Name: B2...

B2 Organisation35 Questions

Name: ________________________

Class: ________________________

Date: ________________________

Time:

Marks:

Comments:

of 112Brookvale Groby Learning Trust

Figure 1 shows an animal cell.

Figure 1

© alex-mit/iStock/Thinkstock

(a) What is structure A?

Tick one box.

Cell membrane

Cell wall

Chromosome

Cytoplasm

(1)

1


(b) What is structure B?

Tick one box.

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Vacuole

(1)

(c) Figure 2 shows a sperm cell.

Figure 2

Describe how a sperm cell is adapted to carry out its function.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1)


(d) Substances can move into and out of cells by three processes.

The diagrams show the concentration of different substances inside and outside a root haircell.

How would each substance move into the root hair cell?

Draw one line from each root hair cell to the correct process.

Root hair cell Process

(2)

(Total 5 marks)


The figure below shows a scale drawing of one type of cell in blood.

(a) Use the scale to determine the width of the cell.

Give your answer to the nearest micrometre.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Width of cell = _________________ micrometres

(1)

2

(b) Complete the table below.

Part of the blood Function

Carries oxygen around the body

Protects the body against infection

Plasma

(3)


(c) Platelets are fragments of cells.

Platelets help the blood to clot.

Suggest what might happen if the blood did not clot.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 5 marks)

When an organism grows, new cells are produced by cell division.

(a) What type of cell division happens to produce new body cells?

Tick one box.

Differentiation

Meiosis

Mitosis

(1)

3

(b) Why can cancers grow very large?

Tick one box.

Cancer cells are specialised

Cell division is slow

Cell division is uncontrolled

(1)

(c) Give one factor which increases the risk of getting cancer.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)


(d) Survival rates for people with cancer have improved a lot.

People who are alive 10 years after diagnosis are usually considered to be cured.

The figure below shows data for people diagnosed with cancer in 1961 and 2001.

78% of people diagnosed with breast cancer in 2001 were alive 10 years later.

Complete the figure above to show this information.

(1)

(e) Which type of cancer diagnosed in 1961 had the highest survival rate?

Tick one box.

Breast

Prostate

Skin

Testicular

(1)


(f) Which type of cancer shows the biggest improvement in the percentage of people alive after10 years?

Tick one box.

Breast

Prostate

Skin

Testicular

(1)

(g) Suggest two reasons why the survival rates for all cancers have increased.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 8 marks)


Amylase is an enzyme that digests starch.

A student investigated the effect of pH on the activity of amylase.

This is the method used.

1. Mix amylase solution and starch suspension in a boiling tube.

2. Put the boiling tube into a water bath at 25 °C.

3. Remove a drop of the mixture every 30 seconds and test it for the presence of starch.

4. Repeat the investigation at different pH values.

The table below shows the students’ results.

pHTime when no starch was detected

in minutes

5.0 7.0

5.5 4.5

6.0 3.0

6.5 2.0

7.0 1.5

7.5 1.5

8.0 2.0

(a) The student concluded pH 7.25 was the optimum pH for the amylase enzyme.

This is not a valid conclusion.

Suggest two reasons why.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

4


(b) The student did another investigation.

This is the method used.

1. Put amylase solution and starch suspension into a boiling tube.

2. Make the pH 7.25.

3. Put the boiling tube into a water bath at 25 °C.

4. Measure the amount of sugar produced every 30 seconds.

The results are shown in the figure below.

Calculate the mean rate of sugar produced per minute during the first 5 minutes.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mean rate = ________________ units per minute

(2)


(c) Iodine solution is added to a sample taken from the boiling tube after 10 minutes and 60minutes.

Suggest what you would see in these samples.

After 10 minutes _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

.After 60 minutes _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(d) The scientist repeated the investigation at 37 °C.

Draw a line on the figure above to show the predicted results.

(2)

(Total 8 marks)

Malignant tumours are called cancers.

(a) Describe how a tumour can spread to different parts of the body.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

5


(b) Survival rates for people with cancer have improved a lot.

Some people who are alive 10 years after diagnosis are considered to be cured.

The figure below shows data for people diagnosed with cancer in 1961 and 2001.

Look at the data in the figure above for skin cancer.

Calculate the percentage increase in the survival rate of people diagnosed with skin cancerin 1961 compared to 2001.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Survival rate increase = _______________ %

(2)


(c) Look at the data in the figure above for bowel and prostate cancer.

Compare the survival rates for bowel and prostate cancer.

Suggest reasons for the comparisons you have made.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(4)

(Total 8 marks)

(a) Blood is made up of four main components.

Red blood cells and white blood cells are two of these components.

Describe the functions of the two other components of blood.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

6

(b) The heart is often described as a double pump.

Describe why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1)


(c) In coronary heart disease (CHD) layers of fatty material build up inside the coronaryarteries. This can cause a heart attack.

Statins and stents can be used to reduce the risk of a heart attack in people with CHD.

Evaluate the use of statins and stents in people with CHD.

Remember to include a justified conclusion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(6)

(Total 9 marks)


Figure 1 shows a diagram of the human heart.

Figure 1

(a) Name parts A and B.

A _________________________________________________________________

B _________________________________________________________________

(2)

7

(b) What is the function of blood vessel C?

Tick one box.

To take blood from the heart around the body

To take blood from the body to the heart

To take blood from the heart to the lungs

To take blood from the lungs to the heart

(1)


(c) Coronary heart disease (CHD) develops when layers of fatty material build up in thecoronary artery.

One treatment for CHD is to insert a stent into the coronary artery.

Figure 2 shows a stent in a coronary artery.

Figure 2

Explain why the stent helps to prevent a heart attack.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(4)


(d) Look at the table below.

CountryNumber of deaths from

CHD per 100 000population per year

Amount of fruit andvegetables eaten in kg

per person per year

A 285 180

B 250 320

C 198 250

D 151 220

E 125 244

Plot the missing bars for countries D and E on Figure 3.

Use data from the table above.

Figure 3

(2)


(e) People in country B are more likely to die from CHD than people in country E.

How many more times as likely are people to die from CHD in country B than in country E?

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(f) A student concluded:

‘The factor that causes CHD is not eating enough fruit and vegetables.’

Evaluate the student’s conclusion.

Use data from Figure 3, and your own knowledge, in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(6)

(Total 16 marks)


Statins are drugs used to treat coronary heart disease (CHD).

New drugs must be trialled before they can be licensed for use.

Some scientists trialled two different types of statin.

The scientists:

• conducted the trial on 325 patients with a history of CHD in their family

• used a double-blind trial method

• measured the change in blood cholesterol levels over two years

• measured the change in thickness of an artery wall over two years.

(a) During the trials the statins are tested for side effects.

Give two other reasons why the statins are trialled before use.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

8

(b) Describe how the double-blind method is used in this trial.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)


(c) The results of drug trials are peer reviewed before they are published.

Why are peer reviews important in drug trials?

Tick one box.

To calculate the best dose

To check the drug works

To make sure the scientist gets credit

To prevent false claims

(1)


(d) The table below shows the results of the trial.

Drug A Drug B

Number of patients who diedduring the trial

1 2

Number of patients who reportedaching muscles

16 17

Number of patients who reportedmild abdominal cramps

18 16

Change in blood cholesterol levelin percentage

–50.5 –41.2

Change in thickness of arterywall in mm

–0.0033 +0.032

Drug A is more effective than Drug B.

Give two reasons that support this conclusion.

Use information from the table above.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(e) A scientist concludes that Drug A is a safer drug than Drug B.

Give two reasons why this is not a valid conclusion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 9 marks)


Coronary heart disease (CHD) can be caused by many factors.

