its neutral

condition. Consider what happens when two objects with opposite charges touch one another. When a negatively charged object and

a positively charged object are brought together, electrons transfer until both objects have the same charge. The loss of static

electricity as electric charges transfer from one object to another is called static discharge.

Often, a static discharge produces a spark. As electrons transfer between objects, they heat the air around the path they travel until it

glows. The glowing air is the spark you see. The tiny spark you may have seen when you touch a doorknob or metal object is an

example of static discharge. Lightning is a dramatic

example of static discharge. You can think of lightning as

a huge spark. During thunderstorms, air swirls violently.

Water droplets within the clouds become electrically

charged. To restore a neutral condition in the clouds,

electrons move from areas of negative charge to areas of

positive charge.

Some lightning reaches Earth because negative charges at the bottom of storm clouds may cause the surface of Earth to become

positively charged by induction. Electrons jump between the cloud and Earth’s surface. Lightning that we see is due to the traveling of

the charge upwards. This produces a giant spark as they travel through the air. This is possible because of charging by conduction.

Conductors and Insulators

Charges flow easily through a circuit made of metal wires. But would charges flow in wires made of plastic? The answer is no. Electric

charges do not flow easily through every material. A conductor transfers electric charge well. An insulator does not transfer

electric charge well. Below are materials that are good conductors and materials that are insulators.

Conductors

Metals, such as silver, copper, aluminum, and iron, are good conductors. A conductor is a material through which charge can flow

easily. In a conductor, atoms contain electrons that are bound loosely. These electrons, called conduction electrons, are able to move

throughout the conductor. As these electrons flow through a conductor, they form an electric current. Conductors are used to carry

electric charge.

Insulators

A material through which charges cannot flow easily is called an insulator. The electrons in an insulator are bound tightly to their atoms

and do not move easily. Rubber, glass, sand, plastic, and wood are good insulators. Insulators are used to stop the flow of charges.

The rubber coating on an appliance cord is an example of an insulator.

Semiconductors

A material that behaves between a conductor and an insulator depending on the conditions is called a semiconductor. Silicon is one

of the most well known of all semiconductors and its usage is so widespread that the center of technology in the United States – Silicon

Valley – is named after the semiconductor material. You can thank semiconductors for your most precious electronic device – cell

phones! Tears….

p. 14

Question Per Paragraph/Idea:

Static Discharge

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Conductors & Insulators

_____________________________

_____________________________

Conductors

_____________________________

_____________________________

Insulators

_____________________________

_____________________________

Semiconductors

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

____________________________

_____________________________

___________________________

Notes

1:_________________________: the loss of static electricity as electric charges

transfer from one object to another (until both objects have the same charge)

2: Static discharge can produce a s________________.

3: Lighting works by __________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

4: Electric charges go through c__________________ but not i_________________.

5:___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

6:___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

7:___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Summary (5 sentences minimum): Static discharge is ________________________________________________________________

______________________. A spark is produced ________________________________________________________. A conductor is

__________________________________________________________________. _____________________________ is a material that

does NOT allow charges to flow easily (ex: rubber, glass, wood). A ____________________________ is a material that behaves between

a conductor and an insulator depending on the conditions and is used in the favorite teen item the ______________________!

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

___

Big Topic: __________________________________

Create An Essential Question (One Question that Covers the Entire Reading): _________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

_

____________________________________________________________________________________________

___

p. 15

Flow of Electric Charges

What Is Electric Current?

Recall that static electric charges do not flow continuously. However, when electric charges are made to flow through a wire or similar

material, they produce an electric current. Electric current is the continuous flow of electric charges through a material. The amount of

charge that passes through the wire in a unit of time is the rate of electric current. The unit for the rate of current is the ampere, named

for André Marie Ampère, an early investigator of electricity. The name of the unit is often shortened to amp or A. The number of amps

describes the amount of charge flowing past a given point each second.

Current in a Circuit

Electric current does not automatically exist in a material. Current requires a specific path to follow. To produce electric current,

charges must flow continuously from one place to another. Current requires an electric circuit. An electric circuit is a complete,

unbroken path through which electric charges can flow. The cars on the racetrack in are like the charges in an electric circuit. If

the racetrack forms a complete loop, the cars can move around the track continuously. However, if a piece of the racetrack is missing,

the cars are unable to move around the loop. Similarly, if an electric circuit is complete, charges can flow continuously. If an electric

circuit is broken, charges will not flow.

Features of a Circuit

All electric circuits have the same basic features. First, circuits have devices that are run by electrical energy. A radio, a computer,

a light bulb, and a refrigerator are all devices that transform electrical energy into another form of energy. A light bulb, for example,

transforms electrical energy into electromagnetic energy by giving off light. The light bulb also produces thermal energy by giving off

heat. By making fan blades rotate, electric fans transform electrical energy to mechanical energy. Devices such as light bulbs and fans

resist the flow of electric current. They are therefore represented as resistors in a circuit.

