Chapter 5Species Interactions, Ecological Succession, and Population Control

CHAPTER 5 OVERVIEWChapter 5 emphasizes the relationships among ___________________________& __________________________ in ecosystems.• Certain interactions among species affect their use of _____________________________________ and their __________________________________________________________.• The species composition and population sizes of a community or ecosystem can change in response to __________________________________________________________________________ through a process called ____________________________________________________________________.• There are always ______________________________ population growth in nature.

Case Study: The Southern Sea Otter—A Species in RecoveryAn estimated _____________________________ southern sea otters once lived in waters off the _________________________________ coast. By 1938, only about ________________ leftIn _________________, declared an endangered species; numbers recovered to about _________________________ in 2014Keystone speciesProtect kelp by ________________________________________________________ populations

5.1 How Do Species Interact?Five ways in which species interact____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________All of these interactions affect ____________________________________ use and ______________________ size.

Species Compete for ResourcesSpecies must share ________________________________ resources__________________________________________________________________________________________

Types of CompetitionIntraspecific competition:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________Interspecific competition:____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Involves one species becoming ___________________________________________________________ than others at ________________________________________________________________________When two species compete for the same resource, their _______________________ __________________________________.

Resource PartitioningCompeting species evolve __________________________________________________________ that allow them to use ____________________________________________________ at different times, in different ways, or in different places.

Sharing the Wealth

Species Prey on Other SpeciesPredation:Individual of one species (_________________________________) feeds directly on all or part of a living organism as part of a ___________________________________________________________ is species that is huntedPredator-prey relationships have strong effects on __________________________________________ and other factors.

How Do Predators Capture Their Prey?Carnivores have a variety of methods to capture to prey________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How Do Prey Species Avoid Predators?Run, swim, or fly ___________________Highly developed ____________________________________________________________ or ________________________________________________________________________: shells, spines_______________________________________________________: shapes and colors_______________________________________________________: poisons, irritating (stinging), foul-smelling or bad tasting (can be poisonous)

Warning coloration

___________________________________: mimicry, grouping together

Defense Against Predators

Interactions Between Predator and Prey Species Can Drive Each Other’s EvolutionComplex predator-prey relationships play a role in __________________________________________ at ____________________________________________ level: Predators kill _____________________________________________________________________________________ individuals; Prey that are _______________________________________________________________________will live to ____________________________________________________________________, pass on _______________________ Coevolution: When populations of two different species interact over a long period of time, ___________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________.

ParasitismParasitism occurs when one species (___________________________) lives in or on another organism (________________) and _________________________________________________________________.

Parasites ______________________________ hosts but rarely _____________________ them.May live ___________________________________ the host (tapeworms) May ________________________________________________________ of host (mistletoe, sea lampreys)May ___________________________ from host to host

MutualismMutualism occurs when ________________________________________________________________________.

Providing each with ________________________________________________________________________, or some other _____________________________________________________________Examples:

Birds ride on backs of large animals, _______________________________________________ (birds get a meal, large animals get rid of pests)

________________________________________ live in human’s intestines (bacteria get food/shelter, humans get help

_________________________________________________________)Appears to be ______________________________________________________ but is not

CommensalismCommensalism occurs when ___________________________________________________________ but the interaction has ___________________________________________________________________________________ on the other species.

Example: ___________________________________________ known as epiphytes attach themselves to the trunks or branches of large trees to ________________________________________________.

5.2 How Do Ecosystems Respond to Changing Conditions?Ecological succession: The ____________________________________________________________________ in species composition in a ___________________________________________________________ areaSpecies composition of an ecosystem or community can change in response to __________________________________________________________________________________________Examples: ________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________& __________________________________________________________ are examples of natural ecological restoration.

Primary Ecological Succession: The gradual establishment of biotic communities in _____________________________________________________ where there is ___________________________ in a terrestrial ecosystem or ______________________________________________ in an aquatic systemTakes ___________________________________________________________________ of years

Primary Ecological Succession, Illustrated

Secondary Ecological Succession: Occurs where communities or ecosystems have _______________________________________________________ or _____________________________, but retain some ________________________________________ or _________________________________________________An important ________________________________

Enriches ______________________________________________ of communities and ecosystems by ____________________________________________________________ and __________________________________ among species

Doesn’t always follow a ________________________________________________________

Secondary Succession Also Enhances SustainabilityPromotes __________________________________________________________________________

Increases the ____________________________________________________________________________Enhances _____________________________________________________________Increases _______________________________________________

Secondary Ecological Succession, Illustrated

Living Systems Are Sustained Through Constant ChangeLiving Systems Arise out of ________________________________________________ that result in some degree of __________________________________ or ____________________________________

Withstand __________________________________________________________________ in response to ___________________________________________________________________________ Two aspects of stability/sustainability:

Inertia: (_______________________________________) is ability of ecosystem to ___________________ ____________________________ disturbanceResilience: is ability of ecosystem to be _____________________________________________________

after severe disturbance

EXPLAIN SCIENCE TALK: Physics ConnectionTo Help apply the concept of physical inertia to ecological inertia. The term inertia in physics refers to an object’s tendency to_________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ as long as another force does not act upon it. Prompts:

• A tennis ball floating through space moves at a consistent velocity until . . .• A boulder on the ground stays (at rest) on the ground unless . . .