The table below shows data related to CHD for five countries.

Country

Number ofdeaths from

CHDper 100 000

population peryear

Percentage ofthe population

who smoketobacco

Percentage ofthe population

who drinkalcohol heavily

Amount of fruitand vegetableseaten in kg per

person peryear

A 285 36 19 180

B 251 63 34 404

C 186 47 36 251

D 149 23 34 218

E 128 27 12 222

(a) Name one risk factor for CHD that is not shown in the table above.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

9

(b) A student concludes that the main cause of CHD is not eating enough fruit and vegetables.

Give three reasons why the student’s conclusion is not correct.

Use information from the table above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(3)


(c) Explain how the build-up of fatty material can damage the heart.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(4)

(d) Describe how statins can help to reduce deaths from CHD.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 10 marks)

The figure below shows a cross-section through a plant root.

(a) What is tissue A?

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

10


(b) A student is given samples of two fluids.

One fluid is from the phloem of a plant and one from the xylem of a plant.

The student is asked to work out which fluid is from the phloem and which is from thexylem.

She measures the pH and the concentrations of sugar, nitrate ions and potassium ions ofeach fluid.

The table below shows the student’s results.

Fluid A Fluid B

pH 7.3 5.6

Sugar in mg / cm3 118 1.18

Nitrate ions in mg / cm3 10 600

Potassium ions in μg / cm3 1.18 2500

Which fluid is from the phloem, and which is from the xylem?

Explain your answer.

Use the information from the table above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(4)

(c) In fluid A, how many times greater is the concentration of sugar than the concentration ofpotassium ions?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)


(d) The concentration of potassium ions in the soil is 3.9 μg / cm3

The concentration of potassium ions in the root tissue is 2500 μg / cm3

Explain why the concentration is so much higher in the roots than in the soil.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 10 marks)

Blood sugar levels in the body are controlled by insulin.

(a) How does insulin travel around the body?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

11


(b) The table below shows the blood sugar levels for two people after eating a meal.

Time after eatingin hours

Blood sugar levels in mg per 100 cm3 of blood

Person A Person B

0 70 130

1 150 230

2 90 185

3 80 165

4 75 140

Use data from the table above to complete the graph in the figure below.

Plot the points for person A.

The first two points have been plotted for you.

Draw a line through all the points.

(3)

(c) How long after the meal is person B’s insulin production at its peak?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1)


(d) What is the greatest decrease in the blood sugar level of person B in an hour?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Decrease = ___________________ mg per 100 cm3

(2)

(e) Estimate how long after eating the meal it will take for person B’s blood sugar level toreturn to the level before the meal.

Show your working on the figure above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 9 marks)

The human body is organised to carry out many different functions.

(a) Use words from the box to complete Figure 1 by putting the parts of the body in order ofsize from smallest to largest.

The smallest one has been done for you.

(2)

12


(b) The stomach is made of different types of tissue.

Draw one line from each type of stomach tissue to the correct description.

(3)

(c) Animals can react to their surroundings because they have nervous systems.

A student investigated the behaviour of small animals called woodlice.

The student set up the investigation as shown in Figure 2.

• The student covered one half of a Petri dish with black paper to make that side of thePetri dish dark.

• The other side had no cover.

• The student put five woodlice into each side of the dish and then put the clear Petridish lid back on the dish.

Figure 2

After 30 minutes, all the woodlice had moved to the dark side of the Petri dish.


(i) In this investigation, what is the stimulus that the woodlice responded to?

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(ii) In this investigation, what is the response that the woodlice made?

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(iii) The student concluded that woodlice prefer dark conditions.

Give two ways in which the student could improve the investigation to be sure thathis conclusion was correct.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 9 marks)

The parts of the blood can be separated from each other by spinning the blood in a centrifuge.

The image below shows the separated parts of a 10 cm3 blood sample.

(a) Calculate the percentage of the blood that is made up of plasma.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Answer = _______________ %

(2)

13


(b) Name three chemical substances transported by the plasma.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________

(3)

(c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising informationclearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

White blood cells are part of the immune system. White blood cells help the body to defenditself against pathogens.

Describe how pathogens cause infections and describe how the immune system defendsthe body against these pathogens.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(6)

(Total 11 marks)


A potometer is a piece of apparatus that can be used to measure water uptake by a leafy shoot.

Figure 1 shows a potometer.

Figure 1

Some students used a potometer like the one shown in Figure 1.

• They measured the water taken up by a shoot in normal conditions in a classroom.

• As the water was taken up by the shoot, the level of water in the capillary tube went down.

• The students recorded the level of the water in the capillary tube at 2-minute intervals for10 minutes.

Table 1 shows the students’ results.

Table 1

Time in minutes 0 2 4 6 8 10

Level of water (on scale) incapillary tube in mm

2.5 3.6 4.4 5.4 6.5 7.5

14


The area of the cross section of the capillary tube was 0.8 mm2.

(a) (i) Complete the following calculation to find the volume of water taken up by the shootin mm3 per minute.

Distance water moved along the scale in 10 minutes = ______ mm

Volume of water taken up by the shoot in 10 minutes = ______ mm3

Therefore, volume of water taken up by the shoot in 1 minute = ______ mm3

(3)

(ii) The students repeated the investigation but this time placed the potometer nextto a fan blowing air over the leafy shoot.

Suggest how the results would be different. Give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)


(b) The students repeated the investigation at different temperatures.

The results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Temperaturein °C

Rate of water uptakein mm3 per minute

10 0

15 0.4

20 1.0

25 2.1

30 3.2

35 4.0

40 4.4

Plot the data from Table 2 on the graph paper in Figure 2.

Choose suitable scales, label both axes and draw a line of best fit.

Figure 2

(5)


(c) What would happen to the leaves if the potometer was left for a longer time at 40 °C?

Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 13 marks)

Catalase is an enzyme found in many different tissues in plants and animals.It speeds up the rateof the following reaction.

hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen

Figure 1 shows a 25-day-old broad bean seedling.

Some students investigated whether different parts of bean seedlings contained differentamounts of catalase.

The students:• put hydrogen peroxide into five test tubes

• added a different part of a bean seedling to each tube

• recorded the results after half a minute.

If there was catalase in part of the seedling, oxygen gas was given off.When oxygen gas is given off, foam is produced in the tubes.

15


Figure 2 shows the results.

The students made the following conclusions:• most parts of a bean seedling contain catalase

• the seed contains a lot of catalase

• stems and roots have quite a lot of catalase

• the leaves have a little bit of catalase

• the seed coat has hardly any catalase.

The students’ teacher said that the students needed to improve their investigation in order tomake valid conclusions.

(a) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising informationclearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Describe how you would carry out an investigation to compare the amounts of catalase indifferent parts of bean seedlings.

You should include details of how you would make sure your results give a validcomparison of the amounts of catalase.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(6)

(b) Scientists investigated the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme catalase in a fungus.

The table below shows the scientists’ results.

pHEnzyme activity in arbitrary units

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Mean

3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4.0 6 5 8 4 7 6

5.0 38 65 41 42 39

5.5 80 86 82 84 88 84

6.0 100 99 96 103 102 100

6.5 94 92 90 93 91 92

7.0 61 63 61 62 63 62

8.0 22 22 21 24 21 22

(i) Calculate the mean enzyme activity at pH 5.0.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Mean = _____________ arbitrary units

(2)


(ii) On the graph paper in Figure 3, draw a graph to show the scientists’ results.

Remember to:• add a label to the vertical axis

• plot the mean values of enzyme activity

• draw a line of best fit.