Second, a circuit has a source of electrical energy. Batteries, generators, and electric plants all supply energy to circuits. Recall that

energy is the ability to do work. The source of electrical energy makes charges move around a circuit, allowing the device to do work.

Third, electric circuits are connected by conducting wires. The conducting wires complete the path of the current. They allow

charges to flow from the energy source to the device that runs on electric current and back to the energy source. A switch is often

included in a circuit to control the current in the circuit. Using a switch, you can turn a device on or off by closing or opening the circuit.

Notice that all the parts of a circuit are shown on the right. Each part shown in the photograph is represented in the diagram by a

simple symbol. Arrows indicate the direction of current, which flows from positive to negative. The + and − on the battery indicate the

positive and negative terminals.

p. 16

Question Per Paragraph/Idea:

Flow of Electrical Charges

Electrical Current – what is it?

Current in a Circuit

_____________________________

_____________________________

Features of a Circuit

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

____________________________

_____________________________

___________________________

Notes

1:_______________________: the continuous flow of electric charges through a material,

measured in a________________

2:__________________________: is a complete, unbroken path through which electric

charges can flow

3:___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

4:___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

5:___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

6: Draw the circuit diagram:

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

8:___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

9:___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Summary (5 sentences minimum): ________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

___

Big Topic: __________________________________

Create An Essential Question (One Question that Covers the Entire Reading): _________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

_

____________________________________________________________________________________________

___

p. 17

Series Circuits

If all the parts of an electric circuit are connected one after another along one path, the circuit is called

a series circuit. In a series circuit, there is only one path for the current to take. For example, a switch

and two light bulbs connected by a single wire are in series with each other.

A series circuit is very simple to design and build, but it has some disadvantages. What happens if a light

bulb in a series circuit burns out? A burned-out bulb is a break in the circuit, and there is no other path for the current to take. So if one

light goes out, the other lights go out as well. [The joys of Christmas lights]

Another disadvantage of a series circuit is that the light bulbs in the circuit become dimmer as more bulbs are added. Why does that

happen? A light bulb is a type of resistor. A resistor is something that resists or slows the flow of an electrical current. Think about

what happens to the overall resistance of a series circuit as you add more bulbs. The resistance increases. Remember that for a

constant voltage, if resistance increases, current decreases. So as light bulbs are added to a series circuit, the current decreases. The

result is that the bulbs burn less brightly.

Parallel Circuits

As you gaze at a string of lights, you observe that some bulbs burn brightly, but others are

burned out. Your observation tells you that these bulbs are connected in a parallel circuit. In

a parallel circuit, the different parts of the circuit are on separate branches. In a parallel

circuit, there are several paths for current to take. Each bulb is connected by a separate

path from the battery and back to the battery.

Several Paths

What happens if a light burns out in a parallel circuit? If there is a break in one branch, charges can still move through the other

branches. So if one bulb goes out, the others remain lit. Switches can be added to each branch to turn lights on and off without

affecting the other branches.

Resistors in a Parallel Circuit

What happens to the resistance of a parallel circuit when you add a branch? The overall resistance actually decreases. To understand

why this happens, consider blowing through a single straw. The straw resists the flow of air so that only a certain amount of air comes

out. However, if you use two straws, twice as much air can flow. The more straws you have, the more paths the air has to follow. The

air encounters less resistance. As new branches are added to a parallel circuit, the electric current has more paths to follow, so the

overall resistance decreases.

Remember that for a given voltage, if resistance decreases, current increases. The additional current travels along each new branch

without affecting the original branches. So as you add branches to a parallel circuit, the brightness of the light bulbs does not change.

Household Circuits

Would you want the circuits in your home to be series circuits? Of course not. With a series circuit, all the electrical devices in your

home would stop working every time a switch was turned off or a light bulb burned out. Instead, the circuits in your home are parallel

circuits.

Electrical energy enters a home through heavy-duty wires. These heavy-duty wires have very low resistance. Parallel branches extend

out from the heavy-duty wires to wall sockets, and then to appliances and lights in each room. Switches are installed to control one

branch of the circuit at a time. The voltage in most household circuits is 120 volts.

p. 18

Copy or Rephrase the Question You

Missed

Why Did You Miss It? Correct Answer

(Do NOT write the letter choice)

Had no clue & guessed

I confused it with something else:

_____________________________________

Brain Fart/Silly Mistake

Other:

Had no clue & guessed

I confused it with something else:

_____________________________________

Brain Fart/Silly Mistake

Other:

Had no clue & guessed

I confused it with something else:

_____________________________________

Brain Fart/Silly Mistake

Other:

Had no clue & guessed

I confused it with something else:

_____________________________________

Brain Fart/Silly Mistake

Other:

Had no clue & guessed

I confused it with something else:

_____________________________________

Brain Fart/Silly Mistake

Other:

p. 19