Note that in both cases, the systems have a strong tendency to _____________________________ _________________________________________________________ Similarly, a ______________________________ ________________________________________ remains relatively _______________________________________ despite small changes and disturbances.

VOCABULARY Word Roots and Ecological Resilience

The word resilience comes from the Latin word resili, which means “to ___________________ _________________________ or rebound.”We can then infer that ecological resilience is the ability of __________________________________ _____________________________________ after a severe disturbance.

5.3 What Limits the Growth of Populations?Populations cannot grow indefinitely due to:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain StableA population: is a group of ___________________________________________________________ of the same ________________________________________________________ that usually live together in the same _____________________________________________________.Population size can change based on:

________________________________________Immigration: (_____________________________of individuals from outside the population)Emigration: (_______________________________ of individuals from the population)

Age Structure Affects Population SizeAge structure : is the ___________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________.Described as ______________________________, reproductive, ____________________-reproductiveAffects how rapidly population _______________________________________________

Some Factors Can Limit Population SizeEach population in an ecosystem has a range of tolerance:—its ability to ________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________Some ________________________________ in a population may also have ___________________________ ____________________________ of tolerance for temperature or other physical or chemical factors due to differences in _________________________________________________________________ or _____________.

Range of Tolerance

Limiting Factors Examples

On land, _________________________________________________ is often a limiting factor.In aquatic ecosystems, limiting factors can be: ________________________________________, water depth, clarity (allowing for more or less

_________________________), _______________________________________ availability, acidity, ____________________________, and the level of __________________________ in the

waterAn __________________________ of a limiting factor can itself be limiting

Too much ______________________________ on land or too much __________________________ in aquatic environments

Density-Dependent and Density-Independent FactorsPopulation density: the ____________________________________________________________________ in a given geographic area Density-dependent factors become more important as ______________________________________ _______________________.

___________________________________________& ____________________________ spread more easily.Sexually reproducing individuals can find mates ________________________________________.

Density-independent factors____________________________________ & __________________________________Natural ________________________________________________

Exponential GrowthSome species reproduce and _______________________________________________. _______________________________ shows exponential growth

Members reproduce at an ________________________________________; many __________________ in each generation; ________________________________________________________is short

All species have population growth __________________________________ _______________________________, water, temperature, ____________________, ___________________,

predators, disease

No Population Can Grow IndefinitelyEnvironmental resistance: The ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________ of a populationCarrying capacity: The ________________________________________ population of a given species that _________________________________________________________________________ indefinitelyAs the population approaches its carrying capacity, _____________________________ becomes ____________________________ of fluctuating logistic growth.

J-Curves and S-Curves, Illustrated

Populations Can CrashWhen a population ____________________________________________________________, the population sharply ___________________________________________

______________________________, or population crashNow a population must either:

______________________________________________ its populationSwitch to _____________________________________________________________________________________Move to a _____________________________________________________________________________________

Population Crash, Illustrated

Reproductive Patterns: r -selected Species r-selected species: have a capacity for a ______________________________________________________ _________________________________________.

Have _____________________________________ spansHave ___________________________________________________________________________ offspringDo not provide much __________________________________________________________________

Offspring _________________ is overcome by _________________________________________ ________________________, so that _________________________________________ will

survive

Reproductive Patterns: Opportunists Opportunists: reproduce ____________________________________________________________________ environmental ____________________________________________________.

Often occurs ______________________________________________ or clearing an area that ________ ________________________________________________________________________ of a new speciesMay ____________________________________ after growth or when yet _________________________

______________________________ invades the areaGo through _________________________________________________________ boom-and-bust cycles

Reproductive Patterns: K -Selected Species K-selected species: do well in _________________________________________________________ when population size nears ___________________________________________________________________.

Reproduce _______________________________________________________________Have _______________________________ numbers of offspring with ____________________________ spansTypically _________________________________________________ their mothers and are born

fairly _________________________After birth, _______________________________________________ and are

_____________________________ by one or both parents

Species Vary in Life ExpectancyBecause different species have different ___________________________________________________, they also have different _________________________________________________________________ (illustrated by survivorship graphs).Three kinds of survivorship curves:

__________________ loss__________________ loss__________________ loss

Survivorship Curves

Limiting Factors to Human Population Limiting factors include _________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________Look ahead to Chapter 14 and its in-depth look at the human population. Earth’s population is approximately ___________________________________________________________ of the human population is __________________________________________ people. Write a short story 3 to 5 paragraphs that illustrates the impact of Earth’s limiting factors on Earth’s carrying capacity for humans and what might be done (fanciful or factual) to overcome the limitation.