Figure 3

(4)


(iii) At what pH does the enzyme work best?

____________________

(1)

(iv) Predict the activity of the enzyme at pH 9.0.

____________________ arbitrary units

(1)

(v) Suggest why the enzyme’s activity at pH 3.0 is zero.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 15 marks)


Scientists investigated the effect of different factors on health.

(a) People who are not active may have health problems.

The graph shows the percentage of 16-year-olds in some countries who are not active.

(i) What percentage of 16-year-olds in the UK are not active?

_____________ %

(1)

(ii) What percentage of 16-year-olds in the UK are active?

_____________ %

(1)

(iii) A newspaper headline states:

Information in Figure 1 does not support the newspaper headline.

Suggest one reason why the newspaper headline may be wrong.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

16


(b) Doctors gave a percentage rating to the health of 16-year-olds.100% is perfect health.

The table shows the amount of exercise 16-year-olds do and their health rating.

Amount of exercise donein minutes every week

Health rating as %

Less than 30 72

90 76

180 82

300 92

What conclusion can be made about the effect of exercise on health?

Use information from the table.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(c) Inherited factors can also affect health.

Give one health problem that may be affected by the genes someone inherits.

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

beingmalnourished

having a highcholesterol level

having adeficiency disease

(1)

(d) White blood cells are part of the immune system.

Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.

antibiotics antibodies pathogens vaccines

(i) When we are ill, white blood cells produce _______________________ to killmicroorganisms.

(1)

(ii) Many strains of bacteria, including MRSA, have developed resistance to drugs called

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 7 marks)


The diagram below shows the parts of the body that digest and absorb food.

It also shows some details about the structure of the stomach.

(a) Complete the table to show whether each structure is an organ, an organ system or atissue.

For each structure, tick ( ) one box.

Structure OrganOrgansystem

Tissue

Stomach

Cells lining the stomach

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver,pancreas, small and large intestine

(2)

17

(b) (i) The blood going to the stomach has a high concentration of oxygen.The cells lining the stomach have a low concentration of oxygen.

Complete the following sentence.

Oxygen moves from the blood to the cells lining the stomach by

the process of ___________________________________ .

(1)


(ii) What other substance must move from the blood to the cells lining the stomach sothat respiration can take place?


glucose protein starch

(1)

(iii) In which part of a cell does aerobic respiration take place?


cell membrane mitochondria nucleus

(1)

(Total 5 marks)

Lipase is an enzyme that digests fat.

(a) (i) Complete the equation to show the digestion of fat.

Use the correct answer from the box.

glucose glycerol glycogen

fat fatty acids + ___________________

(1)

(ii) Name one organ that makes lipase.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

18


(b) Some students investigated the effect of bile on the digestion of fat by lipase.

The students:1 mixed milk and bile in a beaker2 put the pH sensor of a pH meter into the beaker3 added lipase solution4 recorded the pH at 2-minute intervals5 repeated steps 1 to 4, but used water instead of bile.

Suggest two variables that the students should have controlled in this investigation.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(c) The graph shows the students’ results.

(i) Why did the pH decrease in both investigations?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)


(ii) Bile helps lipase to digest fat.

What evidence is there in the graph to support this conclusion?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(iii) Suggest one reason why the contents of both beakers had the same pH at the end ofthe investigations.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 7 marks)


During exercise, the heart beats faster and with greater force.

The ‘heart rate’ is the number of times the heart beats each minute.The volume of blood thattravels out of the heart each time the heart beats is called the ‘stroke volume’.

In an investigation, Person 1 and Person 2 ran as fast as they could for 1 minute. Scientistsmeasured the heart rates and stroke volumes of Person 1 and Person 2 at rest, during theexercise and after the exercise.

The graph below shows the scientists’ results.

(a) The ‘cardiac output’ is the volume of blood sent from the heart to the muscles each minute.

Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume

At the end of the exercise, Person 1’s cardiac output = 160 × 77 = 12 320 cm 3 per minute.

Use information from Figure above to complete the following calculation of Person 2’scardiac output at the end of the exercise.

At the end of the exercise:

Person 2’s heart rate = _______________ beats per minute

Person 2’s stroke volume = _______________ cm 3

Person 2’s cardiac output = _______________ cm 3 per minute

(3)

19


(b) Person 2 had a much lower cardiac output than Person 1.

(i) Use information from Figure above to suggest the main reason for the lower cardiacoutput of Person 2.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(ii) Person 1 was able to run much faster than Person 2.

Use information from Figure above and your own knowledge to explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(5)

(Total 9 marks)


Our lungs help us to breathe.

The image below shows the human breathing system.

(a) (i) Name part A.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

20

(ii) Give one function of the ribs.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(b) (i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

active transport diffusion osmosis

Oxygen moves from the air inside the lungs into the blood by the

process of __________________________ .

(1)

(ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

arteries capillaries veins

Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood through the walls

of the __________________________ .

(1)


(iii) Inside the lungs, oxygen is absorbed from the air into the blood.

Give two adaptations of the lungs that help the rapid absorption of oxygen into theblood.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 6 marks)

Plants need different substances to survive.

Figure 1 shows the roots of a plant.

(a) (i) Mineral ions are absorbed through the roots.

Name one other substance absorbed through the roots.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

21


(ii) The plant in Figure 1 has a higher concentration of mineral ions in the cells of itsroots than the concentration of mineral ions in the soil.

Which two statements correctly describe the absorption of mineral ions into theplant’s roots?

Tick ( ) two boxes.

The mineral ions are absorbed by active transport.

The mineral ions are absorbed by diffusion.

The mineral ions are absorbed down the concentration gradient.

The absorption of mineral ions needs energy.

(2)

(iii) The plant in Figure 1 has roots adapted for absorption.

Figure 2 shows a magnified part of a root from Figure 1.

Describe how the root in Figure 2 is adapted for absorption.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)


(b) The leaves of plants have stomata.

What is the function of the stomata?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(c) Figure 3 shows the underside of two leaves, A and B, taken from a plant in a man’s house.

(i) In Figure 3, the cells labelled X control the size of the stomata.

What is the name of the cells labelled X?

Tick ( ) one box.

Guard cells

Phloem cells

Xylem cells

(1)

(ii) Describe how the appearance of the stomata in leaf B is different from theappearance of the stomata in leaf A.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)


(iii) The man forgets to water the plant.

What might happen to the plant in the next few days if the stomata stay the same asshown in leaf A in Figure 3?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 9 marks)

The circulatory system transports substances such as glucose and oxygen around the body.

(a) Name two other substances that the circulatory system transports around the body.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

(2)

22

(b) (i) Blood is a tissue. Blood contains red blood cells and white blood cells.

Name two other components of blood.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

(2)

(ii) The heart is part of the circulatory system.

What type of tissue is the wall of the heart made of?

______________________________________________________________

(1)


(c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising informationclearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Every year, many patients need to have heart valve replacements.

The table gives information about two types of heart valve.

Living human heart valve Cow tissue heart valve

• It has been used for transplants for more than 12 years.

• It has been used since 2011.

• It can take many years to find a suitable human donor.

• It is made from the artery tissue of a cow.

• It is transplanted during an operation after a donor has been found.

• It is attached to a stent and inserted inside the existing faulty valve.

• During the operation, the patient's chest is opened and the old valve is removed before the new valve is transplanted.

• A doctor inserts the stent into a blood vessel in the leg and pushes it through the blood vessel to the heart.

A patient needs a heart valve replacement. A doctor recommends the use of a cow tissueheart valve.

Give the advantages and disadvantages of using a cow tissue heart valve compared withusing a living human heart valve.

Use information from the table and your own knowledge in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(6)

(Total 11 marks)


Gas exchange takes place in the lungs.

The diagram shows an alveolus next to a blood capillary in a lung.

The arrows show the movement of two gases, A and B.

23

(a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

Gases A and B move by

diffusion.

osmosis.

respiration.

(1)

(ii) Gas A moves from the blood to the air in the lungs.

Gas A is then breathed out.

Name Gas A.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(iii) Which cells in the blood carry Gas B?


platelets red blood cells white blood cells

(1)

(b) The average number of alveoli in each human lung is 280 million.

The average surface area of 1 million alveoli is 0.25 m2.

Calculate the total surface area of a human lung.

___________________________________________________________________

Answer ___________________________________ m2

(2)


(c) An athlete trains to run a marathon. The surface area of each of the athlete’s lungs hasincreased to 80 m2.

Give one way in which this increase will help the athlete.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 6 marks)

The photograph shows a fossil of a prehistoric bird called Archaeopteryx.

By Ghedoghedo (own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-SA-3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft

/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons; By Steenbergs from Ripon, United Kingdom (Small Fishing Boat In North Sea) [CC-BY-2.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.

24

(a) Describe three ways fossils can be made.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(3)


(b) The drawing shows what an Archaeopteryx might have looked like when it was alive.

Scientists think that Archaeopteryx was a predator.

(i) Look at the drawing.

Write down three adaptations that might have helped Archaeopteryx to catch prey.

How would each adaptation have helped Archaeopteryx to catch prey?

Adaptation 1 ___________________________________________________

How it helps ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Adaptation 2 ___________________________________________________

How it helps ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Adaptation 3 ___________________________________________________

How it helps ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(3)


(ii) Archaeopteryx is now extinct.

Give two reasons why animals may become extinct.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 8 marks)

Diagram 1 shows a section through the heart.

Diagram 1

25

(a) Use words from the box to name the structures labelled A and B on Diagram 1.

arota atrium pulmonary artery ventricle

A ___________________________________________________________

B ___________________________________________________________

(2)


(b) The tissue in the wall of the heart contracts.

(i) What type of tissue is this?

Tick ( ) one box.

muscular

glandular

epithelial

(1)

(ii) What does the heart do when this tissue contracts?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(c) Draw arrows on Diagram 2 to complete the route taken by deoxygenated blood through theheart.

Diagram 2

(2)


(d) The graph shows the percentage (%) of adults in the UK who have coronary heart disease.

Age group

(i) Look at the graph.

Which group of people is most at risk of having coronary heart disease in the UK?

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(ii) Explain what happens to the heart in coronary heart disease.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 11 marks)


The diagram below shows the human digestive system.

26

(a) (i) What is Organ A?


gall bladder liver stomach

(1)

(ii) What is Organ B?


large intestine pancreas small intestine

(1)


(b) Digestive enzymes are made by different organs in the digestive system.

Complete the table below putting a tick (✓) or cross (✕) in the boxes.

The first row has been done for you.

Organ producing enzyme

salivaryglands

stomach pancreassmall

intestine

Enzyme

amylase ✓ ✕ ✓ ✓

lipase

protease

(2)

(c) The stomach also makes hydrochloric acid.

How does the acid help digestion?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(d) Draw one line from each digestive enzyme to the correct breakdown product.

Digestive enzyme Breakdown products

amino acids.

Amylase breaks downstarch into……

bases.

Lipase breaks down fatsinto…

fatty acids and

glycerol.

Protease breaks downproteins into…

sugars.

(3)

(Total 8 marks)


The image below shows some cells on the lower surface of a leaf.

© Stefan Diller/Science Photo Library

(a) What are the cells labelled X called?


guard cells palisade cells mesophyll cells

(1)

27

(b) Water loss by evaporation from leaves is called transpiration.

A student set up an experiment to investigate water loss from leaves.

The student:

• took two leaves, A and B, from a plant

• put Vaseline (grease) on both sides of Leaf B; did nothing to Leaf A

• wrote down the mass of each leaf

• attached the leaves onto a string as shown in the diagram below.


Leaf A(no treatment)

Leaf B(both surfaces covered

in Vaseline)

• left the leaves for 48 hours

• wrote down the mass of each leaf again

• calculated the percentage (%) change in mass for each leaf.

(i) Give one variable that the student controlled in this investigation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(ii) The mass of Leaf A was 1.60 g at the start of the investigation. After 48 hours it was1.28 g.

Calculate the % decrease in mass over 48 hours.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

% decrease = __________________

(2)

(c) Vaseline blocks the stomata.

The % change in mass of Leaf B was less than Leaf A after 48 hours.Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1)


(d) Give three environmental conditions that would increase transpiration.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 8 marks)

The diagram below shows a cross-section of a plant root. The transport tissues are labelled.

28

(a) (i) What is tissue A?


cuticle epidermis xylem

(1)

(ii) Name two substances transported by tissue A.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) Phloem is involved in a process called translocation.

(i) What is translocation?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)


(ii) Explain why translocation is important to plants.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(c) Plants must use active transport to move some substances from the soil into root hair cells.

(i) Active transport needs energy.

Which part of the cell releases most of this energy?

Tick (✓) one box.

mitochondria

nucleus

ribosome

(1)

(ii) Explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 9 marks)


The image below shows some cells in the lining of the stomach.

29

(a) (i) Use words from the box to name structures A and B.

cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm vacuole

A _____________________________________

B _____________________________________

(2)

(ii) What is the function of the nucleus?

Tick ( ) one box.

To control the activities of the cell

To control movement of substances into and out of the cell

To release energy in respiration

(1)


(b) Draw one line from each part of the human body to its correct scientific name.

Part of human body Scientific name

An organ

Layer of cells lining the stomach

An organism

Stomach

An organ system

Mouth, stomach, intestines,liver and pancreas

A tissue

(3)

(Total 6 marks)

Some students investigated the effect of pH on the digestion of boiled egg white by an enzymecalled pepsin. Egg white contains protein.

The students:

• put a glass tube containing boiled egg white into a test tube

• added a solution containing pepsin at pH 7

• set up six more tubes with solutions of pepsin at different pH values

• left the test tubes for 24 hours at room temperature.

The image below shows one of the test tubes, at the start and at the end of the 24 hours.

30

At start 24 hours later

(a) (i) Name the product of protein digestion.

______________________________________________________________

(1)


(ii) What type of enzyme digests protein?

Tick ( ) one box.

amylase

lipase

protease

(1)

(b) The egg white in each tube was 50 mm long at the start of the investigation.The table below shows the students’ results.

pHLength in mm of boiledegg white after 24 hours

1 38

2 20

3 34

4 45

5 50

6 50

7 50

(i) At which pH did the pepsin work best?

pH _________________

(1)


(ii) The answer you gave in part (b)(i) may not be the exact pH at which pepsin worksbest.

What could the students do to find a more accurate value for this pH?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(iii) There was no change in the length of the egg white from pH 5 to pH 7.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(c) Pepsin is made by the stomach.

Name the acid made by the stomach which allows pepsin to work well.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 8 marks)


(a) (i) Blood is part of the circulatory system.

Draw one line from each part of the blood to its correct function.

Part of the blood Function

carry glucose around

the body

White blood cells

carry oxygen aroundthe body

Red blood cells

help the blood to clot

Platelets

destroymicroorganisms

(3)

31

(ii) Name one waste product that is transported by the blood plasma.

______________________________________________________________

(1)


(b) The heart is also part of the circulatory system.

Figure 1 shows a section through the human heart.

Figure 1

(i) Which arrow, A, B, C or D, shows blood leaving the heart in the pulmonary artery to

go to the lungs?

(1)

(ii) Which arrow, A, B, C or D, shows blood from the lungs entering the heart in the

pulmonary vein?

(1)

(iii) Valves in the circulatory system make sure blood only travels in one direction.

Name the type of blood vessel that has valves.

______________________________________________________________

(1)


(c) A person’s coronary artery has become narrower.

The person has a heart attack.

A doctor puts a stent into the person’s coronary artery.

Figure 2 shows a stent inside a coronary artery.

Figure 2

(i) How does the stent help to prevent another heart attack?

Give one way.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(ii) Figure 3 shows a surgeon putting a stent into a patient.

Figure 3

© Science Photo Library


The surgeon puts the stent into an artery in the leg. He moves the stent through theartery to the coronary artery.

Suggest two possible risks of this operation.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 10 marks)

Substances are transported through plants.

(a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.

capillary guard cells phloem

stomata transpiration xylem

32

(i) Water is transported from the roots to the stem of a plant

in the ____________________________ .

(1)

(ii) Dissolved sugars are transported through the plant

in the ____________________________ .

(1)

(iii) Movement of water through the plant is called the

____________________________ stream.

(1)

(iv) Water vapour moves out of the plant through pores

called ____________________________ .

(1)


(b) Students investigated the effect of different conditions on water loss from leaves.

The apparatus is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

The students set up four flasks, A, B, C and D.

The students:

• used the same size plant shoot in each flask

• recorded the mass of the flask and plant shoot at the start of each experiment

• left each flask and plant shoot in different conditions

• recorded the mass of each flask and plant shoot after 2 hours.

Table 1 shows the conditions that flasks A, B, C and D were left in for 2 hours.

Table 1

Flask Temperature in °C Fan or no fan

A 20 No Fan

B 20 Fan

C 35 No Fan

D 35 Fan

(i) Suggest why the students used cotton wool in each flask.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)


(ii) The use of the same size of plant shoot made the investigation a fair test.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(iii) Table 2 shows the students’ results.

Table 2

Conditions Mass atthe startin grams

Massafter

2 hoursin grams

Mass ofwater lostin 2 hoursin grams

FlaskTemperature

in °CFan orno fan

A 20 No Fan 150.0 148.1 1.9

B 20 Fan 152.0 148.5 3.5

C 35 No Fan 149.0 145.9 3.1

D 35 Fan 150.0 145.5

What mass of water was lost by the plant shoot in flask D?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

___________ grams

(1)

(iv) Suggest what conclusion can be made about the effect of temperature on water lossfrom the plant shoot.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)


(v) Suggest what conclusion can be made about the effect of the fan on water loss fromthe plant shoot.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(c) The students carried out another experiment at 20 °C, with no fan.

The students used the apparatus in Figure 2.

Figure 2

In this experiment, the students:

• recorded the mass of the flask and plant shoot before tying the plastic bag around theplant shoot

• removed the bag after 2 hours and recorded the mass again.

(i) What mass of water would be lost from the plant shoot in 2 hours?


0.3 g 1.9 g 3.9 g

(1)


(ii) Give a reason for your answer to part (c)(i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 12 marks)

Plant roots absorb water from the soil by osmosis.

(a) What is osmosis?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

33

(b) The image below shows part of a plant root.


The plant root is adapted for absorbing water from the soil.

Use information from the diagram to explain how this plant root is adapted for absorbingwater.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 6 marks)

The leaves of most plants have stomata.

(a) (i) Name the cells which control the size of the stomata.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

34

(ii) Give one function of stomata.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(b) The image below shows part of the surface of a leaf.

The length and width of this piece of leaf surface are both 0.1 mm.


(i) Calculate the number of stomata per mm2 of this leaf surface.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

_______________________ per mm2

(2)

(ii) A different plant species has 400 stomata per mm2 of leaf surface.

Having a large number of stomata per mm2 of leaf surface can be a disadvantage toa plant.

Give one disadvantage.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(c) A student investigated the loss of water from plant leaves.

The student did the following:

• Step 1: took ten leaves from a plant

• Step 2: weighed all ten leaves

• Step 3: hung the leaves up in a classroom for 4 days

• Step 4: weighed all ten leaves again

• Step 5: calculated the mass of water lost by the leaves

• Step 6: repeated steps 1 to 5 with grease spread on the upper surfaces of the leaves

• Step 7: repeated steps 1 to 5 with grease spread on both the upper and lowersurfaces of the leaves.

All the leaves were taken from the same type of plant.

The table below shows the student’s results.

Treatment of leaves Mass of water the leaveslost in g

No grease was used on the leaves 0.98

Grease on upper surfaces of the leaves 0.86

Grease on upper and lower surfaces of the leaves 0.01


(i) What mass of water was lost in 4 days through the upper surfaces of the leaves?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Mass = ___________ g

(1)

(ii) Very little water was lost when the lower surfaces of the leaves were covered ingrease.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 9 marks)


LDL is one form of cholesterol found in the blood.

People with a high concentration of LDL in their blood may be treated with drugs called statins.

A high concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood may result in an increased risk of heart andcirculatory diseases.

The graph shows the effects of the treatment of one person with four different statins,A, B, C and D, over a period of 8 years. The arrows show when each new treatment was started.

Each treatment was continued until the next treatment was started.

Year

Compare the effectiveness of the five treatments in reducing the risk of heart andcirculatory diseases for this person.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

35


_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(Total 4 marks)


Mark schemes

(a) cell membrane

extra boxes ticked negates mark1

1

(b) nucleus

extra boxes ticked negates mark1

(c) has a tail so it can swim (to an egg)

accept has many mitochondria to release energy to swim1

(d)

all three correct for 2 marks

one or two correct for 1 mark2

[5]

(a) 8 (micrometres)12

(b) red blood cell(s)1

white blood cell(s)

accept named cell

eg phagocyte / lymphocyte1


(plasma)transports proteins / dissolved substances / food (molecules) / urea / hormones / bloodcells

1

(c) any one from:

• you could lose a lot of blood• bleed internally

allow bleeding would not stop

allow could bleed to death1

[5]

(a) mitosis

extra box ticked negates mark1

3

(b) cell division is uncontrolled


(c) any one from:

• smoking / tar• alcohol• carcinogens

allow named chemical• viruses (living in cells)• (ionising) radiation

accept UV / X-rays / gamma waves1

(d) bar plotted at 78%

ignore width of bar1

(e) testicular


(f) prostate



(g) any two from:

• improved treatment / drugs• earlier diagnosis• more cancer screening• improved patient knowledge (of risk factors)

allow improved patient diet / lifestyle2

[8]

(a) any two from:

• same result at pH 7 and 7.5orcould be any pH between 7 and 7.5ornot tested at pH 7.25orneed to test at smaller pH intervals (between 7 and 7.5)

• accuracy of result only to nearest 0.5 minutes• no repeats• difficult to determine end point (colour)

2

4

(b) 2.7 / 51

0.54 (units per minute)

allow 0.52 with no working shown for 2 marks1

allow 1 mark for 0.52 or 0.56

(c) (after 10 minutes) solution goes black1

(after 60 minutes) solution stays the sameordoes not go blackorgoes slightly orange

1

(d) steeper curve1

levels off at 11.8 units and before 45 minutes1

[8]

(a) cells can break off

allow cells invade other tissues1

5


travel in blood

accept travel in lymph (fluid)1

(b)

1

85.4 (%)

allow 85.4 (%) with no working shown for 2 marks)1

(c) any two from:

• similar survival rates for diagnosis in 1961• survival rate (for diagnosis in 2011) is 1.5 times greater for prostate cancer

compared to bowel cancer• (survival rates) have improved for both cancers• (survival rate) for prostate cancer has improved more

accept survival rate for bowel cancer has increased 2.4 times butfor prostate cancer 3.4 / 3.36 times

2

plus two from:

• earlier diagnosis• improved screening programmes• improved drugs• difference in level of aggression of cancers• difference in ease of removing tumours

reason must be correctly linked to comparison2

[8]

(a) plasma transports proteins / dissolved substances / food (molecules) / urea /hormonesorblood cells are suspended in the plasma

1

6

platelets are involved in blood clotting1

(b) the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungsandthe left side of the heart pumps blood around (the rest of) the body

1


(c) Level 3 (5–6 marks):A detailed and coherent evaluation is provided which considers a range of relevant pointsand comes to a conclusion consistent with the reasoning.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):An attempt to relate relevant points and come to a conclusion. The logic may beinconsistent at times but builds towards a coherent argument.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):Discrete relevant points made. The logic may be unclear and the conclusion, if present,may not be consistent with the reasoning.

0 marks:No relevant content

Indicative content

pros of statins:• decreases blood cholesterol• slows down build-up of fatty material in arteries• (so) blood can flow to heart muscle cells

cons of statins:• drug has to be taken regularly or may forget to take drug• drug will need to be taken long-term• side-effects of taking the drug• effects of drug will take time to happen

pros of stents:• blocked artery is held open• (so) blood can flow to heart muscle cells• will remain in place / work for a long time• rapid recovery time

cons of stents:• risk of infection from procedure• risk of surgery eg heart attack• risk of thrombosis or blood clot

a justified conclusion6

[9]

(a) (A) right atrium17

(B) right ventricle1

(b) To take blood from the lungs to the heart1

(c) keeps the (coronary) artery open / wide1


so the blood can carry glucose and oxygen1

to the heart (muscle)1

for respiration1

if marking points 2, 3 and 4 not awarded allow 1 mark for ‘keep a(constant) flow of blood to the heart (muscle)’

(d) bar D correctly plotted1

bar E correctly plotted1

± 0.5 small squares

(e) twice / two times (more likely)1


(f) Level 3 (5–6 marks):A detailed and coherent evaluation is provided that considers a range of relevant pointsabout how well the data correlates with the statement, quoting relevant comparisons andcomes to a conclusion consistent with the reasoning.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):An attempt to relate relevant points within the data and come to a conclusion. The logicmay be inconsistent at times but builds towards a coherent argument.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):Discrete, relevant points made, attempting to apply understanding of the factors involved indevelopment of CHD to the data in the table. The logic may be unclear and the conclusion,if present, may not be consistent with the reasoning.

0 marks:No relevant content

Indicative content

data that supports statement:• country A has the highest death rate at 285 deaths per 1000 and the lowest

consumption at only 180 kg per person• death rate in country E is less than half that in country A (125 compared with

285) and consumption is higher (244 compared with 180)• other countries with lower death rates than A have higher consumption (eg

country B 250 deaths per 1000 but consumption of 320 kg per person)arguments against statement:

• but most of the data on the graph does not show clear correlation betweendeath rates and consumption of data

• eg death rate in country B is second highest at 250 deaths per 1000 butconsumption is highest at 320 kg per person, nearly double that in A wheredeath rate is only 35 per 1000 more

• differences show no clear pattern – eg in countries where death rate is muchlower the consumption is not a similar proportion higher (cf country D deathrate just under half that in A but consumption not double that in A)

• there may be other factors affecting death rate that are not reported, such assmoking, obesity, exercise, stress

6

[16]

(a) any two from:

• to work out the correct dose to be given• to check that the drug is working correctly• to check for toxic effects.

2

(b) patients are randomly allocated to receive statin or a placebo1

so neither patient nor doctor knows who has received which1

8


answer in terms of only the drug company knows who is taking thestatin or the placebo gains 2 marks

(c) To prevent false claims1

(d) drug A reduced the blood cholesterol level more than drug B1

drug A reduced the thickness of the artery or drug B increased the thickness of the artery

allow drug A made the artery thinner or drug B made the arterythicker

1

ignore side effects

(e) differences in number of patients reporting side effects are very similar1

we don’t know what the patients died of1

[9]

(a) (lack of) exercise

allow description of type or amount of exercise1

9

allow other risk factors not mentioned in table, eg high cholesterollevels, blood pressure, levels of obesity, diabetes

(b) the second highest death rate has the highest fruit and vegetable consumption

the lowest death rates don’t have high fruit and vegetable consumption

lowest death rates have a low percentage of the population that smokes.3

(c) (it builds up) inside the coronary arteries1

(causing) them to narrow1

(this) reduces blood flow1

so less oxygen gets to the heart muscle1

(d) (statins) reduce cholesterol in the blood1

so there is less build up of fatty material (in coronary arteries)

allow slows the rate of fat deposit1

[10]


(a) xylem110

(b) A is phloem, B is xylem1

any three from:

• phloem transports sugars• there are more sugars in fluid A• xylem transports mineral ions / potassium ions / nitrate ions• there are more mineral ions in fluid B.

3

(c) correct conversion of 1.18 µg to mg / cm3

1

allow 1 mark for 100 (ie no conversion to mg)

allow 100 000 with no working shown for 2 marks1

(d) potassium ions are transported into the root1

against a concentration gradient1

by active transport1

[10]

(a) in the blood(stream)

allow plasma

ignore dissolved or in solution1

(b) all three plots correct

accept two correct plots for 1 mark2

suitable line drawn1

(c) 1 hour1

11


(d) 230−185identification of steepest part of graph and correct readings taken

1

= 451

(e) line on graph showing extrapolation for person B

correct value read from graph (at 130 mg per 100 cm3)

allow 1 mark for a value of 4.5–5 hours if no extrapolation shown2

[9]

(a) tissue → organ → organ systemone right for 1 mark

three right for 2 marks2

12

(b) Epithelial tissue → covers the outside and the inside of the stomachmore than one line from a tissue = no mark

1

Glandular tissue → produces digestive juices1

Muscular tissue → allows food to be churned around the stomach1

(c) (i) light

ignore dark1

(ii) moving (to the dark)1

(iii) any two from:

• use more woodlice• repeat the experiment• run for a longer time

2

[9]

(a) 55%

2 marks for correct answer alone

accept 54 − 565.5 / 10 × 100 alone gains 1 mark

2

13


(b) any three from:

• amino acids• antibodies• antitoxins• carbon dioxide• cholesterol• enzymes• fatty acid• glucose• glycerol• hormones / named hormones• ions / named ions• proteins• urea• vitamins• water.

ignore blood cells and platelets

ignore oxygen

max 1 named example of each for ions and hormones

allow minerals3

(c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Communication(QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also referto the information in the Marking Guidance and apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to themarking.

0 marksNo relevant content.

Level 1 (1 – 2 marks)There is a description of pathogens with errors or roles confused.orthe immune response with errors or roles confused.

Level 2 (3 – 4 marks)There is a description of pathogens and the immune response with some errors orconfusionora clear description of either pathogens or the immune response with few errors orlittle confusion.

Level 3 (5 – 6 marks)There is a good description of pathogens and the immune response with very fewerrors or omissions.


Examples of biology points made in the response:

• bacteria and viruses are pathogens

credit any ref to bacteria and viruses• they reproduce rapidly inside the body• bacteria may produce poisons / toxins (that make us feel ill)• viruses live (and reproduce) inside cells (causing damage).

white blood cells help to defend against pathogens by:

• ingesting pathogens / bacteria / (cells containing) viruses

credit engulf / digest / phagocytosis• to destroy (particular) pathogen / bacteria / viruses• producing antibodies• to destroy particular / specific pathogens• producing antitoxins• to counteract toxins (released by pathogens)

credit memory cells / correct description• this leads to immunity from that pathogen.

6

[11]

(a) (i) 5.01

(5 × 0.8) or 4

allow ecf from distance1

0.4

allow ecf from 10-min volume1

(ii) increased (rate of uptake)1

more transpiration / evaporation1

14

(b) correct scales

allow reversed axes1

correctly labelled axes with units1

correct points

one plot error = max 1 mark2

curved line of best fit

allow correct straight line1


(c) leaves wilt1

because plants lose too much water (by evaporation)1

through the stomataorbecause cells become plamolysedorstomata closecontrolled by guard cellsto prevent wilting

1

[13]

(a) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Communication (QC)as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also refer to theinformation in the Marking guidance and apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marksNo relevant content.

Level 1 (1−2 marks)The method described is weak and could not be used to collect valid results, howeverdoes show some understanding of the sequence of an investigation.

Level 2 (3−4 marks)The method described could be followed and would enable some valid results to becollected, but lacks detail.

Level 3 (5−6 marks)The method described could be easily followed and would enable valid results to becollected.

Examples of the points made in the response:• bean seedlings of same age• cut material from same part of each organ (for repeats) e.g. top 1 cm of stem / a

whole cotyledon / seed• equal mass of each organ

accept weight for mass• grind / homogenise• in equal amounts of water / buffer• equal volumes of hydrogen peroxide solution• equal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide solution• same temperature• temperature maintained in water bath• quantitative measure of gas production eg height of foam in mm / collect gas in

graduated syringe in cm3

• for same time period• repetitions (3+ times)• calculate mean for each.

6

15


(b) (i) correct answer: 40

1 mark for 45 as the anomalous result has been included in thecalculation

or

1 mark for

or 2

(ii) vertical axis correctly labelled:‘Enzyme activity in arbitrary units’

allow ecf from (b)(i)1

points plotted correctly ±1 mm

deduct 1 mark for each incorrect plot2

suitable line of best fit

not feathery, not point to point1

(iii) 6.0 / 6

allow ± 0.1

if 6.0 not given, allow correct for candidate’s graph ± 0.11

(iv) in range 0 to 14 units

allow correct for candidate’s graph1

(v) enzyme denatured / enzyme (active site) shape changed

allow substrate no longer fits (active site)

ignore reference to temperature

do not allow enzyme dies1

[15]


(a) (i) 641

(ii) 36

allow e.c.f from (i) i.e. 100 − answer given in (a)(i)1

(iii) any one from:• only considers 16-year-olds

ignore lack of evidence

allow does not refer to all ages• only about some / 5 countries

allow does not refer to all countries.1

16

(b) the more exercise done the healthier a person is

allow the more exercise done the higher the health rating

allow the less exercise done the lower the health rating1

(c) having a high cholesterol level1

(d) (i) antibodies1

(ii) antibiotics1

[7]

(a)

Structure OrganOrgansystem

Tissue

Stomach

Cells lining the stomach

Mouth, oesophagus,stomach, liver,pancreas, small andlarge intestine

all 3 correct = 2 marks2 correct = 1 mark1 or 0 correct = 0 marks

2

17

(b) (i) diffusion

allow phonetic spelling1


(ii) glucose1

(iii) mitochondria1

[5]

(a) (i) glycerol1

(ii) pancreas / small intestine

accept duodenum / ileum

ignore intestine unqualified1

18

(b) any two from:• type of milk• volume / amount of milk• vol. bile equals vol. water• volume of lipase• concentration of lipase• temperature

ignore time interval

ignore solution unqualified

do not allow pH

ignore starting pH

ignore volume / amount of bile / water

ignore concentration of bile

accept amount of lipase if neither volume nor concentration given2


(c) (i) fatty acid (production)1

(ii) faster reaction / digestion (with bile)orpH decreases faster (with bile)ortakes less time (with bile)orsteeper fall / line (with bile)

allow use of data

ignore easier1

(iii) all fat / milk digestedorsame amount of fatty acids presentor(lower pH) denatures the enzyme / lipase

allow all reactants used up

ignore reference to neutralisation

allow enzyme won’t work at low pH

do not allow enzyme killed1

[7]

(a) 5624

allow 2 marks for:

• correct HR = 148 and correct SV = 38 plus wrong answer / noanswer

or

• only one value correct and ecf for answer

allow 1 mark for:

• incorrect values and ecf for answer

or

• only one value correct3

19

(b) (i) Person 2 has low(er) stroke volume / SV / described

eg Person 2 pumps out smaller volume each beat

do not allow Person 2 has lower heart rate1

(ii) Person 1 sends more blood (to muscles / body / lungs)1

(which) supplies (more) oxygen1

(and) supplies (more) glucose1


(faster rate of) respiration or transfers (more) energy for use

ignore aerobic / anaerobic

allow (more) energy release

allow aerobic respiration transfers / releases more energy (thananaerobic)

do not allow makes (more) energy1

removes (more) CO2 / lactic acid / heat

allow less oxygen debt

or less lactic acid madeor (more) muscle contraction / less muscle fatigue

if no other mark awarded,

allow person 1 is fitter (than person 2) for max 1 mark1

[9]

(a) (i) alveoli / alveolus

allow air sacs


(ii) any one from:• protection (of lungs / heart)• help you breathe / inflate lungs.

1

20

(b) (i) diffusion1

(ii) capillaries1

(iii) any two from:• (have many) alveoli

allow air sacs• large surface / area• thin (exchange) surface or short diffusion pathway

accept only one / two cell(s) thick• good blood supply / many capillaries

allow (kept) ventilated or maintained concentration gradient.2

[6]


(a) (i) water / H2O

accept oxygen

allow H2O

do not allow H2O or H2O1

(ii) the mineral ions are absorbed by active transport1

the absorption of mineral ions needs energy1

(iii) have (many root) hairs1

(which) give a large surface area (for absorption)1

21

(b) carbon dioxide inoroxygen outorcontrol water loss

accept gas exchange

ignore gases in and out

ignore gain / lose water1

(c) (i) guard cells1

(ii) (stomata are) closed

allow there is no gap / space1

(iii) plant will wilt / droop

ignore die1

[9]


(a) any two from:• carbon dioxide / CO 2

• urea• protein• water / H 2O• hormones / insulin.

ignore food / waste / alcohol / drugs / enzymes

ignore glucose and oxygen

allow two correct hormones for 2 marks

allow two correct food components for 2 marks

allow antibodies

allow antitoxins2

22

(b) (i) plasma1

platelets1

(ii) (cardiac) muscle

allow muscular1

(c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of WrittenCommunication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examinersshould also refer to the information in the Marking Guidance and apply a ‘best-fit’approach to the marking.

0 marksNo relevant content

Level 1 (1−2 marks)There is a description of at least one advantage of the cow tissue valveora description of at least one disadvantage of the cow tissue valve.

Level 2 (3−4 marks)There is a description of at least one advantage of the cow tissue valveandat least one disadvantage of the cow tissue valve.

Level 3 (5−6 marks)There is a description of the advantages and disadvantages of the cow tissue valveora description of several advantages of the cow tissue valve and at least onedisadvantage.


Examples of the points made in the response

Advantages of cow tissue valve:

• abundant supply of cows• so shorter waiting time

ignore can take many years to find a suitable human donor• no need for tissue typing• quicker operation• less invasive or shorter recovery time• cheaper operation costs• less operation / anaesthetic risks.

Disadvantages of cow tissue valve:

• made from cow so possible objections on religious grounds

ignore ethical arguments• new procedure so could be unknown risks

allow possible transfer of disease from cow• risks of using a stent eg. blood clots, stent breaking or valve tearing• not proven as a long term treatment• may be rejected

ignore information copied directly from the table without valueadded.

6

[11]

(a) (i) diffusion123

(ii) carbon dioxide

accept CO2 / CO2

do not accept CO2

1

(iii) red blood cells1

(b) 70

if no / incorrect answer then

70 000 000

or

280 x 0.25 gains 1 mark

ignore doubling the answer2

(c) allows more gas / oxygen / CO2

(exchange)

do not accept air1

[6]


(a) any three from:

• parts of organisms have not decayed

accept in amber / resin

allow bones are preserved• conditions needed for decay are absent

accept appropriate examples, eg acidic in bogs / lack of oxygen• parts of the organism are replaced by other materials as they decay

accept mineralised• or other preserved traces of organisms, eg footprints, burrows and rootlet

traces

allow imprint or marking of organism3

24

(b) (i) teeth for biting (prey)

must give structure + explanation1

claws to grip (prey)

accept sensible uses1

wing / tail for flight to find (prey)1

(ii) any two from:

• new predators• new diseases• better competitors• catastrophe eg volcanic eruption, meteor• changes to environment over geological time

accept climate change

allow change in weather• prey dies out or lack of food

allow hunted to extinction2

[8]

(a) A - atrium

ignore references to right / left1

B - ventricle1

25

(b) (i) muscular1

(ii) push blood

accept pump / force1


(c)

arrows approx as indicated1

arrow(s) showing flow from A to Bfrom B out / up / to artery

1

(d) (i) male1

65 and over1

(ii) fatty deposits / material in (coronary) arteries

allow correct points made about heart attacks1

narrows / blocks / reduces flow1

decreases oxygen supply (to heart muscle)1

[11]

(a) (i) stomach126

(ii) small intestine1


(b)

salivaryglands

stomach pancreassmall

intestine

amylase ✓ ✕ ✓ ✓

lipase ✕ ✕ ✓ ✓

protease ✕ ✓ ✓ ✓

1 mark per correct row

or

if no correct row max 1 mark for any one correct column2

(c) enzyme / protease / pepsin most effective in acid conditions / low pH

accept optimum / correct pH

do not accept ref to incorrectly named enzymes

ignore killing bacteria

ignore acid breaks down food1

(d) Enzyme Breakdown products

3

[8]

(a) guard cells127

(b) (i) any one from:

• species / plant• length of time

ignore temperature and size of leaves1


(ii) 20

correct answer = 2 marks

accept

or

for 1 mark2

(c) less water loss / transpiration / evaporation1

(d) hot1

ignore bright / sunny conditions

dry / low humidity1

wind(y)1

[8]

(a) (i) xylem128

(ii) water1

minerals / ions / named example(s)

ignore nutrients1

(b) (i) movement of (dissolved) sugar

allow additional substances, eg amino acids / correct named sugar(allow sucrose / glucose)

allow nutrients / substances / food molecules if sufficiently qualified

ignore food alone1

(ii) sugars are made in the leaves1

so they need to be moved to other parts of the plant for respiration / growth /storage

1

(c) (i) mitochondria1

(ii) for movement of minerals / ions

Do not accept ‘water’1


against their concentration gradient1

[9]

(a) (i) A = (cell) membrane129

B = cytoplasm

do not accept cytoplast1

(ii) To control the activities of the cell1

(b)

extra lines cancel3

[6]

(a) (i) amino acid(s)

accept peptide(s)

do not allow polypeptide(s)1

30

(ii) protease1

(b) (i) 21

(ii) repeat

do not allow other enzyme / substrate1


using smaller pH intervals between pH1 and pH3

allow smaller intervals on both sides of / around pH2

allow smaller intervals on both sides of / around answer to (b)(i)1

(iii) enzyme / pepsin denatured / shape changed

do not allow enzyme killed

allow enzyme ‘destroyed’1

enzyme / pepsin no longer fits (substrate)

allow enzyme / pepsin does not work1

(c) hydrochloric (acid)

allow phonetic spelling

accept HCl

allow HCL

ignore hcl

do not allow incorrect formula –e.g. H2Cl / HCl21

[8]

(a) (i)

one mark for each line

extra line negates a mark3

31

(ii) any one from:

• carbon dioxide / CO 2

• urea

do not allow urine

ignore water

ignore ions1


(b) (i) B1

(ii) D1

(iii) vein

accept correct named

examples1

(c) (i) any one from:

• keeps artery / blood vessel open or widens artery / blood vessel• allows (more) blood to heart / cardiac muscle• (allows) blood to flow more easily• allows (more) oxygen to heart / cardiac muscle

1

(ii) any two from:

• bleeding

allow blood clots• infection• damaging blood vessels• damaging the heart• risk from anaesthetic

2

[10]

(a) (i) xylem132

(ii) phloem1

(iii) transpiration1

(iv) stomata1

(b) (i) any one from:

• reduce / prevent evaporation of water from flask• holds plant shoot in place• prevent damage to the plant

1


(ii) same surface area or number of leaves

(because if they used larger / smaller size shoots) there would be alarger / smaller surface area or a larger/ smaller number of leaves

allow same number of stomata1

from which (the same amount of) water evaporates

(and therefore) more / less water would escape

allow from which water escapes1

(iii) 4.5

look for answer written in table1

(iv) increasing temperature / heat increases (rate of) water loss / evaporation1

(v) having moving air / a fan increases (rate of) water loss / evaporation1

(c) (i) 0.3 g1

(ii) plastic bag reduces air flow across leavesorair is humid around the leaves

allow plastic bag stops water (vapour) leavingallow air (in plastic bag) becomes saturated (with water)

1

[12]

(a) any three from:

• (water through a) partially permeable

accept ‘semi permeable’ / selectively permeable

33

• membrane• from dilute to (more) concentrated solution

allow ‘from a high concentration of water to a lower concentration(of water)’allow ‘from high water potential to low water potential’allow ‘down a concentration gradient of water’

do not accept ‘along a concentration gradient of water’• (it‘s a) passive (process)

allow requires no energy3


(b) (there are) many hairs or thin hairs or hairs are one cell thick1

(which gives) large / increased surface area or short diffusion pathway1

(so there is) more diffusion / osmosis (of water into the root)

ignore absorption1

[6]

(a) (i) guard (cells)


34

(ii) any one from:

ignore reference to cells

• allow carbon dioxide to enter

allow control loss / evaporation of water or control transpiration rate• allow oxygen to leave.

allow ‘gaseous exchange’1

(b) (i) 200

correct answer gains 2 marks with or without working

allow 1 mark for 0.1 × 0.1 = 0.01 (mm2)2

(ii) more / a lot of / increased water loss

allow plant more likely to wilt (in hot / dry conditions)1

(c) (i) 0.121

(ii) the lower surface has most stomata1

stomata are now covered / blocked (by grease)1

so water cannot escape / evaporate from the stomata

ignore waterproof

to gain credit stomata must be mentioned at least once1

[9]

A + B most effective (treatment)

ignore descriptions of LDL levels1

35


D is (the most) effective (treatment)

D is the best single (treatment)1

neither A nor B (alone) are effective

allow increase risk of heart disease instead of not effective1

can’t tell if C is effectiveORA + C is not effective

1

[4]


Name: B2...

Documents

Transcript of Name: B2...